MANUAL

HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING - HUMAN/MACHINE

INTERFACE AND CONTROL ROOM DESIGN

DEP 30.00.60.15-Gen.

May 2004

DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PRACTICE

This document is restricted. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party without the prior written consent of Shell Global
Solutions International B.V. and Shell International Exploration and Production B.V., The Netherlands. The copyright of this document is vested in these companies. All
rights reserved. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means
(electronic, mechanical, reprographic, recording or otherwise) without the prior written consent of the copyright owners.
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PREFACE
DEPs (Design and Engineering Practice) publications reflect the views, at the time of publication, of:
Shell Global Solutions International B.V. (Shell GSI)
and
Shell International Exploration and Production B.V. (SIEP)
and
Shell International Chemicals B.V. (SIC)
and
other Service Companies.
They are based on the experience acquired during their involvement with the design, construction, operation and
maintenance of processing units and facilities, and they are supplemented with the experience of Group Operating
companies. Where appropriate they are based on, or reference is made to, international, regional, national and industry
standards.
The objective is to set the recommended standard for good design and engineering practice applied by Group
companies operating an oil refinery, gas handling installation, chemical plant, oil and gas production facility, or any other
such facility, and thereby to achieve maximum technical and economic benefit from standardization.
The information set forth in these publications is provided to users for their consideration and decision to implement.
This is of particular importance where DEPs may not cover every requirement or diversity of condition at each locality.
The system of DEPs is expected to be sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating companies to adapt the
information set forth in DEPs to their own environment and requirements.
When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use DEPs they shall be solely responsible for the quality of work and the
attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for those requirements not specifically
covered, the Principal will expect them to follow those design and engineering practices which will achieve the same
level of integrity as reflected in the DEPs. If in doubt, the Contractor or Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without detracting
from his own responsibility, consult the Principal or its technical advisor.
The right to use DEPs is granted by Shell GSI, SIEP or SIC, in most cases under Service Agreements primarily with
companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group and other companies receiving technical advice and services from Shell GSI,
SIEP, SIC or another Group Service Company. Consequently, three categories of users of DEPs can be distinguished:
1) Operating companies having a Service Agreement with Shell GSI, SIEP, SIC or other Service Company. The
use of DEPs by these operating companies is subject in all respects to the terms and conditions of the relevant
Service Agreement.
2) Other parties who are authorized to use DEPs subject to appropriate contractual arrangements (whether as part
of a Service Agreement or otherwise).
3) Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract with users referred to under 1) or 2)
which requires that tenders for projects, materials supplied or - generally - work performed on behalf of the said
users comply with the relevant standards.
Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with users, Shell GSI, SIEP
and SIC disclaim any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death) suffered by any company
or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the use, application or implementation of any DEP,
combination of DEPs or any part thereof, even if it is wholly or partly caused by negligence on the part of Shell GSI,
SIEP or other Service Company. The benefit of this disclaimer shall inure in all respects to Shell GSI, SIEP, SIC and/or
any company affiliated to these companies that may issue DEPs or require the use of DEPs.
Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual arrangements, DEPs shall
not, without the prior written consent of Shell GSI and SIEP, be disclosed by users to any company or person
whomsoever and the DEPs shall be used exclusively for the purpose for which they have been provided to the user.
They shall be returned after use, including any copies which shall only be made by users with the express prior written
consent of Shell GSI, SIEP or SIC. The copyright of DEPs vests in Shell GSI and SIEP. Users shall arrange for DEPs to
be held in safe custody and Shell GSI, SIEP or SIC may at any time require information satisfactory to them in order to
ascertain how users implement this requirement.
All administrative queries should be directed to the DEP Administrator in Shell GSI.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................5
1.1 SCOPE........................................................................................................................5
1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS .........5
1.3 DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................5
1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES .............................................................................................6
1.5 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP .......................................................................................6
2. HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING (HFE) ...............................................................7
2.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................7
2.2 BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................7
2.3 HFE IN DESIGN .........................................................................................................7
2.4 COSTS/BENEFITS OF HFE.......................................................................................8
3. CONTROL ROOM BUILDING....................................................................................9
3.1 LOCATION..................................................................................................................9
3.2 ACCESSIBILITY .........................................................................................................9
3.3 LAYOUT OF AREAS ................................................................................................10
4. CONTROL ROOM ....................................................................................................13
4.1 LAYOUT....................................................................................................................13
4.2 LAYOUT OF OTHER WORKPLACES .....................................................................13
4.3 WINDOWS................................................................................................................14
5. WORKSTATION LAYOUT .......................................................................................15
5.1 DIMENSIONS AND SHAPE .....................................................................................15
5.2 WORKSTATION CONFIGURATION (CONSOLE)...................................................15
6. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND FURNISHING................................................16
6.1 AIR CONDITIONING ................................................................................................16
6.2 LIGHT AND OUTSIDE VIEW....................................................................................16
6.3 NOISE .......................................................................................................................16
6.4 MATERIALS AND COLOUR.....................................................................................17
6.5 FURNITURE .............................................................................................................18
7. VDUS AND CONTROLS ..........................................................................................19
7.1 VDU SCREENS ........................................................................................................19
7.2 CONTROLS ..............................................................................................................19
8. PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION .....................................................................23
8.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................23
8.2 CURSORS ................................................................................................................23
8.3 CODING OF VISUAL INFORMATION .....................................................................24
8.4 ALERTING BY AUDITORY SIGNALS ......................................................................24
8.5 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR VISUAL DISPLAY INFORMATION ...........................24
9. ASPECTS OF TRAINING.........................................................................................26
9.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................26
9.2 VARIOUS TRANSITION GROUPS ..........................................................................26
9.3 METHOD OF DCS IMPLEMENTATION...................................................................27
9.4 TRAINING FOR THE VARIOUS TRANSITION GROUPS .......................................28
9.5 SIMULATION SYSTEMS..........................................................................................31
10 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................33

APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 HUMAN/MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI) AND CONTROL ROOM DESIGN
CHECKLISTS ..................................................................................................34
APPENDIX 2 EXAMPLES OF 2-D AND 3-D VISUALISATIONS OF A CONTROL
ROOM WITH AN INTEGRATED MAINTENANCE WORKSHOP ...................43
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APPENDIX 3 EXAMPLES OF STANDARD WORKPLACE CONFIGURATIONS.................47

APPENDIX 4 CONSOLE DESIGN CONCEPTS ...................................................................56
APPENDIX 5 GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING LIGHTING PLANS.......59
APPENDIX 6 USE OF COLOUR IN ERGONOMIC DESIGN................................................63
APPENDIX 7 HMI IMPLEMENTATION WITHIN A PROJECT ..............................................65
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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE
This new DEP specifies requirements and gives recommendations on the application of
Human Factors Engineering principles in the design of control rooms and DCS systems.
The aim is twofold: the DEP provides a summary of the state of the art and gives practical
recommendations for those involved in new construction projects or plant changes in
existing facilities.

1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

Unless otherwise authorised by SGSI and SIEP, the distribution of this DEP is confined to
companies forming part of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group, or managed by a Group company,
and to Contractors nominated by them.
This DEP is intended for use in oil refineries, chemical plants, gas plants, oil and gas
production facilities, and in supply/marketing installations. When DEPs are applied, a
Management of Change (MOC) process should be implemented. This is of particular
importance when existing facilities are to be modified.
If national and/or local regulations exist in which some of the requirements may be more
stringent than in this DEP, the Contractor shall determine by careful scrutiny which of the
requirements are the more stringent and which combination of requirements will be
acceptable as regards safety, economic and legal aspects. In all cases the Contractor shall
inform the Principal of any deviation from the requirements of this document which is
considered to be necessary in order to comply with national and/or local regulations. The
Principal may then negotiate with the Authorities concerned with the object of obtaining
agreement to follow this document as closely as possible.

1.3 DEFINITIONS

1.3.1 General definitions

The Contractor is the party that carries out all or part of the design, engineering,
procurement, construction, commissioning or management of a project or operation of a
facility. The Principal may undertake all or part of the duties of the Contractor.
The Manufacturer/Supplier is the party that manufactures or supplies equipment and
services to perform the duties specified by the Contractor.
The Principal is the party that initiates the project and ultimately pays for its design and
construction. The Principal will generally specify the technical requirements. The Principal
may also include an agent or consultant, authorised to act for, and on behalf of, the project.
The word shall indicates a requirement.
The word should indicates a recommendation.

1.3.2 Specific definitions and abbreviations

DCS Distributed Control System

diffuse reflection Equal reflection of light (luminous flux) in all directions (also
known as Lambert or cosine reflection). No light is lost in this
process, i.e. illuminance and luminance values are equal.
E/I/Q Electrical, instrumentation and quality measuring disciplines
FAT Factory Acceptance Test
HFE Human Factors Engineering.
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horizontal The light falling onto the surface (work station desk or VDU
illumination screen) from a horizontal direction.
Illumination The amount of light that falls onto a surface.
luminance ratio The brightness of a viewed object with respect to its
surroundings.
MOS Maintenance Override Switch
OOS Operational Override Switch
PC Personal Computer
PI Practical Instructor
PLC Programmable Logic Controller
PROSS Process Supervisory System
redundant coding Two or more coding forms in use at the same time
SAT Site Acceptance Test
SMOC
VDU Video Display Unit

vertical illumination The light falling onto a surface (e.g. work station desk or VDU
screen) from a vertical direction.

1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES
Where cross-references to other parts of this DEP are made, the referenced section
number is shown in brackets. Other documents referenced in this DEP are listed in (10).

1.5 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP

Comments on this DEP may be sent to the DEP Administrator at standards@shell.com.
Shell staff may also post comments on this DEP on the Surface Global Network (SGN)
under the Standards/DEP 30.00.60.15-Gen. folder. The DEP Administrator and DEP Author
monitor these folders on a regular basis.
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2. HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING (HFE)

2.1 GENERAL
HFE is the process of integrating human capabilities in the design of products, work places
or work systems (plant/facility) resulting in the effective, efficient, safe and healthy
functioning of human beings, thereby improving operational and maintenance tasks.
This DEP shall be used as a design tool/checklist in the definition phase to ensure that HFE
considerations are laid down in the design package.
Good design means that account is taken of "human factors". In other words, operator
tasks are matched to what a human being can and cannot do, and this is taken into
account, for example, in the layout and furnishing of control rooms, the presentation of
information on VDUs and the design of controls.
HFE should play a role right from the start of the design programme, with user participation
being a requirement rather than a luxury. Design reviews should be held during the various
design phases in order to avoid the need for subsequent modifications.
If HFE forms an integral element right from the start of a new construction project, an
important contribution can be made to safe, efficient and comfortable control of plants,
without raising their life-cycle costs.

