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Topic 6- Ch 8
OUTLINE OF TOPIC 7
3 The Pathways
• Functions of metabolism
• Assembles smaller molecules into larger
macromolecules needed for the cell
• Degrades macromolecules into smaller molecules
and yields energy
• Energy is conserved in the form of ATP or heat
Metabolism
Nutrients from Pyruvate Amino acids Proteins
outside or from Acetyl CoA Sugars Peptidoglycan
internal pathways Glyceraldehyde-3-P Nucleotides RNA + DNA
Fatty acids Complex lipids
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Respiratory chain
Relative complexity of molecules Fermentation
Macromolecules
Building
Glucose blocks
Precursor
molecules
+
ATP
NADH
• Enzymes are
catalysts
• Catalysts - chemicals
that increase the rate
of a chemical reaction
without becoming part
of the products or
being consumed in
the reaction
How do Enzymes Work?
• Energy of activation:
the amount of energy
which must be
overcome for a reaction
to proceed.
• An enzyme promotes a
reaction by serving as a
physical site upon
which the reactant
molecules (substrates)
can be positioned for
various interactions.
Enzyme Structure
• Most are protein
• Can be classified as simple or conjugated
• Simple enzymes- consist of protein alone
• Conjugated enzymes- contain protein and
nonprotein molecules
• A conjugated enzyme (haloenzyme) is a
combination of a protein (now called the
apoenzyme) and one or more cofactors
• Cofactors are either organic molecules
(coenzymes) or inorganic elements (metal ions)
Conjugated Enzyme Structure
H H
H H
H H H
H
H
H
H ATP
H
2 H+ + 2 e- + 1/2O2 H2O
8.4 Biosynthesis and the Crossing
Pathways of Metabolism
• Proceeds in two
phases
• Light-dependent
reactions
• Light- H2O
Glucose
independent ATP
reactions 2H + e–
NADPH
O2
CO2
Chloroplast
Light-Dependent Reactions
• Solar energy delivered in discrete energy packets called
photons
• Light strikes photosynthetic pigments
• Some wavelengths are absorbed
• Some pass through
• Some are reflected
• Light is absorbed through photosynthetic pigments
• Chlorophylls (green)
• Carotenoids (yellow, orange, or red)
• Phycobilins (red or blue-green)
Light-Dependent Reactions
• Bacterial chlorophylls
• Contain a photocenter- a magnesium atom held in the
center of a complex ringed molecule
• Harvest the energy of photons and converts it to
electron energy
• Accessory photosynthetic pigments trap light energy and
shuttle it to chlorophyll
Light-Independent Reactions
• Occur in the chloroplast stroma or the cytoplasm
of cyanobacteria
• Use energy produced by the light phase to
synthesize glucose by means of the Calvin cycle
Other Mechanisms of
Photosynthesis
• Oxygenic (oxygen-releasing) photosynthesis that occurs in
plants, algae, and cyanobacteria- dominant type on earth
• Other photosynthesizers such as green and purple bacteria
• Possess bacteriochlorophyll
• More versatile in capturing light
• Only have a cyclic photosystem I
• These bacteria use H2, H2S, or elemental sulfur rather than
H2O as a source of electrons and reducing power
• They are anoxygenic (non-oxygen-producing); many are
strict anaerobes
Concept Check
A. Oxygen
B. Nitrate
C. Pyruvate
D. NAD