Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
REVIEW
It comprises of
1. Preview
2. Veda literature
3 . .Ayurveda literature
1. Preview:
enlisted here:
14
3. Bhushan K. - Effect of Sarpagandhadi Yoga on
15
9. Bhayal Ramesh B - Role of Virechana Karma and Shamana
Jamnagar, 2003
16
14.Chaure P.S. - An experimental and clinical study on the
University 1968
University 1977
17
20.Shrivastava v. S. - Effect of Jatamansadi Yoga in essential
Madhupamyadi-hypothetical-Yoga In management of
Thruvananthapuram, 2001
2. Veda literature:
knowledge. In fact ~gveda is the only original work. There are two
groups deciding the time of origination of ~gveda. One group considers the
18
time of~gveda 4000 to 2500 B.C. after the settlement of Aryans. The other
prayer and adoration often addressed to Deities like Agni, Indra, Maruta,
etc. The prayers are for health, wealth, long life, cattle offspring, victory and
rituals (Vidhi), which are the directions for the details of ceremonies at
connected with the Mantras. Both these portions are termed as Sruti. The
revelation orally communicated by the Deity and heard but not composed by
comparatively modem. As Manu is his law book says Vedas are actually
three.
three forms.
19
3. Samavedaa, which is intended for chanting at Soma or
Moon-plant ceremonies
original hymns like Rugveda; borrowing little from Rugveda. The hymns of
and arranger of Vedas in their present form. They each have an index or
Anukramani. Out of the Brahmana portion of the Veda grew two other
departments of sometimes included under the general name Veda viz. the
strings of aphorism rules called Sutras and mystical treatises on the nature
of God. The relation of soul and matter were Upani~adas, which were
20
About '?f[q)'
,
Means the verses where holy moieties are praised. (Sha. Ka.)
on Anu~tupadi Chanda.
are mainly the prayers of holy moieties like Indra, Agni, Vauma, Marut.
those days, culture in those days, philosophy in that time, and environment
21
Entire ~gveda-Samhita is basically composed in two ways:
1. A~taka-racana.
2. Mandala- racana.
A~taka- racana:
together comprise one A~taka. B.-gveda contains such eight A~taka. The
explained. Total number of 'Varga' in ~gveda is 2006. This must be for the
Mandal-racana:
1. Gotra-mandal.
2. Mishra-mandal.
22
GOTRA-MANDAL
they are composed to describe the genetic tree of Rushi, their genetic
configuration 'gotra' and their heirs etc. the names of the Gotra-rushis from
Vamadeo, Atri, Bharadwaj and Vasishtha. The names of the rushis of the
ninth mandaI.
guessed that they are inserted in ~gveda afterwards. The relatively modem
language of the tenth mandaI with newly proposed holy moieties and latest
philosophical approach in those days prove that this mandaI was from
further era.
composition. It is as follows:
23
1. Mandals 10
2. Suktas 1017
3. Ruchas 10580.25
4. Shabdas 1,53,826
5. Aksharas 4,32,000
them is 80.
compiled and edited by a single person. About all ~~I in ten mandals,
It means that the ~~Is composing hundred Ruchas from the first
mandaI are called composers of hundred ruchas. The ~Is composing the
last mandaI are named Ksudra-sukte and Maha-sukte. The ~~Is composing
24
mandaI Madhuchhanda, son of Vishwamitra wrote more than hundred
Ruchas so he is named as 'Shatarchin'. This is the reason all ~~Is by the rule
Siiktas in tenth mandaI before Nasadiya Siikta are called Maha-Siikta and
second to ninth are in the central portion of ~gveda-Samhita and the ~~Is
About '<fG'
Jf;::llillS06 0llfJiCb) ~ <fG: I
Vyasa~~I divided Veda into four parts and each part descended to one
Paila divided the learnt ~gveda into again two parts and taught
one part to Bashkala and the other to Indrapramati. Bhagwata purana and
Satyashriya.
25
In such way various versions of ~veda were available in those
1. Mudgala shakha.
2. Galava shakha.
3. Shaliya shakha.
4. Vatsya shakha.
5. Shoushiri shakha
1. Boudhya shakha.
2. Agnimathar shakha.
3. Parashara shakha.
4. Jatukamya shakha.
26
Mandukayana shakha in any form is not available today.
headings as follows:
1. Devata-sukte.
2. Dhrupada-sukte.
3. Katha-sukte.
4. Samvada-sukte.
5. Danastuti-sukte.
6. Tatvadnyana-sukte.
7. Samskar-sukte.
8. Mantrik-sukte.
9. Laukik-sukte.
10. Apri-sukte.
~gveda is as follows:
1. Gayatri.
2. Ushnik.
3. Anushtubh.
4. Bruhati.
5. Trishtubh.
6. Pankti.
7. Jagati.
27
8. Atijagati.
9. Shakvari.
10. Atishkwari.
11. Ashti.
12. Atyashti.
13. Dhruti.
14. Atidhruti.
15. Ekapadachhanda.
16. Dwipdachhanda.
17. Pragayabarhata.
18. Kakubh.
19. Mahabarhat.
'fI6t?1 ~~: I
?Jr.~.10.90.1
28
The language in ~gveda is very difficult. It is suggested that
Vedic language.
