Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
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CONTENTS
SECTION SUBJECT
1. PURPOSE
2. SCOPE
3. REFERENCES AND GUIDELINES
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Customer's Name, Location
3.3 Service
3.4 Project No.
3.5 Unit No.
3.6 Item No. / No. Required
3.7 Document Category
3.8 Document No.
3.9 Document Sequence No.
3.10 Signatories
3.11 Design Record Sheet
3.12 Process Specification Index
3.13 Sheet Fluid Category
3.14 Client Requirements
3.15 Performance Guarantees
ATTACHMENTS
1 AGITATORS
2 AIR COOLED EXCHANGERS
3 CATALYSTS
4 COMPRESSORS
5 FILTERS
6 FIRED HEATERS
7 HEAT EXCHANGERS
R3 8 INSTRUMENTS
9 MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
10 PACKING
11 PROCESS SPECIFICATION (GENERAL)
12 PUMPS
13 RELIEF VALVES
14 TECHNICAL PROCESS SPECIFICATION
15 TRAYS
16 VESSELS
1. PURPOSE
2. SCOPE
3.1 Introduction
3.3 Service
Always enter the Project Number. This may be a study, proposal or contract.
If a project contains more than one process unit, enter the unit number, unit
name or both, to simplify identification.
State the item tab number (including A/B etc if applicable) as shown on the
Equipment List and state the number of identical items required.
NB. There is also a box at the bottom of each specification sheet for
duplication of the item number. This will facilitate location of a specific item in
a lever arch file.
This number is issued by Document Control and should not be confused with
that in 3.8 above, but need only be applied in the same way.
3.10 Signatories
The Process Specification Sheet shall be signed and dated by both the
originator and approver where indicated, for both the original and subsequent
issues. Add revision codes as required, in accordance with Contract Execution
Procedure FWEL/48/L08.
All first issue Process Specification Sheets shall be approved unless marked
"PRELIMINARY". (The space to the right of the revision codes is suitable for
the preliminary stamp or other special comments).
R2 For EU projects where the maximum allowable pressure is greater than 0.5bar above
normal atmospheric pressure (gauge pressure), it is compulsory to define the PED
Classification of Fluid. The fluid category is to be identified in the box now provided on
the relevant current Process Specification Sheets. The fluid category is to conform to
the current version of ASME V111, ASME B31.3 or the European Pressure Equipment
Directive (accessible via Engineering Dept.); which ever is applicable on the Project.
Where lethal service is identified, this must be brought to the attention of the Client and
FW project management in view of the likely cost implications. Refer to GEN/DTA/11-
16 Process Data for Pressure Equipment Directive.
Additional process data that is not as per Foster Wheeler’s datasheet but
required for engineering documents using client proformas should be provided in
the Notes section.
R2
3.15 Performance Guarantees
ATTACHMENT 1 – AGITATORS
1. GENERAL
Part B - Specifications
Part C - Notes
The vessel specification itself, however, contains more complete data on the
vessel and only data relevant to the Agitator should be shown here.
Standard 703 pages 3.0-2 gives a check list for defining the degree of
agitation.
2.1 .2 Operation
Tendency to foam )
Solids wet easily ) Tick these descriptions if applicable
Solids float )
Tick all suitable descriptions (more than one box may be ticked if relevant).
Process Standard 703 page 2.0-1 gives slightly different categories, but they
are useful for establishing the purpose of agitation.
The section is also further divided into feeds (4 stream columns available) and
effluents (2 stream columns available).
Each unique feed stream should be given a flowrate (for continuous operation)
or a batch weight. This flowrate or mass is the sum of both liquid and solid
components (if applicable). The proportion of liquid to solid (if applicable) is
defined by the % by weight of solid parameter.
If a stream is only one phase put a line through the inapplicable data.
For liquid data: quote feed temperature and properties at that temperature
(Feed viscosity is necessary to assess the shearing forces required to get
mixing).
For solid data the settling rate and solubility should be specified if the stream is
mixed phase. Do not complete these data for a solid only stream as they are
influenced by the properties of the suspending liquid.
The effluent stream data will provide the settling rate/solubility data in the bulk
of the vessel. If the mixer is batch or plug flow (e.g. static mixer) and
solubility/settling rate vary over length of mixer, quote range.
Quote data for feed and effluent gas streams where applicable. Even in batch
operation quote maximum gas rates to ensure that satisfactory gas evolution
and/or dispersion is achieved.
Quote the superficial gas velocity (i.e. m3/s of gas flow per m2 of empty
cross-sectional area) in m/s if it is a critical parameter.
2.2.1 Materials
The Process Engineer need not provide any of this information, but if he does
then the Mechanical Equipment Engineer will incorporate it into his design.
2.4 Sketch
Quote the item number of the vessel in which the Agitator is mounted. The
sketch is essential to show Agitator positioning in the vessel. Draw a sketch of
the vessel (vessel normally dotted to show that there is more complete data on
the Vessel Specification) and indicate details that are relevant to the Agitator
i.e.
Vessel dimensions
Internals
Where Agitator/Baffle data is not given, it is assumed that the Agitator Supplier
has a free hand to specify his own choice. State "By Supplier".
Details such as impeller dimensions, baffle spacing, impeller type etc. are not
normally determined by Process Engineering Department. These details may
however be specified by the Process Licensor. However, Process Standards
703 gives approximate guidelines which can be used for preliminary sizing.
1. GENERAL
For Air Cooled Exchangers (Process Specification Sheet 2068/6), the process
fluids flow through the tubes and cooling is provided by air flow induced or
forced across the tube bundle by a fan.
The Process Engineer has therefore only to specify detailed flow and property
data for the single process stream.
Properties and design limitations of the ambient air will be available to the air
cooler specialist engineer via the project Basic Engineering Design Data. The
Process Engineer is however required to specify the maximum air temperature
to be used for process design. This is not necessarily the absolute maximum
air temperature, but may be a temperature which is only seldom exceeded and
hence provides an "economic" design point (see Process Standard 302.3.2). A
winter minimum air temperature should also be specified to highlight potential
freezing problems.
Process Standard 302 gives an extensive discussion of air cooler features, and
equipment estimation procedure.
Two columns are available for defining the design case and an alternative case.
Complete the alternative case if the maximum heat duty does not correspond
to the maximum viscosity, pour point or flowrate.
The following procedure for completing the air cooler specification sheet
supersedes Process Standard 302 Section 3.1.
This describes the nature of the fluid e.g. vacuum column overheads, steam
etc. If full analysis of the stream is relevant, then supply as a note on a
separate sheet.
State whether the fluid is fouling and advise the nature and concentration of
corrosive compounds if present.
Heavy fouling may lead to a very low inside heat transfer coefficient, which
may make high ratio of finned surface uneconomic.
Flowrates corresponding to the design heat duty are required. If this is not the
maximum flowrate, specify this also, as it will probably control the pressure
drop through the exchanger. Additionally, where a fluid has a high pour point
or high viscosity it is mandatory to specify the minimum flowrate. At low flow
and with a low allowable design pressure drop laminar flow may result in poor
heat transfer and hence plugging in the tubes.
2.1.4 Temperature
Provide inlet and outlet temperatures for the process fluid (for both design and
alternative case where applicable).
Ensure that these temperatures are consistent with the heat duty quoted below
or clarify with a note.
Quote for streams containing vapour only. For liquid only coolers, operating
pressure is not relevant data and should be omitted (it is influenced by detailed
hydraulics which may not be complete at this stage).
Refer to Process Standard 302 Section 3.1 for typical pressure drop
allowances. If the only process limitation is a combined pressure drop for a
number of exchangers, state this using a note.
The allowable pressure drop for product cooling and non-critical services should
not control the size of the exchanger, as this may result in an uneconomic
design which could be avoided by reconsidering the hydraulics of the process
circuit. Special consideration is required for wide temperature range cooling of
viscous liquids, low pressure gases or condensation of vapours at very low
pressures. In these services, pressure drop is a critical requirement that greatly
influences the size of the heat transfer surface.
Under these conditions discuss the allowable pressure drop with Heat
Exchanger Department.
Provide specific heat data for both liquid and vapour components at inlet and
outlet conditions.
For vapour streams ensure that specific heat is corrected for pressure.
2.1.8 Viscosity
Specify the viscosity of the fluid at inlet and outlet temperatures. If the
exchanger has a range of duties specify also the maximum viscosity case. For
fluids with very high viscosity, it may be necessary to increase the allowable
design pressure drop to ensure turbulent flow.
(See also dew point / bubble point discussion paragraph 2.1.15)
Provide thermal conductivity data for both liquid and vapour components at
inlet and outlet conditions.
Provide compressibility factor for the mixed stream at inlet and outlet. (Include
steam and non-condensables).
Provide liquid surface tension at inlet and outlet for air coolers in condensing
service.
Specify the hydrate formation point (temperature) or pour points of fluids that
contain waxy deposits or have high viscosities. The exchanger should be
designed so that the tube wall temperature at the cold end under conditions of
minimum flow, no fouling and winter design air temperature, is at least 5oC
above the higher of the hydrate formation or pour point.
For services where pour point is critical, Supplier's design should be given close
scrutiny to ensure that design has allowed for process requirements.
Steam coils and manual louvers are required for start-up operation in services
where fluids have high pour points. A rough approximation for the steam
requirement can be obtained by ratio from the following: for 9.lm (30 ft) tube
length about 45kg per hour of steam is required per metre of bundle width.