2.2 BACKGROUND
The use of Distributed Control Systems (DCS) has substantially changed the task of
operators in refineries and the chemical industry in recent years. Operator activities now
have a more supervisory character, while the greater complexity of plants and process
control systems has led to operators being given greater responsibility. Human error can
therefore have serious consequences for productivity, safety and the environment.
This DEP is based on research of Human/Machine Interface design in existing control
rooms, which has revealed problems that impede the safe, comfortable and effective
control of automated systems.
The increasing number of national, European and international statutory
directives/guidelines on the Humman/Machine Interface in control rooms has also been
taken into account.
The main deficiencies revealed by study of the Human/Machine Interface in control rooms
are:
• Complaints by users concerning the layout and furnishing of control rooms (console
dimensions, noise level in the control room, lighting, inefficient walkways, etc.).
• Poor presentation of information on VDU; lack of standardization of VDU layout, use of
colour and symbols.
• Problems in how operators process the information of the alarm and annunciation
system; in particular the number of alarms and the confusing presentation.
• Operators are dissatisfied with the training accompanying the implementation of DCS
systems.

2.3 HFE IN DESIGN

2.3.1 Points for consideration

Important aspects of HFE in new construction or plant change projects are:
• The Principal shall ensure that HFE is incorporated in the design process of the project
as outlined in DEP 30.00.60.10-Gen..
• The Principal shall assure that Contractor has HFE competence to carry out HFE scope
definition for project (if defining the scope is part of the terms of reference – otherwise
the Principal shall ensure its own staff are trained).
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• HFE should not be considered as an isolated aspect; after all, design decisions all have
larger or smaller implications for operational or maintenance personnel.
• Most design decisions are a compromise. If an optimum HFE solution is not possible,
the pros and cons should be weighed carefully, especially if limits are exceeded (e.g.
limits for physical or mental load). Re-engineering the task may be required.
• Making a prototype (mock-up) or a scale model (1:10), even in a simple form, and
design reviews are valuable methods for checking and adjusting the design in respect of
HFE aspects (accessibility, range, layout, etc.). This is where good human modelling
software will be of value.
• Inclusion of operations and maintenance in the design process is critical for successful
HFE design.
2.3.2 User participation
The Principal shall assure user participation during all design phases by including operators
in the design/new construction teams in line with DEP 30.00.60.10-Gen.
The operator representative should be involved when design requirements for the following
aspects are compiled:
• Definition of operator philosophy, e.g. distribution of tasks between "outside/inside"
operators.
• Design of control room layout.
• Design of operator console.
- Dimensions, number of screens, layout of alarm displays.
- Communication means.
- Location and layout of switch panels.
- Keyboard layout.
- Room for writing and other tasks.
• DCS design, engineering and commissioning.
- Alarm philosophy.
- Classifying tag numbers into units/groups.
- Structure and hierarchy of custom displays.
- Detail design of custom/alarm displays.
- Training (organization and content).
- Interface between FAT/SAT and operators.
- Evaluation/changes after start-up.

2.4 COSTS/BENEFITS OF HFE

Taking account of HFE principles in the design will enhance the effectiveness of the design,
which in turn will help reduce human error and improve acceptance of the design by
operators, thus resulting in a reduction of the life-cycle cost of plants.
The advantages of HFE are:
• Improved maintainability of control rooms (i.e. designed so that maintenance tasks take
less time).
• Improved operability of equipment.
• Reduced physical and mental load on employees.
• Reduced occurences and consequences of human error.
• Fewer machine failures.
• Reduction of modifications.
• Standardization.
• Enhanced quality of work (well-being).
• Reduction of prolonged sick leave and permanent disablement.
For further guidance on HFE benefits and their economic quantification see
DEP 30.00.60.12-Gen.
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3. CONTROL ROOM BUILDING

3.1 LOCATION
• The control room location is determined by non-HFE factors such as safety, wind
direction, desired free space around the building, potential for expansion, emergency
response and the number of plants that are to be controlled from the control room.
• Further considerations in the choice of location:
Near the plant Far from the plant
Closer contact with plant Less noise
Less odour
Short walking or cycling distances Greater feeling of safety
Civil engineering costs higher Civil engineering costs lower

3.2 ACCESSIBILITY
Accessibility legislation (i.e. governing access by wheelchair users and other disabled
persons) shall be reviewed and applied by the Principal in all projects.

3.2.1 General
A relationship model should be developed that identifies critical features and incorporates
these data into the final design. Some generic points include:
• A single-storey building is recommended. This avoids frequent climbing of stairs and is
better logistically.
• If the building is located within a major hazard area a positive air pressure shall be
maintained inside in order to keep dangerous substances out of the building. Access to
the building will then be via an airlock with explosion-resistant and gas-proof doors.
Automatic doors should be used for this purpose, as these are easier to operate. See
DEP 34.17.10.30-Gen. and DEP 34.17.00.32-Gen. for building requirements.
• The space between the airlock doors can be used for storing safety equipment
(emergency breathing masks, etc.), provided this is allowed for in the design.
• It is preferable to design the building with a central corridor, along which the various
rooms can be reached, e.g. shift supervisors' room, shift room. The routes within the
building should therefore be determined beforehand. See Appendix 2 for an example of
a Control Room Building.
• The use of glass walls to separate the various areas should be avoided as far as
possible on account of reflections. A (partial) glass wall is acceptable for access control.
• With respect to building access, account should be taken of equipment as well as all
personnel. In practice, this means that it shall be possible to transport equipment easily
through the building. If necessary, facilities shall be provided for this.
3.2.2 Emergency exits and escape routes
Escape routes should lead right through the building. Routing them along a wall and far
apart is a good practical compromise in the control room. See Appendix 2 for an example of
a control room building.

3.2.3 Signposting
• Signposting in the control room helps visitors to find persons or locations and indicates
escape routes and emergency exits for fire-safety purposes.
• Signs shall be installed at clearly visible points (pay attention to letter size, colour, etc.).
• In large control buildings, a floor plan of the building should be provided at a
conspicuous place near the main entrance.
• Various standards specify where signs and emergency lighting shall be installed and the
appropriate dimensions, etc.
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3.2.4 Passages/passageways, doors and stairs

In the dimensioning passages, account shall be taken of:
• Personnel (with or without personal protective equipment).
• Equipment.
• If equipment and furniture are installed, account shall be taken of a free passageway of
at least 1200 mm (preferably 1400 mm).
• Dimensions of doors shall be as follows:
dimensions in millimetres
Width Height
Equipment 1800 2500
passage
Personnel 900 2100

• Dimensions of stairs shall be as follows:

- minimum run of tread shall be 200 mm;
- handrail shall be located approximately 900 mm vertically above the tread;
- adequate anti-slip surface shall be provided on the tread;
- spiral staircases should not be installed for safety reasons.
3.2.5 Other personnel and visitors
Other personnel and visitors should enter the control building not via the plant entrance, but
via a separate entrance (main entrance) and the central corridor.
A desk should be provided for issuing permits and receiving visitors (see also 3.2.3). The
desk shall comply with the legal requirements relating to workplace ergonomics. Special
attention shall be give to problems of draft arising from areas with and without positive
pressure.
A waiting/shift room for other personnel and visitors should be provided in the control
building near the main entrance and the point where people have to report.
Visitors' carpark, number of spaces and location (i.e. adjacency to the control room main
entrance) should also be considered in design.

3.3 LAYOUT OF AREAS

3.3.1 Control room

• The control room does not need to be situated at the most central point in the building.
People not directly involved with the control room should be kept away. The control
room should preferably not be situated on a thoroughfare of the plant.
• The walking distance between the plant and the control room should be kept as short as
possible (unless the use of vehicles is envisaged).
3.3.2 General shift supervisor's room

• The shift supervisor's room should be located in the immediate vicinity of the control
room to facilitate the necessary functional and social contacts.
• The shift supervisor's room should not be accessible solely via the control room
because the associated comings and goings would disturb the operators' concentration.
• A glass wall should not be fitted as partition between the shift supervisor's room and the
control room, since the operators would feel themselves under constant surveillance. If
visual communication is necessary, a glass strip is an acceptable alternative.
• The shift supervisor's room should be clearly signposted (3.2.3).
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• The room shall be large enough for office work and meetings. In addition, there should
be enough filing space.
• If the shift supervisor is absent, there shall be a sign informing visitors where to report.

3.3.3 Computer area – DCS location

• The computer area should be situated in the direct vicinity of the control room.
• A raised computer floor should not be installed so that operators have visual contact
with every part of the control room.
• When dimensioning the computer area, account should be taken of the creation of a
workplace for engineering tasks. This workplace shall comply with the local legislation
provisions relating to workplace ergonomics.

3.3.4 Laboratory
• The laboratory in control buildings is often too small. The tasks and activities to be
performed should be listed beforehand, whereupon the dimensions and furnishings can
be chosen appropriately.
• The location of the laboratory is a compromise between "maintaining contact" and
"isolation". Special attention should be devoted to this point if there is a permanent
laboratory worker. Measures should be taken to limit the isolated situation as far as
possible; for example by means of a partial glass wall. Video monitoring should be
employed for the sake of safety.
• The laboratory should be situated a short walk from the plant entrance. To facilitate the
transport of samples, a short route through the building is necessary. Depending on the
nature of the samples, a separate entrance should be provided on the plant side.
• If toxic substances are used, the laboratory should be isolated for safety and
environmental reasons.
3.3.5 Other areas

• Area for issuing work permits; this room should be furnished for writing/PC tasks, filing
of permits, maintaining plant records and an overview of activities, issue and storage of
safety equipment and storage of gas test equipment.
• Peak traffic times (i.e. shift handovers) should be considered in the design.
• Area for the Practical Instructor (P.I.); sufficient room should be provided, depending on
the tasks of the P.I.
• Assembly area; it may be desirable in a large control building to provide an assembly
area (refuge). This area could be combined with the social area, in which case this
should be taken into account when sizing the social room.
• Social area; this area should be situated close to the control room, although clearly
separated from it. The drawback of distant social areas is that the operators tend to
remain in the control room.
• Kitchen; this room can be combined with the social room if it is only used for making
coffee and the like.
• Toilets, washing and changing rooms; these areas should be situated directly off the
central corridor. They shall have good mechanical ventilation. The areas should be large
enough and reflect the composition of the workforce (male and female). A design with
"clean" and "dirty" areas is worth considering, and also the provision of access security
(e.g. by means of a key-card).
• Office areas; these should be designed for the tasks (writing, VDU work and meetings)
to be performed in them. See Appendix 3 for examples of workplace configuraions.
• E/I/Q (electrical, instrumentation and quality measuring disciplines) rooms; in practice it
is desirable to create separate workplaces for the E, I and Q diciplines in the control
building. This area shall be located near or adjacent to the computer area.
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• Conference rooms and filing; Conference rooms should be provided in the control room
for meetings, training etc. There should also be a separate filing room in the control
building.
• Storage rooms; sufficient space should be provided in the control building for storing
equipment. The room for the breathable air equipment shall be situated near the plant
entrance. This shall be large enough to avoid congestion in emergencies.
• Smoking area; smoking is forbidden in many control rooms. It is therefore desirable to
allocate a room where smoking is allowed. This shall not be combined with the social
area.
• Lockers and disabled persons’ facilities.
• Bulletin board where essential communications are posted.
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4. CONTROL ROOM

4.1 LAYOUT

4.1.1 Console configuration

• Account shall be taken of future expansion when determining the console configuration.
• The configuration of the plant layout consoles (e.g. mimics) in the control room shall
conform with the course of the process, from left to right. This is particularly important
for the alarm displays.
• The consoles should be grouped functionally for each part of the process.
• Mirror-image layouts shall never be employed in console arrangements for identical
processes.
• The console arrangements for different processes or parts of processes shall be clearly
separated.
• Consoles shall be located so that there are no annoying reflections on the screen (the
lighting plan should therefore always be drawn up after the console layout has been
determined).
• Luminance ratios (6.2.2).
• Arrangement of the consoles next to one another, or at right-angles to one another in a
U-shape or in a C-shape is dependent on the number of operators manning the console
section and the functional relationship between the various parts of the process. Each of
these arrangements has its specific pros and cons.
• The maximum number of VDUs (video display units) that an operator can physically
operate in an upset situation is three next to one another (e.g. 1 overview screen, 1
detail screen and 1 alarm display). This fact, in conjunction with the number of operators
needed in the control room, is one of the factors determining the console configuration.
• Further guidance on control desks is given in EEMUA 201.

4.1.2 Space required for the control room

The space for the control room is determined by:
• Space needed for the console configuration (4.1.1).
• Space for peripherals.
• Space for the other workplaces (4.2).
• Space for files.
• Number of operators.
• Space for meetings.
• Space for administration (only if building is used during plant shutdowns); for example
for charts, spading procedure, etc.).
4.1.3 Space for consoles
The space needed for the console configuration is determined by:
• Area of the console configuration.
• Space needed behind the VDUs for maintenance.
• Space needed for VDU operation (sitting, standing and walking).
• Space needed for the partitions.
• Space for an overview of the whole arrangement.
• Space for expansion.

4.2 LAYOUT OF OTHER WORKPLACES

• It is customary to equip a number of workplaces in the control room for administrative
work, checking of drawings ("manual table"), meetings, etc.
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The furnishing of these workplaces should take account of their functions.

Function Requirements for workplace
Reading drawings Large enough worktop area
Administration (PC) Sufficient seating, large table,
desk
Meetings

• Visual partitions are necessary between the various workplaces (sufficient separation,
plant boxes, partition wall), but the console shall be visible at all times.
• When planning the area, it is preferable not to locate any workplace in the direct vicinity
of the ventilation grids.
• In small control rooms (less than 36 m ), measures should be taken to avoid a shut-in
2

feeling (vertical glass strips in the walls, windows, wall decoration, etc.).
• In large control rooms, measures shall be taken to reduce the noise level and enhance
audibility of speech (adjustable volume of auditory signals, "trunking" of communication
means and clustering workplaces).
• In view of the noise and heat they produce, computers and peripherals should be
installed in a separate area, as far as possible.

4.3 WINDOWS
• The control room should be provided with windows to give a view of the plant and admit
daylight. People working in rooms without windows tend to feel "shut in".
• The windows shall have effective sunshades to achieve the desired luminance ratios
and to reduce reflections on VDU screens (vertical, opaque slatted blinds).
• When the consoles are installed, care shall be taken to avoid annoying reflections on
the screens and to ensure that the luminance ratios comply with 6.2.2.
• Transparent partition walls are also permitted.
• Daylight openings and outside view openings may be subject to statutory minimum
dimensions. Examples could be:
- Area of light openings should be 1/20 of floor area.
- Total width of light openings should be 1/10 of the perimeter of the area.
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5. WORKSTATION LAYOUT

5.1 DIMENSIONS AND SHAPE

• If a graphics panel with alarms is installed, this panel shall be placed above the VDU.
• The workstation layout shall have a separate keyboard, which, when pushed back,
allows room for writing.
• For furniture requirements and dimensions, see (6.5).
• Log books and other necessary documents should also be taken into account.

5.2 WORKSTATION CONFIGURATION (CONSOLE)

• The VDU with the most important process information should be positioned straight in
front of the operator.
• Information on screens should be comparable in a horizontal direction.
• To improve the overview across several screens, workstations should be set up at
angles of 10°.
• The configuration should include sufficient writing space for the operator.
Appendix 4 provides detailed pictures of console concepts.
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND FURNISHING

6.1 AIR CONDITIONING

• Control rooms contain a large number of VDUs relatively close together. VDUs generate
considerable amounts of heat, and their impact on air-conditioning requirements shall be
taken into account at an early stage in the design (ISO 11064-2).
• For further information regarding air quality and indoor climate, see
DEP 31.76.10.10-Gen.

6.2 LIGHT AND OUTSIDE VIEW

• The lighting plan, based on the control room layout (locations of consoles, workstations,
etc.), should be produced at the earliest possible stage of the design. A procedure for
developing a lighting plan is provided in Appendix 5. For outside view see (4.3).
6.2.1 Illuminance
• The illuminance at the work surface should be between 200 lx and 500 lx.
• The Illuminance shall be adjustable by means of a dimmer and should be controlled
from the console.
• If colour VDUs are used (information luminance 20 cd/m ), the maximum horizontal
2

Illuminance shall be 320 lx.

6.2.2 Luminance ratios
• The luminance ratios between the viewed object, the immediate environment and the
periphery shall be in the ratio of approximately 10:3:1.
6.2.3 Light fittings
In order to prevent disturbing reflections on the screens, light fittings shall meet the
following requirements:
• Deep reflector fittings with plastic or metal mirror grids.
• Screening grids should limit lateral light emission to approximately 40° relative to the
2
horizontal. Outside this range the luminance should not exceed 200 cd/m .
• The light fittings shall be positioned relative to the VDUs so that the fittings are outside
the operators' field of vision.
• Equipment of type HF (high frequency, approximately 28 kHz).
6.2.4 Colour temperature and colour reproduction index
• The colour temperature should be between 3300 K and 4000 K. For limited daylight
entry: 3300 K. For daylight in combination with artificial light: 4000 K.
• The colour reproduction index (Ra) of fluorescent lamps should be at least 83.

6.3 NOISE
Requirements are laid down in respect of noise and audibility of speech in control rooms.
Depending on the nature of the work (degree of concentration) and the necessity for voice
communication, there are several different values for maximum noise levels in control
building areas (see Table 1).
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Table 1 Maximum noise levels in control room areas

Area Maximum noise level
dB(A)
Control room 45 (preferably 40)
Conference room 45 (preferably 40)
Offices 45 (preferably 40)
Plant laboratory 45
Social rooms 50
Changing rooms 50
Computer rooms 60

If there are several control units in a central control room, account should be taken of the
following noise sources that could disturb voice communication:
• Noise due to the (large) number of VDUs; especially cooling fan noise.
• Noise generated by acoustic alarms; these should be adjustable for each unit.
• Noise resulting from communication between plant operator and panel operator; the
panel operators of the various units shall not be disturbed by one another. Use of
headphones is a possible solution. The sound-absorbent properties of the floor, walls
and ceiling can also affect speech audibility in the control room.
• Extra attention should be devoted to measures for controlling air-borne and contact
sound transmission, since a control building is located in the direct vicinity of the plant.

6.4 MATERIALS AND COLOUR

6.4.1 Colour of the room

To achieve a good colour scheme, an interior architect with experience in fitting out control
rooms should be consulted.
• When choosing the colours in the room (walls, ceiling, furniture, etc.), account should be
taken of the luminance ratios (6.2.2).
• Fairly inconspicuous colours should be chosen, particularly for the large areas (walls,
ceiling, etc.).
• The ceilings should be light-coloured, the walls somewhat tinted, and the floor dark
coloured.
• As regards diffuse reflections of the various surfaces, the following values are
recommended:
Table 2 Reflection values for specific Control Room surfaces
Surface Diffuse reflections
Ceiling > 60 %
Walls 40 % to 60 %
Floor 15 % to 30 %

• In order not to make an unnecessarily large transition between the screen and the other
surfaces of the console these surfaces should have a reflection percentage of between
30 % and 50 %. Light colours should be used for the worktop surface, with a luminance
ratio 10:3:1, see 6.2.2).
• For colours and their influence on human behaviour, see Appendix 6.
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6.4.2 Materials
• When choosing the materials, account shall be taken of their acoustic properties (e.g.
density of rubber), light (disturbing reflections) and temperature (cold to the touch).
• Materials shall in general be antistatic.
• When selecting floor covering, account shall be taken of: ease of moving office chairs
past the consoles, ease of cleaning.
• There are specific requirements governing the choice of materials for furniture (6.5).

6.5 FURNITURE

6.5.1 General
The furnishing of the control room and office cells in the control building shall be adapted to
the users and the office tasks to be performed (VDU, reading and writing tasks). Account
shall also be taken of the HFE requirements applicable to the use of furniture.
6.5.2 Desks
Desks shall comply with the following HFE requirements:
• Dimensions min. 1200 mm wide (min. 1500 mm if a VDU is used).
• Height adjustable between 620 and 820 mm above the floor.
• Provided with integrated cable duct system.
• Depth of writing/reading work surface: at least 600 mm.
• Depth of VDU work surface: at least 900 mm.
• It should be possible to angle the VDU work surface relative to the writing/reading work
surface (L-configuration).

6.5.3 Chairs
The chair placed at the console shall comply with the following requirements:
• Swivel 360º
• Seat height adjustable from 410 mm to 530 mm.
• Flat seat.
• Backrest depth adjustable from 400 mm to 440 mm.
• High backrest adjustable in height (at least 370 mm).
• Short adjustable armrests, adjustable from 200 mm to 270 mm.
• Tilting mechanism lockable in 3 positions.
• The chair shall rest on 5 points.
• Sturdy enough for continuous use.
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7. VDUS AND CONTROLS

7.1 VDU SCREENS

VDU screens include normal CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) type monitors as well as flat panel
screens.

7.1.1 Resolution
• For displaying graphic symbols, screens should be used which can reproduce at least
1024 pixels x 1024 pixels.
7.1.2 Anti-reflective coating
• The reflection factor of VDU screens should be approximately 0.5 % which can be
achieved, for example, with a 1/4 lambda coating.
7.1.3 Image refresh frequency
• For screens with dark symbols against a light background, an image refresh frequency
of at least 70 Hz is needed to avoid irritating flickering. This is especially important if
multiple users use multiple VDUs. As the human eye is more sensitive to flicker in the
periphery, the refresh rate of the VDUs shall be kept at 70 Hz or above.
7.1.4 Image polarity
• Screens with dark symbols against a light background are preferred because they are
less susceptible to reflections and have better luminance ratios in the field of view.
7.1.5 Screen luminance
• This should be adjustable.
7.1.6 Noise
• Noise produced by the VDU shall not exceed 55 dB(A) [preferably 45 dB(A)].

7.2 CONTROLS

7.2.1 Speed of operation and response

Table 3 User activities and maximum response time
User activity Max. response time
s
Control activity (e.g. closing valve) 0.1
Simple instruction (e.g. calling up 2
display)
Complex instruction (e.g. calling up 5
trend)
Error message (directly following end 4 (preferably 2)
of input
Request for next page 1 (preferably 0.5)

If the maximum response time cannot be achieved, the operator should be notified of the
expected response time, since in practice operators often repeat a control action
unnecessarily.

7.2.2 Operating stereotypes

The relationship between an operation of the controls and the resulting movement shall
correspond with familiar patterns and habits for local staff. For example, if a process is
regulated by turning a knob clockwise, the pointer on the corresponding display shall also
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move clockwise. This is called compatibility. The movement stereotypes for a cursor,
joystick, tracker ball, light pen, keyboard, mouse, etc. are shown in Table 4 operators
should be included in the design process to confirm the sterotypes.
Table 4 Control function stereotypes
Function Movement
Switch on Up
To right
Forwards
Turn clockwise
Pull a switch
Switch off Down
To left
Backwards
Turn anticlockwise
Press a switch
To right Turn clockwise
To right
Up Up
Forwards
Downs Down
Backwards
Increase Forwards
Up
To right
Turn clockwise
Reduce Backwards
Down
To left
Turn anticlockwise

7.2.3 Compatability
For the display of information, all types of compatability shall be considered, however only
two types are emphasised in this DEP. Any control display relationship that is consistent
with a prevailing mental stereotype is deemed compatable.

7.2.3.1 Movement Compatability

Movement of the control relates to the movement of the response.

7.2.3.2 Spatial Compatability

Location of the control relates to the position of the response within the display.
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7.2.4 Keyboard
Mechanical keyboards are preferable, partly because of the tactile feedback to the user
instead of an auditory signal. This helps to reduce the background sound level.
• If auditory feed-back is used, for example by means of a bleep, it shall be possible to
adjust the sound level.
• The keyboard should be connected to the VDU by means of a flexible cable.
The keyboard should not be thicker than 4 cm at its centre.
Membrane keyboards are only suitable for an extremely low typing speed.
The keyboard should be placed at an angle of 5° to 15° from the horizontal.
The layout of the keys should correspond with that of a PC/typewriter.
If much numerical data has to be entered, the keyboard should be fitted with a numerical
keypad. The choice then has to be made between a calculator layout and a telephone-type
layout.

7.2.5 Cursor
There are two layouts for the cursor control keys:
• The inverted T: 3 keys for left, down, and right, in a row, and the up key placed above
them in the middle.
• The "cross" layout: the direction of cursor movement should be indicated on the keys.
The cursor should not disturb the legibility of the screen data.
The cursor should only blink if immediate action is required.
The cursor shall not resemble a symbol already in use.

7.2.6 Tracker ball

A tracker ball (inverted mouse) is a spherical control mechanism which drives two mutually
perpendicular sensors. A tracker ball is worth considering if precise and repetitive tasks
have to be carried out.
The number of rotations shall not be limited in any direction and the resistance should be
equal in every direction of rotation.
The tracker ball is operated by exercising a small tangential force; for faster movements
over greater distances, the ball is "flicked" (flywheel effect), after which it is slowed down
when the cursor approaches the desired position.
A problem with this mode of operation is, however, that the cursor can run off the screen
without being noticed. It is then sometimes difficult to find it again. A knob should therefore
be provided to return the cursor to a fixed starting position.
Measures should also be taken to prevent accidental alteration of the position of the tracker
ball, for example the use of a switch.
The surface of the tracker ball should be treated to provide good contact with the operator's
hand. The ball is not generally intended for gloved use.
The tracker ball should be mounted with its centre of gravity below the working surface. The
working surface should be (practically) horizontal.
The diameter of the tracker ball shall, for one-handed operation, be at least 60 mm but not
more than 120 mm (preferably not more than 90 mm).

7.2.7 Mouse
A mouse is eminently suitable for point and select tasks. It is unsuitable for data entry.
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7.2.8 Touch screen

Touch screens should be used for selecting subjects, browsing, data entry/retrieval and
applications in which it is undesirable or time consuming to divert attention from the screen.
This technique can only be used if high precision is not required. Direct feedback (e.g.
auditory) should be provided.
2
The sensitive zones should be large enough for finger touch (at least 4 cm ) and should
take account of screen parallax.
A drawback of the use of a touch screen is the static loading of the user’s arm and the
constant recalibration.

7.2.9 Overview of various input media

Table 5 provides an overview of typical characteristics of various inputs devices.
Table 5 Advantages and disadvantages of the standard pointing devices
(+ advantage, 0 neutral, - disavantage).
Touch Light Graphic Mouse Track- Joy-stick
Screen Pen Tablet ball
Eye-hand coordination + + 0 0 0 0
Unobstructed view of display - - + + + +
Freedom from parallax problems - - + + + +
Input resolution capability - - + + + +
Flexibility of placement within - - 0 0 + +
workplace
Minimum space requirements + + - - + +
Minimum training requirements + 0 0 0 0 0
Comfort in extend use - - 0 0 + +
Suitability for:
Pointing + + + + + -
Rapid pointing + + 0 0 0 -
Pointing with confirmation - 0 0 + 0 -
Drawing - - + 0 - -
Tracing - - + - - -
Continuous tracking, slow targets 0 0 + + + -
Continuous tracking, fast targets - - 0 0 0 +
Alphanumeric data entry - - - - - -
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8. PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION

8.1 INTRODUCTION
Experience has shown that DCS designers work according to different principles, for
example in respect of use of symbols, colours and layout. This can lead to confusion and
misinterpretation if several control systems are integrated in a single control room. An
excess of auditory and light signals may have an adverse effect on the attention-drawing
function of these signals.
A correct layout of displays alone is not sufficient to arrive at an ergonomically acceptable
DCS control system. It is just one of the conditions to be met to enable operators to control
a DCS system as efficiently as possible. An alarm philosophy matched to the possibilities of
the operator (alarm management and alarm presentation) is another important pillar on
which the Human/Machine Interface in automated control systems should be based.
Close collaboration between the instrumentation engineer and operator is a prerequisite for
arriving at a correct layout of the pictorials. The input of operational know-how by
experienced operators and compliance with HFE guidelines in respect of the layout and use
of symbols are vital (see Appendix 13).

8.1.1 In principle, do not display equipment which cannot be controlled

In principle, no equipment should be shown which cannot be controlled or for which no
action ever needs to be undertaken; information should not be shown that does not
contribute to improving the operator's mental picture of the process.
Irrelevant information should be avoided, such as: constantly repeated display of the
program name, version number, supplier name. Attention should be paid to the number of
digits after the decimal point, and to control loops and manually operated valves, drain and
purge connections, etc. which are not fitted with position sensors.

8.1.2 Consistency
Within a display and in similar displays the same or similar information shall appear at the
same place and in the same form. The letter or number for menu selection shall be placed
to the left of each option, the name of a data field to the left of the relevant data.

8.1.3 Process streams

Intersecting lines should not be used.
Process streams should be shown from left to right and/or from top to bottom. Streams that
do not follow this convention (e.g. from right to left, recycles) shall be marked by arrows.

8.1.4 Symbols
Standard process symbols shall be used that are simple as as close as possible to reality.

8.1.5 Touch targets

2
These shall be the same size as the item to be selected, but in any case at least 2 cm .
Retrieval times are considerably shorter with a well designed screen than with a poorly
designed screen. The number of misreadings is similarly reduced.

8.2 CURSORS
Cursors shall not hinder the reading of other information and should flash only if immediate
action is required. Cursors shall be easy and quick to move; this agility shall be controllable
by the user (especially useful if the user has limited dexterity capabilities), see (7.2.5).
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8.3 CODING OF VISUAL INFORMATION

The coding methodology shall be consistent (always used in the same way). Redundant
coding (two or more coding forms in use at the same time) should be used for information
points which are crucial for the interpretation of the process.
Coding should be used when rapid processing is needed.
The following coding methods are available:
• Colour: colour coding should only be used redundantly, i.e. in addition to other coding
(for meanings of stereotypes, (7.2.2).
• Brightness: no more than two levels of brightness shall be used; these should still be
clearly differentiable at the screen's maximum brightness setting.
• Reverse video: in order to speed up a retrieval task, a word or code can be inserted in a
block with reversed contrast (foreground and background colours reversed).
• Blinking: only if supplementary coding is used and if direct action is needed: no more
than two different flash rates shall be used; the actual word should not blink, only around
the word (e.g. exclamation marks or lines); it shall be possible to switch off the blinking
(cancellation) (8.8.1).
• Size of a shape or character: no more than 3 different sizes shall be used.

8.4 ALERTING BY AUDITORY SIGNALS

No more than two different auditory signals should be used.
One continuous signal shall be produced with adjustable volume, at least 15 dB(A) above
background noise level (and shall be at least 65 dB(A)).
One intermittent signal shall be produced for high-priority alarms, duration and volume
adjustable, at least 15 dB(A) above background noise level (see also ISO 7731).

8.5 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR VISUAL DISPLAY INFORMATION

It has been found that operators are frequently presentated with confusing information on
the screen.
The layouts and coding of pictorials are often inconsistent and insufficiently intelligible,
which can give rise to misinterpretation. It is also known that the use of a wide range of
symbols, colours and visual signals adversely effects the attraction of attention. This
impacts on efficient process control, hinders efficient working and increases the chance of
costly mistakes, particularly during upset situations, and entails unnecessarily high mental
effort for operators. This situation is called an "interface mismatch".

8.5.1 Interface mismatch

Pictorial designers often proceed from differing assumptions when hierarchically coding
data. The mental process model of the designer (e.g. instrumentation engineer) differs
greatly from that of the user. Both the grouping of items of information and the displayed
detail level and manner of alarm presentation are often based on an idea (of the designer)
of the operator’s task that does not correspond with reality.
A solution for this problem is a systematic integration of the information needs of the
operator in the design process (see Table 6), not only regarding normal operating
circumstances, but also - and in particular - regarding upset situations. This general design
procedure can be employed in existing and new situations.
The visual display design procedure addresses the following key questions:
Step 1: How do the operators view the process. Which main and sub-components do they
distinguish and what relationships are there between them?
Step 2: Which information from the process is really necessary for a good overview? How
accurate must this be and how must it be shown on the screen?
Step 3: How must the results of steps 1 and 2 be intergrated in a prototype?
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Step 4: How do the operators rate the (re)designed graphic in comparison with the old
one. How do they perform a number of typical interface activities using the old
and new interface designs?

Table 6 Summary table of general design procedure.

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR VISUAL DISPLAY INFORMATION
Step Purpose Method
1 Functional • Structured discussions
classification (user between shift teams
classification of
relationships between • Consensus seeking
the process parts) between shift teams
2 Process information • Desirability scores by
necessary for operators and process
overview: engineer
• Numeric info • Questionnaire for
operators with regard to
• Graphic (non-
colour coding, etc.
numeric) info
3 Integration of results • Guidelines form step 2
from steps 1 and 2 (e.g. spatial separation
of dynamic and structural
process Information)
4 Evaluation, after a • Questionnaire for
minimum period of operators
experience with the
proposal • Performance tests by
operators with the
proposed VDU picture
(search, comparison and
interpretation tasks)
Further guidance can also be obtained from DEP 30.00.06.16-Gen. which promotes
consistency in layout and coding of pictorials, and the effective use of the various coding
alternatives.
Result
• Description of the total
process, consisting of a
number of main groups,
consisting in turn of sub-
groups
• Optimum browsing
sequence between main
and sub-groups
• Relative necessity of the
various sorts of dynamic
information and their
desired precision, with
guidelines
• Specifications for
graphic representation
of structural info
(process charts), with
guidelines
• Proposal for VDU
graphic, and its
configuration on the
process control system
• Final version of VDU
graphic
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9. ASPECTS OF TRAINING

9.1 INTRODUCTION
Good ergonomic design shall be the primary focus for any control room design or upgrade
project, and attention to training cannot compensate for poor design. Task requirements
and demands shall be fully understood during the design phase, so that design features
can be built into the system hardware and software that will support the required levels of
task performance and reduce the likelihood of error. The system shall be designed so that
the tasks required of end users are within the physical and mental capacities, requirements
and expectations of the end users.
Attention to a well designed training strategy and program is vital and should complement
good design, but cannot be a substitute for it.
The training strategy and program should be based on thorough Training Needs Analysis
(TNA) from which clear training objectives can be established. The training needs will
ensure from knowledge of end users, the nature of the design / upgrade project being
undertaken, and the required performance outcomes to be achieved. A review of all key
functions within the control room should be carried out for the purposes of the TNA, and
should not only focus on the DCS. Changes to the control system or strategy may impact
other functions and tasks (e.g. engineering functions, Permit to Work functions etc.) and
such interactions also need to be identified and understood as part of the TNA.
Projects involving a transition to a DCS will all be slightly different. For example, there are
transitions from conventional panel to DCS in large plants and small plants, transition from
an old DCS to a new DCS, starting a new plant on DCS, transferring from conventional to
DCS by control loop and implementation of DCS during a maintenance shut-down. Every
transition to a new DCS therefore requires a tailor-made training strategy and plan. If any
aspect of training is to be carried out on-line, safety is of course paramount and the training
program should be based on a sound understanding of the hazards and risks and the
measures required to ensure these are controlled. Simulators should be used to bring
operators’ skills up to the required levels, especially under upset, infrequently occurring and
degraded conditions.
A number of key issues are presented in the following sections.

9.2 VARIOUS TRANSITION GROUPS

It is possible to divide the various transitions into 4 main groups:
a. DCS implementation in new construction.
b. Transition from conventional panel to DCS, whereby the control elements are
transferred on a 1 to 1 basis.
c. Transition from conventional panel to DCS, whereby the plant's control/regulation
strategy is changed by using advanced control, quality estimators, etc.
d. Transition from an old DCS to a new DCS.
The training plans to be compiled for the various transition groups have the following
characteristics:
a. DCS implementation in new construction
• All operators should have acquired a thorough knowledge of the plant by
means of training in the construction phase.
• In general, there is not the pressure of time at start-up.
• In the precommissioning phase, the operators have plenty of opportunity, with
their own DCS and plant, of familiarizing themselves with the operation of DCS
and the functioning of the control loops.
In this case, it is sufficient to provide training in the operation of the operator
workstation and specific plant-related application training. Operators with
considerable experience, preferably with a similar DCS system, should be
appointed for this purpose.
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b. Conventional to DCS with 1 to 1 replacement

• The operators' plant knowledge is usually sufficient to make the transition.
• No changes in the control strategy.
• Transition often under great pressure of time (during shutdowns).
• No opportunity of training with own DCS and plant.
For this transition, the importance of a good training in operating the system is
much greater than for the transition under point A. The operators shall be enabled
to gain operating experience by means of a simulator in the period between
training for the operation and the actual commissioning of the system.
c. Transition from conventional to DCS with change of control strategy
• Plant knowledge regarding the new instrumental control is often insufficient.
• Transition often under great pressure of time.
• No opportunity of training with own DCS and plant.
• Substantial changes in control strategy.
This is relatively the most difficult transition and therefore requires the most
training.
In addition to the training described in point B, attention shall also be paid to
training with the new control systems.
d. Transition from an old DCS to a new DCS
• Plant knowledge in the field of instrumental control systems is normally very
good.
• Operators are already familiar with working with a DCS, which simplifies the
transition.
• There is no opportunity of training with the new DCS and the operators’ own
plant.
• Evaluation of old DCS and making use of this in the new DCS.
This is relatively the most straightforward transition; the operators are used to
working with a DCS.
In this case, training in the operation of the operator workstation and plant-related
application training are sufficient.

9.3 METHOD OF DCS IMPLEMENTATION

The conventional to DCS transition can take place in two ways:
a. Implementation of DCS during a maintenance shutdown of the plant
The trouble with this is that during a shutdown there is great pressure on the panel
operator, since in addition to working with a new control system, he also has to deal with
the frequent non-routine situations that occur during the start-up of a plant. Furthermore,
start-ups are usually accompanied by a large number of faults/anomalies in the field
instrumentation. This can lead to lengthier shutdowns and/or a prolonged start-up
period.
The tuning of control loops is difficult because during a start-up the loops have not
usually attained the normal process conditions. The advantage is that the transition can
be made rapidly.
This method can be used for transitions of small plants in which a trip or temporary off-
spec. production is not critical. It should not be used in large and/or critical plants.
b. Implementation of DCS by loop for loop transfer with the plant in operation
The drawback of this method is that it takes longer before the transition is complete.
During the switch-over, double manning of the panel is necessary.
The advantages are:
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By starting with the least critical control loops, the panel men of all shifts can get a better
feeling for regulating with the new system. As each loop is transferred, any faults will
show up at once. The control loops can be individually tuned as they are transferred.
Critical control loops can be transferred outside day-shift hours, so that the operators
have more time to concentrate on the transfer. No low-priority maintenance work is
scheduled during the transition.
In the event of a serious process disturbance, for example a leaking meter connection,
the transfer can be temporarily stopped. This method should be used in large, critical
plants and plants with a complicated start-up procedure.

9.4 TRAINING FOR THE VARIOUS TRANSITION GROUPS

In order to draw up a training plan for the previously mentioned transitions, answers to the
following questions are required:
• What training needs to be given?
• Who receives what training?
• Who gives what training?
• How can the training be given?
For groups 9.2.a. to 9.2.d., this can be filled in as follows:

9.4.1 DCS implementation in new construction

What training should be given and to whom?
1. Operation of operator workstation.
Such a training course should be tailored to the plant in question.
All operators.
2. Plant-specific application training.
The aim of this training is to familiarize operators with the applications in all peripheral
systems, such as PROSS and safeguarding PLCs in association with the operator
workstation.
All operators.
3. Special training for the operators and Plant Instructor.
The activities for staff involved in the project include creating pictorials, writing
(improving, keeping up to date) operating manuals, and training the operators.
4. Training in control loops and safeguarding systems.
In general, this is included in the plant's overall training package. All operators.

Who gives what training?

• Since the DCS supplier is the only party with a complete knowledge of the hardware,
software and configuration used, that supplier alone is able to provide the operator
workstation training and the project-related training at the desired level. The training on
peripheral systems and the plant-specific application can also be given by the
contractor, but alternatively this may be provided by a simulator trainer from the internal
training centre with possible support from craft departments involved in the new
construction project. Control loops and safeguarding training can be given by the
Instrument department and Plant Instructor (PI).
How can the training be given?
• As the operators do not yet work on a full-shift basis, the training can be given at any
convenient moment during day-shift hours. The training can be given on the plant’s
DCS.
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9.4.2 Conventional to DCS with 1 to 1 switchover of control loops

What training should be given and to whom?

1. Operation of operator workstation.
Such a training course should be tailored to the plant in question.
All operators.
2. Gaining experience with the operator workstation.
By making use of a workstation with a simulation program, it is possible in the period
between the course on the operation of the operator station and the implementation of
the DCS to gain experience with the operation and control of a plant running under
DCS.
All operators.
3. Special training for the operators and Plant Instructor.
The activities for operators involved in the project include creating pictorials and writing
operating manuals.

Who gives what training?

• The training wherey experience is increased with the aid of a simulator can be provided
by the local training department, if this department has an operator workstation.
• The other training is given by the same persons or bodies as for transition group a.
How can the training be given?
• The course on the operation of the operator workstation has to be given on the
supplier's premises. This means that small groups will have to be formed of
representatives from all shifts.
9.4.3 Transition from conventional to DCS with changes in control strategy

What training should be given and to whom?

1. Operation of operator workstation.
2. Gaining experience with the operator workstation.
By making use of a workstation with a simulation program, it is possible in the period
between the course on the operation of the operator station and the implementation of
the DCS to gain experience with the operation and control of a plant running under
DCS.
All operators.
3. Special training for the operators and Plant Instructor.
4. Training in control loops, safeguarding, sequence programs, etc.
5. Application training.
All changes in the control strategy shall be passed on to the operators with the aid of the
control narratives and operating manuals. All operators.
Who gives what training?
• The training whereby experience is increased with the aid of a simulator can be
provided by the training department, if this department has an operator workstation.
• The other training is given by the same persons or bodies as for transition group a.
• The application training can be given by the Plant Instructor. The course on control
loops etc. can be given by the instrument engineer and Plant Instructor.
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How can the training be given?

• The course on the operation of the operator station has to be given by the supplier. This
means that small groups will have to be formed of representatives from all shifts.
9.4.4 Transition from old DCS to new DCS

What training should be given and to whom?

1. Operation of operator workstation
Such a training course should be tailored to the plant in question.
All operators.
2. Plant-specific application training
The aim of this training is to familiarize operators with the workings of all applications in
the peripheral systems, such as PROSS, and safeguarding PLCs in association with the
new operator workstation. All operators.
3. Special training for the operators and Plant Instructor.
The activities for staff involved in the project include creating pictorials, writing operating
manuals and training the operators.

Who gives what training?

• Since the DCS supplier is the only party with a complete knowledge of the hardware,
software and the configuration used, that supplier alone is able to provide the operator
workstation training and the project-related training at the desired level.
• The training on peripheral systems and the plant-specific application can be given by the
Plant Instructor with possible support from craft departments involved in the project.
How can the training be given?
• The course on the operation of the operator workstation can be given by the supplier to
the shifts.This should preferably take place in small groups formed of representatives
from all shifts.
Since the operators already have experience of working with DCS, it is also possible to opt
to train a number of people who will in turn train the rest of the operators. This will,
however, require a workstation to be available for training purposes.
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9.4.5 Overview of training

Table 7 Training Register
Subject of Who is Who gives A B C D
training trained? training?
Process- All operators PI X
related
knowledge of
plant
Control- All operators Instruments X X
related or Process
knowledge of Control
plant department
Familiarity All operators DC S X X X
with DCS Supplier,
Contractor
Use of All operators DCS X X X X
operator Supplier,
station Contractor
controls
Control All operators Contractor, X X X
peripherals PI
Writing PI (Plantin- DCS supplier X X X X
manuals, structor)
making
pictorials
Simulation All operators Training X X X X
Department
A. DCS implementation in new construction.
B Conventional to DCS with 1 to 1 switch over.
C. Conventional to DCS with change of control strategy.
D. Transfer of old to new DCS.

9.5 SIMULATION SYSTEMS

A simulator shall be an integral part of the DCS supply.

9.5.1 Introduction
A simulation system makes use of a mathematical model in a computer and can reproduce
the behaviour of all the variables in a plant or unit.
Simulation systems are used for operator training in many plants, but not much information
is available regarding the advantages or costs/benefits of simulators. However, some
research has been done and the conclusion is that intensive and specific training of the
operator is vital for a good understanding of the new process facility. Good follow-up
practice with the aid of simulation of the operator's own process is very important and
results in savings, provided it is carefully planned.
In the following sections a number of applications and advantages of simulators are
summerized, based on literature and experience inside and outside Shell.
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9.5.2 Application of simulator in relation to life cycle phases of a plant

Based on the various life cycle phases of a plant, a number of activities can be
distinguished for which a simulator could be useful.
1. Pre-start-up engineering tests: check of equipment and dynamics of the process, control
strategies and plant procedures.
2. Start-up training: training of start-up teams with regard to the course of the process,
equipment, controls, start-up procedure, etc.
3. Training for operation:
a. Basic training for operators in respect of instruments, individual controls, process and
control systems.
b. Familiarization of engineers, managers, etc. with the process.
c. Training of operators in process optimization.
d. Training of operators in dealing with upset situations.
e. Training of engineers in respect of plant modifications, process changes and new
control systems.
f. Refresher training for operators.

9.5.3 Advantages of simulator

The following positive effects can be distinguished, relating to the activities 1, 2 and 3 listed
in 9.5.2:
1. Pre-start-up engineering tests
a. Savings due to the fact that necessary plant and/or control strategy
modifications can be carried out more quickly and thus at lower cost: "build
only once".
b. Savings in plant operating costs because design modifications can be carried
out before the start-up.
2. Start-up training
a. Savings in costs of start-up training
b. Shorter start-up training
c. Savings from a quicker start-up thanks to more effective training.
3. Operation training
a. Savings in time and costs of basic operator training.
b. Savings due to managers, engineers, etc. being more familiar with the plant
dynamics and the potential upsets of the plant.
c. Savings due to training of operators in fine tuning of controls to optimize the
process (only in the case of a "high-fidelity" model).
d. Savings by operators being better trained and having more confidence in the
control system.
e. Savings from raised production as a result of a more efficient operation of the
plant.
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10 REFERENCES
In this DEP reference is made to the following publications:
NOTES: 1. Unless specifically designated by date, the latest issue of each publication shall be used (together
with any amendments/supplements/revisions thereof).
2. The DEPs and most referenced external standards are available to Shell users on the SWW (Shell
Wide Web) at address http://sww.shell.com/standards.

SHELL STANDARDS

Human factors engineering in projects DEP 30.00.60.10-Gen.

Human factors engineering – Investment justification DEP 30.00.60.12-Gen.
model
Human factors engineering – Hierarchy attention DEP 30.00.60.16-Gen.
coding for graphical display design (under
development)
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning for plant DEP 31.76.10.10.Gen.
buildings
Design and engineering of buildings DEP 34.17.00.32-Gen.
Blast resilient and blast resistant control DEP 34.17.10.30-Gen.
Buildings/field auxiliary rooms
BRITISH STANDARDS
Process plant control desks utilising EEMUA 201
human-computer interfaces – A guide to design,
operational and human interface issues
Issued by:
Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association
45 Beech Street
London
United Kingdom
EC2Y 8AD

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Ergonomics danger signals for public and work areas ISO 7731
– Auditory danger signals.
Lighting of indoor work places ISO 8995
Ergonomic design of control centres –
Part 2: Principles for the arrangement of control ISO 11064-2
suites.
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APPENDIX 1 HUMAN/MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI) AND CONTROL ROOM DESIGN

CHECKLISTS

These checklists identify any bottlenecks in existing control rooms, panel rooms and other relevant
human machine interfaces, and include a checklist for project management purposes. The relevant
checklist can also be used to determine the scope of a new building and/or HCI project.

1. CONTROL ROOM
n.a. yes no specification
SPATIAL CONFIGURATION
1 Are the consoles configured in accordance with the logical
process sequence?
2 Are the alarm displays configured in accordance with the
logical process sequence?
3 Are the consoles functionally grouped per production
process?
4 Is there a clear and visible separation between the
console configurations of the various parts of processes?
5 Have mirror-image configurations been avoided for
identical processes?
6 Have efforts been taken to minimize reflections in the
console configuration?
7 In the console layout (one on top of the other, C-form,
U-form, circle), has account been taken of the number of
operators controlling the process? Has account been
taken of "normal" operating conditions?
8 Has it been made possible for operators to retain an
overview of the control room even with minimum manning
(e.g.: visibility of panels, acoustic alarms, etc.)?
9 Has the need been avoided for operators to constantly
walk back and forth in the control room, with minimum
manning?
10 In the console configuration, has account been taken of
the fact that during an upset an operator can cope with 3
monitors at maximum (e.g., an overview monitor, detail
monitor and alarm display)?
SPACE REQUIREMENT
11 Is there sufficient space in the control room for:
- required overview of the entire configuration
- console maintenance (N.B.: including access behind
the monitors)
- sitting, standing, walking
- making separations
- number of operators
- peripherals
- administration
- discussion
- document storage
- special circumstances such as plant shutdowns
(space for drawings, procedures, etc.).
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n.a. yes no specification

CONFIGURATION OF OTHER WORKPLACES
12 Is the configuration of the other workplaces functional?
13 Has account been taken of the tasks to be performed, e.g.
working surface of sufficient size for reading drawings,
and sufficient chair space for discussions?
14 Is it critically important for the console to be visible from
these workplaces and has account been taken of this
(note: height of plant pots, dividing walls, etc.)?
15 Has the fitting of ventilation grilles directly above
workplaces been avoided?
16 Have measures been taken so that operators do not feel
2
hemmed in, particularly in small control rooms (< 36 m ),
e.g. by means of: vertical glazing panels in walls;
windows; wall decorations, etc.?
17 In the control room layout, has sufficient attention been
paid to ensuring that normal speech is intelligible?
18 Has the housing of "unnecessary" equipment in the
control room been avoided (because of the heat and noise
generated, such equipment should be housed in separate
rooms as far as possible)?
DAYLIGHT/WINDOWS
19 As regards the ingress of daylight and windows, has
sufficient account been taken of specified minima (e.g.
area of light-admitting openings to be 1/20 of floorspace,
total width of light-admitting openings to be 1/10 of room
perimeter)?
20 Are the windows sufficiently blinded against sunlight glare
(e.g. by using vertical light-obscuring slats)?
21 Has sufficient account been taken of the required
luminance ratio (10:3:1)?
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2. CONSOLE LAYOUT
n.a. yes no specification
DIMENSIONS AND FORM
1 Do the console dimensions comply with anthropometric
data, for seated and standing personnel?
- height of monitor
- angle of monitor to horizontal
- height of working surface
- depth of working surface
- leg room underneath console
- thickness of working surface
- use of double monitors (one on top of the other)
- footrests and their angle to horizontal
2 Is there sufficient room for:
- writing by operators
- communication facilities
- support of lower arms and wrists, etc.
3 Are the graphic panels with alarms placed up in the tertiary
face zone?
4 Is there sufficient writing space for operators alongside a
fixed keyboard?
5 Have measures been taken to ensure that loose keyboards
cannot drop off the console (note: cord length)?

CONFIGURATION
6 Can operators sit straight in front of the most important
monitors?
7 Are monitors set at the right working height and the right
angle for operators, including any standalone PCs?
8 Is information displayed on monitors compared in the
horizontal direction?
9 Has it been made possible for the operator to survey
several monitors from one position
NOTE: Console in a curved bay of at least 10°?

10 In the layout of important monitors, has sufficient space

been allowed for several operators to work at the console
(upsets, calamities, etc.)?
11 In the selected number and positioning of communication
facilities, has the need been avoided for operators to
constantly move around?
12 Is there sufficient room for instrumentation staff to work?
13 Is accessibility for maintenance adequate?
14 Can components be readily fitted and dismantled?
15 Can cables be readily routed through the console?
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3. PHYSICAL FACTORS
n.a. yes no specification

LIGHT
1 Is the lighting plan attuned to the configuration of the
various workplaces (to avoid reflections)?
2 Are there blinds (which shall limit sidelong light emission to
40 degrees relative to horizontal) to prevent reflections?
3 Does the illumination at the operator's working surface
measure 200 lx to 500 lx?
4 Is the illumination variable (dimmer)?
5 Is the illumination variable from the console?
6 If colour monitors are used, has a maximum permissible
horizontal illumination of 320 lx been allowed for?
7 Do the luminance ratios between the visual task, immediate
surroundings and periphery comply with the ratio 10:3:1?
8 As regards the placement of the light fittings, has it been
ensured that they do not fall in the operator's field of vision,
in relation to the monitors?
9 Does the colour temperature lie between 3300 K and
4000 K?
NOTE: 3300 K with limited ingress of daylight or 4000 K with daylight
plus artificial light.

10 Is the colour reproduction index (Ra) of the fluorescent

lamps approximately 83?

CLIMATE
11 Does the climate control take account of the heat generated
by the number of operators and equipment?
12 Is the air refresh rate by mechanical ventilation
3
approximately 50 m per hour per operator?
13 As regards the intake of outdoor air, has account been
taken of abnormal circumstances (which could adversely
affect quality - risk of noxious and other odours)?
14 Have measures been taken to counteract the spread of dust
and/or fibres?
15 Is the installation sufficiently maintenance-friendly
(inspection and cleaning facilitated)?
16 Is equipment which may result in "dry air" kept outside the
control room (e.g.: printers, photocopiers, etc.)?
17 Does the indoor climate during the heating season satisfy
the following criteria:
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n.a. yes no specification

- average convection and radiation temperature between

21 °C and 23 °C?
- air temperature difference between 1.1 m and 0.1 m
above floor level less than 3 °C?
- average air speed lower than 0.15 m/s?
18 Does the indoor climate outside the heating season satisfy
the following criteria:

- average convection and radiation temperature between

23 °C and 26 °C?
- air temperature difference between 1.1 m and 0.1 m
above floor level less than 3 °C?
- average air speed lower than 0.25 m/s?
19 Is there sufficient and effective sun blinding?
20 Is the heating controllable by the operator?
NOISE
21 Have sufficient measures been taken to eliminate unwanted
noise so as to improve the intelligibility of speech? For
example: fan noise, acoustic alarms, communication, noise
from adjoining rooms, noise of opening doors, silencer
hoods for printers, etc.
22 Are the acoustic alarms adjustable?
23 Are there silence settings on the alarms?
24 Is the monitor feedback signal adjustable?
25 Is the sound level below 45 dB(A) in the control room?
26 Is the monitor sound level below 55 dB(A)?
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4. USE OF MATERIALS AND COLOURS; FURNITURE

n.a. yes no specification
MATERIALS
1 In the choice of materials, has account been taken of the
implications for noise, light and temperature?
2 Are the materials antistatic?
3 In the choice of floor coverings, has attention been paid to:
readily cleanable, shifting of office chairs along console,
soiling tendency, luminance ratios, etc.?
4 Do the chairs have sufficiently rugged upholstery?
5 Have "warm" materials been used in contact areas between
parts of the body and furniture and/or console?
COLOUR SCHEME (see also Appendix 6)
6 In the room's colour scheme (walls, ceiling, furniture), has
account been taken of the correct luminance ratio?
7 Have excessively "striking" colours been avoided,
particularly for the larger areas?
8 Does the colour scheme satisfy the following criteria: light
colouring for the ceilings, some degree of colouring for the
walls and darker colouring for the floor?
9 Do diffuse reflections in the control room satisfy the
following requirements:
- ceiling > 60 %
- walls 40 % to 60 %
- floor 15 % to 20 %
10 At the transition between the monitors and the other areas
of the console, have the correct luminance ratios been
allowed for?
FURNITURE
11 Does the furniture (office tables, etc.) comply with (6.5)?
- office table dimensions: width 1200 mm
- height adjustable: 620 mm to 820 mm
- sufficiently deep monitor area
- sufficiently rugged
12 Do the control room/office chairs comply with the following
requirements:
- swivelling 360°
- seat height 410 mm to 530 mm
- backrest depth adjustable: 400 mm to 440 mm
- high backrest, adjustable in height (at least 370 mm)
- armrests adjustable: 200 mm to 270 mm
- tilting mechanism lockable in 3 positions
- chairs rest on 5 points
- sufficiently sturdy
13 Are there adequate facilities (integrated cable trunking, etc.)
for routing loose cables?
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5. INFORMATION DISPLAYS; CONTROLS

n.a. yes no specification
CONTROLS
1 Are response times attuned to the various activities, e.g.:
valve closure 0.1 s., call-up display 2 s, call-up trend 5 s, error
message 4 s, next page 1 s?
2 If response times are exceeded, is the operator given
feedback about response times?
3 As regards the movement effect of controls, has the required
compatibility been taken into account?
4 Do keyboards without tactile feedback have acoustic
feedback?
5 Does the acoustic feedback ("beep") have adjustable volume?
6 Do keyboard layouts allow for correct wrist posture?
7 Are keyboard layouts consistent (e.g. QWERTY)?
8 Is there a separate numeric keypad for keying in many
figures?
9 Is cursor operation in accordance with the PC applications?
10 Does the cursor obstruct legibility of the display?
11 Does the cursor flash only when immediate action is required?
12 Does the cursor bear no similarity to a symbol otherwise in
use?
13 In the choice of tracker ball, mouse or touch screen, has
attention been paid to required/desired degree of precision?
14 Is there consistency in the tactile or acoustic feedback of
controls?
INFORMATION PRESENTATION
15 Are equipment items displayed on the pictorials which cannot
be operated?
16 Has static and dynamic information been ranked according
Attention Hierarchy methodology?
17 Are data displayed which are not relevant for process control?
18 Is there a standard layout for each monitor?
19 Is there consistency in the location of data on the monitor?
20 Have intersecting lines been avoided as far as possible?
21 Are the symbols as realistic as possible?
2
22 Are the touch targets big enough (2 cm ) to avoid unwanted
action.
23 In the grouping of information, has account been taken of the
conceptual model that the operator has of the process?
24 Has order been observed in the grouping principles applied:
firstly, layout options (symmetry, free space, framing, form,
size, different font), then colour or luminance differences?
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n.a. yes no specification

25 In the presentation of numbers, has a grouping principle been
applied?
26 Is the text displayed limited to that which is needed to make a
decision?
27 Has the use of upper case only been avoided with long texts?
28 Have complete words been used as far as possible, avoiding
unnecessary abbreviations?
29 Is there consistency in the use of abbreviations?
30 Has the use of constantly flashing symbols during normal
operating conditions been avoided?
31 Has the flashing of information that has to be read been
avoided?
32 Is the use of colours based on requirements of this DEP?
33 Is there a test button for lamps?
34 Are more than two acoustic signals used?
35 Are the acoustic signals at least 15 dB(A) louder than
background noise?
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6. PROJECT ORGANISATION WITH RESPECT TO ERGONOMICS

1. Is a Plan of action for ergonomic design and instruction available, including references
to the appropriate standards and specifications (ISO, IEC, etc.)?
2. Have Human/Machine interfaces been evaluated with respect to the potential impact on
business drivers (e.g. operability, maintainability, health, legal, etc.) as input to define
the HFE scope of the project?
3. Are awareness sessions for management being held?
4. Have training/information sessions for lead-discipline engineers been organized?
5. Has a screening review or HFE design analysis (see DEP 30.00.60.10-Gen,
Appendix 4) been executed?
6. Has a Task and Link analysis been conducted resulting in a relashionship diagram,
2
including m needed per function? Did all stakeholders participate?
7. Has a lighting plan been prepared and integrated in the HFE Construction plan?
8. Has a (simple) 3D CAD drawing (see Appendix 2) been delivered of the future control
room building and critical interfaces to improve communication with all stakeholders,
minimise approval cycles and achieve general acceptance of the new design?
9. Are operations and maintenance end-users participating in the project team:
- during engineering and design?
- during procurement?
- during construction?
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APPENDIX 2 EXAMPLES OF 2-D AND 3-D VISUALISATIONS OF A CONTROL ROOM WITH AN INTEGRATED MAINTENANCE WORKSHOP

NOTE: The workshop is the third party zone.

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APPENDIX 3 EXAMPLES OF STANDARD WORKPLACE CONFIGURATIONS

1. STANDARD PC WORKPLACE WITH VERBAL COMMUNICATION- AND

CONCENTRATION-IMPROVING CONFIGURATION
Functional characteristics of the arrangement shown in Figure 3-1 are:
− High percentage of communication by phone (> 30 %)
− > 30 % concentration tasks
− > 20 % PC work (text processing, E-mail, etc.)
− Reading and writing activities
− Reading AO-size drawings
This configuration consists of:
− Standard PC work surface: width 60 cm, with sufficient depth (at least 90 cm),
− Left/right of PC work surface, lay-down surfaces, each with minimum width 60 cm
and minimum depth 80 cm.
− Provision for suspending computer below work surface (optional).
− Physical separation between connected work surfaces
− Provision for personal momentos (photographs, etc.)
− Drawer block and full size (standing) cupboard (150 cm x 200 cm)
− If combination of workplaces; configuration of displays preferably perpendicular to
windows in order to prevent high contrast within field of vision.
− Provision for verbal communication improvement; acoustic panels between
workplaces.
− For intensive phone communication, headsets can be provided to improve combined
PC and phone tasking.

Required floor space including walkways:

− Minimum 8 m , (preferably 10 m ).
2 2

This configuration would be suitable for:

• Technical Disciplines
Secretary
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Figure 3-1 Standard PC workplace with verbal communication- and

concentration-improving configuration
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2. PC WORKPLACE WITH CONFIDENTIALITY-IMPROVING CONFIGURATION

Functional characteristics of the arrangement shown in Figure 3-2 are:
− highly confidential conversations (phone and/or face to face) on weekly basis
− > 20 % communication (face to face)
− managing a (small) team of employees
This configuration consists of:
− the standard PC work surface, with left + right lay-down surfaces
− a small filing cupboard and drawer block.
− Provision for verbal communication and confidentiality improvement; for example
non-transparent acoustic panel between workplaces.
− Meeting facility for 2 persons; flexible or fixed. If flexible then floor space should be
available. At least an extra chair should be provided. Extra table if additional required
space is available and meetings of 2 persons are held on at least a daily basis and/or
desk files are likely to contain confidential information.

2 2
Required floor space including walkways: minimum 11 m (preferably 13 m ).
This configuration would be suitable for a business development manager.
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Figure 3-2 PC workplace with confidentiality-improving configuration

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3. PC WORKPLACE WITH CONFIDENTIALITY-IMPROVING CONFIGURATION,

EXTENDED
Functional characteristics of the arrangement shown in Figure 3-3 are:
− highly confidential conversations (phone and/or face to face) on daily basis
− > 30 % communication (face to face)
− Managing a team of employees
− Regular vis-à-vis with new prospects / clients
This configuration consists of:
− the standard PC work surface, with left + right lay-down surfaces
− large filing cupboard and drawer block.
− provision for verbal communication and confidentiality improvement; for example
non-transparent acoustic panel between workplaces.
− Meeting facility for 4 persons; flexible or fixed. If flexible then floor space should be
available. At least an extra chair should be provided. Extra table if additional required
space is available and meetings of 4 persons are held on at least a daily basis and/or
desk files are likely to contain confidential information.
− Separated office using glass walls to enhance visual communications
2 2
Required floor space including walkways: minimum 16 m (preferably 18 m ).
This configuration would be suitable for a site manager.
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Figure 3-3 PC workplace with confidentiality-improving configuration

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4. FLEXIBLE WORKPLACES / TOUCHDOWN WORKPLACES

Functional characteristics of the arrangement shown in Figure 3-4 are:
− Relatively brief but frequent occupancy by different users
− > 30 % VDU/laptop work (text processing, E-mail etc.)
This configuration consists of:
− standard work surface: width 60 cm, with sufficient depth (at least 80 cm),
− network interfaces
− Easy, stepless height adjustability of work surface, chair. Work surface height range
between 62 cm to 82 cm, adjustable. Provide adequate working posture from P5
female until P95 male.
− no filing provisions
− no fixed phone provisions (users will have cellular phones).
− 50 % of the flexible workplaces provided with half-high privacy panels.

2
Required space including walkways: 4 m .
This configuration would be suitable for other employees and visitors.
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Figure 3-4 Flexible workplaces/touch down workplaces

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5. CONCENTRATION- AND CONFIDENTIALITY-IMPROVING WORKPLACE

CONFIGURATION
Functional characteristics of the arrangement shown in Figure 3-5 are:
− Concentration tasks (analytical work / report writing)
− This configuration would be suitable for Technical Discipline, any other analytical
work/activity which needs quiet environment e.g. preparation of a presentation.

This configuration consists of:

− a standard PC workplace,
− Transparent high acoustic panels for optimal confidentiality and quietness.
− Required floor space: minimum 4 m .
2

Figure 3-5 Concentration- and confidentiality-improving workplace configuration

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APPENDIX 4 CONSOLE DESIGN CONCEPTS

Figures 4-1, 4-2 and 4-3 show three variations of "cockpit design" consoles

Figure 4-1 Console with DCS grouped together

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Figure 4-2 Console with DCS separated through instrument and communications
panel
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Figure 4-2 Console with hardwired display hanging above

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APPENDIX 5 GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING LIGHTING PLANS

1. INTRODUCTION
Achieving a properly lit working environment is not an easy task. There are a number of
technical, human and project management factors that have to be taken into account
before the ideal task-specific environment is created. That is why it is important for those
concerned with creating interior working environments to carefully consider the working
environment and the task that is to be accomplished.
This Appendix is intended to provide instructions for the drawing up of lighting plans
(including use of colours) for the lighting of working areas such as offices, control rooms,
workplaces, laboratories etc.
It describes the method for drawing up lighting plans for new building projects. The
methodology is represented schematically in the form of a flow diagram as well as explicit
instructions for each step. These procedures are easily transferable to any project that
requires an appropriate lit environment in which an office or control environment is going to
be created.
A properly lit environment allow work to be accomplished in a safer, more comfortable and
more productive working environment. With the appropriate employment of this design tool,
project management will help to add value to the working system.
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2. FLOW SCHEME FOR IMPLEMENTING SCHEDULE OF LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS IN

PROJECTS

BOD/BDEP 1. Conduct HFE design analysis

Phase

2. Formulate schedule of lighting

requirements

3. Include lighting plan in HFE design

analysis report

Definition 4. Select a lighting supplier

Phase

5. Design lighting system

6. Conduct review of lighting system

7. Finalize lighting system

Construction 8. Check lighting system

phase

9. Stop

3. FLOW SCHEME: EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Conduct HFE design analysis
In order to formulate Human/Machine Interface design requirements, a HFE design
analysis is conducted as part of the design process.
In the HFE report, the locations of the various indoor areas and/or workplaces are
recorded, together with the jobs and tasks performed there.
The workplace locations and tasks define the requirements that may be imposed on the
lighting system.

2. Formulate lighting requirements

Section 4. below gives a work instruction for the formulation of a lighting plan. In this
plan, lighting requirements are incorporated as follows:
- Required horizontal and vertical illumination in each indoor area or workplace.
- Luminance ratios.
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- Diffuse reflections.
- Lighting system.
- Use of colours. (See Appendix 6).
3. Include lighting plan in HFE report
The lighting plan is incorporated in the HFE report, which forms part of the BOD.
4. Select a lighting supplier
Suitable lighting system suppliers are those firms that are experienced with project
lighting systems and are able to elaborate the lighting requirements by means of a 2D
CAD diagram for each workplace and/or indoor area.
5. Design the lighting system
Subsequently a draft design including a 2D CAD diagram of the various lighting
intensities for each workplace and/or indoor area is prepared.
6. Review the lighting system design
The lighting system is reviewed with the aid of the supplier’s 2D diagram.
7. Finalize the lighting system
After the lighting system has been reviewed and the findings fed back into the design,
the design is finalized and executed.
8. Evaluation of lighting system
During the construction phase the lighting system is evaluated by measuring the
illumination and luminance ratios. Any imperfections are corrected.
9. Stop

4. FORMULATING SCHEDULE OF LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS

The schedule of lighting requirements should be formulated on the basis of the visual tasks to be
performed in the indoor area in question. The attached form will help to identify the visual tasks.
When formulating the schedule of lighting requirements, the following procedure should be followed:
1. In the draft design, identify what tasks are accomplished at the various workplaces and in the
individual indoor areas.
2. Determine the lighting requirements for each workplace/indoor area.
These requirements are expressed in terms of horizontal illumination, vertical illumination and
brightness differences (luminance ratio).
3. Determine the required general level of illumination in the indoor area. The function of the indoor
area is a relevant factor. For example, the general level of illumination required in a corridor differs
from that required at a workplace.
4. Determine the desired lighting system or combination of lighting systems. It is possible to have
one lighting system in a working area (e.g. direct or indirect ceiling lighting) or a combination of
lighting systems (e.g. ceiling lighting in conjunction with other light sources).
The choice of lighting system often depends on the other requirements imposed on an indoor area.
Formulate a lighting plan (including requirements governing the use of colours) on the basis of the
requirements listed under 1 to 4 above.
5. STANDARDS
Further guidance can be found in ISO 8995.
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FORM FOR IDENTIFYING VISUAL TASKS

Project: Working area: Location No.:

Type of working area Use of area Special features

Enclosed working area Daytime working
Working area with windows on 1 side 24h shift working
Working area with windows on 2 sides Frequent
Working area with windows on 3 sides Occasional
Working area with windows on 4 sides
Open-air working area
Working area underneath a structure

Type of workplace/area Visual tasks to be accomplished Categorization of visual tasks

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Console/desk 1 Observing large objects and moving persons.
PC workstation E.g.: Parking vehicles, storage of large materials, etc.
Reading/writing 2 Observing very approximate details, recognition of persons.
workplace
Workbench E.g.: Movements through plant, conveying goods, etc.
Laboratory bench 3 Observing approximate details.
Meeting/conference E.g.: Rough structural work, transporting of goods in store,
room etc.
Social area 4 Observing details.
Library E.g.: Occasional reading and writing tasks.
Corridor 5 Observing fine details.
Machine room E.g.: Frequent reading and writing tasks, scanning VDU.
Sanitary facilities 6 Observing very fine details.
Plant E.g.: Drawing work, fine inspection tasks, high-precision
work, etc.
7 Observation at limits of visual perception.
E.g.: Highly extreme precision work.
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APPENDIX 6 USE OF COLOUR IN ERGONOMIC DESIGN

1. INTRODUCTION
The influence of colour on people in a production or office workplace has not been rigorously
examined. Most studies on the effects of environmental colour have been preference studies,
where aesthetics are the prime consideration.

2. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
From these examinations the following observations about preferences can be made:
• In Western culture the order of colour preference is blue, red, green, violet, orange and
yellow. These preferences are broad and transcend racial and sexual differences.
Children may prefer red-containing colours, but these preferences shift toward the blue
end of the spectrum at maturity.
• Generally speaking blue, green and violet shades are considered cool colours, while
red, orange, yellow and brown are considered warm.
• Blue and green are considered soothing colours; orange, yellow and brown are
considered stimulating; red and violet are described as "aggressive", "alarming",
"discouraging" and "disturbing".
• Colour can influence a person's perception of size and distance within a closed space.
Walls covered with shorter-wavelength colours, such as blues and greens, are said to
recede, while walls covered with the longer-wavelength colours are said to advance.
Thus blues and greens cause a room to appear larger, while reds achieve the opposite
effect. Similarly, there is an interaction between brightness and colour in the distance
effect. Light colours tend to recede and dark colours to advance.
• The formation of a reaction to a colour takes time, and the reaction, once formed, is
subject to adaptation. Thus a person's initial reaction may be quite pronounced, but it
will tend to diminish in magnitude with the passage of time. The end result after
complete adaptation has occurred could be relative indifference.
• As the saturation (intensity) of the colour is lowered to a pastel level, the perceptual and
psychological effects of the colour diminish.

3. GUIDELINES
From the above information about colour, the following guidelines for the use of specific
colours, brightness and saturation levels in the workplace have been developed:
• For large areas, colours that give uniform reflectivity should be chosen. Good visual
contrasts can be obtained without significant brightness contrasts. For example doors,
protruding wall segments or other barriers may be painted in a different hue of the same
brightness as the overall wall space. Thus these features will be easily identifiable
without unnecessarily calling attention to them or distracting the workers by using highly
contrasting brightness.
• Bright or highly saturated primary colours should be avoided. They are undesirable
because they might cause a negative after-image, a persisting sensation after the
stimulus has ceased.
• Pastel colours are generally preferred for walls, large room units and tabletops or work
surfaces.
• In areas where highly repetitive work is performed or where there is a large area of wall
or floor space, some stimulating colours can be used to highlight a door or partition. In
addition, some pieces of equipment in the area may be painted in a brighter shade of
the colour to which the room is keyed. Equipment such as conveyors, cabinets, shelving
and small pieces of production machinery are often painted this way. Large surfaces
should not have these bright colours.
• A large area can be functionally divided by colour to give identity to different groups
working within it. Separate rooms can be keyed to a certain basic colour to accomplish
the same effect.
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• In temperate climates the normal preference in the interior of buildings is for a balance
of colour on the warm side. Thus in windowed buildings and rooms, use poorly
saturated warm colours on walls and equipment to balance the coolness of white areas
of walls and the greys of metal and other equipment.
• The selection of colour schemes should be coordinated with the decisions about
illumination type. High-pressure sodium lighting has only fair colour-rendering
characteristics; subtle shadings of colour that would be appropriate under white light
may be lost under this type of illumination.
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APPENDIX 7 HMI IMPLEMENTATION WITHIN A PROJECT

Figure 1 describes the factors and interfaces involved in implementing HMI in a project and Figure 2
summarises the various phases.

Figure 1 Implementing HMI in a project

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Figure 2 HMI implementation phases within a project

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