Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
CONTENTS
SECTION SUBJECT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope
1.3 Units
8. PUMPING FACITILITES
8.1 Net Positive Suction Head
8.2 Spill back Lines
8.3 Pump Seals
11 UTILITY REQUIREMENTS
PROCESS STD 1104 UTILITIES
PAGE 2 PRESSURE STORAGE FOSTER WHEELER
REVISION Rev O OF EQUILIBRIUM PROCESS PLANTS
DATE Nov 1999 LIQUIDS DIVISION
12 GAS HYDRATES
13 COMMISSIONING CONSIDERATIONS
14 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
15 GLOSSARY
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope
1.3 Units
to Flare
H
LA
from Process
Flare
Fully-mounded Bullet
KO Drum
to Pumps
to Storage
H HH H
PIA LA LIA
EFV
(Excess Flow Valve)
L L from Process
Partially-mounded Bullet
to Pumps
Liquefied Gas
Storage Vessel
Figure 1
Schematic Diagram showing
Fully-mounded and Partially-
mounded Bullets for storing
Liquefied Gas to Pumps
ESD Valve PEG/OFF/03 Rev 0 February 1997
(TSO)
1
Figure 2
Schematic Diagram showing
key Items/Instrumentation
associated with Liquefied
Gas Storage Facilities
PEG/OFF/03 Rev 0 February 1997
OFFSITES PROCESS STD 1104
FOSTER WHEELER PRESSURE STORAGE OF PAGE 7
PROCESS PLANTS EQUILIBRIUM LIQUIDS REVISION Rev 0
DIVISION DATE Dec 1999
below the maximum liquid level. In general, there is only one such
connection per vessel, that being the outlet to the pumping facilities,
as shown in figure 2.
Bullets for storing liquefied gas are usually shop fabricated and
designed either to ASME Section VIII or to BS 5500. Additionally it
may be required to apply supplementary qualifications required in the
country of usage. National and local code requirements, where more
severe, always govern the design.
Spheres for storing liquefied gas are site welded from shop pre-
formed plates. This type of construction defines the vessel size
limitation because the maximum thickness of a site welded plate is
specified by the construction codes used. This in turn, for a given
design pressure, defines the maximum volume of liquid which can
be stored.
For a sphere or bullet, the difference between the nominal (or gross)
capacity of the vessel and the working (or net) capacity of the
vessel, depends on the volumes of fluid required above the high
level alarm setting and below the low level alarm setting.
Hence for small vessels that have high maximum fill rates, the
working capacity is a lower proportion of the nominal capacity,
whereas for larger vessels that have lower maximum fill rates, the
working capacity can, by design, be a higher proportion of the
nominal capacity.
fire exposure
overfilling
excessive rundown temperature
vapour breakthrough from a processing unit (eg due to
instrument failure)
For bullets, the relief flow in the fire exposure case is reduced
significantly by mounding the bullets, as shown in figure1. The fire
exposure case should be determined in accordance with API RP520
or equivalent.
system, LPG stocks are held in storage, then relief facilities for
spheres/bullets must be maintained (to cater for the fire case).
Under such circumstances a dispersion stack should be installed.
In general each relief valve must have a 100% spare relief valve.
TRVs should discharge either into the flare system, into a knock out
drum or in cascade fashion back into the storage vessel. TRVs
should not discharge to atmosphere.
ESD valves should be of the fire safe type (typically to BS 5146) and
must be fail-safe ie spring-to-close type.
and hence the valve remains open. The spring force is set such that
as the flow increases, the fluid creates a counter-acting force on the
disc, causing it to be fully closed at the cut-off flow. A good design
of EFV creates minimal resistance to flow in normal operation.
The drainage point and pot (if fitted) should be well away from the
vessel shadow to minimise potential hazards.
Some low pressure liquefiable gases are toxic and almost all are
flammable so that potential failure of pump seals is of great
importance. Normally double mechanical seals with a fluid or vented
interspace are specified as a minimum. Glandless pumps such as
magnetic drive or canned pumps are becoming cheaper, more
reliable and more efficient and should be considered especially if a
major accident potential is predicted. Some clients insist on the use
of glandless pumps.
OFFSITES PROCESS STD 1104
FOSTER WHEELER PRESSURE STORAGE OF PAGE 15
PROCESS PLANTS EQUILIBRIUM LIQUIDS REVISION Rev 0
DIVISION DATE Dec 1999
Spray water systems are normally supplied with water from the
firemain. If an alternative water supply is considered (for example
cooling water), the reliability of the supply, relative to the firewater
system, must be considered very carefully. A control system may
be required to switchover to the firewater system automatically in
the event of failure of the alternative water supply.