However, it is recommended that each case be considered separately taking
into account the properties of the process fluid and the minimum air
temperature. Additionally, the process fluid outlet temperature may be
controlled to prevent sub-cooling. Generally, temperature control is only used
where the tube wall outlet temperature is less than 10oC above the pour point
at the winter minimum temperature and minimum fluid flowrate. Control is
accomplished using automatic louvers, 50% or 100% auto-variable fans and/or
air recirculation. The Supplier may also consider designing the exchanger with
co-current flow and/or bare tubes.
Note that, if sub cooling is required, then the air fin must be supplied with a loop
seal to ensure the provision of sub cooling surface.
Physical properties of the liquid and vapour should also be provided at the
bubble point and dew point on a separate sheet.
Only the fouling resistance of the fluid on the inside of the tubes is required.
The Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA) give
fouling resistances for various process fluids.
For proposal calculations, it may be more relevant to omit fouling factor data
but include an estimate of the overall dirty (service) heat transfer coefficient
(see Table 2 on Figure 3 in Process Standard 302 for typical data).
Indicate whether the fouling nature of the fluid requires mechanical cleaning.
Engineering/HED will determine the effect on the hardware.
Note that there should be discussion with Heat Exchangers Department (HED)
to review the implications of short term conditions on exchanger design.
Design margins are introduced for several reasons; to account for uncertainties,
flexibility, de-bottlenecking, or future expansion. The purpose of the design
margin should be specifically identified and understood, and the use of blanket
design margins as "comfort factors" avoided.
These should be stated on the process datasheet, although they can be stated
in many ways.
Some clients may dictate the fouling coefficients to be used, in which case the
Process Engineer should determine whether this already includes a design
margin.
One approach to allow for uncertainties in the mass balance is to add a note to
the process datasheet to "de-rate the heat transfer coefficient by x% to provide
excess surface area". Alternatively, a design case could be selected where for
instance the hot inlet stream is reduced in temperature to give a lower LMTD
and therefore higher area. This can explained by a note, and is common
practice on pump around streams in refinery units.
Applying a design margins on duty and flow rather than surface area is the
approach generally preferred by HED, because this is clearer and gives more
flexibility for design.
Air side data is covered by the project Basic Engineering Design Data. However,
in view of its importance to the specification of an air cooler, the following
information should be given:-
This determines the approach temperature which is usually the limiting factor
for sizing the exchanger. Choosing a high value may result in an unnecessarily
large surface whereas a value which is too low may adversely affect operation
of the exchanger during peak ambient air conditions.
The cost of the air cooled heat exchanger is directly related to the chosen
design air temperature and careful consideration should be given to its
selection. The actual figure to be used may be specified by the client. If the
client does not specify a design air temperature; he should be consulted with
regard to the period of time that reduced capacity can be tolerated as a result
of the design air temperature being exceeded.
The common practice for determining the design air temperature is to select a
temperature from meteorological data which is not exceeded for more than a
percentage of time throughout the year. This percentage of time varies
according to the period over which the meteorological data is assessed and on
the location but is usually between two and a half and five percent upon annual
hourly readings.
It is important to remember that consideration must also be given to the effect
of local refinery heat sources on the air temperature. The design air temperature
may be increased by say 20C to allow for this.
See Process Standard 302 for means of choosing air cooler type and estimating
equipment details.
Data such as control scheme required (louvers, variable speed or variable pitch
fan etc.) and heating coil requirements can also be stated here.
Indicate also, whether the service is Sour, Hydrogen or Lethal. The definition of
these terms is usually driven by the client. Hydrogen service is typically if the
H2 partial pressure is above 7 bar. According to API 617, sour service is
classified under NACE MR 0175. In many applications, small amount of H2S are
sufficient to require materials resistant to sulphide stress corrosion cracking.
When trace quantities of wet H2S known to be present or there is uncertainty
about the quantity of wet H2S present, consideration should be given to use of
materials that are resistant to sulphide stress corrosion cracking.
R2 A copy of the Air Cooled Exchanger Process Specification Sheet (Ref 2068/6) is
included overleaf.
ATTACHMENT 3 - CATALYSYTS
1. GENERAL
Use the Catalyst Process Specification Sheet (2068/26) to define the quantity
and type of catalyst required for fixed bed applications. In many cases the
client will purchase the catalyst direct from the manufacturer, but in other
cases FW may need to establish catalyst details with Suppliers.
The General headings for the specification are similar to those for other
specifications, except that the Process Engineer should identify the catalyst by
the Item No. of the containing vessel(s). Therefore use a separate Catalyst
Process Specification Sheet for the catalyst in each vessel.
The detail on this sheet should be completed once the catalyst type has been
established. This sheet will therefore form the basis of a requisition. If Process
Engineering Department has yet to establish the catalyst type and quantity,
then the process parameters should be detailed on continuation sheets. This
front sheet will initially contain heading data only, but will be progressively
completed as data is generated.
2.2 Purpose
Indicate the number of tubes if the catalyst is inside tube. State 1 if whole
cross sectional area is catalyst packed.
If the catalyst tubes contain a supporting medium (e.g. ceramic balls) quote
only the true catalyst length.
State l.D. of each tube if catalyst is inside tube. If whole vessel is packed
quote vessel l.D.
For small diameter reactors, the volume of redundant nozzles, man ways or
manholes can be significant. The volume of these should be included in the
calculation of required volume. Alternatively nozzle inserts can be specified
which have the additional advantage of smoothing the flow. Catalytic volumes
should be checked even when defined by third parties e.g. Licensors.
Catalyst Suppliers often quote a density range. State maximum figure here to
ensure sufficient weight is purchased.
- direct from
- state of vessel when loading
- avoidance of attrition etc.
All the following will be presented by FW if the heat and mass balance is
established. Otherwise certain parameters may be required from Suppliers.
Flow Rate
Feed Composition (including trace presence of any components which could be
a catalyst poison)
Molecular Weight (of vapours)
Density
Viscosity
Inlet pressure
Max. pressure drop
Inlet temperature
Max. outlet temperature
Product composition and / % conversion of a particular component.
Give data for all cases which influence the project. Typically cases are:
- Start of catalyst run
- End of catalyst run
- Alternative feedstock
- Turndown (if catalyst flow regime changes)
- Design Case (i.e. including an FW margin on a particular parameter).
(N.B. The above data assumes solid phase catalysis. Some catalysts operate
in the liquid phase and consequently design parameters would be required in
different form to above).
The crush strength of a catalyst is normally greater than the strength of the
bed supports, but Supplier should be asked to advise any limitations on
height/diameter limits.
Either FW states desired guaranteed life (e.g. for design case) and/or Supplier
states expected life for non-critical cases.
These data are needed to confirm the purchase details listed on Specification
Sheet.
If the catalyst is being retrofitted into an existing vessel then FW should state
the vessel design conditions and supply geometry of the vessel.
ATTACHMENT 4 – COMPRESSORS
1. GENERAL
Indicate the number of operating machines and the number of installed spares
(i.e. standby machines).
See Process Standards 400.2 and 400.3 for sparing requirements for different
machine types.
If more than one machine is normally operating, use notes to state whether the
operating machines are required to operate in series, parallel or separate
streams.
Indicate whether electric motor, steam turbine, gas turbine, gas expander, or
perhaps even a combination of these. For steam turbine state whether
condensing (water or air cooled), back pressure or extraction.
2.4 Duty
Process data should be given for all cases which might determine some aspect
of the machine (e.g. casing size, motor size, spillback or anti-surge
requirements).
For constant speed centrifugal machines the vendor will guarantee the capacity
with the understanding that the head may be up to 5% above the specified
value; the horsepower may exceed the guaranteed value by up to four
percent.
This describes the nature of the gas e.g. C3 refrigerant, inert gas, hydrocarbon
vapour etc. Complete gas analysis is shown under "gas composition".
If liquid or solids are present, state the percentage by volume and maximum
particle/droplet size.
State composition for each case. Use wet basis if the gas contains moisture.
Include all components which affect physical properties so that the Supplier
can confirm the compressibility factor and Cp / Cv.
Minimum, normal (i.e. PFD material balance) and rated quantities are required.
The rated flow for a centrifugal compressor, in many cases, represents about
105% of normal flow. This assures obtaining an adequately sized driver to
cover process contingencies. Design margins for critical machines should be
discussed with the relevant Group Manager or Chief Process Engineer.
Quote molecular weight for all cases. Low molecular weight cases can
determine machine details such as number of stages, power, etc. and should be
carefully considered.
This data is influenced by the compressibility factor of the gas, which the
Supplier is normally asked to confirm. However the inlet volume flow should be
estimated using "in-house" data, the vendor will then confirm this volume.
This is normally quoted as the pressure at the suction flange of the compressor,
i.e. downstream of filters, pulsation dampers, etc. Bar abs is preferred unit.
State normal temperature and full max-mm range for each operating case so
that compressor design and driver rating are correctly chosen. This is important
for process air compressors with atmospheric inlet since minimum temperature
controls maximum power requirements.
Correct the values of Cp and Cv for non-ideality and quote actual Cp/Cv ratio.
For in-house estimates and proposal work this value should be stated (and used
to calculate actual suction volume).
LRQA/GENDTA1102.TWP © FOSTER WHEELER ENERGY LTD 2004
PROCESS FOSTER WHEELER ENERGY LTD GEN/DTA/11-02
SPECIFICATION PROCESS ENGINEERING Page 31
SHEETS TECHNICAL WORK PRACTICE REV 3
This is normally quoted at the discharge flange of the compressor, and does not
include pulsation damper etc. pressure drops. However other pressure bases
may be used if clearly covered by a note.
Bar abs is preferred unit (use same units as for inlet pressure).
The absorbed power can be calculated from the Process Standards 400.2 or
400.3 or from Suppliers’ charts. Any assumptions used in determining the
power (e.g. number of stages assumed; presence of inter-coolers etc.) should
be clearly stated by means of notes.
