26 9 Phase Equilivia: The Activity Function 15. Propylene carbonate has a normal boiling point of 160°C. Use Trouton’s rule (AS,,, = 885-K™'mol™! at the normal boiling point) to estimate the equilibrium vapor pressure of propylene carbonate liquid at 25°C, 16, Given that about 85% ofthe hydrogen atoms in liquid water ate hydrogen bonded at 25°C, use the molar enthalpy of vaporization of liquid water (44 kE-mol-*) {0 estimate the hydrogen bond energy (kilojoules per mole) in liquid water. 17. Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. For example, on a clear day, ‘when the atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 torr, we have 075 top00 067 15,000 050 21,000, as Construct a plot of tog P versus ft point of water at 12,000. Explai be used (o determine altitude, 18, ILis observed that a tighly capped bottle of a carbonated liquid soft drink ata temperature of — 10°C begins to form ice when the cap is removed. Explain this observation, se your plot to estimate the boiling hhow the boiling point of water can 19, The equilibrium vapor pressure of CO,(s) (dry ice”) is 439 torr at —85°C and 1009 tore at ~75'C. Estimate Ally for COG 20. For butane, which is used as a fuel in disposable cigarette lighters, the value of Affi is 24.3 ki-mol~', The normal boiling point of butane is =05°C, Estimate the vapor pressure of liguid butane at 37°C. The result is the butane gas pressure in a cigarette lighter containing liquid butane that isin contact with the burnan bod. 2, The equilibrium vapor pressure of benzene sal various temperatures is 28 follows we [m6 | 3a | wr 09 Pron | 73 | 1759 [ ao17 ra Construct a plot of log P versus 1/7’ and determine Aflya, in kilojoutes per mole for CyHs/). Also estimate the normal boiling point of Cqtty(?) and A5,q,(L-atm #95) for Coll) was | 40 10. 9 Phase Fira: The Aetioy Function “The vapor pressures (i lott of solid and fiquid eorine are given by 1640 logP = — Le + 10.560 {solid) loge ae + 7.769 (liquid), og : a Calculate the temperature and the pressure at the tiple point of chlorine. io Calculate Allyyy, Aap, and AA for arp ‘The vapor pressure of potassium from 260°C to 760°C {its boiling point) ‘ean be represented by the empirical formula 4434 T where P is the vapor pressure in torr and Tis the Kelvin temperature. Use this formula to determine the heat of vaporization of potassium. loge = 3B nas The surface tension of water is 72 ml-m-* Caleulate the energy that is requited to disperse one spherical drop of radius 3.0 mm into splierical drops of radius 3.0 > 1079 nim, The vapor pressures (in torr) of solid and liquid uranium hexafluoride are ven by log, = 10.6% (oolid) tog, = 7538-1! Giquiay Calculate the temperature and the pressure at the triple point of UF, Also calculate the equilibrium vapor pressure of UF at 25°C. ‘The vapor pressures of solid chlorine are 352 torrat ~ 10°C and 0.776 torr at = 120°C. The vapor pressures of liquid chlorine are 27.6 torr at — 97°C and 587 torr at ~80°C. Calculate (a) AVTayys AFPyae Off and (b) the temperature and the pressure atthe tiple point of chlorine ‘The phase diagram of sulfur is shown in Figure 9-5. How many triple points are there? Describe what happens if sulfur is heated from 40°C at { atm to 200°C at Latm, Below what pressure will sublimation occur?