MCMM SACVE Aula 1

Doutoramento e Mestrado
em
Construção Metálica e Mista
Sustainability and Life Cycle

Assessment of Structures
Constança Rigueiro
mcsr@dec.uc.pt
Coimbra, September of 2017

CLASS #2
SUSTAINABILITY OF STEEL
CONSTRUCTIONS
Doutoramento e Mestrado em Construção Metálica e Mista Sustentabilidade e ACV de Estruturas 4
Sustainability of steel constructions

Main Factors Affecting Steel Industry
Industrial direct CO2 emissions (2004)
 Iron & steel industry accounts
for
 27% of direct CO2 emissions
Other Iron and steel
from the industry sector 28% 27%
 ≈ 3-4% of global GHG
emissions
Chemicals &
 1.7 tonnes of CO2 is emitted for petrochemicals
16%
every tonne of steel produced Non-metallic
minerals
27%
Non-ferrous
Source: IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change metals
2%
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Industrial final energy use (2004)
Chemicals & petrochemicals

Iron and steel
1% 16% Non-metallic minerals
1% Paper, pulp and print
1% 30%
Food and tobacco
2%
Non-ferrous metals
2%
Machinery
4% Textile and leather
4% Mining and quarrying
Construction
5%
Wood
6% 19% Transport equipment
9% Non-specified
Source: “Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions “(IEA, 2007)


Use of outdated technologies and low quality resources
Worldwide variability in energy intensities and CO2

emissions
Recycling, Best Available Techiques and higher efficiency of energy
 Energy efficiency  Saving potential in primary energy

about 2.3 – 2.9 EJ/year
 Complete recovery of used steel  Raise the potential to about 5
EJ/year
 Reduction of CO2 emissions – 220 – 360 Mt CO2/year
Source: “Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions “(IEA, 2007)

Source: Nippon Steel – “Sustainability Report 2015”


Life Cycle Analysis of Steel
OUTPUTS
INPUTS
Air emissions
Raw
materials
Water
emissions
Energy Emissions to
soil
Waste
Source: stalkretsloppet.se
LCA is a tool used to evaluate the potential environmental impact of a

product, process or activity throughout its entire life


Life Cycle Analysis


Life Cycle Analysis
 The environmental impacts of buildings occur throughout all life cycle stages
of a building or other construction;
 To overcome the shifting of burdens from one life cycle stage to another
when deciding between options, the life cycle perspective needs to be taken
into account;
 New international standards for sustainability assessment of buildings under

development follow a life cycle approach.


Life Cycle Analysis
System Boundary
Material Operation End of life

Construction
Production
Raw Materials
Air Emissions
Energy Unit Water Effluents
Water Process
Releases to Land
Other releases
Intermediate Material or
Final Product

Life Cycle Analysis of Steel
Steelmaking process
End-of-life Construction
Steel structures


Steelmaking Process
Source: UK Steel (http://www.eef.org.uk/uksteel/default.htm)


Steelmaking Process
Source: UK Steel (http://www.eef.org.uk/uksteel/default.htm)


Steelmaking Process
BLAST FURNACE ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE
e.g. In the production of 1 tonne of crude steel

Energy intensity 19.8 – 31.3 GJ 9.1 – 12.5 GJ
CO2 Emissions 2,45 ton 0,44 ton

Source: Worldsteel Organization, 2011


Steelmaking Process
Sustainable countermeasures
Energy efficiency
 Highly energy efficient facilities (e.g. high efficiency combustion burners, optimization of
the reheating of furnaces, etc)
 Recycling of products (e.g. waste plastic, waste tires, etc)
Integrated steelworks
energy intensity
(GJ/tonne steel)
CORUS
Source: Corus Corporate Responsability Report 2007/08


Steelmaking Process
Sustainable countermeasures - Reduction of CO2 emissions
CORUS
Direct and indirect CO2 emissions from integrated
steelmaking (kg)/tonne liquid steel
2012 reduction
target (<1.7 t/tls)
2020 reduction
target (<1.5 t/tls)
Source: Corus Corporate Responsability Report 2007/08


Steelmaking Process Sustainable countermeasures
- Energy conservation


Steelmaking Process
Sustainable countermeasures - Use of By-products
The use of blast furnace and steel slag as a substitute for
1 tonne of iron generates 600 kg of by- clinker in cement production could contribute 140 – 185 Mt
products (slag, dust and sludge) CO2 reduction (source: IISI)
 Reutilization of by-product gases (e.g use of coke oven gas and blast furnace gas as fuel
gas for heating furnaces or energy sources for power generation plants, etc)
 Use of by-products as raw materials in the steel works or in other industries (e.g. cement
production)
Example: NIPPON STEEL By-product Power
In- plant
company gases
(40%)
use
By-products (30%)
Cement Fuel gas

industries (60%)
and others
Waste (68%)
(2%)


Steelmaking Process
Sustainable countermeasures - Improved research and new
technologies
 Research and development (R&D)
As a result of systematic technological improvements, the best EU steel
plants are operating at the limits of what is presently technically possible
e.g. Ultra-Low CO2 Steelmaking (ULCOS) project

