Doxing

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Doxing (from dox, abbreviation of documents),[1] or doxxing,[2][3] is the Internet-based practice of researching
and broadcasting private or identifiable information (especially personally identifiable information) about an
individual or organization.[3][4][5][6][7]

The methods employed to acquire this information include searching publicly available databases and social
media websites (like Facebook), hacking, and social engineering. It is closely related to internet vigilantism and
hacktivism.

Doxing may be carried out for various reasons, including to aid law enforcement, business analysis, extortion,
coercion, harassment, online shaming, and vigilante justice.[8][9]

Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Common techniques
4 Notable examples
4.1 Boston Marathon
4.2 Hit lists of abortion providers
4.3 Anonymous
4.4 Human flesh search engine
4.5 Journalists
4.6 Curt Schilling
4.7 Alondra Cano
4.8 Lou Dobbs
4.9 Erdogan emails
4.10 Michael Hirsh
4.11 U.S. Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity
5 See also
6 References

Etymology
"Doxing" is a neologism that has evolved over its brief history. It comes from a spelling alteration of the
abbreviation "docs" (for "documents") and refers to "compiling and releasing a dossier of personal information
on someone".[10] Essentially, doxing is revealing and publicizing records of an individual, which were
previously private or difficult to obtain.

The term dox derives from the slang "dropping dox", which, according to Wired writer Mat Honan, was "an
old-school revenge tactic that emerged from hacker culture in 1990s". Hackers operating outside the law in that
era used the breach of an opponent's anonymity as a means to expose opponents to harassment or legal
repercussions.[10]

As such, doxing often comes with a negative connotation, because it can be a vehicle for revenge via the
violation of privacy.[11]

History
Doxware is a cryptovirology attack invented by Adam Young and further developed with Moti Yung that
carries out doxing extortion via malware. It was first presented at West Point in 2003. The attack is rooted in
game theory and was originally dubbed "non-zero sum games and survivable malware".[12]

The attack is summarized in the book Malicious Cryptography as follows:

"The attack differs from the extortion attack in the following way. In the extortion attack, the
victim is denied access to its own valuable information and has to pay to get it back, where in the
attack that is presented here the victim retains access to the information but its disclosure is at the
discretion of the computer virus."[13]

Doxware is the converse of ransomware. In a ransomware attack (originally called cryptoviral extortion), the
malware encrypts the victim's data and demands payment to provide the needed decryption key. In the doxware
cryptovirology attack, the attacker or malware steals the victim's data and threatens to publish it unless a fee is
paid.

Common techniques
Anyone can harvest information from the internet about individuals. There is no particular structure in place for
doxing, meaning someone may seek out any kind of information related to the target.

A basic Web search can yield results. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and Linkedin
offer a wealth of private information, because many users have high levels of self-disclosure (i.e. sharing their
photos, place of employment, phone number, email address), but low levels of security. It is also possible to
derive a person's name and home address from a cell-phone number, through such services as reverse phone
lookup.[14] Social engineering has been used to extract information from government sources or phone
companies.[15]

In addition to these, a doxxer may use other methods to harvest information. These include information search
by domain name and location searching based on an individual's IP address.[16]

Once people have been exposed through doxing, they may be targeted for harassment through methods such as
harassment in person, fake signups for mail and pizza deliveries, or through swatting (dispatching armed police
to their house through spoofed tips).

It is important to note that a hacker may obtain an individual's dox without making the information public. A
hacker may harvest a victim's information in order to break into their internet accounts, or to take over their
social media accounts.[17]

The victim may also be shown their details as proof that they have been doxed in order to intimidate them.
Doxing is therefore a standard tactic of online harassment, and has been used by people associated with 4chan,
the Gamergate controversy and anti-vaccine activists.[18][19][20][21]

The ethics of doxing by journalists, on matters that they assert are issues of public interest, is an area of much
controversy. Many authors have argued that doxing in journalism blurs the line between revealing information
in the interest of the public and releasing information about an individual's private life against their
wishes.[22][23][24]

Notable examples
Boston Marathon
Following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, vigilantes on Reddit wrongly identified a number of people as
suspects.[25] Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing
before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Tripathi's was found in Rhode Island's Providence River
on April 25, 2013, as reported by the Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately
known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play.[26] The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a
result of suicide.[27] Reddit general manager Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the
"online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website.[28]

Hit lists of abortion pr oviders

In the 1990s anti-abortion terrorists secured abortion providers' personal information, such as their home
addresses, phone numbers, and photographs, and posted them as a hit list, ruled by the courts to be an
immediate incitement to violence. The site's legend explained: "Black font (working); Greyed-out Name
(wounded); Strikethrough (fatality)." The website included blood-dripping graphics, celebrated providers'
deaths and incited others to kill or injure the remaining providers on the list. Between 1993 and 2016, eight
abortion providers were killed by anti-abortion terrorists.[29][30]

Anonymous

The term "dox" entered mainstream public awareness through media attention attracted by Anonymous, the
Internet-based group of hacktivists and pranksters who make frequent use of doxing,[31] as well as related
groups like AntiSec and LulzSec. The Washington Post has described the consequences for innocent people
incorrectly accused of wrongdoing and doxed as "nightmarish".[32]

In December 2011, Anonymous exposed detailed information of 7,000 members of law enforcement in
response to investigations into hacking activities.[5]

