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Developing your Web presence: On Titanium, Thermite, the Bronze Age and... Drywall! Page 2 of 24
oxide) are formed in a most spectacular fashion (see the many interesting
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YouTube videos). Thecookie-uri
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place is pentru
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photo: traficul. Dacă
a 400 g titanium folosiți
thermite shortly acest site,
after ignition) : sunteți de acord cu utilizarea cookie-urilor.
Iron oxide + Aluminium ---> liquid Iron + liquid Aluminium Oxide
AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
(Alumina)
The convenient fact that both reaction products are generated in the
molten state (thus allowing to obtain lump metal or even castings) is due
to the fact that the reaction is accompanied by massive heat generation,
sufficient to heat the reaction products to well above their respective
melting points (3,730 F for alumina and 2,800 F for iron).
Today, iron is industrially hardly ever produced by aluminothermy but a
whole array of more exotic metals and alloys is. And due to linguistic
erosion, all aluminothermic processes (even those where iron plays no
part) are now commonly referred to as thermite reactions or thermite
reductions.
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a plenty (in fact, all the metal oxides suitable for thermite reductions are
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its own).
Commercially used heat booster oxidisers include chlorates, perchlorates,
AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
nitrates and sulphates (there are others, less frequently used).
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Formulation:
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composition pentru
of the a oferi
mixture, hereservicii,
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100 traficul. Dacă
g reaction folosiți
batch, acest site,
is (quantities sunteți de acord cu utilizarea cookie-urilor.
in gram):
Titanium dioxide ........................... 30.0
AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
Drywall ........................................ 25.5
Aluminium powder ........................ 27.0
Ground fluorite ............................. 17.5
For different batch sizes, first calculate the batch factor (BF).
For a batch of, say, 300 g, BF = 300 / 100 = 3. Now multiply
the individual weights with the BF: 30.0 x 3 = 90.0 g, 25.5 x 3
= 76.5 g and so on. Finally check the result by adding the
weights up: 90.0 + 76.5 + 81.0 + 52.5 = 300 g.
Fluorite here is the ingredient so far not discussed. Its role is
that of a slag fluidiser. Where above I made the analogy of the
metal coalescence from the molten slag/metal mix and the
separation of oil and vinegar in a salad dressing, please note
that this analogy is in fact very fair and quite accurate. To
promote the separating of the metal from the molten
sulphide/alumina mixture, it's beneficial to greatly improve its
fluidity (reduce its viscosity in other words), as the coalescing
metal droplets will find it much easier to sink through the
molten cauldron and meet up.
Fluorite (chemically calcium fluoride) has a much lower melting
point (2,555 F) than both alumina and calcium sulphide and is
at those temperatures highly mobile, thereby lowering the
viscosity of the melt considerably and keeping it fluid also
somewhat longer. It's also completely chemically inert in these
conditions, as aluminium is incapable of reducing this
particular fluoride.
Weighing and dry-mixing of the formulation
Weigh the ingredients to at least three significant digits: for
example 2.56 g, 10.3 g or 315 g.
Dry-mix the powders in a roomy container, typically a
hermetically closed food container or similar, by shaking it. I
like to include a couple of marbles in the container during
mixing, as their sloshing about greatly improves mixing
efficiency. Mix until a thoroughly homogeneous dry-mix is
obtained, a few minutes should do the job, depending on batch
size.
Wearing a dust protection mask during weighing and dry-
mixing is probably advisable (although truth be told I never
do).
Fit-for-purpose ingredients
Titanium dioxide:
A good quality grade of titanium dioxide, in the form of fine
flour, of good, clean white colour is advisable. Exact
granulometry isn't critical. If lumpy, sieve it with a tea strainer
or such like. The lumps can later be recovered by gently
grinding in a mortar and pestle.
Calcium sulphate:
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Acest site folosește cookie-uri pentru a oferi servicii, pentru a personaliza anunțuri și pentru a
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AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
Ignition method
Several ignition methods are available, from very safe to slightly riskier,
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but all involve locally heating the thermite mixture to very high heat to
Acest sitethe
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mixture ignites and thepentru a start
reactions oferi(ifservicii, pentru
you've ever heard a personaliza anunțuri și pentru a
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the term Dacă
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My preferred one I've dubbed ignition mix + magnesium ribbon. It
AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
consists of separately preparing a small amount of a mixture of dried wall
filler and aluminium powder (here the grade of aluminium needs to be
sufficiently fine - 200 mesh or finer) in a weight ratio of wall
filler/aluminium of 136 / 72. Prepare about 20 g or so and keep it in a
safe place, hermetically sealed. This ignition mixture when ignited burns
with sufficient heat to set alight even the most stubborn of thermite
mixtures (some can be hard to light but the titanium/sulphate boosted
thermite has never caused me such problems).