State any specific process requirement (e.g. hydrogen buffer gas, leakage out
prohibited when running or stationary).
Indicate lube and seal oil system requirement if known, e.g. combined systems,
sour seal oil recovery or disposal.
Requirement for acoustic enclosure may influence the choice of seals and
permitted leakage.
ATTACHMENT 5 – FILTERS
1. GENERAL
The Filter Process Specification Sheet (2068/25) is intended for use on general
purpose in-line filters and strainers for both gas and liquid service. It is not
intended for use with special filters such as rotary vacuum filters, vacuum belt
filters, filter presses etc. For items such as these the blank Process
Specification Sheet, (2068/21) should be used; for some applications it may be
possible to adapt the Filter Process Specification to suit.
Give name of fluids and solids present in the process stream. If Supplier is to
select all or some materials of construction then give details of contaminants
which may influence selection e.g. chloride, hydrogen sulphide, caustic or acid.
Consider also alternative operations which may affect materials selection.
2.2 Flowrate
Normal flowrate is material balance volume flow. Consider all aspects which
may have a bearing on maximum flow e.g. start-up, shutdown, recirculation.
In many cases, especially where solids loading cannot be closely defined it may
be prudent to add a margin of 25% or more when defining maximum flow.
Indicate maximum permitted pressure drop over clean and/or dirty filter. This
will be the pressure drop at maximum flow specified as in 2.2 above.
Allowable pressure drop will depend on duty, typically about 0.7 bar
depending on solids loading. If in doubt consult Supplier's literature or consult
Supplier.
For filters on critical duties consider the use of a differential pressure gauge
across the filter. A differential pressure switch may also be advisable.
Wherever possible solids content of fluid should be given together with particle
size distribution or sieve analysis of solids.
2.7 Performance
Basket filter
Bag filter
Pressure filter etc.
If there is a large pressure drop across filter internals in vessels, this may affect
the vessels design pressure. Refer to 'Vessels' Attachment 16 for guidance
concerning how pressure drops across internals affect design pressures.
Consider the need for pressure relief valves.
Many small basket filters have either a bolted top cover or a quick opening one.
State preferred type.
2.12 Materials
State the materials of construction for the body of the filter and also the
internals and any other parts of the filter if there are specific process
requirements. The materials for the body of the filter should be obtained from
the Materials Selection Diagram. Filter element/cartridge materials are not so
straight forward though the preferred type should be stated. The materials
used vary from cotton to metals and high performance plastics. If the material
selection for the element/cartridge is in doubt it is best to leave the choice to
the filter Supplier.
2.13 Insulation
Heat conservation
Cold conservation
Fireproofed
Traced
Jacketed
2.14 Connections
Depending upon the type of filter, a sketch of the equipment may be required.
Tagging of the filter connections should in any case be as described under
'Vessels' in Attachment 16.
R2 The performance guarantee criteria e.g. particle size removal, pressure drop
guarantee etc. should be indicated in the ‘Notes’ Section.
R2
If materials of construction or brand/ trade name is mandatory (e.g. client’s
requirement), then state this in the Notes section. If not mandatory, indicate as
‘xxxxx or equivalent’.
1. General
These guidelines should be used when completing the Fired Heater Process
Specification Sheet (2068/4-1/2).
Note that if two fired heaters are specified with a common stack, they should
be considered together during the Process Safety Review. This is particularly
relevant when a combination of fired and natural draught heaters is planned.
This should also be taken into account when specifying the heater trip and
interlock system.
R2 2.1 Service
State the duty for each coil and/or each operating case including the fluid name
e.g. vacuum charge heater, LP steam superheat, BFW preheat etc. If necessary
give the fluid composition by means of separate notes. Use additional
specification sheets if necessary.
The feed flow should be specified in both m3/hr and kg/hr. This feed flow is
taken as the process fluids and does not include steam injected into the coil in
the heater. The volumetric flowrate should have a reference temperature.
2.4 Temperature/Pressure
State temperatures and pressures at the inlet to and outlet from the coil.
The flowrate, density and viscosities of the liquids should be specified at both
inlet to and outlet from the coil. The viscosities should be given at two
reference temperatures.
The flowrate, molecular weight and density of the vapour should be specified
at both inlet to and outlet from the coil. The injection steam should NOT be
considered in this section.
2.7 Vaporisation % wt
State the weight percentage vaporised in the heater of the original feed liquids.
State any limitations in tube velocities. These limitations are frequently quoted
as a percentage of sonic velocity e.g. 80% sonic velocity for vacuum heater in
lube oil plant.
List any components that could cause corrosion or erosion problems with tube
metals, especially if the components are in trace amounts. This will aid
material selection.
State the maximum allowable bulk temperature for the process fluid. A
limitation is applied generally to minimise coking in the furnace tubes and is
influenced by the downstream use of the products. A lower bulk temperature
will be specified for a vacuum charge heater in a lube oils block than for a
similar service in a fuels block.
Supply the information if available; the same criteria affect its selection as for
bulk temperature.
State the maximum allowable DP through the fired heater for the fluid under
dirty conditions.
The peak absorption rate (i.e. max. allowable) must be specified. It is also
advantageous to specify the allowable average heat absorption rate if the
information is available.
LRQA/GENDTA1102.TWP © FOSTER WHEELER ENERGY LTD 2004
GEN/DTA/11-02 FOSTER WHEELER ENERGY LTD PROCESS
Page 44 PROCESS ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION
REV 3 TECHNICAL WORK PRACTICE SHEETS
The heat gain by the fluid entering the coil (i.e. excluding injected steam) is to
be specified.
Details of any steam injected into the heater coils are to be provided. This will
define its points of injection (e.g. near outlet to control bulk temperature)
flowrate, pressure and temperature.
This is the summation of 'Heat Gain by Fluid' and 'Heat Gain by Steam'
This is the summation of the heat absorbed by all the coils in the heater for the
particular operating case.
The excess air requirement must be quoted for any statement on guaranteed
minimum net efficiency to be meaningful. The statement on excess air will
ensure a uniform approach by all Suppliers and eliminate the use of inoperable
low excess air values as a means of achieving high efficiencies.
As a rule of thumb the following excess air figures may be used unless other
information is available.
For dual fuel firing use the figure for oil fired heaters.
A minimum net thermal efficiency the fired heater should be specified in terms
of percentage of fired fuel based on the fuel lower heat value LHV. A
reference temperature for the combustion air should also be given.
For example 85% based on air at 150C, 92% based on air at 950C (probably
after air preheat). Unless otherwise stated net heating values for the fuels will
be taken at 150C.
The heater guarantee run may be conducted under winter conditions i.e. low
ambient temperature and possibly high wind. When checking requisitions
ensure that Supplier does not expect to achieve guaranteed efficiency under
conditions of no wind and high ambient temperature.
State type of fuel(s) to be used e.g. fluxed vacuum residue, natural gas etc.
Where one fuel is used for a particular operating case this should be made
clear.
The higher and lower (net) heating values for fuels are shown on the
specification sheet. It is the lower heating value which is important. This
assumes that water vapour does not condense out, giving up its latent heat.
Density, temperature and pressure of the fuel are supply conditions at the inlet
flange to the fired heater Supplier's supply. The Supplier must then take into
account pressure drops etc. in his own supply.
2.27 Viscosity
Viscosities should be given for the fuel at two reference temperatures to allow
viscosity data graphs to be constructed. The fuel oil temperature should be
high enough to ensure a fuel oil viscosity of 20-25 centistokes at the burners
to ensure adequate atomization.
The pressure quoted should be that at the inlet flange to the fired heater.
Sodium and vanadium contained in the fuel affect tube metal properties over a
period at the elevated temperatures present in the combustion chamber. This
can cause cracks leading to tube failure.
The type of heater required should be indicated as should whether heat transfer
is conducted in both the radiant and convection sections or just the radiant
section. If the Process Engineer has no special requirement choice of heater
type should be left to the Supplier.
Requirement for soot blowers, air preheaters, and fans will usually be
determined by Supplier in which case state "Supplier to advise". If Process
Engineering have any overriding requirements these should be stated as
"required" or "not required". Further information on these items should be
given by notes.
2.32 Coil
The coil number must correspond to the numbers used in the 'Process
Requirements' section.
2.33 Tubes
The material corrosion allowances for the tubes should be as agreed in the
Materials Selection Diagram review.
Design pressure of the tube should be in accordance with the Design Pressure
and Temperature Diagram.
If the Process Engineer has any preferred tube sizes or number of tube passes,
or if extended surface tubes are required, this should be noted.
Two types of return headers are commonly used, 1800 all welded bends and
plug headers. Unless the Process Engineer has specific requirements for one
type of fitting, this should be left to the Supplier/engineering to specify. The
all welded bends are cheaper than the plug headers. Return fitting may be
internal or external to the heat transfer section. If they are external their
metallurgy will probably be different to that for the coil.
2.35 Terminals
Specify (if necessary) the type and size of inlet and outlet connections to the
coil.
2.36 Stack
The type of stack and its minimum height above grade is usually left to the
Supplier or to engineering. Combined stacks for forced and natural draught
heaters should be avoided if possible. If two heaters are specified with a
common stack they shall be considered together during a Process Safety or
Hazop Review.
Where such a common stack is unavoidable the Process Safety Review and
Hazop Review shall consider the effect of a forced draught fan start up causing
loss of draught in the natural draught furnace, thereby starving the combustion
air supply to the natural draught burner(s).
Software logic should be considered to prevent running the forced draught fans
in excess of about 25% air flow during purging and prior to light-off.