In November 2014, Anonymous began releasing the identities of members of the Ku Klux Klan.[33] This was in
relation to local Klan members in Ferguson, Missouri making threats to shoot anyone who provoked them
while protesting the shooting of Michael Brown. Anonymous also hijacked the group's Twitter page, and this
resulted in veiled threats of violence against members of Anonymous.[34] In November 2015, a major release of
information about the KKK was planned. Discredited information was released prematurely and Anonymous
denied involvement.[35] On November 5, 2015 (Guy Fawkes Night), Anonymous released an official list of
supposed but currently unverified KKK members and sympathizers.[36]

Human flesh search engine

The Chinese Internet phenomenon of the "Human flesh search engine" shares much in common with doxing.
Specifically, it refers to distributed, sometimes deliberately crowdsourced searches for similar kinds of
information through use of digital media.[37][38]

Journalists

Journalists with The Journal News of Westchester County, New York, were accused of doxing gun owners in
the region in a story the paper published in December 2012.[39]

Newsweek came under fire when writer Leah McGrath Goodman claimed to have revealed the identity of the
anonymous creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto. Though the source of her sleuthing was primarily the public
record, she was heavily criticized for her doxing by users on Reddit.[11]

The Satoshi Nakamoto case brought doxing to greater attention, particularly on platforms such as Twitter,
where users questioned the ethics of doxing in journalism. Many Twitter users condemned doxing in
journalism, wherein they argued that the practice was seemingly acceptable for professional journalists but
wrong for anyone else. Other users discussed the effect the popularization that the concept of doxing could
have on journalism in public interest, raising questions over journalism concerning public and private figures.
Many users have argued that doxing in journalism blurs the line between revealing information in the interest
of the public and releasing information about an individual's private life against their wishes.[22][24]

Curt Schilling

In March 2015, former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher Curt Schilling used doxing to identify several
people responsible for "Twitter troll" posts with obscene, sexually explicit comments about his teenaged
daughter. One person was suspended from his community college, and another lost a part-time job with the
New York Yankees.[40]

Alondra Cano

In December 2015, Minneapolis city councilwoman Alondra Cano used her Twitter account to publish private
cellphone numbers and e-mail addresses of critics who wrote about her involvement in a Black Lives Matter
rally.[41]

Lou Dobbs

In 2016, Fox Business news anchor Lou Dobbs revealed the address and phone number of Jessica Leeds, one of
the women who accused American presidential candidate Donald Trump of inappropriate sexual advances;
Dobbs later apologized.[42]

Erdogan emails

In July 2016, Wikileaks released 300,000 e-mails called the Erdogan emails, initially thought to be damaging to
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Included in the leak was Michael Best, who uploaded Turkish
citizens' personal information databases that WikiLeaks promoted, who came forward to say that doing so was
a mistake after the site where he uploaded the information took it down. The files were removed due to privacy
concerns, as they included spreadsheets of private, sensitive information of what appears to be every female
voter in 79 out of 81 provinces in Turkey, including their home addresses and other private information,
sometimes including their cellphone numbers.[43]

Michael Hirsh

In November 2016, Politico editor Michael Hirsh resigned after publishing the home address of white
supremacist Richard B. Spencer on Facebook.[44][45]

U.S. Presidential Advisory Com mission on Election Integrity

In July 2017, the United States' Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity, which was established
in May 2017 by U.S. President Donald Trump[46][47] to investigate his controversial allegation of voter
fraud,[48] published a 112-page document of unredacted emails of public comment on its work, which were
those of critics of the Commission. The Commission did not omit the personal details of those critics, such as
names, emails, phone numbers and home addresses. Most of the commenters who wrote to the White House
expressed concern about publication of their personal information, with one person writing, "DO NOT
RELEASE ANY OF MY VOTER DATA PERIOD". Despite this, that person's name and email address were
published by the commission.[49][50]

This act drew criticism from Theresa Lee, a staff attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union's Voting
Rights Project, who stated, "This cavalier attitude toward the public's personal information is especially
concerning given the commission's request for sensitive data on every registered voter in the country."[49][50]
The White House defended the publication of the personal information, noting that everyone was warned that
might happen. However, former Deputy Secretary of Labor Chris Lu stated that regardless of the legality, the
White House has a moral obligation to protect sensitive data, saying, "Whether or not it's legal to disclose this
personal information, it's clearly improper, and no responsible White House would do this."[50]

Federal agencies often solicit and release public comments on proposed legislation. Regulations.gov, which is
designated for public comments, includes a detailed set of guidelines explaining how to submit comments, what
type of personal information is collected and how that information may be used, stating, "Some agencies may
require that you include personal information, such as your name and email address, on the comment form. The
Securities and Exchange Commission, for instance, warns commenters to 'submit only information that you
wish to make available publicly.'" Another agency, the Federal Trade Commission, tells commenters that
"published comments include the commenter's last name and state/country as well as the entire text of the
comment. Please do not include any sensitive or confidential information." However, The White House does
not appear to have issued any such public guidelines or warnings before many of the emails were sent. Marc
Lotter, Press Secretary to Mike Pence, stated, "These are public comments, similar to individuals appearing
before commission to make comments and providing name before making comments. The Commission’s
Federal Register notice asking for public comments and its website make clear that information 'including
names and contact information' sent to this email address may be released."[51]

See also
Doxbin
Identity theft
Outing
Data Re-Identification

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