so20r016 Error in Measuremert| Classification of Errors | Electricals SBelectricalau.com Errors in Measurement | Classification of Errors « Previous Next » In order to understand the concept of errors in measurement, we should know the two terms that defines the error and these two terms are written below: True Value It is not possible to determine the true of quantity by experiment means, True value may be defined as the average value of an infinite number of measured values when average deviation due to various contributing factor will approach to zero. Measured Value It may be defined as the approximated value of true value. It can be found out by taking means of several measured readings during an experiment, by applying suitable approximations on physical conditions. Now we are in a position to define static error. Static error is defined as the difference of the measured value and the true value of the quantity. Mathematically we can write an expression of error as, dA = Am - A, where, dA is the static error Ay, is measured value and A; is true value. It may be noted that the absolute value of error cannot be determined as due to the fact that the true value of quantity cannot be determined accurately. Let us consider few terms related to errors. Introducing Cisco HyperFlex Systems ate Carico) Limiting Errors or Guarantee Errors The concept of guarantee errors can better clear if we study this kind of error by considering one example, Suppose there is 2 manufacturer who manufacture an ammeter, now he should promises that the error in the ammeter is selling not greater the limit he sets. This limit of error is known as limiting errors or guarantee error. Relative Error or Fractional Error It is defined as the ratio of the error and the specified magnitude of the quantity. Mathematically we write ipdhwwr electrical comferrors-inmessuremert-classifealon-o-errrs! wm0202016 Errors in Measurement Classifcabon of Errors | Electrical as, dA Relative Error Where, dA is the error and A is the magnitude. Now here we are interested in computing resultant limiting error under the following cases: (a) By taking the sum of two quantities: Let us consider two measured quantities a; and a2, The sum of these two quantities can be represented by A. Thus we can write A = a; + a2. Now the relative incremental value of this function can be calculated as dA _ day +a) a a Separating the each term as shown below and by multiplying and dividing a; with the first term and a with the second term we have dA _ ay-day | ae -day A Ava Ava From the above equation we can see that the resultant limiting error is equal to the sum of products formed by multiplying the individual relative limiting errors by the ratio of each term to the function. ‘Same procedure can be applied to calculate the resultant limiting error due to summation of more than two quantities. In order to calculate the resultant limiting error due to difference of the two quantities just change the addition sign with subtraction and rest procedure is same. (b) By taking the product of two quantities: Let us consider two quantities 2, and ap. In this case the product of the two quantities are expressed as A = 2.22. Now taking log both sides and differentiating with respect to A we have resultant limiting errors as A a 2 From this equation we can see that the resultant error is summation of relative errors in measurement of terms. Similarly we can calculate the resultant limiting error for power factor. Hence the relative error would be n times in this case ip ihwwr clecticalucomierrors-in-measuremert-classifcatono-errrs! ant0202016 Errors in Measurement Classifcabon of Errors | Electrical Tube Sarr) Cen Types of Errors Basically there are three types of errors on the basis; they may arise from the source. Gross Errors This category of errors includes all the human mistakes while reading, recording and the readings. Mistakes in calculating the errors also come under this category. For example while taking the reading from the meter of the instrument he may read 21 as 31, All these types of error are come under this, category. Gross errors can be avoided by using two suitable measures and they are written below: 1.A proper care should be taken in reading, recording the data. Also calculation of error should be done accurately. 2. By increasing the number of experimenters we can reduce the gross errors. If each experimenter takes different reading at different points, then by taking average of more readings we can reduce the gross errors. Systematic Errors In order to understand these kinds of errors, let us categorize the systematic errors as Instrumental Errors These errors may be due to wrong construction, calibration of the measuring instruments. These types of error may be arises due to friction or may be due to hysteresis, These types of errors also include the loading effect and misuse of the instruments. Misuse of the instruments results in the failure to the adjust the zero of instruments. In order to minimize the gross errors in measurement various correction factors must be applied and in extreme condition instrument must be re-calibrated carefully. Environmental Errors This type of error arises due to conditions external to instrument. External condition includes temperature, pressure, humidity or it may include external magnetic field. Following are the steps that one must follow in order to minimize the