The fired heater trip and interlock system shall protect the installation by the
use of high pressure trips in the natural draught furnace and high temperature
alarms at each flue gas mixing point in the ducting to the common stack to
detect local afterburning.
2.37 Burners
The type of burner must be specified. This should detail whether the burner
handles one or both of oil and gas. If no burner mounting position is noted it
will be assumed that burners are floor mounted. Pilot requirements should also
be noted together with the pilot fuel (generally gas).
The following is not an exhaustive list but shows where provision of extra data
may be pertinent:
Distillation Data
Soot Blowers
Soot blowers use steam at pressures not below 10 bar ga; a pressure of 14 bar
ga is preferred for more effective cleaning. Pressures up to 40 bar ga may be
used. At low pressures not only will cleaning be less effective but also there is
the possibility of condensation on the tube surface and consequent corrosion.
State steam pressure levels available if soot blowers are required.
Turndown Requirements
The turndown requirements of the fired heater should be indicated and the
cases to which the turndowns are applicable. Any temperature limitations on
steam superheat at reduced flowrates should be clearly stated.
Any additional facilities to burn waste offgas (e.g. sour offgas from vacuum
tower overheads) should be stated together with the details of the gas involved.
Decoking
Note that temperatures reached in coils during steam/air decoking are very high
and this should be noted against tube design temperatures.
The Process Engineer should clearly state any special instruments required for
process control of the fired heater or for protection against external equipment
failure.
1. GENERAL
Heat exchange equipment is divided into three categories for which the
following Process Specification Sheets are available.
The use of separate sheets for exchangers and air coolers, assumes that the
method of cooling process streams (i.e. cooling water or air) has
been discussed and resolved.
All heat exchangers except air coolers and fired heaters are covered by Process
Specification Sheet 2068/5-1/2. Although primarily used for shell and tube
type exchangers, the sheet is also suitable for other types, e.g.
Plate Lamella
Double Pipe Heat Pipe
Spiral Modular Block
The Process Co-ordinator and Heat Exchanger Department (HED) will hold a
review meeting before a formal issue of process specifications. This should be
when Process Engineering has completed the specifications on a complete
process unit. The purpose of this meeting will be to review job philosophy
regarding exchanger design, taking into account the applicable codes, licensor
requirements etc.; it will include a preliminary review of design and short-term
conditions. Where HED indicate that a short-term condition would govern
design, Process Engineering would have the opportunity, before official
issue, to review their requirements, and confirm or alter their data.
Engineering should be invited to attend since piping design conditions can be
affected.
Tick the most appropriate exchanger type, and describe the "other" type if
selected.
In proposal work where HED may not be involved, the Process Engineer must
make the choice, but HED advice should still be sought.
If the exchanger has alternative duties which may influence the exchanger
design, then use a separate specification sheet for each duty.
2.3 Side
The two sides of the heat exchanger are labelled hot side and cold side and
should be completed accordingly.
This describes the nature of the fluid e.g. reactor feed, boiler feed water etc. If
full analysis of the stream is relevant, then give this on sheet 2. Delete note 3
if fluid composition is not given.
2.5 Corrosion/Erosion/Fouling by
State whether the fluid is fouling and advise the nature and concentration of
materials, if present, which are liable to cause corrosion or erosion.
Flowrates corresponding to the design rate duty are required. If this is not the
maximum flowrate case, specify this as an alternative, as it will
probably control the pressure drop through the exchanger.
Provide inlet and outlet temperatures for the two streams. Ensure that these
are consistent with the heat duty quoted below or clarify with a note.
Quote for streams containing vapour. For liquid only exchangers, operating
pressure is not relevant and should be omitted (it is influenced by detailed
hydraulics which may not be complete at this stage.)
Refer to Process Standard 301 sect. 4.8 for typical shell and tube allowable DP
values. If the only process limitation is a combined DP for a number of
exchangers, state this using a note.
Where possible refer to thermal rating sheets from previous contracts to ensure
that allowable pressure drops quoted can be usefully used.
Note that shell side pressure drops are generally lower than tube sides.
For exchanger types other than Shell and Tube refer to Suppliers data for
typical values.
Note that the pressure drop given here should be consistent with the flowrates
as given under 2.6 above. If a margin is required on flow (see 2.24 below)
then a higher pressure drop will result at this increased flow condition.
Provide specific heat data for both liquid and vapour components at inlet and
outlet conditions.
For vapour streams ensure that specific heat is corrected for pressure.
Specify the viscosity of the fluid at inlet and outlet temperatures. If the
exchanger has a range of duties specify also the maximum viscosity case. For
fluids with very high viscosity, it may be necessary to increase the allowable
design pressure drop to ensure turbulent flow. (See also dew point/bubble point
discussion paragraph 2.18).
Provide thermal conductivity data for both liquid and vapour components at
inlet and outlet conditions.
Provide compressibility factor for the mixed vapour stream at inlet and outlet
(including steam and non-condensables).
Provide liquid surface tension at inlet and outlet. This is only required for
exchangers in which vaporisation or condensation takes place. (Note that 1
dyne/cm = 1 mN/in)
Provide critical pressure and temperature values for liquid and vapour mixtures.
Specify a hydrate formation point, pour point or freezing point if the exchanger
operates at or near this temperature.
If subcooling is required, then the exchanger will need a control scheme or seal
capable of back flooding the bundle. Details of this should be shown by a
sketch on sheet 2.
R2
Provide physical properties of the liquid and vapour at the bubble point and/or dew point on a
separate sheet of the specification. Dew point and bubble points are optional
if heat curves are provided. However, for phase changes that result in unusual
heat curve patterns (e.g. kink resulting from water dew point in hydrocarbon
& water system), then dew point and/or bubble points are to be provided.
Delete as applicable.
For phase change duties a heating/cooling curve must be given (for both sides
of the exchanger if applicable) unless involving only isothermal streams such as
steam.
The heat curve data generated by the process simulator should normally be
used directly by cutting and pasting the simulation output to provide a paper
attachment to the hard copy datasheet.
The heat curve data should also be made available to Engineering electronically
to enable them to directly import the information into the exchanger thermal
design program. This should be done in the form of an Excel spreadsheet table
for each isobaric (constant pressure) curve laid out as shown below.
Pressure (bara)
Temperature Entire Entire Vapour Vapour Vapour Vapour
(deg C) Stream Stream Density Viscosity Therm. Spec. Heat
Enthalpy Mass (kg/m3) (cP) Cond. (kJ/kgC)
(MW) Vapour (W/mC)
(%)
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Point 4
Point 5
Point 6
Point 7
Point 8
Point 9
Point 10
For condensing and boiling cases with high inlet pressures, say above 15bar,
and where the pressure drop is less than approximately 1bar, then one non-
isobaric curve may can be provided based on the inlet pressure and allowable
pressure drop to the exchanger. Intermediate points should be based on
intermediate temperatures and pressures.
For kettles one isobaric curve should be provided at the pressure of the vapour
space above the liquid in the kettle and another curve at an additional 0.15bar
(approx) to enable static head effects to be taken into account. For operating
pressures above 15 bara, a single isobaric curve should be sufficient as the
effect of the static head will be negligible.
For thermosyphon reboilers two isobaric curves are required, one at the column
pressure and the other at the column pressure plus static head (approx 0.35 bar) to
enable the actual heat curve within the thermosyphon loop to be determined.
Refer to TEMA Standards for Typical SheIl & Tube Fouling Factors.
Fouling factors are influenced by type of exchanger (e.g. generally lower for
plate types).
Heat loss to the atmosphere is ignored here, as insulation should reduce this to
a very small level (maybe 3% of heat load). However remember to allow for a
heat loss such as this when uprating steam/fuel usage rates for guarantee
purposes.
HED will design exchangers so that either side can withstand its design
pressure with atmospheric pressure (or full vacuum if specified) on the other
side. In some cases a cost saving may result if the design differential pressure
between hot and cold side is reduced. If the Process Engineer considers that
advantage of such a situation can safely be taken then this should be clarified
by means of notes.
If venting of the exchanger can result in temperatures below 00C, the minimum
temperature that will be experienced should be specified. This will normally be
the atmospheric boiling point of the fluid handled. Refer to Technical Work
Practice GEN/DTA/31-08 Design Temperatures and Pressures.
Indicate whether the fouling nature of the fluid requires mechanical cleaning.
Engineering/HED will determine the effect on the hardware.
Indicate if the service is cyclic and give details of frequency by means of notes.
(E.g. plate and spiral types are not made in carbon steel and can have no
corrosion allowance).
The minimum material suitable for process duty should be stated here as
primary materials selection. The corrosion allowance consistent with this
material choice, and any stress relief for process reasons should also be noted.
N.B. The materials finally chosen may be higher grade than shown on sheet 1.
Supply if known (HED compare their calculated nozzle sizes to the line size to
ensure a reasonable match, but they are not necessarily the same).
2.32 lnsulation
Indicate only process requirements for insulation e.g. tracing, jacketing, heat
conservation, cold conservation.
Indicate also, whether the service is Sour, Hydrogen or Lethal. The definition of
these terms is usually driven by the client. Hydrogen service is typically if the
H2 partial pressure is above 7 bar. According to API 617, sour service is
classified under NACE MR 0175. In many applications, small amount of H2S are
sufficient to require materials resistant to sulphide stress corrosion cracking.
When trace quantities of wet H2S known to be present or there is uncertainty
about the quantity of wet H2S present, consideration should be given to use of
materials that are resistant to sulphide stress corrosion cracking.
The blank process specification sheet 2068/21 may be used for continuation if
no information is included in this section.
2.35 Sketch
ATTACHMENT 8 – INSTRUMENTS
1. GENERAL
This Technical Work Practice supersedes FWEC Design Bulletin No.10 (revised
issue August 7th 1975).