It should be noted that LPG fires are not readily extinguished using
water. A jet fire is often left to burn, with the appropriate local spray
water cooling of adjacent equipment, buildings and structures until
the source of the fuel can be isolated. Putting the fire out can leave
a potential for a gas cloud to form, leading to either a UVCE
(Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion or a BLEVE (Boiling Liquid
Expanding Vapour Explosion) if the vessel ruptures releasing a
significant quantity of liquid.
The slope should be to one side of the line of vessels and in the
opposite direction from any pump slab. The areas under individual
vessels are generally segregated by low deflection walls. Walled
sections, channels and sumps must not be deeper than 0.61 metres
(2 ft) to avoid creating flammable gas traps.
Steam may be required for vaporising knocked out liquids into flare
systems, for heating drain pots or for steaming out decommissioned
vessels.
15.0 GLOSSARY
RP Recommended Practice
SIGTTO Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators
TRV Thermal Relief Valve
PROCESS STD 1104 UTILITIES
PAGE 20 PRESSURE STORAGE FOSTER WHEELER
REVISION Rev O OF EQUILIBRIUM PROCESS PLANTS
DATE Nov 1999 LIQUIDS DIVISION
16.3 Bibliography
In the Oil & Gas Journal, 17 July 1989 there is an article “Burial,
mounding key at Isle of Purbeck”. A copy of this article, which
summarises FWEL’s experience associated with the installation of
LPG bullets on the Wytch Farm Project, is attached to this standard
(see Appendix I).
OFFSITES PROCESS STD 1104
FOSTER WHEELER PRESSURE STORAGE OF PAGE 21
PROCESS PLANTS EQUILIBRIUM LIQUIDS REVISION Rev 0
DIVISION DATE Dec 1999
APPENDIX I
PROCESS STD 1104 UTILITIES
PAGE 22 PRESSURE STORAGE FOSTER WHEELER
REVISION Rev O OF EQUILIBRIUM PROCESS PLANTS
DATE Nov 1999 LIQUIDS DIVISION
A1 Introduction
The oil field is located beneath the southern shores of Poole Harbour
on the south coast of the U.K. in an area of outstanding beauty and
adjacent to sites of special scientific interest (see map (figure 6)).
The area is noted for its high ecological, amenity, and recreational
values. Strict planning conditions were imposed by the Dorset
County Council which required that any development and associated
technical design be of such a standard that these values be
protected against all foreseeable eventualities.
A2 Storage Needs
A3 Mounding, Concrete
The exposed ends of the vessels are provided with both a passive
fire protection system and a fixed spray deluge. The mound is
retained by a vertical concrete wall below and a sloping, concrete
apron above the vessel centreline (Fig. 1).
PROCESS STD 1104 UTILITIES
PAGE 24 PRESSURE STORAGE FOSTER WHEELER
REVISION Rev O OF EQUILIBRIUM PROCESS PLANTS
DATE Nov 1999 LIQUIDS DIVISION
A4 Codes, Regulations.
The U.K. Health and Safety Executive (HSE) was consulted and
advised about the design from the planning application phase
through detailed design development and implementation.
The layout and design of the vessels and associated facilities were
performed to the then-current recommendations of the HSE (Ref.2)
and Institute of Petroleum (IP) guidelines (Ref. 3). These guidelines
were exclusively based on advised safety distances to establish
layout (Fig. 2).
A5 Pressure Resistance
The vessel design was assessed for the controlling vacuum plus
external load condition.
The vessels were fabricated in the West Midlands and delivered one
per week to the Wytch Farm site by road. A significant effort was
put into the design and planning for transportation of these vessels,
thereby fixing the transport saddle design and position to suit the
approved route.
The butane drums were still not sour by this definition, having a
lower H2S partial pressure, and were therefore not stress relieved.
Z-quality plate was also used for the butane drums to make the total
tonnage more attractive to potential steel plate manufacturers and to
standardize and prevent mixing of steel plates during fabrication.
British Steel Corp. was the eventual steel supplier.
Nozzles and flanges were ASTM A333 GR6 and A350 LF2. A
maximum carbon equivalent was specified, but no specification was
made for low sulphur content.
A7 Coating Criteria
In the prequalification trial, the wet and dry film thicknesses were
monitored and the dry-film thickness recorded.
The panels were also 100% holiday tested to check for pin-holing.
