3/7/2017

ME 303 Convection .. Today’s Topic

Convection, Boiling,
Condensation and Transport Equations
Mass Transfer
Semester: February 2017

Dr. Sumon Saha

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Tuesday, March 07, 2017

The equations of convective heat Mass Conservation: Continuity

Convection .. Convection ..
transfer Equation

Three variables are important to determine for
Consider a three dimensional control
convection: volume (CV) represented by dxdydz.

Mass conservation principle states
1. Velocity vector (Ū)
that
2. Pressure (P)
Rate of mass added to CV –
3. Temperature (T) Rate of mass removed from
CV = Rate of mass change

Three principles are used to derive the equations within CV
for convective heat transfer ∂M cv
= ∑ m
− ∑ m

∂t inlet ports outlet ports
Name of the principle Name of Equation
M cv - the mass instantaneously trapped inside the CV
1. Conservation of mass Continuity equation
2. Conservation of momentum Momentum equation ∑
inlet ports


m - mass flow rates associated with the flow into CV
(Newton’s law) (Navier-Stoke’s equation)
3. Conservation of energy Energy equation ∑
outlet ports


m - mass flow rates associated with the flow out of CV
(First law of Thermodynamics)
CV represents a small part of the system to which physical laws can be easily applied.

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Mass Conservation: Continuity Mass Conservation: Continuity

Convection .. Convection ..
Equation Equation
Applying conservation of mass principle, the continuity equation
For incompressible and steady flow for the treatment of the
becomes convection problem in which the temporal and spatial variations
in density are negligible relative to the local variations in
∂ρ ∂ ( ρ u ) ∂ ( ρ v ) ∂ ( ρ w ) velocity,
+ + + =0 ∂u ∂v ∂w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
This is the three-dimensional continuity equation in Cartesian
coordinates system.
This is the three-dimensional continuity equation in Cartesian
coordinates for steady, incompressible flow.
Alternately,

For cylindrical coordinate, the continuity equation becomes
∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ  ∂u ∂v ∂w 
+u +v +w +ρ + + =0 ∂ρ 1 ∂ ( ρ rvr ) 1 ∂ ( ρ vθ ) ∂ ( ρ vz )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z  + + + =0
∂t r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z

Momentum Conservation: Navier- Momentum Conservation: Navier-

Convection .. Convection ..
Stokes equation of motion Stokes equation of motion

Since momentum is a vector
For a 3D flow in Cartesian system, the three momentum
quantity, the conservation of equations for ρ, µ = constant flows are
momentum (Newton’s law of
motion) provides three  ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u  ∂p  ∂ 2 u ∂ 2u ∂ 2 u 
ρ + u + v + w  = − + µ  2 + 2 + 2  + Fx
equations: one in each of the  ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
three coordinates.
 ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v  ∂p  ∂ 2 v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v 

Application of Newton’s law ρ + u + v + w  = − + µ  2 + 2 + 2  + Fy
of motion

to the CV shown  ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

∑ δ F = (δ m ) a
n n
 ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w  ∂p  ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w 
n - the direction chosen for analysis (e.g., x, y, z) ρ +u +v + w  = − + µ  2 + 2 + 2  + Fz
  ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
δ Fn - external forces acting on the CV in the n-direction
δm - mass of the CV
 diffusion generation
an - acceleration of the CV in the n-direction unsteady convection generation
This is called control volume formulation of Newton’s second law Fx, Fy, Fz are the body forces per unit volume.
of motion.

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Momentum Conservation: Navier-

Convection .. Convection .. Navier-Stokes equation of motion
Stokes equation of motion