(http://www.ulcos.org/en/index.php)
European project, involving all major EU steel companies, aiming at a drastic
reduction in CO2 emissions from steel production (50% reduction in comparison
with todays’ best routes)
 Use of High Strength Steel (HSS)
e.g. HISTAR® steels (ARCELORMITTAL)

The use of HISTAR for common steels achieves reductions of 32% in steel columns
and 19% in beams, allowing to save in CO2 emissions
(source: ArcelorMittal: Bold Future 2007 – Annual report)


Construction
The construction process has a significant impact on
environmental resources. Waste generated by construction
accounts for a large proportion of landfill volumes.
Emissions, dust and particulates generated during the
construction process may cause health problems.
Steel structures are installed rapidly

allowing to save money – the time of
construction can be reduced to half the
time needed for other type of construction
The prefabrication of frames provides a

safer and cleaner working environment


Construction
The installation of lightweight steel
structures minimize the pollution and noise
on the construction site
Frame elements are delivered in time for

installation minimizing the area needed for
storage and contributing to an efficient
construction site
Prefabrication ensures accurate and quality

workmanship
Waste during construction is reduced to a

minimum and most waste is recyclable


Construction
Lightweight steel frames facilitates the

installation of ducts, cables and other
equipment
Easy installation of insulation materials
The lightness of the structures

minimizes the impact on the ground
allowing for reduced foundations


Steel Structures
Steel has a high strength-to-weight

ratio making of it a very efficient
material
Steel is 100% recyclable leading to the

minimization of natural resource
depletion and environmental impacts
Steel has a long life span allowing to

amortize the environmental impacts
due to its production stage


Steel Structures
Lightweight steel systems provide well-

insulated envelope panels contributing
to energy efficiency of buildings
Alternative and renewable sources of

energy are easily installed in
lightweight steel houses
Thermal and acoustic insulation may

be adapted to any local or functional
requirement


Steel Structures Poor indoor air quality can cause human illness
and lead to lost productivity of building
occupants. Health problems resulting from poor
indoor air quality may be short-term
to long-term, and range from minor irritations to
life-threatening illnesses.
Lightweight steel construction is made of low-

emitting materials
Lightweight steel envelopes provide good
insulation and controlled airflows to enhance the
comfort and health condition of building
occupants
The dry and inorganic materials used in
lightweight steel systems prevent possible
moisture problems and contribute to the
minimization of maintenance

Steel Structures Sustainable design make efficient use of
existing structures and materials, saving money
and protecting public health, the environment
and natural resources
Lightweight steel frames can easily be

adapted to new functional requirements
over the building life cycle
Rehabilitation of existing buildings is easier

with lightweight frames and leads to the
preservation of cultural and historical value
A lightweight steel house has exceptional

durability, with little or no maintenance,
contributing to the safeguard of natural
resources

End of Life
 Steel is 100% recyclable and it can be infinitely recycled without loss of

quality
 Creating new steel from recycled steel reduces CO2 emissions (in 2006,
about 894 million metric tons of CO2 were saved)
 By improving design, the need for new steel production can be reduced as
steel components can be reused without reprocessing
 In most sectors, steel reycling rates are between 80 and 100%
Source: “Steel and you – The life of steel” (IISI)

• This lecture was prepared for the Edition 2 of SUSCOS (2013/15) by

Helena Gervásio (UC).
• This lecture was improved for SUSCOS (2016/2018) by Constança

Rigueiro (UC)
• This lecture was improved for PhD and Master Course of Steel
Construction (2018/2020) by Constança Rigueiro (UC)

MCMM SACVE Aula 1

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

MCMM SACVE Aula 1

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Doutoramento e Mestrado

Sustainability and Life Cycle

Coimbra, September of 2017

Sustainability of steel constructions

Sustainability of steel constructions

Chemicals & petrochemicals

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

Worldwide variability in energy intensities and CO2

Recycling, Best Available Techiques and higher efficiency of energy

 Energy efficiency  Saving potential in primary energy

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

Source: Nippon Steel – “Sustainability Report 2015”

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

LCA is a tool used to evaluate the potential environmental impact of a

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

 New international standards for sustainability assessment of buildings under

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

Material Operation End of life

Sustainability of steel constructions

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

Source: UK Steel (http://www.eef.org.uk/uksteel/default.htm)

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

Source: UK Steel (http://www.eef.org.uk/uksteel/default.htm)

Sustainability of steel constructions

BLAST FURNACE ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE

e.g. In the production of 1 tonne of crude steel

CO2 Emissions 2,45 ton 0,44 ton

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

Source: Corus Corporate Responsability Report 2007/08

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

Source: Corus Corporate Responsability Report 2007/08

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

Source: Nippon Steel – “Sustainability Report 2007”

Sustainability of steel constructions

Cement Fuel gas

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

e.g. Ultra-Low CO2 Steelmaking (ULCOS) project

 Use of High Strength Steel (HSS)

e.g. HISTAR® steels (ARCELORMITTAL)

(source: ArcelorMittal: Bold Future 2007 – Annual report)

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

Steel structures are installed rapidly

The prefabrication of frames provides a

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

Sustainability of steel constructions

Frame elements are delivered in time for

Prefabrication ensures accurate and quality

Waste during construction is reduced to a

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering