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Optical bers have a wide range of applications varying form high bandwidth
signal transmission to endoscope imaging. Usually circular in cross-section,
they consist of a core of refractive index nk surrounded by a cladding of slightly
lower refractive index nm . Optical bres are divided into two categories i.e.
single mode and multi mode, based on their core diameter. Single mode ber
is one with a core diameter less than about ten times the wavelength of the
propagating light and cannot be modeled using geometric optics. Instead, it
must be analyzed as an electromagnetic structure, by solution of Maxwell's
equations as reduced to the electromagnetic wave equation. Multi-mode ber
has large core diameter (greater than 10mm) may be analyzed by geometrical
optics.
Numerical Aperture
The numerical aperture determines the light transmitting capacity of an optical
bre. We know that the rays of light are guided along the ber core by total
internal reection. As shown in Fig. 1. if the light enters the core at an angle θe
, then it undergoes total internal reection at the core-cladding interface only
if the angle of refraction inside the core θ > 90o − θc . The critical angle θc can
be calculated from Snell's law as-
nk sinθe = nm sin(90)
∴ θe = sin−1 nnmk
1
nk sin(90 − θ) = nm sin(90)
nm
cosθ = nk
√
n2k −n2m
sinθ = nk ... (2)
So from equations (1) and (2) the limiting angle is θe = sin−1 n2k − n2m
p
The limitng angle represents half of the opening angle of the cone known as
the acceptance cone. All the beams within this cone of light will be guided along
the core due to TIR. The numerical aperture A of the optical bre is dened
asthe sine of the limiting angle.
p
A = sinθe = n2k − n2m
Transition time
The time spent by the light inside the bre is known as the transition time of
the bre. As the speed of light inside a medium is reduced, the transition time
in that medium is increased. If c is the speed of light in vaccum then c/nk is
the speed of light in the core of the bre. So the transition time of an optical
bre of length L is given as
nk
τ =L
c
As the speed of light is very high, the trasition time measurement for short
bres becomes extremely dicult. Main problem is posed by the delay time
of the photodetector and the sampling rate of the oscilloscope. The transition
time for multimode bre using a modulated diode laser are shown in observation
section.
2
Ēj (r, φ, z, t) = Ēj eiωt + Ēj∗ eiωt e−iβz
We again use Ez (r, φ) = Ez (r)Ez (φ) and Ez (φ) = eip2πφ and solve the above
equation to get
∂2
r2 ∂r ∂ 2 2 2 2
2 + r ∂r + r (k n − β ) − p
2
Ez (r)=0
The above equation can be solved using Bessel function for integer p in the
core region (r < a) and for cladding region (r > a) we use modied Hankel func-
tions. We follow the same for magnetic waves and apply boundary conditions
at r = a.
3
V-parameter
For guided modes, the light should travel only in the core region. So the EM
waves should die o in the cladding region whereas they are sustained in core
and also the boundary conditions should be satised at the interface. Then, we
must have
kn2m < β < kn2k
where C is a constant and z is the far eld distance which is greater than 10
times of z0 = 4aλ and 2w = M F D.
2
So, MFD is the radial position where the internsity is falls to e12 (at θ = θw )
of its maximum. Putiing it in above equation we get
2λ
M F D = 2w = πtanθw
4
Fig. 3. Determination of MFD from Gaussian tting fundamental mode
The empirical expression relating numerical aperture A, wavelength λ, radius
of core a, MFD = 2w and the V-parameter is given by
1.619 2.879
where 0.8 ≤ V ≤ 2.405
w = a 0.65 + V 3/2
+ V6
Vλ 1.619 2.879
⇒w= 2πA 0.65 + V 3/2
+ V6