For a 3D flow in cylindrical coordinate system, the three • Assumptions: two-dimensional, steady-state, incompressible,
momentum equations for ρ, µ = constant flows are laminar flow case in cylindrical coordinate system
 ∂vr ∂v v ∂v v 2 ∂v  ∂p  ∂ 2 v 1 ∂vr vr 1 ∂ 2 vr 2 ∂vθ ∂ 2vr  ∂vr vr ∂vz
ρ + vr r + θ r − θ + vz r  = − + µ  2r + − + − +  + Fr
• Continuity equation: + + =0
 ∂t ∂r r ∂θ r ∂z  ∂r  ∂r r ∂r r 2 r 2 ∂θ 2 r 2 ∂θ ∂z 2  ∂r r ∂z
 ∂vθ ∂v v ∂v v v ∂v  1 ∂p  ∂ 2 v 1 ∂vθ vθ 1 ∂ 2 vθ 2 ∂vr ∂ 2 vθ 
ρ + vr θ + θ θ + r θ + v z θ  = − + µ  2θ + − + + +  + Fθ • Momentum equations:
 ∂t ∂ r r ∂θ r ∂ z  r ∂ θ  ∂r r ∂r r 2 r 2 ∂θ 2 r 2 ∂θ ∂z 2 
 ∂v ∂v  ∂p  ∂ 2v 1 ∂vr vr ∂ 2vr 
 ∂v ∂v v ∂v ∂v  ∂p  ∂ 2 v 1 ∂vz 1 ∂ 2 vz ∂ 2 vz 
ρ  z + vr z + θ z + vz z  = − + µ  2z +
ρ  vr r + vz r  = − + µ  2r + − +  + Fr
 ∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z  ∂z  ∂r
+ +
r ∂r r 2 ∂θ 2 ∂z 2 
 + Fz  ∂r ∂z  ∂r  ∂r r ∂r r 2 ∂z 2 
Fr, Fθ, Fz are the body forces per unit volume.  ∂vz ∂v  ∂p  ∂ 2v 1 ∂vz ∂ 2 vz 
ρ  vr + vz z  = − + µ  2z + +  + Fz
 ∂r ∂z  ∂z  ∂r r ∂r ∂z 2 
• Write down the Navier-Stokes equations for a two-
• r, z – cylindrical coordinates (two-dimensional)
dimensional, steady-state, incompressible, laminar flow case in
• vr, vz – velocity components in r and z directions
cylindrical coordinate system and identify each term in those
• p – pressure
equations.
• ρ, µ – density and dynamic viscosity of fluid
• Fr, Fz – body forces per unit volume in r and z directions

Convection .. Energy Conservation Convection .. Energy Conservation

Derive the two-dimensional, steady-state energy equation in
Consider steady, two-dimensional (Cartesian coordinate) flow of
Cartesian coordinate system and show the analogy between an incompressible, constant properties, Newtonian fluid.
different terms in it with those of Navier-Stokes equations. Under
Let dxdy1 be the differential volume element about a point (x, y)
what condition does energy equation reduce to a simple in the flow field.
conduction equation?

If radiation is absent in the fluid, the energy balance according
to the first law of thermodynamics for a differential volume element
may be stated as

 Rate of energy input   Rate of internal   Rate of energy input due to 

due to conduction  +  heat generation  +  work done by body forces 
     
 Rate of energy input due to   Rate of increase of 
+ = 
 work done by surface stresses  energy in element 

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Convection .. Energy Conservation Convection .. Energy Conservation

First, the heat addition into the element dxdy1 by conduction
Second, if the dissipation rate or rate of internal heat
occurs in the x and y directions. generation per unit volume is q′″

y
 ∂q′′y  Fourier’s law of  Rate of internal 
 q′′y + dy  ⋅ dx ⋅1
heat conduction  heat generation  = q′′′dxdy1
 ∂y   
∂T
q′′x = − k
Third, if Fx and Fy are the body forces acting per unit volume of
∂x
dy  ∂q′′x  the element and u and v are the velocity components in the x and
q′′x ⋅ dy ⋅1
dx  qx′′ + dx  ⋅ dy ⋅1 ∂T
 ∂x  q′′y = −k y direction,
x ∂y
 Rate of energy input due to 
y q′′y ⋅ dx ⋅1
 work done by body forces  = ( uFx + vFy ) dxdy1
x  
 Rate of energy input  ∂q′′x ∂q′′y  ∂ 2T ∂ 2T 
 due to conduction  = − dxdy − dxdy = k  2 + 2  dxdy
  ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y  Body forces arise due to gravity, magnetic fields, etc.

Convection .. Energy Conservation Convection .. Energy Conservation

Now consider frictional work done by the surface forces due to
The energy input due to the normal stress σx is given by
the contributions from the stresses σx, σy, τxy and τyx.
  ∂  ∂
∂ ( vσ y )  −uσ x + uσ x + ∂x ( uσ x ) dx   dy1 = ∂x ( uσ x ) dxdy
  
vσ y + dy
∂y And due to the normal stress σy, is given by
y ∂ ( uτ yx )
uτ yx + dy   ∂  ∂
∂y  −vσ y + vσ y + ( vσ y ) dy   dx1 = ( vσ y ) dxdy
∂ ( vτ xy )   ∂y  ∂y
vτ xy + dx Similarly, the energy input due to the stresses τyx, τxy, are given
−uσ x dy ∂x
dx ∂ ( uσ x ) by, respectively
uσ x + dx   ∂  ∂
−vτ xy
 −uτ yx + uτ yx + ( uτ yx ) dy   dx1 = ( uτ yx ) dxdy
∂x
−uτ yx −vσ  ∂y  ∂y
y 
x   ∂  ∂
 −vτ xy + vτ xy + ∂x ( vτ xy ) dx   dy1 = ∂x ( vτ xy ) dxdy
  

