Introduction

A constraint is a condition, agency or force that impedes progress towards an objective or goal.

Constraints should be identified, and described in as much detail as possible during the early stages of a
project, so that awareness of them and their potential impact can be managed. This includes
understanding the dynamics of the project, and how different constraints interrelate.

There are a number of different types of constraint that can affect construction projects.

Design constraints

Design constraints are factors that limit the range of potential design solutions. In the early stage of a
project only some of these constraints may be known, while others become apparent as the design
progresses.

These could include (among many others):

Available technology, plant, materials, labour and so on.

The budget.

Specific performance requirements.

Site form, boundaries and conditions.

Neighbouring properties.

Access.

Planning and building regulations restrictions.

Completion date.

It is often argued that design constraints are helpful in the development of a design, as they limit the
number of feasible options and point towards an obvious solution. In the absence of an constraints at
all, it can be difficult to know where to start, or to justify developing one particular solution in
preference to any others.

Technical constraints

Technical constraints generally refer to the processes involved in completing construction activities, and
are often based on the practicality of building methods and standards. For example, in constructing a
foundation, the site must be leveled before excavation can take place; then formwork can be placed as
well as rebar before concrete is poured. Each task must be completed before the next can begin;
therefore each task acts as a constraint on the next task.

Other technical constrains may relate to construction tolerances, space required for builders work,
available storage or handling areas, site access routes, co-ordination of services and so on.

Economic constraints

Economic constraints relate to the project budget and the allocation of resources. If the budget is
inadequate, or is allocated inappropriately, then it can have a negative impact on the success of the
project in terms of quality, safety, functionality and performance.

Construction projects are generally a balance between time, cost and quality. A change in one will
impact on the other two.

Economic constraints relate not just to the overall budget, but also to the cash flow through the supply
chain. Clients must have available funds to pay for works as they proceed, and prompt payments must
be made through the contractual chain. Cash flow is one of the main causes of bankruptcy in the
construction industry, and having to find new contractors, subcontractors or suppliers part way through
a project can cause very significant delays and additional costs.

Management constraints

These can include particular shift patterns, overtime requirements, resource allocation, safety
procedures, working practices, and so on.

Legal constraints

Legal constraints refer to the many regulations that the activities and practices on a construction project
must conform to. These most commonly relate to employment law, safety requirements, planning and
building regulations requirements, environmental requirements, and so on.

Failure to conform to legal constraints can have a considerable negative impact on a project, both in
terms of delay, financial penalties and possible criminal proceedings.

See Construction industry legislation and standards for more information.

Time constraints
These include key dates on the project schedule or project milestones. Conforming to these date
constraints is often very important in terms of the overall project completion.

Constraints can specify the earliest date on which a task should be completed (‘no earlier than’); the
date by which a task should be completed (‘no later than’); and the exact date on which a task must be
completed (‘on this date’).

Phased projects may include multiple start and completion dates, with penalties if dates are missed.

Environmental constraints

Environmental constraints include limiting factors concerning geographical location, geological features,
hazardous materials, air pollution, excavation, noise, vibration, traffic, tree and wildlife preservation,
and so on. These can often overlap with legal constraints.

Social constraints

Social constraints include factors that may arise as a result of wider interest in or opposition to a project.
Public concern and media pressure can often impose greater scrutiny and tighter constraints on a
project, and can sometimes result in major alterations to the original plans.

These kinds of constraints on the part of the public are often labelled as ‘not in my backyard’, or
‘nimbyism’.

Projects funded using public money are often subject to social constraints, as there tends to be greater
interest in cost escalations, delays and so on, such as in the case of high speed 2 (HS2), or London’s
Garden Bridge proposal which have caused much controversy.

See stakeholders and consultation process for more information.

Third parties

Not every aspect of a project is within the direct control of the client or their project team. Every project
is dependent to some extent on third parties. It is important that these third party dependencies are
identified and that their potential impacts are understood, quantified and managed.

Third party dependencies may include; central and local government, dependent projects, unions,
statutory authorities, statutory undertakers, archaeological or other surveyors, the supply market and
so on.

See Third party dependencies for more information.

Find out more

Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki

Concept design report.

Design and access statement.

Environmental impact assessment EIA.