The Instrument Process Specification Sheet shall also be used for globe valves
where some degree of control is required.
Local pressure and temperature instruments and remotely operated ball valves
are not normally specified by the Process Engineer. The Instrument Engineer
will obtain the required information from the Line Classification List.
Use one set of sequentially numbered Specification Sheets for each EFD and
put only one type of instrument on each sheet (but see 2.1 below). The
headings used are as on the Specification Sheet.
The only exception to this concerns flow transmitters and associated flow
control valves. These should preferably be shown on adjacent columns of data
sheets so that inconsistencies between orifice and associated flow control
valve are easily spotted. Head the sheet "Flow Transmitters and Control
Valves".
Each Instrument Process Specification Sheet should be specifically for one EFD
only, and its drawing number should be entered here accordingly.
Line Instructions
Number
Fill in the details of the Function, Type and Accuracy of the analyser.
This line need only be completed when the current issue of Engineering
Flow Diagrams does not contain this information. Instrument Group
will normally obtain line sizes from Flow Diagrams. Later issues of
Instrument Specifications should have this information deleted.
Data required for all items, only if the equipment falls under the PED.
R3 6 Fluid Composition
R3 7 Normal Flow
R3 8 Max Flow %
R3 9 Min. Flow %
Show the percent of normal flow equivalent to the minimum normal. For
example: 50%. See remarks against Max Flow % (line 8) regarding flow
ratio.
R3 10 SG @15oC
R3 11 SG @ Flow Conditions
Data required for all Flow and Level Instruments, Specific Gravity
Meters, Analysers and Control Valves handling liquids.
Data required for Flow Instruments and Control Valves handling Liquids.
R3 17 Mol. Wt.
Data required for Level and Flow Instruments, Control Valves and
Analysers handling gas or vapour.
Data required for Flow, Level Instruments and Control Valves handling
gas or vapour.
State the compressibility factor for the gas or vapour of the stream.
R3 21 Vapour Density
Data required for Flow, Level Instruments and Control Valves handling
gas or vapour.
When the value given in line 8 is greater than 130% or if pressure drop
is outside ±15% of value given by lines 23 to 27 (i.e. If the pressure
drop cannot be derived by application of square law).
When the value given in line 9 is less than 50% or if pressure drop is
outside ±15% of value given by lines 23 to 27.
State the maximum possible DP across the closed control valve. This
will size the actuating device.
R3 28 Downstream Flashing
State 'yes' or 'no'. If yes see item 4 under line no. 38.
TSO valves shall generally be type 4. Type 5 valves shall only be used
for clean service and require the use of PTFE seals (or similar). If a
control valve is in series with a shut off valve and it is necessary to call
for tight shut-off on the control valve, then type 3 should be specified.
R3 30 Air Failure
For lock-in-position, also state, in brackets ('0') or ('C') since the valve
will eventually move on expiry of its self contained air supply, i.e. L (0)
or L (C) means respectively lock (tend to open) and lock (tend to close).
R3 31 Time to Close
State valve closure time where critical e.g. 120 seconds minimum (to
avoid pressure surges, say) or 3 seconds maximum (quick closing, say).
Entry should be in the form 120 min or 3 max.
State the normal and maximum differential pressure the instrument will
be exposed to
LRQA/GENDTA1102.TWP © FOSTER WHEELER ENERGY LTD 2004
GEN/DTA/11-02 FOSTER WHEELER ENERGY LTD PROCESS
Page 72 PROCESS ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION
REV 3 TECHNICAL WORK PRACTICE SHEETS
R3 33 Velocity
R3 34 Instrument Range
R3 35 High Alarm
R3 36 Low Alarm
State the reference point or level for the values in line no.’s 35, 36 &
38.
R3 38 Remarks
This space and the "NOTES" section below, should be used for adding
supplementary process data, as appropriate, which are not covered in
1-37 above.
10. Specify thermocouple burnout scale direction e.g. "Up scale" for
temperature control of fired heaters and furnaces, when required
for safety reasons.
15. For globe valves where some degree of control is required (e.g.
in series with a flow indicator) the following note should be
added "A hand control valve is not required. Instrument Group
to size as globe valve". Such valves are to be numbered as per
an HCV.
20. State preferred vendor(s) if any for specialist items and give full
information.
R3 39 Revision
If alternative process conditions exist which exceed the data variation limits
given below, then these conditions shall be shown on a separate column. The
item number is to be repeated in line 1, and the word "alternative" added.
2.5 Requisitions
The Process Engineer must review the instrument requisitions in the normal
way, mainly checking process data.
If the control valve purchased has a high Cv, when wide open this valve could
pass a much higher flowrate than the Process Engineer originally envisaged.
This can affect relief valve sizing and other process aspects. The Process
Engineer should therefore specifically check the Cv of the control valve and its
by-pass valve which may have a greater capacity than the control valve.
The following list of fluid types is taken from FW Engineering Standard 67 Al.
R3 The type number should be given in line 4 of the Process Specification Sheet.
Specification of fluid type number will assist the Instrument Engineer to provide
winterisation or other protection in accordance with Engineering Standard 67 Al.
4 Liquids whose pour points are above the minimum design (or lowest
average) ambient temperature.
5 Liquids which may change in chemical composition due to a decrease
in temperature from operating to minimum design or lowest average
ambient temperature. Specify minimum maintained temperature
(MMT).
8 Steam
11 Wet gas
14 No Protection Required. For fluids such as dry gas, (i.e. inert gases, dry
gases, non-corrosive fluids), hydrocarbon gas and clean air. The term
dry shall mean free from condensables at the minimum ambient design
temperature. [Note that liquids from distillation columns in which
water is present will be saturated with water (e.g. caustic washes,
amine treatment)].
15 Hygienic
16 Aseptic
The following guidance is given on low flow alarm settings in respect of flow
measurement based on differential pressure (e.g. orifice plates, venturi, nozzles,
Dall tubes, pilot tubes and Annubars).
The low flow alarm setting needs to fall within 3.5:1 turndown from ‘scale
maximum’ for flows measured.
The Instrument Group rule of thumb for setting an instrument “scale maximum”
is to take the greater of:
- Normal flow x 1.33
or, Maximum flow x 1 .1
Examples
% %
Normal (design) 100 100
Maximum 110 125
Instrument Scale Maximum 133 137.5
Alarm Set Minimum (3.5:1 turndown) 38 39.3
R3 When a low flow alarm involves a turndown of greater than 3.5:1 from
instrument scale maximum the Instrument Group should be consulted as it may
require the use of multiple (or smart) transmitters.
1. General
The Mechanical Handling Process Specification Sheet should be used for such
items as conveyors, (screw, drag, belt, pocket etc), elevators (bucket, pocket
etc), weighfeeders, weighbelts, grizzly screens etc. For other items e.g.
classifying screens or pneumatic conveying systems, this sheet can be used in
conjunction with the blank Process Specification Sheet (2068/21) to describe
the required system. Include a sketch whenever possible.
Note that for exposable dusts the I. Chem. E guide requires a minimum design
pressure of 0.2 barg. Higher design pressures may be more economic by
allowing reduced vent areas.
2.3 Density
The Process Engineer should provide all available data on size distribution.
2.9 Flowrate
This is usually a best estimate only and as such Note 1 (Distance is an estimate
only) has been added. If the distance is an accurate one Note 1 should be
deleted. Final dimensions will be confirmed by Project Engineer in conjunction
with the Drawing Office (layout).
2.11 Operation
Estimate the angle of incline for the equipment. If a maximum allowable angle is
known, this should be stated. Leave for Engineering/ Layout if necessary.
State the suitable equipment type for this duty e.g. bucket elevator, screw
conveyor, belt conveyor etc.
2.14 Drive
This is usually an electric motor but if more specific data is available e.g.
variable speed, reversible drive etc. then state this as well.
Data on the material(s) handled and equipment not covered in the specification
sheet should be added in the notes section. For example:
- Flammability
- Dust control
- Define the performance guarantee criteria in detail. E.g. Capacity.
Space is provided on the data sheet for a process sketch or additional notes if it
is required. Use the blank Process Specification Sheet (2068/21) if necessary.
3. Process Specification
ATTACHMENT 10 – PACKING
1. General
• Contains basic data defining the points for which the hydraulic loading data
is given and establishing column size.
Independent data should be supplied for all operating cases which vary
significantly from the normal. Possible reasons for different operating cases
are:
Campaign Operation
Winter/Summer Operation
Different feedstocks or product specifications
Remember that low flow cases are important and may give rise to liquid
distribution problems.
Indicate the numbers of the beds over which one set of hydraulic data is
representative. Beds should be numbered from the top downwards.
Indicate whether liquid and vapour flow data given below applies to top or
bottom of bed. If significantly different give data for top and bottom of bed in
separate columns.
Indicate maximum allowable pressure drop, for each section of packing, under
the hydraulic conditions specified below.
Give a consistent set of loading data at the loading point indicated above.
Complete all data requested.
2.13 Voidage %
2.14 Notes
1. General
1. General Description
2. Duty
3. Mechanical Requirements/Constructional Features
4. Utilities Available
5. Materials of Construction
6. Information required from Supplier
7. Performance Guarantees
1. General Description
This section should define the scope of supply. Include a sketch whenever
possible. If the package is split into sub-units with individual equipment
numbers note these.
2. Duty
2. Duty (cont)
Give other relevant information such as particle size, corrosive, nature of fluids,
pilot plant data.
i) Instrumentation …… )
)
ii) Cleaning facilities …… ) not necessarily in this
) order i.e. in order of
iii) Noise …… ) importance/magnitude
85dBA at 1m …… )
)
iv) Motors - type by others, ) Omit (iii) and (iv) if this
put power supply details ) will be covered by
) requisition.