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Convection .. Energy Conservation Convection .. Energy Conservation

Summing all those quantities, we can obtain the total rate of
For convenience, total enthalpy
energy input into the element due to the surface stresses,
I = specific enthalpy + specific kinetic energy = C pT + ( u 2 + v 2 ) / 2
 Rate of energy input due to   ∂ ( uσ x ) ∂ ( vσ y ) ∂ ( uτ yx ) ∂ ( vτ xy ) 
The rates at which the total enthalpy enters and leaves the
 work done by surface stresses  =  ∂x + ∂y + ∂y + ∂x  dxdy1
    control volume in the x- and y-direction, are given by

yI ) y
∂ (m ∂ (m

yI )

Finally, the energy contained in the volume element is  Rate of increase of  ∂ ( m

xI )
yI +
m dy
energy in element  = ∂x dx + ∂y dy ∂y
considered to consist of the specific enthalpy and specific kinetic  
energy. Now, the mass flow rate in x- and ∂ (m

xI )
y-direction can be written as
xI
m
xI +
m dx
dy ∂x
 Rate of increase of   Rate at which enthalpy   Rate at which kinetic energy 
x = ρ udy 1,m

y = ρ vdx 1
energy in element  = leaves control volume  + leaves control volume  m dx
     
x
 Rate at which enthalpy   Rate at which kinetic energy  Then
− −  y
yI
m
enters control volume  enters control volume   Rate of increase of   ∂ ( ρ uI ) ∂ ( ρ vI )  x
energy in element  =  ∂x + ∂y  dxdy
   

Convection .. Energy Conservation Convection .. Energy Conservation

Using the definition of total enthalpy
The energy balance becomes

 ∂ ( uσ x ) ∂ ( vσ y ) ∂ ( uτ yx ) ∂ ( vτ xy ) 
I = specific enthalpy + specific kinetic energy = C pT + ( u + v 2 2
)/ 2 k
 ∂ 2T ∂ 2T 
 2+  (
+ q′′′ + uF + vF + 
x y ) + + + 
 ∂x ∂y 2   ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x 


The rates at which the total enthalpy enters and leaves the   
∂ 
  u + v2
2
  ∂ 
  u 2 + v 2  
control volume in the x- and y-direction, are given by =  ρ u C p T + 
∂x  
   +  ρ v C pT +   
 2    ∂ y    2  
 Rate of increase of  ∂    u 2 + v 2   The above equation can be simplified using continuity,
energy in element  = ∂x  ρ u C pT +  2   dxdy
       momentum and constitutive equations as below,
∂    u 2 + v 2   ∂u ∂v Du ∂u ∂u Dv ∂v ∂v
+  ρ v C pT +    dxdy + =0 =u +v , =u +v
∂y    2   Dt ∂x ∂ y Dt ∂ x ∂y
∂x ∂y

The energy balance becomes
 ∂ 2T ∂ 2T   ∂ ( uσ x ) ∂ ( vσ y ) ∂ ( uτ yx ) ∂ ( vτ xy )  Du ∂σ xx ∂τ yx Dv ∂τ xy ∂σ yy
ρ = + + Fx , ρ = + + Fy
k 2 + 2  dxdy + q′′′dxdy + ( uFx + vFy ) dxdy +  + + +  dxdy
Dt ∂x ∂y Dt ∂x ∂y
 ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x 

∂    u + v   
2 2
∂    u + v  
2 2
∂u ∂v  ∂v ∂u 
=  ρ u C pT + 
∂x  
   dxdy +  ρ v C pT +    dxdy σ xx = − p + 2µ ,σ yy = − p + 2µ ,τ xy = τ yx = µ  + 
 2    ∂y    2   ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y 

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Convection .. Energy Conservation Convection .. Energy Conservation