Feasibility studies.

Preliminary business case.

Project brief.

Project management.

Risk management.

Strategic brief.

Value management.

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Concept design report.

Design and access statement.

Environmental impact assessment EIA.

Feasibility studies.

Preliminary business case.

Project brief.
Project management.

Risk management.

Strategic brief.

Value management.

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Environmental Constraints in Construction & How to Overcome Them

Posted on April 28, 2017 by Shannon Menard

Environmental Constraints in Construction & How to Overcome Them

It probably comes as no surprise that construction has a rather large impact on the environment. It
requires an extensive amount of materials and energy to create buildings and infrastructure, often
resulting in the production of carbon dioxide, pollutants, and other greenhouse gasses. Today,
environmental issues are an extremely pressing topic in society with a huge push towards alternative
energy solutions. Fortunately, there are various innovative and green options that construction
companies can take to not only reduce environmental effects but save money as well. All it takes is a
little thoughtful planning and you’ll be on your way towards fostering smarter and sustainable building
practices.

Some of the environmental constraints and possible solutions for construction projects are as follows.

Air pollution

The construction process is a major user of the world’s non-renewable energy sources. This produces a
number of pollutants from synthetic chemicals as well as greenhouse gasses including carbon dioxide,
methane, and nitrous oxide. Some argue that when these emissions are produced in excess, they
contribute significantly to climate change.
Solution:

– Avoid using non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels

Materials & waste

A large amount of waste is produced during a construction project due to the mass amount of materials
used. The waste includes tiles, wood, insulation, concrete, plastic, lead pipes, asphalt, ferrous and non-
ferrous, glass, metals, paint and roofing materials. This waste leads to an excess of waste in landfills
which can have potentially disastrous effects. The most common impacts are leakage, methane
emissions, noise pollution from vehicles and machinery, odor problems, damage to roads and much
more.

Solution:

– Buy sustainably sourced building materials

– Plan for potentially hazardous waste and have a plan of how you will dispose of it

– Reduce, reuse, recycle

– Make site improvements for better water management and water conservation such as drought
tolerant landscaping.

Energy

The construction industry uses large amounts of energy in order to create buildings and manufacture
materials. Some of the most common energy sources used include fossil fuels, nuclear power,
hydropower and wind power. When the primary energy sources used are non-renewable, it leads to an
excess of carbon dioxide emissions.
Solution:

– Design your project around energy efficiency

– Try to use renewable energy resources when possible such as solar, wind turbines, etc.

Legal

There are various legal implications when it comes to potentially damaging the environment. Whether
it’s wildlife preservation zones, laws on the usage of hazardous materials, or restrictions on a number of
pollutants, construction projects must abide by the laws and codes of where they are building. Failure to
abide by these regulations can result in delays, financial penalties, and possible lawsuits.

Solution:

– Consider the laws, codes, and regulations of where you are building before you start the
construction process

Sustainable solutions are growing rapidly, providing various environmentally and cost friendly options.
Efficient energy and material usage will help prevent potential loss of resources or money and will
increase the sustainability of your business. The number one solution to improving sustainability and
overcoming environmental constraints is to plan ahead! Consider environmental effects thoughtfully
before you begin a project and you will avoid potential problems down the road.

Sources:

Design Buildings

Green Building Solutions

The University of Nottingham

Posted in Construction Software.

https://esub.com/environmental-constraints-construction-overcome/

Abstract

The concept of construction project development may be impaired without a good knowledge and
successful management of the impact of environmental factors influencing the performance of such
projects. This study aims to assess the impact of environmental factors on building project performance
in the Delta State, Nigeria. The instrument used for the data collection was structured questionnaire and
the target population consisted of clients (government and private developers) and four groups of
professionals who were architects, builders, quantity surveyors and engineers. The tools employed were
Mean Score, Spearman correlation, Kendall’s coefficient and Chi-Square. Twenty-nine variables were
identified as factors having an impact on building project performance and they were categorized under
clusters; political, legal, construction technological and resources, economic and financial, socio-cultural
and physical. The result of the Spearman correlation analysis of time and cost overruns with the
identified factors affecting project performance revealed that the clusters of Economic and financial and
Political had significant relationship with time overrun on p-values of 0.004 and 0.011, respectively,
while the cluster of Social and cultural had significant relationship with cost overrun with a p-value of
0.007. The research recommended that stakeholders should take cognizance of the variables under
these three clusters for proper management and prevention of cost and time overruns.