The ignition mix itself requires quite a bit of heat input to get going
(which is why it's safe to store indefinitely) and the best way of doing this
in my opinion is by means of magnesium ribbon. The ignition procedure
thus becomes: after filling the pant pot with thermite mixture, make a
small dent in it at the top and centre and fill this cavity with about 1 small
teaspoon of ignition mix (adjust the amount for much smaller batches).
Stick a 1" long piece of magnesium ribbon in the ignition mix. The
magnesium ribbon can be lit with a small propane blow torch (like a pen
blow torch - the ribbon will also light more easily if you cut a couple of
small 1 mm cuts parallel to the length of the ribbon at the end to be lit).
Caution, once the ribbon is lit, there is no going back: stand well back as
the magnesium fuse will burn down and ignite the ignition mix and the
burning ignition mix will ignite the thermite mixture...
Other experimenters use the potassium permanganate / glycerin ignition
method, others simply take a blow torch straight to the thermite mix or
stick a fireworks sparkler in it. Personally I prefer my own method,
because it allows the experimenter to retreat to a safe distance without a
great hurry and is relatively idiot-proof.
Energy produced
It's intuitive that something that delivers high melting products like
titanium metal and alumina in the molten state must generate lots of
heat. Well, a 500 g reaction mix delivers about 1,500 kJ (kilojoules),
enough to heat about 9 liters of water from room temperature to boiling
point. A domestic 600 W microwave oven would take nearly 45 minutes of
operation on full power to achieve that. Industrial scale thermite reactions
probably generate enough energy to keep a small town supplied with
energy for a few minutes...
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'missing' metal (100 % minus the yield) is in fact present in the slag as
fine, even invisibly small droplets, stuck in some of the early formed slag
that froze when it hit the cold crucible walls, this metal had no
opportunity to settle out from the slag. (Photo left: a fresh 20 g thermite titanium
Yield usually improves greatly with the size of the reaction: for reactions
of, say about 1 kg, I'd expect the yield to be well over 90 %.
Positive identification of the metal as actual titanium
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alone the shiny surface will slowly tarnish again, forming a new
Acest sitelayer
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of oxide.cookie-uri
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the metalDacă folosiți
against furtheracest
attack site, sunteți
from air deIt acord
oxygen. cu utilizarea cookie-urilor.
shares that
property with aluminium (and other metals/elements).
AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
Below, from left to right three test tubes: titanium starting to react with
strong HCl with bubbles of hydrogen starting to form (left), after some
time of reaction the typical Amethyst purple of TiCl3 appears (middle),
after adding H2O2 to some liquid from the middle tube the deep red colour
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Calcium Sulphide + Water (or acid) ---> Calcium Hydroxide (or Calcium
salt) + Hydrogen Sulphide
To keep specimens of the metal without resorting to de-slagging, storage
in hermetically sealed glass containers or ampoules is recommended, to
allow admiring the metal without experiencing the faint but unmistakable
smell of rotten eggs.
It's also advisable to dispose of the slag and broken crucible by either
putting it in some disposable sealed container or wrapping it amply in bin
bags, before disposing of it in a domestic bin, to avoid the lingering smell
of rotten eggs around the house.
Trouble shooting
I'll assume that in the case
of problems, weighing,
mixing and ignition were all
carried out correctly, the
correct ingredients were
used and the thermite
burned right through but
that no metal or very poor
quality metal was formed
(right hand photo: the post-
thermite reaction).
The most likely cause of poor metal production is not that the metal didn't
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form but that it didn't coalesce out of the slag/metal mix. The most likely
Acest site are
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either: reaction pentru
ran too cold or areaction
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is fineness acord cu
ingredients bututilizarea cookie-urilor.
this should be rectifiable by adjusting the overall formulation slightly.
AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
Too cold: symptoms include:
This is indicative of too low reaction temperature, leading to too high slag
viscosity. This problem should be remediable by increasing the amount of
booster reaction. For the 100 g batch described above, increase the
amount of dried wall filler to 30.6 g and the aluminium powder to 29.6 g
(the total batch weight then becoming 107.7 g) and try again.
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Acest
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reason of too pentru
high reaction a oferi can
temperatures servicii, pentru
occur is the useaofpersonaliza anunțuri și pentru a
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very fine Dacă ingredient
ingredients: folosiți acest site,
fineness sunteți de acord
in heterogeneous reactionscutoutilizarea cookie-urilor.
some extent regulates reaction speed and very fast reactions tend to lose,
AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
proportionately speaking, less heat to the environment and this can lead
to overheating. At very high temperatures, even the most high boiling
substances gain some degree of volatility. This evaporation can interfere
with the metal coalescence, a bit like it would be hard for the oil in an
oil/vinegar salad dressing to separate out, if the dressing was actually
boiling.
Try and remedy this by reducing the amount of booster reaction. For the
100 g batch, use 20.4 g of dried wall filler (instead of 25.5 g) and 24.4 g
of aluminium powder (instead of 27.0 g), making the total batch weight
92.3 g and try again.
Manganese thermite
Copper thermite
Good luck!