Consider the third and fourth terms
Consider the last term
 ∂ uσ ∂ ( vσ ) ∂ ( uτ ) ∂ ( vτ )  ∂    u 2 + v 2    ∂    u 2 + v 2  
(uFx + vFy ) +  (∂x x ) + ∂y y + ∂y yx + ∂xxy  =  ρ u C pT + 
∂x  
   +  ρ v C pT +    =
   2    ∂y    2  
∂σ ∂u ∂σ y ∂v ∂τ yx ∂u ∂τ xy ∂v  ∂ ( uT ) ∂ ( vT )   u 2 + v 2   ∂u ∂v   ∂u ∂v   ∂u ∂v 
uFx + vFy + u x + σ x +v +σ y +u + τ yx +v + τ xy ρC p  + +ρ   +  + ρu  u + v  + ρ v  u + v  =
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂
 x y   2  x y  x x  y y
 ∂σ ∂τ   ∂τ ∂σ y  ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= u  x + yx + Fx  + v  xy + + Fy  + σ x +σ y + τ yx + τ xy  ∂T ∂T   ∂u ∂v   ∂u ∂u   ∂v ∂v 
 ∂x ∂ y   ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ρ C p u + v  + ρ C pT  +  + ρ u  u + v  + ρv  u + v  =
 ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y 
Du Dv  ∂u  ∂u   ∂v   ∂v   ∂v ∂u 
= ρu + ρv +  − p + 2µ   +  − p + 2µ    + τ xy  +   ∂T ∂T  Du Dv Du ∂u ∂u Dv ∂v ∂v
Dt Dt  ∂x  ∂x   ∂y   ∂y   ∂x ∂y  ρ C p u + v  + ρu + ρv =u +v , =u +v
 ∂x ∂y  Dt Dt Dt ∂x ∂ y Dt ∂ x ∂y
Du Dv  ∂u ∂v   ∂u  2  ∂v 2   ∂v ∂u 
2

= ρu + ρv − p  +  + 2 µ   +    + µ  + 
Dt Dt  ∂x ∂y   ∂x   ∂y    ∂x ∂y  Now rearranging all those terms,
Du Dv  ∂ 2T ∂ 2T  Du Dv  ∂T ∂T  Du Dv
= ρu + ρv + µΦ k 2 + 2  + q′′′ + ρ u + ρv + µΦ = ρ C p u + v  + ρu + ρv
Dt Dt  ∂x ∂y  Dt Dt  ∂x ∂y  Dt Dt
 ∂u  2  ∂v  2   ∂v ∂u  2  ∂T ∂T   ∂ 2T ∂ 2T 
where, viscous dissipation is Φ = 2   +  + +  Finally, ρC p  u +v =k 2 + 2  + q′′′ + µΦ
 ∂x   ∂y    ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y 

Analogy between Energy and

Convection .. Energy Equation Convection ..
Momentum Equations

Three-dimensional energy equation for unsteady,
Three-dimensional energy equation
incompressible flow with constant fluid properties becomes
∂T  ∂T ∂T ∂T   ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T 
Cartesian coordinate ρC p + ρC p  u +v +w = k 2 + 2 + 2  + q′′′ + µΦ
∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T   ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T 
ρC p  +u +v +w = k 2 + 2 + 2  + q′′′ + µΦ
 ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z 
Energy Enthalpy convection Heat conduction Heat
Where  ∂u  2  ∂v  2  ∂w  2   ∂v ∂u  2  ∂v ∂w  2  ∂w ∂u 2
Φ = 2   +   +    +  +  +  +  +  +  storage generation
 ∂x   ∂y   ∂z    ∂x ∂y   ∂z ∂y   ∂x ∂z 

Three-dimensional x-momentum equation
Cylindrical coordinate
∂u  ∂u ∂u ∂u   ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u  ∂p
 ∂T ∂T uθ ∂T ∂T   1 ∂  ∂T  1 ∂ T ∂ T  ′′′
2 2 ρ + ρ u + v + w  = µ  2 + 2 + 2  − + Fx
ρC p  + ur + + uz =k r + 2 + 2  + q + µφ ∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x
 ∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z   r ∂r  ∂r  r ∂θ
2
∂z 

 ∂ur 2  1 ∂uθ ur 2  ∂uz 2   ∂ur ∂u z 2  1 ∂uz ∂uθ 2  ∂uθ uθ 1 ∂ur 2 Source terms
φ = 2   + +  +  + +  + + + − + Variation convection Diffusion
 ∂r   r ∂θ r   ∂z    ∂z ∂r   r ∂θ ∂z   ∂r r r ∂θ  (generation)
(unsteady)

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Convection .. Heat Conduction Equation

Three-dimensional energy equation

∂T  ∂T ∂T ∂T   ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T 
ρC p + ρC p  u +v +w  = k  2 + 2 + 2  + q′′′ + µΦ
∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z 

During conduction, u = v = w = 0, then energy equation

becomes
∂T  ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T 
ρC p =k 2 + 2 + 2  + q′′′ + µΦ
∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z 