Keywords

Building projectImpactProject performanceEnvironmental factorDelta State

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Construction Courses

Understanding Constraints in a Building Project

April 5, 2016 • 0 Comments

Constraints in a Building Project can sometimes be confused with risks. But they are different, and as a
worker in the building and construction industry you should know the difference.

man about to smash a wrecking ball

Work out what the Constraints are on your Building Project

As a general rule: constraints as those things that are imposed on the project – knowingly or
unknowingly – that you have no real control over.

This means you have to “live with” or accept the constraints throughout the life of the building project.
You will need to work around them – if you take a positive approach towards them you can even use
them to your advantage to achieve your objectives.

Constraints may even help you bring the building project to ground zero and the “real world” rather
than be forced into achieving unrealistic goals.

To identify the key constraints within your building project here are some fundamental questions:

What is the available construction budget?

Is there a specific cash flow requirement that needs to be satisfied?

Is there a business critical date when the project must be completed by?

What minimum resources are required?

Are these minimum resources available?

Is there a skill and/or experience needed we do not have and have to learn as we go?

What external resources are required?

Can these external resources be funded?

Is specialised equipment required?

Will this specialised equipment be available?

Is there consensus among senior management to proceed?

Are there legal or statutory limitations now or on the horizon?

If you choose to put your head in the sand and avoid the topic of constraints on your building project,
you might just find one problem after another rearing its ugly head all the way through your project.
Things will be delayed and you’ll be sucked into a quagmire of politics and indecision.

Constraints usually fit into one of three categories:

Constraints that are known right from the start. These constraints include financial, time, quality or
scope constraints.

Constraints that arise during the project. These include major scope changes, new budgets imposed on
the project or constraints associated with resources (or lack thereof). An example could be key team
members assigned to the project who sadly lack the skills they were hired for.

Constraints that appear from ‘nodding commitment’. A ‘nod’ is an outward sign of agreement to go
ahead with a project when that individual actually has knowledge that may eventually constrain the
project to almost certain failure.

After considering all the constraints the truth is a building project that really cannot have a successful
outcome will always remain a ‘mission impossible’ project, unless the key elements within the
constraints change significantly.
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Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC)

PSGC: CITY OF CALAPAN (Capital)

Municipality/City: CITY OF CALAPAN (Capital)

Region MIMAROPA Region Code 170000000

Province ORIENTAL MINDORO Code 175200000

Municipality/City

CITY OF CALAPAN (Capital)

Code 175205000

Income Classification: 3rd Class Registered Voters (2010): 66,460

Population : (as of May 1, 2010): 124,173

District: 1st

Barangays (Number: 62)

Name Code Urban/Rural Population

(as of May 1, 2010)