)
…………………… )
)
(v) Special Features )
)
………………….” )
4. Utilities Available
5. Materials of Construction
Give any specific requirements, and detail any materials not permitted.
i) Fully listed extent of supply including model numbers sizes etc., for all
equipment including control systems.
7. Performance Guarantees
3. Process Specification
ATTACHMENT 12 – PUMPS
1. General
The Process Engineer should also ensure that the extent of information
presented is suitable for the equipment described. See Mechanical Equipment
Engineering Procedure 111-2-3.027. (Division of Responsibility between
Mechanical Equipment and Process Design Engineers).
Indicate suitable pump type by ticking appropriate box. Centrifugal pumps are
preferred but they have limitations (e.g. above 450 m3/hr mixed flow/axial may
be more suitable; below 7 m3/hr and head above 100 m, regenerative/turbine
pumps may be more suitable). If in doubt check with the Mechanical
Equipment Group.
Rotary pumps may be used for high viscosity duties. Metering pumps are used
for accurate control of low flows using driver speed or stroke adjustment.
Axial
Regenerative/Turbine
Diaphragm
Sump (Vertical axis)
Rotary pumps may include gear, lobe, sliding vane and other Supplier
specialities e.g. Mono progressive cavity pump.
Note that some rotary pumps may require pulsation dampers. If in doubt
discuss with the Mechanical Equipment Engineer.
Note that "recip. steam" means an integral steam driven pump. Recip. power
means a recip. pump with power from a separate driver.
Tick the 'end suction preferred' box when it is known that the pump will take
suction from tank which is at similar elevation to the pump. If a top suction
pump were used in this situation there would be a high point in the pump
suction line.
Indicate the number of operating pumps and the number of installed spares (i.e.
standby). Uninstalled spares are not indicated here. The sparing philosophy
should have been established by the Process Co-ordinator before any
specifications are written. If more than one pump is operating, use notes to
state whether the operating pumps are operating in series, parallel or separate
streams. Parallel operation should be discussed in detail with the Mechanical
Equipment Engineer.
Indicate whether electric motor, steam turbine, gas turbine, compressed air,
hand pump etc.
2.4 Duty
Process data should be given for all cases which might determine some aspect
of the pump (e.g. casing size, motor size, spillback requirement). Remember
cases such as start-up, alternative campaigns, winter/summer operation etc.
Expected rating duty should be given under required flow case. Minimum flow
case should be given if the plant is required to operate at a turndown below
say 50%.
2.5.3 Liquid
Use the corrosion/erosion section to define the presence and size of any solids
or presence of entrained vapours, trace components etc.
Indicate also the maximum operating temperature anticipated for the case in
question. Do not add on any design margin but make an allowance for
operational fluctuations. The rated minimum SG quoted below should be
consistent with this expected maximum temperature.
2.5.6 Sp.Gr @ PT
Rated (min) : state the min. specific gravity corresponding to the required flow
case, and or which the pump is to be rated.
2.5.8 Viscosity @ PT
2.5.9 Capacity @ PT
Normal capacity is developed from the material balance flow and normal SG.
Required capacity is the normal capacity plus a margin to allow for operating
fluctuations, pump code tolerances and wear of the impeller.
Remember that spillback will affect suction line losses and NPSH available; if in
doubt discuss with Mechanical Equipment group and add agreed flow margins
when sizing lines.
Some pumps, generally those with high suction specific speeds, cannot operate at
turndown to less than 70% of rated flow. In this case the use of a constant
spillback may be unsuitable; if in doubt discuss the problem with the Mechanical
Equipment Engineer. While checking the pump requisition ensure that the spillback
flow added
by the Supplier is reasonable. See also section 2.5.13 below for further
information on NPSH and suction specific speed.
The use of an (ARC) Automatic Recycle Valve or other spillback control valve
instead of a continuous spillback via a restriction orifice should be considered
for any pump with a BHP in excess of 100 kW. When specified, ARC valves
should be included in the scope of the pump Supplier and reference to this
requirement included in the Notes section on the Specification Sheet. When an
ARC valve or spillback control valve is used there is no continuous minimum
spillback.
2.5.10 Pressures
Discharge Pressure )
State the maximum suction pressure which might occur. This should be based
on the relieving pressure of upstream equipment plus maximum static head (see
Pump Calculation Sheet).
State the NPSH calculated without deducting any safety margin. This permits
Mechanical Equipment Group to check that suction pressure, vapour pressure
and NPSHA calculated are consistent.
State the NPSH which the pump Supplier may use after deduction of Process
Design Department margin. The margin used should be standard throughout
the contract and should be agreed with the Process Co-ordinator. A deduction
of 600mm is normally made for bubble point fluids and may also be applied to
all pumps. The margins used should be stated in the Co-ordination Procedure.
The pump NPSHR and suction specific speed (Ss) are related by
Ss = RPM X O0.5
(NPSHR)0.75
Thus high capacity pumps with low NPSH tend to have high suction specific
speeds. Recent studies have shown that pumps with high Ss tend to exhibit
high failure rates. This is attributed to recirculation within the impeller when
the pump is operated away from its best efficiency point. Problems
experienced include impeller and case erosion, additional shaft stresses
resulting in radial and thrust bearing failure, seal problems, vibration and noisy
operation.
Process Engineers should check that allowed NPSHA values are within the
limits given by the above formula with a suction specific speed of 11,000 or
10,000 as appropriate. In addition Process Engineers should identify on the
process specification turndown flows below 50% of the design capacity when
such flows are possible long-term operating conditions covered by guarantees
of plant performance.
These are data used in establishing pump detail. Data should only be given if
Process Engineering have a definite request.
Indicate the flow control method as given on the PFD. LC, TC, PC and FC refer
to control valves on the fluid piping (normally discharge). Possible other
methods are variable speed, variable stroke, etc.
Auto starts should not be used in hot 'black oil' service except after discussion
with the client. They shall not be used at above 260°C. This is due to the
possibility of seal failure and fire due to autoignition on start of spare pump.
The safety implications of auto-starts should be considered for all other fluids.
State the minimum requirements to suit the process fluids (as given on the
Materials Selection Diagram). Give recommendations for both the casing and
internals.
List any materials which must not be used under Notes below (e.g. copper in
ammonia containing streams).
Minimum and maximum temperatures permitted may be given here, but they
will also be given on the line list.
R2 State nature of sealing fluid and reasons for needing external seal (e.g. contents
are hazardous, toxic, solids purging etc).
Indicate requirement for canned (or magnetic coupled) drive here if appropriate.
State "No special process requirements" if applicable.
2.6.6 Notes
.For centrifugal and other rotating pumps (where pump discharge is not
protected by a relief valve) the Process Engineer should indicate the head rise to
shut-off used in establishing down-stream design pressures. Normal practice is
to use 125% for motor driven centrifugal pumps. In the case of turbine driven
centrifugal pumps it has been the practice to use 132% although figures as
high as 138% have been experienced (see TWP GEN/DTA/31-08). The Process
Coordinator should establish the percentage to be used with the Mechanical
Equipment Engineer for each Project".
1. General
Refer to Process Standard 602. The following are additional notes and
comments applicable to the FWEL Pressure Relief Valve Process Specification
Sheet. (2068/13)
Only the governing relief case is normally given. The Process Engineer is
therefore responsible for making the correct selection. If in doubt, all possible
governing cases should be given.
Use a separate series of specification sheets for the relief valves on each
Engineering Flow Diagram.
State the process requirements for number of valves in regular use and as
spares.
A basic factor in sizing a relief valve is flow rate at the "Governing Conditions".
This implies that the "Governing Condition" is the one which will produce the
maximum flow rate. This maximum flow rate will in turn determine the orifice
area required for the relief valve. However, the maximum flow rate may not
necessarily be the "Governing Condition" nor give the maximum orifice area.
For example, some codes allow a 21% accumulation above design pressure for
the valve to reach full flow rate for the condition of "fire" and 10%
accumulation above design pressure for all other "operating" failure. Since the
orifice area is directly proportional to flow rate and inversely proportional to
accumulation pressure, then a fire condition can have as much as 10% higher
flow rate than operating failure; nevertheless the operating failure condition will
govern producing the larger orifice. Consider this for all cases where the flow
rate for fire condition is 0 to 10% higher than the flow rate for operating
failure. Give alternatives where appropriate
Where built-up back pressures vary for different cases then this may also have
an effect on determination of governing case.
Note that flame impingement on unwetted metal surfaces can cause vessel
failure before relieving pressure is reached. Refer to Attachment 16, page 5,
for guidance on when additional protection in the form of water sprays,
fireproof insulation or depressuring is required.
This is normally not specified by the Process Engineer but may be given by a
licensor in which case it should be entered on the form.
The Process Engineer should be aware of the relative costs of balanced and
unbalanced types (frequently more than twice as expensive). Also balanced
type pressure-relief valves are not available in orifice sizes below F which may
lead to oversizing of small relief valves. Balanced type pressure relief valves
are generally specified for two reasons:
2. Corrosion problems.
Note that for corrosion protection of the smallest pressure relief valve sizes for
which balanced type valves are not available, bellows may be inserted in the
valve. Therefore if protection against corrosion is the reason for selecting
balanced type valves, note this on the specification sheet.
This is not normally specified by the Process Engineer. Give the information, if
known.
List compounds, especially trace components, which may give rise to corrosive
conditions at the pressure relief valve.
State the total relief load calculated (normally in kg/h). If a relieving liquid
flashes across the valve the weight percent vaporised should be indicated.
