5.4.

1 Design of a vertical drop (USBR practice)

Criteria evolved by USBR as a result of experiment is given below. (figure 5.4)

L = Length of cistern
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
= [0.76 + 0.34 + 0.21 ( ℎ𝑐𝑐 )3 ]𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. ℎ in meter
ℎ

h’ = Depth of cistern = 𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 /2 in meters

3
𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 = Critical depth = 𝑞𝑞𝑞/𝑔𝑔 in meters
Sample Problem (VERTICAL DROP)
Canal Elements Try bed width = 1.00m
Above Below 𝑄𝑄 0.939 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Q = 0.939 cms Q= S Discharge intensity, q = 𝑏𝑏 = 1.00
= 0.939 𝑚𝑚
V = 0.721 mps V= Drop = 1.00 m.
A = 1.302 sq. m. A=
3 𝑞𝑞 2 3 0.9392
b = 1.40 m. b= A Critical Depth, 𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 = = = 0.448 m.
𝑔𝑔 9.81
d = 0.93 m. d=
D = 1.30 m. D=
r = 0.399 m. r= M 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
Cistern Length = [0.76+0.34( ℎ𝑐𝑐)+0.21( ℎ𝑐𝑐 )3 ] x (𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 ℎ)
t = 0.60 m. t=
S = 0.00040 S=
0.448 0.448
SS = vertical SS = E =[0.76+0.34( 1.00 )+0.21( 1.00 )3] x (0.448(1)
n = 0.015 n=
= 0.611 m. say 1.50 m.
TB = 44.72 TB = 43.72
WS = 44.35 WS = 43.35 𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 0.448
CB = 43.42 CB = 42.42 Cistern Depth = = = 0.224 m. use 0.30 m. (min. value)
2 2
 18.50 𝑄𝑄 18.50 0.939
Width of chute section = = = 1.64 say 1.60m
𝑄𝑄+10 0.939+10
Compute for energy at pt. A and pt. D
• Sample Problem (INCLINED DROP)
Canal Elements El. A = 43.42 m.
Above Below NWS A = 44.35 m.
0.7212
Q = 0.939 cms Q= S Energy at A = 44.35 +2 𝑥𝑥 9.81 = 44.376
V = 0.721 mps V=
A = 1.302 sq. m. A= El. D = 39.27 m.
NWS D = 40.20 m.
b = 1.40 m. b= A 0.7212
Energy at D = 40.20 +2 𝑥𝑥 9.81 = 40.226
d = 0.93 m. d=
D = 1.30 m. D= To determine the minimum downstream energy at
r = 0.399 m. r= M station D for the design flow, assume value of n equal to 80% of
the normal value of n.
t = 0.60 m. t=
By Manning’s Formula,
S = 0.00040 S= 1 2⁄ 1⁄
Q = AV = A . 𝑛𝑛 . 𝑅𝑅 3 .𝑆𝑆 2
SS = vertical SS = E
0.80𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 0.939(0.015)(0.80)
= =
2⁄
n = 0.015 n= Hence, A𝑅𝑅 3
1
𝑆𝑆 �2 0.00040
= 0.5634
TB = 44.72 TB = 40.57 solve for d when b = 1.40 m. (canal below)
WS = 44.35 WS = 40.20 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 1.40𝑑𝑑 2
(bd)x(𝑏𝑏+2𝑑𝑑)2/3 = 0.5623 ; 1.4od(1.40+2𝑑𝑑)3 = 0.5634
CB = 43.42 CB = 43.42
b = 1.40 m. , d = 0.782 m.
A = 1.40(0.782) = 1.095 sq. m.
To determine the minimum downstream
energy at station D for the design flow, assume
value of n equal to 80% of the normal value of P = 2(0.782) + 1.40 = 2.964 m.
n. 𝐴𝐴 1.095
R = 𝑃𝑃 = 2.964 = 0.369 m.
By Manning’s Formula,
2
1
Q = AV = A . . 𝑅𝑅
2⁄
3 .𝑆𝑆
1⁄
2 𝑅𝑅 3 = 0.515
𝑛𝑛 2⁄
2⁄ 0.80𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 A𝑅𝑅 3 = 1.095(0.515) = 0.5638 ≈ 0.5634
Hence, A𝑅𝑅 3 = 1
𝑆𝑆 �2 For this flow
0.939(0.015)(0.80)
= 0.00040 𝑄𝑄 0.939
V = 𝐴𝐴 =1.095 = 0.858 m/s
= 0.5634
𝑉𝑉 2 0.8582
solve for d when b = 1.40 m. (canal = 2(9.81) = 0.0375
2𝑔𝑔
below)
Minimum downstream energy elevation = El. D + 𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 +
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
(bd)x(𝑏𝑏+2𝑑𝑑 )2/3 = 0.5623 ; hv
1.40𝑑𝑑 2 = 39.27
1.4od(1.40+2𝑑𝑑)3 = 0.5634
+ 0.782 + 0.0375
b = 1.40 m. , d = 0.782 m.
=
A = 1.40(0.782) = 1.095 sq. m. 40.0895
H = Energy at pt A – Min d/s energy at pt D
= 44.376 – 40.0895
= 4.2865 m.
H = difference in energy levels
Compute for critical depth, 𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐
0.939 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
q= = 0.671
1.40 𝑚𝑚
3 𝑞𝑞2 3 0.6712
𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 = = = 0.358 m.
𝑔𝑔 9.81
𝐻𝐻 4.2865
= = 11.973 ≈ 12
𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 0.358
See fig. 5.16 p. 191 of Design Manual for Canals and
Canal Structures

𝑑𝑑2 𝑑𝑑1
= 17.72 ; = 0.182
𝑑𝑑1 𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐
d1 = 0.182(0.358) = 0.065 m.
𝑑𝑑2 = 0.065(17.72) = 1.152 m.

A = b x 𝑑𝑑2 = 1.60(1.152) = 1.843 sq. m.

𝑄𝑄 0.939 0.5092
𝑉𝑉2 = = = 0.509 m/s ; hv2 = = 0.0132
𝐴𝐴2 1.843 2𝑥𝑥𝑥.81

Stilling Pool Invert Elevation

= min. d/s energy elevation – (𝑑𝑑2 + ℎ𝑣𝑣2 )
= 40.0895 – (1.152+0.0132)
= 38.92 m.
Froude Number, F = 𝑉𝑉1 𝑔𝑔𝑑𝑑1
0.939
𝑉𝑉1 = = 9.03 m/s
1.60(0.065)
< 15 m/s
F = 9.03 (9.81x0.065) =
7.21> 4.5
∴ use Type III Basin
Chute Blocks
height = d1 = 0.065 m ≈ 0.10 m.
width = d1 = 0.065 m ≈ 0.10 m.
spacing = d1 = 0.065 m ≈ 0.10 m.
Baffle Blocks
1 1
height = 𝑑𝑑 =
4 2 4
x 1.152 = 0.288 m. ≈ 0.30 m. < 0.60 m.
∴ use floor blocks instead of baffle blocks
1
length = 1 4 h = 1.25 (0.30) = 0.375 m. ≈ 0.40 m.
width = same as with chute blocks = 0.10 m.
spacing = same as with chute blocks = 0.10 m.