EEU 104 – Electrical

Technology
- Chapter 1 - Basic
Concept
(continued)

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the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Charge & Current
Q1: How much charge is represented by 6.667
billion of protons?

A1: Each proton has +𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 C.

For 6.667 billion of protons,
= 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 C/proton ×6,667,000,000 protons
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 C

2
 Charge & Current
Q2: The total charge entering a terminal is given by
𝒒 = 𝟓𝒕 sin 𝟒𝝅𝒕 mC. Calculate the current at 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓 s

S2:
𝒅𝒒 𝒅
We know that 𝒊 = = (𝟓𝒕 sin 𝟒𝝅𝒕) mC/s
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Differentiate by part:
𝒊 = 𝟓 ⋅ sin 𝟒𝝅𝒕 + 𝟓𝒕 𝟒𝝅 ⋅ cos 𝟒𝝅𝒕
= 𝟓 sin 𝟒𝝅𝒕 + 𝟐𝟎𝝅𝒕 cos 𝟒𝝅𝒕 mA

At 𝑡 = 0.5 s
𝑖 = 5 sin 2𝜋 + 10𝜋 cos 2𝜋 mA = 0 + 10𝜋 mA = 31.416mA
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 Charge & Current
Q3: The total charge entering a terminal is given by
𝒒 = (𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝒆−𝟐𝒕 ) mC. Calculate the current at 𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎 s

S3:
𝒅𝒒 𝒅
We know that 𝒊 = = (𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝒆−𝟐𝒕 ) mC/s
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

= 𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎 −𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 mA
= 𝟐𝟎𝒆−𝟐𝒕 mA
At 𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎 s
𝒊 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟎𝟔𝟕 mA

4
 Charge & Current
Q4: Determine the total charge entering a terminal between
𝑡 = 1s and 𝑡 = 2s if the current passing the terminal is 𝑖 =
(3𝑡 2 − 𝑡)A

S4:
𝑑𝑞
We know that 𝑖 =
𝑑𝑡
Given 𝑖, to obtain 𝑄, we need to integrate the 𝑖 with respect to 𝑡
2
2 3 2
3𝑡 𝑡
𝑄= (3𝑡 2 − 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = − = 5.5 C
𝑡=1 3 2
𝑡=1

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 Charge & Current
Q5: The current flowing through an element is
4A, 0<𝑡<1
𝑖=
4𝑡 2 A, 𝑡>1
Calculate the charge entering the element from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 =
2s
S5:
𝑑𝑞
We know that 𝑖 =
𝑑𝑡
Given 𝑖, to obtain 𝑄, we need to integrate the 𝑖 with respect to 𝑡
2
1 2 1 4𝑡 3 28
𝑄= 4 𝑑𝑡 + 4𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑡 2 + = 4.0 + C
𝑡=0 𝑡=1 𝑡=0 3 3
𝑡=1
40
= C = 13.3333C
3 6
 Voltage, Power & Energy
Q6: An energy source forces a constant current of 2A for 10s to
flow through a light bulb. If 2.3kJ is given off in the form of light
and heat energy, calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.

S6:
𝑑𝑤
We know that 𝑣𝑎𝑏 = , energy needed to move a unit charge
𝑑𝑞
from point 𝑎 to 𝑏.
𝑑𝑤 ∆𝑤 → 2.3kJ (total energy)
𝑣𝑎𝑏 = =
𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑞 → total charge?
∆𝑞 ∆𝑞 2.3kJ
𝑖= = 2A = ∆𝑞 = 20C 𝑣𝑎𝑏 = = 115V
∆𝑡 10s 20C

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 Voltage, Power & Energy
Q7: To move charge 𝑞 from point 𝑏 to point 𝑎 requires 25J.
Find the voltage drop 𝑣𝑎𝑏 (the voltage at 𝑎 positive with respect
to 𝑏) if:
(a) 𝑞 = 5C, (b) 𝑞 = −10C
S7:
𝑑𝑤
We know that 𝑣𝑎𝑏 = , energy needed to move a unit charge
𝑑𝑞
from point 𝑎 to 𝑏.
𝑑𝑤 25J
𝑣𝑎𝑏 = = = 5V
𝑑𝑞 5C
𝑑𝑤 25J
𝑣𝑎𝑏 = = = −2.5V
𝑑𝑞 −10C

