9/24/2015

Trignathous mouthparts (generalized chewing type):

Back view Lateral view

pharynx
salivary duct

labium mouth salivarium

maxilla cibarium labium
clypeus hypopharynx
mandible
preoral
labrum cavity
labrum
clypeus abductor and
LABRUM adductor muscles
1. MANDIBLE
(no muscles)
molar area
point of
articulation
incisor area
2. MAXILLA
cardo
(“1st maxilla”) stipes 3. LABIUM (fused “2nd maxillae”)
palpifer

submentum
postmentum
lacinia
mentum
galea labial palp
prementum
maxillary palp glossa
paraglossa
HYPOPHARYNX
(receives opening
of salivary duct) suspensory sclerite

lingual sclerite

hair triggers
1. Mandibular modifications
Stag beetle (Lucanidae):
SEXUAL SELECTION

mandible

Odontomachus sp. (Formicidae)

‘trap jaw ants’: DEFENSE

mandible

lacinia
of food and
(ventral maxilla salivary canal
view)
labial palp
Antlion (Myrmeleontidae)
or owlfly (Ascalaphidae):
PREY CAPTURE

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more mandibular modifications…

Vibratome (leaf-cutter ants)

Mandibulate/chewing
(ground beetle)

Dueling
(male dobsonfly,
Megaloptera)

Raptorial
(antlion, Neuroptera)

2. Maxillary modifications
(e.g., galea, lacinia, & palps)

sucking galeae of Lepidoptera

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Lepidoptean mouthpart evolution (adults)

Micropterigidae

Heterobathmiidae
(ventral)
Lophocorononidae
Eats Nothofagus pollen; galea
southern S. America
labrum

Pyralidae
(Ditrysia)
Eriocraniidae

(snout moths)

Complex multi-mouthpart modifications:

Piercing, sucking mouthparts in Diptera, Hemiptera, & Neuroptera
mosquito (all) plant bug
(Culicidae) (Miridae)

(others) (all)
3. labium

cicada
(Cicadidae) green lacewing larva
(Chrysopidae)
1. Md +
2. lacinia
robber fly
(Asilidae)

hypopharynx

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Integration of mouthpart pieces for piercing and/or sucking: details

Hemiptera

3. labium (sheath) 2. maxillae

(galeae)
Lepidoptera
1. mandible
(“stylet”)
2. maxillae
(laciniae)
(form separate food
& salivary canals)
food canal
Culicidae (Diptera)

labrum (forms food canal)

hypopharynx
1. mandible (stylet)
(forms
salivary 2. maxilla (stylet, from galea)
canal)
3. labium (sheath, from glossa)

Piercing/sucking & sponging

mouthparts in Diptera
house fly (Muscidae)

horse fly (Tabanidae)

labial
palps

galea

glossa

labrum 1. mandible 2. maxilla 3. labium & hypopharynx

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Haustellum derived from glossae of labium in honey bee

(Apidae: Hymenoptera)

(galea)

Prehensile labium (“mask”) in Odonata

Dragonfly (Anisoptera)

labial palps
submentum
prementum palps

mentum

Damselfly (Zygoptera)

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CERVIX (neck)
GENERALIZED INSECT: muscles to thoracic
endoskeleton Dictyoptera,
head movement MANTODEA:

prothorax

point of articulation
(two condyles) prothorax ball-and-socket joint
(no condyles)
cervical sclerite

…or no cervical sclerites

…or the cervix can

be impressive
(Nemopteridae,
Neuroptera)
cervix

‘thread-’ or ‘spoon-wing’
lacewings

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HEAD THORAX ABDOMEN

1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11….18
Insect Thorax
(2ndtagma)
the locomotory center

procephalon
plus somite 1 2 3 4

5 6 7

procephalon
plus somites 1, 2, 3 wings
4
5 6 7
postoccipital
suture
legs

THORAX

Apterygota basic Pterygota modified Pterygota

PRO PROTHORAX
PRO MESO MESO
MESO
META
META METATHORAX

example =
Plecoptera
example =
example = Diptera
Zygentoma

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The Pterothorax (= wing-bearing thorax)

prothoracic
wing??

Palaeodictyoptera
L. Carboniferous,
≈ 325 mya

Tergum & Sternum of thorax of Apterygota

(similar to the prothorax of generalized Pterygota)

acrotergite
antecostal suture
Lateral View Ventral View
primary
segmentation

primary
segmentation
apophysial
phragma ridges

Dorsal View

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Pleuron of thorax of Apterygota

(similar to the prothorax of generalized Pterygota)

NOTUM or
spiracle
TERGUM

anapleurite

coxapleurite

coxa
coxal articulation
sternopleurite

Anteriad
STERNUM
(head points
this way)

Modifications of the PROTHORAX: defense, offense, & competition

pronotal shield
(Blattodea) elongate prothorax
(Mantodea &
Raphidioptera)
prothorax

protection
prey
camouflage capture
prothoracic extensions
& defense (Hemiptera: Membracidae)

sexual selection
(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)