Balingayan 175205001 Rural 1,460

Balite 175205002 Rural 3,260

Baruyan 175205003 Rural 3,001

Batino 175205004 Rural 1,658

Bayanan I 175205005 Rural 1,013

Bayanan II 175205006 Rural 2,645

Biga 175205007 Rural 2,249

Bondoc 175205008 Rural 195

Bucayao 175205009 Rural 2,429

Buhuan 175205010 Rural 795

Bulusan 175205011 Rural 2,403

Santa Rita (Bungahan) 175205012 Rural 1,658

Calero (Pob.) 175205013 Rural 2,513

Camansihan 175205015 Rural 2,299

Camilmil 175205016 Urban 4,409

Canubing I 175205017 Rural 3,291

Canubing II 175205018 Rural 3,292

Comunal 175205019 Rural 2,816

Guinobatan 175205021 Rural 2,851

Gulod 175205022 Rural 858

Gutad 175205023 Rural 1,382

Ibaba East (Pob.) 175205025 Rural 1,065

Ibaba West (Pob.) 175205026 Rural 2,458

Ilaya (Pob.) 175205027 Rural 4,030

Lalud 175205028 Urban 3,871

Lazareto 175205029 Rural 4,005

Libis (Pob.) 175205030 Rural 1,406

Lumang Bayan 175205031 Urban 4,409

Mahal Na Pangalan 175205032 Rural 1,138

Maidlang 175205033 Rural 1,054

Malad 175205034 Rural 831

Malamig 175205035 Rural 1,651

Managpi 175205036 Urban 2,661

Masipit 175205037 Rural 2,795

Nag-Iba I 175205038 Rural 1,029

Navotas 175205039 Rural 661

Pachoca 175205041 Rural 3,185

Palhi 175205042 Rural 2,422

Panggalaan 175205043 Rural 538

Parang 175205044 Rural 2,757

Patas 175205045 Rural 953

Personas 175205046 Rural 1,423

Putingtubig 175205047 Rural 1,481

Salong 175205048 Rural 2,403

San Antonio 175205049 Rural 3,320

San Vicente Central (Pob.) 175205050 Rural 403

San Vicente East (Pob.) 175205051 Rural 737

San Vicente North (Pob.) 175205052 Rural 722

San Vicente South (Pob.) 175205053 Rural 627

San Vicente West (Pob.) 175205054 Rural 656

Santa Cruz 175205055 Rural 782

Santa Isabel 175205056 Rural 3,494

Santo Ni�o 175205057 Urban 3,549

Sapul 175205058 Rural 2,711

Silonay 175205059 Rural 1,249

Santa Maria Village 175205061 Rural 1,407

Suqui 175205062 Urban 1,893

Tawagan 175205063 Rural 1,157

Tawiran175205064 Rural 1,977

Tibag 175205065 Rural 2,344

Wawa 175205066 Rural 936

Nag-Iba II 175205068 Rural 1,506

Notes:

1. Figures on registered voters are partial data from Commission on Elections (COMELEC) which may still
be subject to corrections/adjustments from their field offices

2. Figures on registered voters exclude data on absentee voters.

3. Figures on registered voters are as of January 2010.

4. PSGC Information are as of 31 December 2016.

5. Income Classification based on Department of Finance Department Order No.23-08 Effective July 29,
2008.

6. Urban/rural classification based on 2000 CPH, Report No. 4 Urban Population, National Statistics
Office, June 2006.

7.Legislative District Source: Records and Statistics Division, Commission on Elections (COMELEC): As of
May 2013.
8. Population (as of May 1, 2010): a) Total Population Count by Region, Province, City/Municipality and
Barangay as of May 1, 2010 ; b) Population of Highly Urbanized Cities (HUCs) are excluded in the total
population of their respective provinces but are included in the regional total; and c) Population of
barangays with boundary disputes are excluded in total population of their respective municipalities and
cities but are included in the provincial and regional total. Source: 2010 Census of Population: Philippine
Statistics Authority (PSA)

9. Source: Philippine Statistics Authority http://psa.gov.ph/content/2010-census-population-and-

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E.O. 36

E.O. 103

E.O. 108

E.O. 183

E.O. 429

A.O. 129

P.D. 465

Technical Notes

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Calapan

Page issues

Calapan, officially the City of Calapan, (Filipino: Lungsod ng Calapan), or referred simply as Calapan City
is a 3rd class city in the province of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a
population of 133,893 people.[3]

Calapan

Component City

City of Calapan

Downtown area

Downtown area

Official seal of Calapan

Seal
Nickname(s): Gateway to the Golden Isle

Golden Grains City

Motto: Fly High As One Calapan

Map of Oriental Mindoro with Calapan highlighted

Map of Oriental Mindoro with Calapan highlighted

Calapan is located in Philippines CalapanCalapanLocation within the Philippines

Coordinates: 13°22′00″N 121°12′00″E

Country Philippines

Region Mimaropa (Region IV-B)

Province Oriental Mindoro

District 1st district

Founded January 2, 1917

Cityhood March 21, 1998

Barangays 62 (see Barangays)

Government [1]

• Type Sangguniang Panlungsod

• Mayor Arnan C. Panaligan

• Electorate 74,241 voters (2016)

Area [2]

• Total 250.06 km2 (96.55 sq mi)

Population (2015 census)[3]

• Total 133,893

• Density 540/km2 (1,400/sq mi)

Demonym(s) Calapeños (Male)