State the SG of the relieving liquid at the relief conditions. If the relieving
liquid flashes across the valve, SG of the flashed liquid should also be supplied.
2.12 Viscosity
This should be stated when the Reynolds number in the line leading to the
pressure relief valve is below 20,000.
The normal process fluid temperature at the location of the pressure relief
valve. Note that this is not always equal to the normal operating temperature
of the equipment protected.
This is the fluid temperature when the valve is blowing. For vapour from a
boiling liquid this means vaporisation temperature at relieving pressure
(including accumulation).
If a liquid is likely to flash across the pressure relief valve, vapour pressure
must be quoted at the relieving temperature.
The normal process fluid pressure at the location of the pressure relief valve.
Factors such as static head for liquid relief must be taken into account.
Back pressure is the sum of the superimposed back pressure and the built-up
back pressure. It is the total pressure which exists at the relief valve discharge
flange when the valve is relieving.
2.21 Accumulation
1. Bursting Discs
A bursting disc may have been specified in the line upstream of the
relief valve. Design codes are not very specific in this area but bursting
discs may derate the pressure relief valve. For instance ASME VIII
derates pressure relief valve capacity by 20% unless a pressure relief
valve/bursting disc assembly has been flow tested.
At lower set pressures, below 2 barg, pressure problems may arise due
to reduced capacity and other effects. It may, for example, be
necessary to mount the valve upside down to avoid the weight of
spring and trim affecting valve setting. For all low pressure cases
discuss the requirements with the Instrument Engineer before issuing
the specification.
1. General
ATTACHMENT 15 – TRAYS
1. General
1. Contains basic data defining the points for which the hydraulic loading
data is given and establishing column size.
Independent data should be supplied for all operating cases which cannot be
satisfactorily covered by the operating range % data given below in Section
1.11. Possible reasons for different operating cases are:
Campaign Operation
Winter/Summer Operation
Different Feedstocks or Product Specifications
Remember that low flow cases are important to tray Suppliers (particularly for
sieve trays where turndown is difficult).
Indicate the numbers of trays over which one set of hydraulic data is
representative. Trays should be numbered from the top downwards
(condensers and reboilers should not be allocated tray numbers unlike some
computer programs).
This range of trays is referred to as a section, and every tray should appear in
one and only one section of the column.
Note that in some cases a section may only cover 1 tray (e.g. feed tray).
Indicate which tray in the section experiences the loading data presented
below. This
tray should be the critical duty within the section.
The number of trays should be consistent with the section definition above.
The Process Engineer normally chooses a tray type to allow column diameter
and tray spacing to be calculated. Consider the following when choosing tray
type:
Operating Range
Materials of Construction
Pressure Drop
Blockage potential
Cost
When calculating tray spacing, check with vessel group where manways are
required and ensure that the tray spacing is sufficient for manway installation
(normally 1 manway every 10 trays).
Indicate maximum allowable pressure drop per tray (or per section if more
suitable).
Process Standards lOSA (page 20) and 200 (page 22) give approximate tray
pressure drops, but the process engineer should also rely on past experience,
licensor's information and/or tray Supplier design procedures. Pressure drop
stated should be sufficient for maximum operating case.
The value should only be for the fractionating trays, the pressure drop for other
internals such as mist eliminators or packed sections should not be included
here.
Indicate consistent set of loading data to the loading point noted above.
(If on different basis, state clearly the basis used and delete standard basis). If
the process specification is to be used for direct procurement then loading data
need not be given but IN ALMOST ALL circumstances comment/guarantee from
a tray Supplier is required.
However this parameter should normally be left blank, as the tray Supplier will
have his own requirements to meet the tray guarantees.
This must be given by the Process Engineer. This indicates the tendency of a
system to foam. Typical data can be obtained from the Glitsch Ballast Tray
Manual, licensor information or past experience. Qualitative expressions may
be acceptable, but should be avoided whenever possible.
Indicate the operating range over which the trays in this section must operate
encountering hydraulic problems such as flooding; weeping etc. If no
overcapacity is envisaged, it is normally good practice to request 110%
maximum operation to allow flexibility
Independent Data can be given for both vapour and liquid loadings but the
maxima and minima are assumed coincident. (Remark 3) should be used if FW
or licensor have any strong views on the maximum permissible % flood that is
allowed. Indicate whether this is applicable to 100% capacity or max %.
Materials of Construction
The materials of construction of the deck and valve assembly (if applicable)
should be obtained from the materials selection diagram. Unless Process
Engineering or the Process Licensor have specific requirements, do not indicate
the thickness of the deck or valves. The vessel group will determine
thicknesses themselves from consideration of the materials and corrosion
allowances on the shell and the materials of the internals.
Corrosion allowance for tray parts can be confusing and should not normally be
stated.
The tray and valves thickness does affect the pressure drop through the tray,
and if pressure drop is critical then process should ask Vessel Group for
estimates of thicknesses.
1. Carbon steel trays shall not be specified for a unit of FW design i.e.
which is not a licensed process or for a proposal or contract with
reimbursable materials.
2. Carbon steel trays may be specified provided all the following criteria
are met:
Materials of Construction
c) Materials handled in the tower are compatible with the use of carbon
steel.
f) The use of carbon steel trays is approved for each specific case by
the Chief Process Engineer.
In any proposal where carbon steel trays are included, an alternative for alloy
trays shall be included in our bid, together with a recommendation that the
latter is selected.
It is usually necessary to ensure that trays are sufficiently strong and well
supported to withstand abnormal upward vapour flows. This information may
be supplied in the form of a tray design pressure drop or minimum tray
thickness based on previous experience. This data will cover situations where
it is not possible to predict abnormal vapour flows with certainty e.g. if slugs
of water enter with stripping steam.
Alternatively give information on peak vapour flows under relief conditions but
note that if liquid flow also ceases vapour flow up down-comers could occur.
Give simultaneous pressure, temperature and composition.
ATTACHMENT 16 – VESSELS
1. General
This Attachment covers the process specification of all vessels e.g. drums,
towers, tanks etc.
2.1 Vessels
Vessel Sketch (Sheet 2068/1) is used for a dimensioned sketch of the vessel.
It does not need to be to scale, but should be a fair representation of the
specified equipment.
2.1.1 Orientation (i.e. horizontal, vertical or slanted, show slope for example as
follows).
Show if critical, (including boot if applicable). State type vessel heads assumed
as required. Otherwise state working volume required. If appropriate Process
Co-ordinator should agree standard head sizes with Vessel Group at start of the
job.
2.1.3 Internals.
Show the number, type, dimensions, - spacing etc., of internals such as trays,
mist eliminators, hold down grids, distributors, heating/cooling coils and vortex
breakers. Indicate any essential fabrication requirements e.g. bolted
construction to pass through manway.
Note that FW vessel standards require a 50mm wide support ring for mist
eliminators. On small vessels consider whether this is acceptable. Consider
increasing vessel diameter or agree a narrower support ring with Vessel Group.
Show bed dimensions plus design pressure drop across beds for support design.
(Consider emergency relief conditions when calculating design DP; but
remember that collapse of internals may be acceptable in a fire as long as the
containing vessel and its relief route is unaffected).
The following additional data should be supplied for each bed of packing or
catalyst to ensure that Vessel Group can design the supporting equipment:
Particle Density
Bulk Density
Packing Height
Show the actual liquid levels (operating and alarm) used in process design on
the sketch as follows:
LLL should be at least 200 mm above bottom tangent line to allow space for
instrument connection. (See Note 1 on specification FWL 2068). On small
vessels or if other process reasons dictate then the 200mm may be relaxed but
requirement for level measurement must be considered.
High and low liquid levels used for alarms should normally be within the HLL -
LLL range, unless specifically stated otherwise. Note that bottom bearings may
be required on large agitators and must usually remain covered during
operation.
LRQA/GENDTA1102.TWP © FOSTER WHEELER ENERGY LTD 2004
PROCESS FOSTER WHEELER ENERGY LTD GEN/DTA/11-02
SPECIFICATION PROCESS ENGINEERING Page 123
SHEETS TECHNICAL WORK PRACTICE REV 3
Extra high and extra low levels (LAHH and LALL) are usually outside the range
of HLL - LLL and should be dimensioned. If used for a trip function this should
be stated in remarks on nozzle list.
When specifying level range between HLL and LLL, bear in mind the normal
displacer ranges quoted in Process Standard 101 Appendix 13.
Ensure that the maximum liquid level stated here is no more than General Note
(1) on sheet 2.
2.1.6 Nozzles
Nozzles are shown and labelled by a tag. Actual nozzle connection type i.e.
flanged, screwed, welded etc., will be chosen by Vessel Group. Once a nozzle
number has been allocated never change or re-use it. Nozzle designation by
licensors should be retained whenever possible. Nozzles are classed below
into four categories. Nozzles should normally be numbered so that the
manway(s) and access openings appear first, followed by process connections,
then the auxiliary nozzles, and lastly the instrument connections. Nozzle
designation numbers should not be revised if the duty or size of a nozzle
changes. Before specifying any nozzle sizes check the minimum allowable
nozzle size for the job. Nozzle sizes are allocated on sheet 2 of the Vessel
Specification.
1. Access
This includes manways, headholes etc. State only those which are required for
process reasons, and give sizes only if specific requirements are known. In the
absence of specific requirements, Vessel Group will locate these access points
as best suited to detailed layout. (See also Process Standards 101 p 5.0-7 and
200 p 105).
Vessel Group will add extra access if codes require. On distillation columns the
codes may require a manway every 10 trays or so. Check with vessel group to
see whether manways could affect tray spacing. Nozzle 2 is for other access,
leave blank if there is no process requirement.