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 Voltage, Power & Energy
Q8: Find the power delivered to an element at 𝑡 = 3 ms if the
current entering its positive terminal is
𝑖 = 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 A
𝑑𝑖
And the voltage is: (a) 𝑣 = 3𝑖, (b) 𝑣 = 3
𝑑𝑡
S8: We know:
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖
(a) 𝑝 = 3𝑖 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 W = 3 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 W
= 75 cos2 60𝜋𝑡 W = 53.467 W

𝑑𝑖 𝑑
(b) 𝑝= 3 ⋅ 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 W = 3 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 ⋅ 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 W
𝑑𝑡
= 3 ⋅ −5 ⋅ 60𝜋 ⋅ sin 60𝜋𝑡 ⋅ 5 cos 60𝜋𝑡 W
= −4500𝜋 ⋅ sin 60𝜋𝑡 ⋅ cos 60𝜋𝑡 W = −6.396 kW

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 Voltage, Power & Energy
We learned previously that
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑤
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = ⋅ = (power OR rate of energy provided
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
/consumed per unit time, W)
𝑤 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑡 (energy, in Joule)
= 𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝑡 This is energy, in Joule
𝑡 is in seconds
Or, given 𝑝 and 𝑡, 𝑤 = 𝑝𝑡

Energy company (e.g. Tenaga Nasional Berhad, TNB) use watt-hour (Wh)
for energy measurement
This is also energy, in Wh

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 Voltage, Power & Energy
Q9: How much energy does a 100 W electric bulb consume in
2 hours?
S9:
Energy (in Joule), 𝑤 = 𝑝𝑡 = 100W × 2 × 60 × 60 s
= 720,000J = 720kJ

Energy (in Wh), 𝑤 = 𝑝𝑡 = 100W × 2h = 200Wh

720,000
Basically, 1Wh = = 3,600J
200

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 Voltage, Power & Energy
Q10: A home electric heater draws 10A when connected to a
115V outlet. How much energy is consumed by the heater over
a period of 6 hours? Give answer in Wh.

S10:
Energy (in Wh), 𝑤 = 𝑝𝑡 = 115V × 10A × 6h
= 6,900Wh

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 Circuit Elements
Q11:

Calculate the power supplied OR

absorbed by each element in the figure
above.

13
 Circuit Elements
S11: We will use this figure from
previous class for the sign convention:

This circuit This circuit

element is element is
absorbing supplying
power power
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 Circuit Elements
S11:

𝑝1 : The 5A is out of the positive terminal (or into

the negative terminal), hence, supplying power.

𝑝1 = 𝑣𝑖 = 20 −5 = −100W (supplying power)

15
 Circuit Elements
S11:

𝑝2 & 𝑝3 : The current flows into the positive

terminals, hence, absorbing power.

𝑝2 = 𝑣𝑖 = 12 5 = 60W (absorbing power)

𝑝3 = 𝑣𝑖 = 8 6 = 48W (absorbing power)
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 Circuit Elements
= 60W
S11:
+
Total power
supplied must 8V
equals the total = – 100W
power absorbed = 48W = – 8W
-

𝑝4 : voltage across the dependent current

source is similar to 8V
Since its current flows out of the positive
terminal, hence, supplying power.
𝑝4 = 𝑣𝑖 = 8 −0.2 × 5 = −8W (supplying power)
17
 Circuit Elements
Q12:

= – 45W

𝑝1 : the 9A current flows out of the positive

terminal; supplying power
𝑝1 = 𝑣𝑖 = 5 −9 = −45W (supplying power)

18
 Circuit Elements
Q12:

= 18W

= – 45W

𝑝2 : the 9A current flows into the positive

terminal; absorbing power
𝑝2 = 𝑣𝑖 = 2 9 = 18W (absorbing power)

19
 Circuit Elements
Q12:

= 18W

= 12W
= – 45W

𝑝3 : the 4A current flows into the positive

terminal; absorbing power
𝑝3 = 𝑣𝑖 = (0.6 × 5) 4 = 12W (absorbing power)

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 Circuit Elements
Q12:

= 18W

= 12W
= – 45W = 15W

𝑝4 : the 5A current flows into the positive

terminal; absorbing power
𝑝4 = 𝑣𝑖 = (3) 5 = 15W (absorbing power)
𝑝1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑝3 + 𝑝4 = −45 + 18 + 12 + 15 = 0
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