Calapeñas (Female)
Time zone PST (UTC+8)

ZIP code 5200

PSGC 175205000

IDD : area code  +63 (0)43

Climate type tropical climate

Income class 3rd city income class

Website www.cityofcalapan.gov.ph

The city serves as the gateway to the Oriental Mindoro province with the implementation of the Strong
Republic Nautical Highway (SRNH) an integrated ferry project of then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
that extends further to the southern part of the Philippines. The Calapan City Seaport is the largest and
busiest seaport on Mindoro Island, which is just 45 minutes away by ferry boats and roll-on/roll-off
(RORO) ships to-and-fro Batangas City International Seaport.

Calapan is currently one of the only two cities in Region 4-B (Mimaropa Region) the other being Puerto
Princesa City in Palawan. Calapan serves as the region's administrative center. It is also the center of
commerce, industry, transport, communication, religious activities and education in the entire province
of Oriental Mindoro.

Geography Edit

Calapan is bounded to the north and north-east by the Calapan Bay, south and southeast by the
Municipality of Naujan, and to the west by the Municipality of Baco. The city lies at the quadrangle
bounded by 13°12.6 and 13°27’ north latitudes and 121°17’ east longitudes. It is approximately 28
nautical miles (52 km; 32 mi) from the nearest point of Batangas Province, 45 km (28 mi) south of
Batangas City and 130 km (81 mi) south of Manila.

The city has an area of 250.06 km2 (96.55 sq mi) and is composed of 62 barangays of which 22 are
classified as urban and 40, rural. The city also has jurisdiction over the Baco Islands and the two Silonay
Islets on Calapan Bay.
The overall land characteristic is a wide plain with rivers, interspersed with wetlands at the seacoast
periphery. The highest elevation is 187 m (614 ft) above sea level at Bulusan Hill, a 6-kilometre (3.7 mi)
long landform east of the city, which interrupts the mostly flat terrain north-east of the Halcon-Baco
Mountain Range.

Barangays Edit

The City of Calapan is politically subdivided into 62 barangays.

Balingayan

Balite

Baruyan

Batino

Bayanan I

Bayanan II

Biga

Bondoc

Bucayao

Buhuan

Bulusan

Santa Rita

Calero

Camansihan

Camilmil

Canubing I

Canubing II

Comunal
Guinobatan

Gulod

Gutad

Ibaba East

Ibaba West

Ilaya

Lalud

Lazareto

Libis

Lumangbayan

Mahal Na Pangalan

Maidlang

Malad

Malamig

Managpi

Masipit

Nag-Iba I

Nag-Iba II

Navotas

Pachoca

Palhi

Panggalaan

Parang

Patas

Personas
Putting Tubig

San Raphael (formerly Salong)

San Antonio

San Vicente Central

San Vicente East

San Vicente North

San Vicente South

San Vicente West

Santa Cruz

Santa Isabel

Santo Niño (formerly Nacoco)

Santa Rita

Sapul

Silonay

Santa Maria Village

Suqui

Tawagan

Tawiran

Tibag

Wawa

San Vicente Central Edit

J.P. Rizal Avenue which is named after the Philippine National Hero, Jose Rizal, in San Vicente Central, is
Calapan's busiest street.

San Vicente Central is one of Calapan's barangays and serves as the commercial and financial center of
the city. It is divided by J.P. Rizal Avenue, the major thoroughfare in the city lined by several commercial
establishments.
Climate Edit

Calapan's climate is described as mild. It is relatively dry from November to April and wet during the rest
of the year. February and March have the least rainfall while October and November are the months of
greatest rainfall. Average yearly rainfall is 2,500 to 4,500 millimetres (98 to 177 in) at the City’s south-
west portion. The average daily temperature is 22.9 to 28.3 °C (73.2 to 82.9 °F).

Wind direction throughout the year is variable; Northeast monsoons prevail from August, November,
December and January to March; East to Northeast on April; Southeast to South on May and June;
Northeast to South on July and September, and Easterly on October.

Climate is favorable for vegetation throughout the year under the Type III climate type of the Philippine
weather bureau, PAGASA, with relative humidity at 81%.

History

Demographics Edit

Year Pop. ±% p.a.