2. Process
Vents and drains are termed auxiliary nozzles (see below) unless essential to
the process.
2. Process (cont)
Only indicate precise location where this is process critical for example.
If no dimensions are given, Vessel Group will retain the location principles
indicated on the sketch (i.e. on top, on head, bottom of boot etc).
3. Auxiliary Nozzles
This covers vents, drains, steam out, blowdown etc. Indicate auxiliary
connections as required by Process Department. Engineering may need to add
extra nozzles to satisfy codes. Exact location should be left to Engineering, but
indicate important location principles such as: location of gas lines for
depressuring above HLL.
Vessel Group will size and locate steam out nozzles, but process can indicate a
definite request for steam out facilities by completing steam out conditions on
sheet 2068/2. Steam out nozzles must be above vessel base to avoid water
hammer. On a vertical vessel location should be just above bottom tangent
line. Sheet 2068/2 has a note indicating that the Vessel Group determine steam
out details. If a process vent is suitable as a steam out vent then this should
be stated in the remarks on sheet 2068/2.
If necessary, minimum auxiliary nozzle sizes can be obtained from the Process
Standards 101 page 5.0 - 3. Normally, however, Vessel Group will size
auxiliary nozzles for which their is no definite process size requirement.
4. Instrument Nozzles
If vessel mounting is required do not specify exact locations unless there are
critical to Process Department (for instance as long as the liquid levels have
been given on the vessel sketch, the Process Engineer need only request a
certain level instrument function. The Instrument Engineer can then choose the
best location of nozzles to do the job). Unless told otherwise Instrument Group
will assume that LI and LG functions cover the range from HLL to LLL.
The Process Engineer should indicate the instrument feature required such as
LIC, TRC, LAH, and make a preliminary estimate of number of nozzles required.
Instrument Group will confirm exact number during detailed engineering, and
therefore Note 3 has been added to 2068/2.
Process should normally leave instrument nozzle sizes blank, Vessel Group can
estimate nozzle sizes if required for enquiry requisitions. If essential, Process
Standard 101 p.5.0-6 gives representative nozzle sizes.
There are instances where Process must give more precise instrument nozzle
locations, normally using the remarks column, for example:
The Design Pressure should be consistent with the Design Pressure and
Temperature Diagram (refer to TWP GEN/DTA/31-08).
Quote design pressure at top and bottom of any vessel containing internals
through which pressure drop is consumed (e.g. trays, packing). Note that
pressure drop should be same as specified on sketch 2068/1. If no pressure
drop, indicate top design pressure only. Indicate break point between top and
bottom design pressure regions. Design pressure should exclude liquid static
head. This will be calculated by Vessel Group using the liquid level and SG
specified on the Vessel Process Specification. (See Note 1)
In some cases (sulphur plants) lower design margins are customarily used to
give an economic design. This might apply to storage vessels and reactors
operating at very low pressures.
The Design Temperature should be consistent with the Design Pressure and
Temperature Diagram.
Quote the lowest absolute pressure possible under any foreseen circumstance
such as vapour condensing. If in doubt about exact number err on the safe
side. Vessels group will use this value for vacuum design. Note that vacuum
conditions may be protected against using PVV relief. If the Process Engineer
foresees steam out, he should quote full vacuum.
Even if no steam out conditions are given on process specification sheet, they
may be added by engineering groups if required for maintenance, codes etc.
Internals: If internals are same material as shell then Vessel group will use
their standards to choose corrosion allowance. Process Engineer should state
'By Engineering'.
If internals are different material from shell then specify a 'Total Corrosion
Allowance' for the internals. (As given on Materials Selection Diagram)
During Process upsets the equipment temperature may exceed the design
temperature for short periods. For example:
Vessel group may be able to achieve a more economic design if short term
excursions above design temperature are given separately rather than given as
design conditions. In particular the grade of material selected and extent of
testing may be affected.
Pipe Stress Group will also require the maximum temperature condition, this will
be transmitted to them on the sketch issued by Vessel Group.
2.1.17 Insulation
Heat Conservation
Cold Conservation
Fireproofed
Traced
Jacketed
2.1.18 Fireproofing
The process requirement applies only to the need for fireproof insulation on a
vessel. Engineering Department will be responsible for structural fireproofing.
Where Process Engineering specify fireproof insulation this implies that relief rate
calculations have taken credit for such insulation.
The Process Engineer must ensure that Project Insulation Specification meets the
main requirements for:
2.1.21 Materials
State the materials of construction of the shell and the internals, and any parts
of the vessel if these are specific process requirements. The materials should
be obtained from the Materials Selection Diagrams.
Use the widest permissible specification, such as carbon steel rather than a
particular ASTM number, which is acceptable to Process Engineering.
Under note 5 indicate if high relief loads are likely to be experienced. On some
columns the addition of a multiplicity of relief valves on top of a column has
resulted in late changes to column design. If Vessel Group is aware of a
requirement for mounting of heavy relief valves later problems can be
minimised.
2.2 Tanks
In Reading and Branch offices, the normal vessel specification sheets 2068/1
and 2068/2 should be used for specifying tankage on contracts. The Tankage
Summary Sheet should only be used for approximate data on proposals and
studies.
The following additional notes refer to the incorporation of tankage details onto
the standard Vessel Specification:-
2.2.1 Standard 102 refers to API Standard 620 and 650. In the UK BS 2654 provides
alternative data on tank design conditions and sizes; other standards exist. There
are specific appendices in API 620 for low temperature applications.
Vessel Group will ensure that the correct codes are followed, but the Process
Engineer should know which codes will be used, as they influence process
specification.
If a fixed roof design is chosen, note that there are different degrees of
'atmospheric design'.
For example BS 2654 defines tanks in the following categories (in increasing
order of cost):
API standards describe higher design pressure tanks (e.g. 2 psig) which may be
necessary if the tank vents through a scrubber/flare system.
2.2.3 Although the Process Engineer should estimate actual dimensions, state the
required working volume and add note that 'other dimensions giving same
working volume may be used if more economical'.
Process Standard 102 explains the portion of the vessel which can be used as
working volume.
2.2.5 Nozzles
1. Access Nozzle
The number and location of manways should be left to the Vessel Group.
2. Process Nozzles
Where safety devices (e.g. PVV, Relief manway) are connected directly to the
tank then do not allocate a size. Include the flow data in the Tankage Venting
Data section of the process specification. The tank Supplier normally supplies
such safety devices with the tank.
Set pressure
The required value should be discussed with the client. While setting the final
safety device at the tank design pressure is acceptable, certain clients require
that the accumulated pressure should not exceed the tank design pressure.
(Minimum setting is typically 2 1/4 in. wg 5.6 mbar g)
Differentials
For low pressure tanks an adequate margin must be maintained between the
breather set pressure and any other relieving device (for Whessoe equipment
this is typically 5 mbar or 25% of set pressure minimum).
Accumulation
As noted in FW Process Standard 102, 6.0-22 for API tanks shall be sized to
allow an accumulation of 10% over the set pressure for normal out breathing
and 20 percent over the set for emergency relief. For tanks designed to British
codes, by comparison with the pressure vessel codes, it is recommended that
the valves should be sized to allow an accumulation of 10% over the set
pressure for normal out breathing and 10% for emergency relief.
Liquid Overflow
It should be noted that relieving manways are not specifically designed
for liquid relief. Methods of calculating the likely capacity are given in
API RP 2000 and certain Client Standards (e.g. ICI), but at undefined
overpressure. Care should therefore be taken in specifying them for this
type of duty.
Note: Always ensure that tank vents are adequately protected from
blockage e.g. by solidification of tank contents.
3. Auxiliary Nozzles
4. Instrument Nozzles
Process should list the instrument functions required, and estimate the
number of nozzles for each service using normal vessel procedure, see
2.1.6.
2.2.6 Internals
Piping Inserts
Mixing nozzles
Heating coils (indicate coil length, diameter, materials and design Conditions)
Baffles
Consider the need for syphon breakers on top entry pipes with dip legs.
2.2.7 Design Pressure : See 2.2.1/2 above. Agree design pressure with
Vessel Group in accordance with vessel code.
2.2.8 Design Temperature : Remember that so called ambient tanks may be
subject to solar heat gain.
This depends on the tank breathing arrangement, and chosen design pressure,
but typical values may be:-
Low Pressure Tank For nitrogen blanketed tanks the pressure will normally
vary between the nitrogen make-up regulating valve
set pressure (say 5-10 mbarg) and that determined by
the discharge mechanism. (The discharge mechanism
can either be a modulating backpressure control valve
or the breather valve).
State the vacuum design condition agreed with the Vessel Group.
Indicate YES if stress relief shown on Materials Selection Diagram. (Note that
Engineering may add stress relief for strength reasons)
Use similar approach to that for other vessels, including potential effect of
failure of upstream cooler. However if a tank has a continuous inventory, it may
be possible to take credit for the moderating effect of the cool contents on the
hot feed. Consider each case on its merit.
Do not consider fire case.
2.2.17 Insulation
2.2.18 Fireproofing
2.2.20 Blanketing
2.2.21 Materials
Not applicable.
Completed this data when the tank Supplier is required to supply safety
breathing and relief equipment.
Max In breathing rate State the sum of the thermal breathing (API
RP2000) + pump-out rate.
Max Out breathing rate State the sum of the thermal breathing (API
RP2000) + pump-in rate.
Emergency Relief Provide the requested data for the limiting relief
case. This will normally be fire, but could be
the result of excess flashing if say the rundown
is excessively hot.
Copies of the Vessel Process Specification Sheets (Ref 2068/1 and 2068/2) are
included overleaf.