Because all panels passed the holiday test and had acceptable film
build-up, they were sent for tests covering cathodic disbondment,
flexibility, impact resistance, adhesion, and water immersion.
A8 Cleaning, Application
Prior to finish coat, the vessel surface was thoroughly cleaned with
compressed air, a stiff brush, and vacuuming.
Final coating repairs, which were minimal, were carried out with a
brush-applied version of the finish coat.
The most practical and economic method was to install the vessel
on a sand bed foundation. The vessels transfer their load uniformly
to the underlying sand with the entire area acting as a flexible
foundation.
This system has been widely used in Europe since 1975. The main
advantages offered by this approach are:
The soil of the gathering station at Wytch Farm is sands and cIays
of the Poole Formation (Bagshot Beds).
Because of the variable soil strata and the presence of clay bands,
settlement of the natural ground in the LPG area from the combined
weight of the tanks and the soil mound gave rise to two main design
considerations.
These were the distortion of the LPG tanks along their length as a
result of differential settlements affecting structural design of the
tanks and long-term differential settlement of tanks and connecting
pipework.
The total volume of the compacted sand used to form the LPG
mound above grade level was 26,000 cu m.
The maximum depth of sand was 9m above the natural ground level,
imposing a ground surcharge of 160 KN/sq m. The mass of the sand
mound was the major influence for design, as the weight of the
vessels and their contents are less than their equivalent volume of
sand.
A10 Earthworks
Following the earthworks, the lower section of the LPG mound was
constructed with compacted free-draining sand material up to the
level of the underside of the LPG tanks (mound preloading) in
February 1988, in preparation for vessel installation (Figs. 3 and 4).
Above the vessel centreline, the mound is sloped back at 45o and
covered with reinforced sprayed concrete to protect the mound from
jet flame and firewater-jet impingement.
PROCESS STD 1104 UTILITIES
PAGE 30 PRESSURE STORAGE FOSTER WHEELER
REVISION Rev O OF EQUILIBRIUM PROCESS PLANTS
DATE Nov 1999 LIQUIDS DIVISION
The final slope required on the east face of the mound is 1:1.5 and
is reinforced horizontally in layers with grid matting during
mounding. The surface of the slope is covered with a
soil-strengthening membrane to stabilise the surface and receive the
stone chipping finish.
Surface rainwater is drained from the top of the mound via gravel
trench drains, which are piped to the site's clean water drainage
system.
The area selected for the LPG storage was the lowest part of the
site and was raised to the final site grade level by a cut-and-fill
exercise early in the construction program.
OFFSITES PROCESS STD 1104
FOSTER WHEELER PRESSURE STORAGE OF PAGE 31
PROCESS PLANTS EQUILIBRIUM LIQUIDS REVISION Rev 0
DIVISION DATE Dec 1999
This area was then preloaded with the sand to a depth of 2.25 m in
preparation for receipt of the vessels. This was to encourage as
much settlement as possible before vessel installation (Figs. 1, 3,
and 4).
Each vessel was skidded into position across the preloading mound
on skidding beams and jacked down onto a preformed sand bed
groove. The groove was formed to strict tolerances in the sand bed
with a steel template drawn along steel road forms spaced 3 m
apart and was constructed to the shape of the vessel so that the
vessel was supported along its length in a 40o cradle (Fig. 3).
The remaining sand fill above this height was placed loose by
machine pushing the material from the elevated west side over the
buried vessel ends (Fig. 5).
The 16 inch. LPG outlet transfer line is provided with spring pipe
supports to accommodate predicted settlements, and possible
horizontal vessel expansion/contraction is accommodated by the
flexibility of the pipe.
References.
Propane Butane
No of Vessels 6 6
Design Pressure 17.1 barg and full 5.9 barg and full
vacuum vacuum
Design Temperature – Lower -46 "C -15 "C
- Upper 73 "C 73 "C
Dimensions (diam x length (T/T) 3.7 x 49.5 m 3.7 x 39.6 m
Total capacity, each vessel 558 m3 452 m3
Figure 1
Figures 2 and 3
PROCESS STD 1104 OFFSITES
PAGE 2 PRESSURE STORAGE FOSTER WHEELER
REVISION Draft - 1 OF EQUILIBRIUM PROCESS PLANTS
DATE May 1998 LIQUIDS DIVISION
Figure 4
Figure 5
OFFSITES PROCESS STD 1104
FOSTER WHEELER PRESSURE STORAGE PAGE 3
PROCESS PLANTS OF EQUILIBRIUM REVISION DRAFT - 1
DIVISION LIQUIDS DATE May 1998