1903 5,554 —

1918 13,571 +6.14%

1939 17,158 +1.12%

1948 22,340 +2.98%

1960 33,060 +3.32%

1970 47,532 +3.69%

1975 55,608 +3.20%

1980 67,370 +3.91%

1990 85,898 +2.46%

1995 96,506 +2.21%

2000 105,910 +2.01%

2007 116,976 +1.38%

2010 124,173 +2.20%

2015 133,893 +1.45%

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[3][5][6][7]

Economy

Transportation

Education

Health

Sister City

Notable Calapeños

References

External links Edit

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Calapan.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calapan City.

Calapan City Official Site

Last edited 14 days ago by Exec8

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TURNING POINT: The Legal Implications of Tree Cutting at MSU Naawan

By WILLIAM R. ADAN -

MARCH 2, 2014

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ILIGAN CITY (MindaNews/02 March) — The recent cutting of 30-year-old Narra, Mahogany, Ilangilang
and other trees at the Mindanao State University (MSU) Naawan if carried out without authority from
the Environment Secretary or his authorized representative, is a statutory crime punishable under
Republic Act 3571 and under Section 68, PD 705, as amended by Executive Order 277 Series 1987,
otherwise known as the Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines.
RA 3571, as amended by PD 953, is a law that prohibits and punishes the cutting, destroying or injuring
of planted or growing trees, flowering plants and shrubs or plants of scenic values along public roads, in
plazas, parks, school premises or in any other public ground.

The only exception to the regulation is when the cutting, destroying, or injuring of same is necessary for
public safety, or such pruning of same is necessary to enhance its beauty and only “upon the approval of
the duly authorized representative of the head of agency or political subdivision (Section3, PD 953).”

On the other hand, Section 68 of PD 705, as amended, prohibits and punishes anyone who shall cut,
gather, collect or remove timber or other forest products without authority, from any forest land, from
any alienable or disposal public lands, or from private land.

Incidentally, the Mindanao State University is a government corporation allowed by law to purchase and
own land to be used for public services as an institution of higher learning. The parcels of agricultural
land the University campus now occupies at Naawan, Misamis Oriental were purchased from private
landowners covered with titles and/or tax declarations and are, therefore, private lands within the
purview of Section 68 of PD 705, as amended. Thus the cutting of trees within MSU Naawan premises is
also covered or governed by Section 68 of said decree.

Moreover, the cutting specifically of Narra and other premium hardwood trees requires special permit
under DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources) Adm. Order No. 78, S. of 1987 and
DENR Memo Circular No.22, S. of 1990. And under DENR Memorandum Order dated February 5, 2013,
the cutting of Narra needs to be approved by the DENR Central Office, particularly by the Office of the
Undersecretary for field Operations,

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CLIMATE-DATA.ORG

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Climate-Data.org > Asia > Philippines > Oriental Mindoro > Calapan

CLIMATE: CALAPAN

Picture-Copyright: Benedict Berganio

Calapan has a tropical climate. There is significant rainfall in most months of the year. The short dry
season has little effect on the overall climate. This climate is considered to be Am according to the
Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The average temperature in Calapan is 27.3 °C. The average annual
rainfall is 1958 mm.

CLIMATE GRAPH CALAPAN

Climate graph, Calapan

The driest month is February, with 49 mm of rainfall. With an average of 272 mm, the most precipitation
falls in October.

TEMPERATURE GRAPH CALAPAN

Temperature graph, Calapan

The warmest month of the year is May, with an average temperature of 28.8 °C. January has the lowest
average temperature of the year. It is 25.7 °C.

CALAPAN CLIMATE TABLE // HISTORICAL WEATHER DATA

Avg. Temperature (°C) Avg. Temperature (°F) Precipitation / Rainfall (mm)

January 25.7 78.3 88

February 26.2 79.2 49

March 27.2 81.0 50

April 28.5 83.3 81

May 28.8 83.8 173

June 28.2 82.8 181

July 27.6 81.7 224

August 27.5 81.5 222

September 27.5 81.5 184

October 27.4 81.3 272

November 26.8 80.2 242

December 26 78.8 192

The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 223 mm. During the
year, the average temperatures vary by 3.1 °C.

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