environmental errors: ip ihwwr electicalucomierrors-in-measurement-classifcatono-errars! ant0202016 Errors in Measuremer|Classifcabon of Errors |Electrical4u MENU arrangements. «Ensure that there should not be any external magnetic or electrostatic field around the instrument. Observational Errors As the name suggests these types of errors are due wrong observations, The wrong observations may be due to PARALLAX. In order to minimize the PARALLAX error highly accurate meters are required, provided with mirrored scales, Random Errors After calculating all systematic errors, it is found that there are still some errors in measurement are left. These errors are known as random errors. Some of the reasons of the appearance of these errors are some reasons are unknown. Hence we cannot fully eliminate these kinds of error. known but sti Tube Sarr) Cen ip ihwwr electicalucomierrors-in-measurement-classifcatono-errars! antso20r016 Error in Measuremert| Classification of Errors | Eleticalas MENU « Previous Next » Closely Related Articles Electrical Measuring Instruments | Types Accuracy Precision Resolution Speed Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instrument or PMMC Instrument Moving Iron Instrument Electrostatic Type Instruments Construction Principle Torque Equation Rectifier Type Instrument | Construction Principle of Operation ‘Thermocouple type Instruments Construction Principle of Operation More Related Articles Digital Frequency Meter Ohmmeter Working Principle of Ohmmeter Potentiometer Working Principle of Potentiometer Induction Type Meters What is Low Power Factor Wattmeter ? Energy Meter with Lag Adjustment Devices Electrodynamometer Type Wattmeter Measurement of Three Phase Power Varmeter | Single Phase and Polyphase Varmeter hipdhwwrelecticalu.comlerrors-inmessurement-classifealon-o-errars!so20r016 Error in Measuremert| Classification of Errors | Eleticalas MENU Weston Type Frequency Meter Power Factor Meters | Electradynamometer Type Power Factor Meter Phase Sequence Indicator Ammeter Working Principle and Types of Ammeter Digital Multimeter Insulation Resistance Test and Polarization Index Test Tan Delta Test |Loss Angle Test | Dissipation Factor Test Electronic DC Voltmeter Working Principle of Voltmeter and Types of Voltmeter Digital Voltmeters Working Principle of Digital Voltmeter Measurement of Electrical Energy Energy Meter Testing AC Potentiometer Construction of AC Energy Meter Wheatstone Bridge Circuit Theory and Principle Kelvin Bridge Circuit | Kelvin Double Bridge Maxwell Bridge Inductance Capacitance Bridge Anderson’s Bridge | Advantages Disadvantages of Anderson's Bridge Hay’s Bridge Circuit Theory Phasor Diagram Advantages Applications Owens Bridge Circuit and Advantages Schering Bridge Measurement of Capacitance using Schering Bridge De Sauty Bridge Heaviside Bridge Circuit Blavier Test | Murray Loop Test | Varley Loop Test | Fisher Loop Test Transducer | Types of Transducer Radiation Pyrometer | Types Working Principle Resistance Temperature Detector or RTD | Construction and Working Principle Strain Gauge What is an Oscillator? Temnerature Sensor Temneratiire Measurement | Tunes af Temneratiire Sencar hipdhwwrelecticalu.comlerrors-inmessurement-classifealon-o-errars! antso20r016 Error in Measuremert| Classification of Errors | Eleticalas MENU Optical Pyrometer | Construction and Working Principle Bimetallic Strip Thermometer Piezoelectric Transducer ‘Thermistor Thermometer | Thermistor Temperature Sensor | Construction and Principle Thermocouple Temperature Measurement Inductive Transducers ‘Temperature Transducers Linear Variable Differential Transformer LVDT Oscillator Transducer Thermistor Definition Properties Construction Characteristics and Applications Hartley Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator Clapp Oscillator RC Phase Shift Oscillator Wien Bridge Oscillator Gunn Oscillator Astable Multivibrator Monostable Multivibrator Bistable Multivibrator 555 Timer and 555 Timer Working Cathode Ray Oscilloscope | CRO Lissajous Patterns of CRO or Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Frequency Limitation of an Oscilloscope Signal Generator Measurement of Voltage Current and Frequency by Oscilloscope Digital Storage Oscilloscope Double Beam Oscilloscope Sampling Oscilloscope New Articles Advantanes of Bundled Canductars hipdhwwrelecticalu.comlerrors-inmessurement-classifealon-o-errars! amtso20r016 Error in Measuremert| Classification of Errors | Eleticalas MENU Backup Relay Auto Reclosing Scheme of Transmission System Safety Precautions for Electrical System Electric Heating Please provide your valuable comments Name : - Enter your name here Email : Enter your email here Location : Enter your location here Your content : - Enter your content here Enter the above code here LIKE US ON facebook hipdhwwrelecticalu.comlerrors-inmessurement-classifealon-o-errars! antso20r016 Error in Measuremert| Classification of Errors | Eleticalas MENU 2011-2016 electrical4u-The content is copyrighted to electrical4u and may not be reproduced on other websites. pdhwwr electrical comferrors-in-messurement-classficaon-o- at0202016 Error in Measuremert| Classification of Errors | Eleticalas MENU ip ihwwr electicalucomierrors-in-measurement-classifcatono-errars! san0202016 Error in Measuremert| Classification of Errors | Eleticalas MENU ip ihwwr electicalucomierrors-in-measurement-classifcatono-errars! st