60 Comments:
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Hi Richard,
Acest site folosește cookie-uri pentru a oferi servicii, pentru a personaliza anunțuri și pentru a
analiza traficul.18
Theoretically Dacă
gram.folosiți acest
Inevitably site,
some sunteți
remains stuckde
onacord cusoutilizarea cookie-urilor.
the slag,
in real terms yield is always lower than 18 g of metal per 100 g of mix.
AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
It's explained in the article.
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I've played with CaO (w/o good results) but never with CaCO3. Worthe
trying!
Were do you get ground fluorite? Is there anything you can use instead
of fluorite?
Also, have you ever played around with Barium Nitrate? I know Ba
(NO3)2 is used in military thermite and in some explosives (flash
powder). Would this work instead of the plaster of paris?
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Stole:
The titanium master alloy can itself be prepared quite easily by means
of a thermite reaction: by co-reducing iron oxide and titanium dioxide
with aluminium powder. If the iron oxide/titanium oxide ratio is high
enough, this thermite doesn't require a booster system because the
highly exothermic reduction of iron oxide provides the required heat.
This way, master alloys containing up to about 40 % titanium can be
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.....Alex
Great stuff from you, man. Ive read your stuff before and youre just
too awesome. I love what youve got here, love what youre saying and
the way you say it. You make it entertaining and you still manage to
keep it smart. I cant wait to read more from you. This is really a great
blog. anak SMP | Used Stationary Bikes | Hosting Profesional Indonesia
yang Murah | Hosting Profesional Indonesia
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I assume it could but would imagine that it’s quite dangerous to do so.
Classic Thermite ® is already extremely hot burning, so adding extra
heat becomes dangerous.
If you’re gonna try this, then add only small amounts of the heat
booster package to start with and ramp up slowly if it works for you.
At some point your mixture will become a ‘flash powder’…
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would doing this under argon help? What about just CO2 or nitrogen?
Acest site very
Thanks folosește
much! Icookie-uri pentru
appreciate any a you
advice oferican
servicii,
give me!pentru a
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At 2:14 PM, Gert said...
AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
Hi Hari,
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impacts.
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analiza traficul.
To refine Dacăitfolosiți
the metal acest
would have site,
to be sunteți
nelted deatmosphere
in inert acord cu utilizarea cookie-urilor.
(most of the impurities then simply float and can be skimmed off).
AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
Considering the high MP of titanium, I'd say 'good luck with that' at the
hobbyist level!
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So you’ll need 1 mol TiO2, x mol Fe2O3, (4/3 + 2x) mol Al and obtain 1
mol Ti, 2x mol Fe and (2/3 + x) mol Al2O3. From it the reaction
enthalpy can be derived easily. Then work out what temperature
increase this causes for 1 mol Ti, 2x mol Fe and (2/3 + x) mol Al2O3. If
you’re any good with basic algebra you can just leave x in there as
such and obtain a general expression: ΔT = f(x).
Don’t forget to account for CaF2: that absorbs some of the heat too…
And don’t bank on leaving it out either: as a slag fluidiser it greatly
improves yield.
Thank you.
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Hi Zippol,
Acest site folosește cookie-uri pentru a oferi servicii, pentru a personaliza anunțuri și pentru a
analiza traficul.
Not sure what Dacă folosiți
you mean acest site,FeTi
by a 'damascus'? sunteți
is wellde acord
worth cuand
doing utilizarea cookie-urilor.
easy too.
AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
The FeTi would then be used as a masterbatch to seed the steel with a
desired amount of Ti, to modify its properties like hardness, corrosion
resistance etc.
If you use 2 steels with different carbon content (let's say a hard one
and a soft one) during the proccess carbon migration occurs and the
resulting damascus will have an overall homogeneous carbon content.
Now, I'm not very familiar with the theory (I only know basic
chemistry, mild physics and hobbyst blacksmithing.. and soap opera
english, so sorry for my mistakes BTW '^^) but I wonder if a similar
phenomenon would occur if I put a plaque of FeTi on the mix.
Moreover, what would happen if I try alloys with different components
as well. Of course, 2 adjacent plaques need to be fairly similar to be
compatible enough to weld properly, but the possibilities intrigue me.
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Acest
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damn, cookie-uri
sorry for the pentru a oferi servicii, pentru a personaliza anunțuri și pentru a
long commet!
analiza traficul. Dacă folosiți acest site, sunteți de acord cu utilizarea cookie-urilor.
At 6:41 PM, Gert said...
AFLAȚI MAI MULTE AM ÎNȚELES
Hello again!
http://books.google.co.uk/books?
id=6n7Uy2kodZgC&pg=PA343&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Thermite-Report-Goldschmidt-
Aluminothermy/dp/B0086FZR8G/ref=sr_1_1?
ie=UTF8&qid=1338661723&sr=8-1
Best regards.
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BTW, I'd gladly buy your book, but sadly I have no means of making an
electronic payment ATM.
Alright then, thanks or the advices! I believe I won't be trying this for
*a while* yet, but I'll be sure to post results when I do ;)
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