~ GdlRlq~RlII
j\SCf»)qp!qG 1.1.4-5
details of the six entities, yet the definitions of them are given below:
• ct>C'4ttl 3f1~q~ICIt~lqX"d~I~~I~~?I11
• GiI~Rlqt'Q !'IlI)\JI;:J ~ I
Out of these 14 verses 11 verses are meant for praising God Sun, its names
29
in various contexts, time division by Sun in Samvatsara etc, its velocity,
follows:
30
~J.II~R~ll) f<t~ ~ WI
is necessary and that is through God Sun without whom there could be no
herb.
3T~ (6.83.1)
The speed with which the Eagle flies away from its residential
place, to eliminate diseases like indigestion and others, let God Sun prepare
which it is impossible for any plant to prepare food. Only plants are source
of food. Human can not prepare his food, nor can he prepare medicines
without Sun.
31
Rays of Sun were given utmost importance. Atharvaveda does
III "<)~ct'fll ~ ~ ~ ~I
~ 1.22 qof~Fchffil
the heart diseases you are suffering from; should vanish with red rays of
3T~ qof~Fchffil
Red shining Sun rays and milk of red cows bestow health on
everyone.
color therapy
32
many others. Veda is a real treasure of knowledge as all these references are
3J~ 2.32.1
setting Sun. both types of Sun rays are capable to kill insects on Earth.
fcr~ ~ ~ ttl~'IJ1~"1't I
3J~ 2.32.2
various colors and white color, with four eyes, and so on are killed by rays
of Sun. Sun rays are able to kill the worms by breaking their vertebral
person to release the self and attain bliss and ultimate fulfillment. The
33
the individual an unusual mystic power. Mantra produces a set of vibration
in the surrounding atmosphere & its force depends on the attitude of the
cannot be analyzed measured, weighed, seen but are felt. The force of
Mantra can be only felt. It should be performed with due faith and all
rituals, and then it is fruitful. One must have complete faith in Mantra he is
at the end of Japa, this is a sufficient proof to believe. Mantra requires faith,
Japa, hard work ad per laid dictums to realize the desired objects and
vibrations. Each Mantra has a different use, The vibrations of sound create
UPANSU JAPA: It is the method where Japa is done very slowly so that
MANSIC JAPA : The Japa carried out only in the heart without any sound
or lip movements.
34
VACHNIK JAP A : In this method you can recite the mantra in a low,
been told that "In the beginning there was The Word ... " and the scriptures
from many world religions testify that sound was the originating
sound was the originating manifestation of the Universe as we know it. This
subtle layers of this sacred language can also serve those of us with more
practical concerns.
from the ordinary mind." The regular use of Sanskrit mantra helps us to
transcend the ordinary faculty of the mind and its limited scope, helping us
access illumined intellect, the storehouse of our soul's wisdom and powerful
35
sketches of a deeper meaning that supersedes our ability to convey it with
mantra has a direct, specific effect on the chakra system. (In fact, the 50
seed sounds of the Sanskrit alphabet correspond with the 50 petals of our
chakra system.) As the mantra formulae are intoned, the petals on the
chakras vibrate in sympathetic response and the bridge to healing, from the
simply put, the mantra creates a forcefield of such positive energy that you
personal growth, and every possible dilemma of the human condition. The
evolution, and they set out the mantras like a trail of stars for us to follow
Home.
understand. The learning process (aka "healing") can take days, months,
years, or lifetimes, depending on the depth of the lesson. Working with the
Sanskrit mantra for a particular issue links the awareness to its root in
36
pure knowing that is inherent to our own higher nature. Through this
intentions is like releasing an arrow straight to the core of the matter. It puts
the destiny of soul evolution within reach, and ones empowerment only as
from a teacher, rather than from a book. Since there are millions of mantras,
it's also important to choose proper mantras wisely depending on the result
one is expecting. If the mantra is desired purely for spiritual growth; one of
the great liberation mantras such as the Gayatri, "Om Mani Padme Hum," or
"Om Namah Shivaya," could resonate with you. If mantra is for practical or
alphabets, etc. is shiksha. Famous holy texts on this science are written by
word possesses some kind of strength and explains the secret of every
from a mantra is powerful and hence describes the greatness of the alphabet
37
Om. Since the Vedas were considered to be divine in origin the order of
every word from their mantras had to be maintained while chanting, as per
the established rules. In this regard authors of the Nirukta say, Pillt1lj'{OQf
pronunciation is definite; hence the meaning of the Vedas also does not
Hence if Vedic mantras are chanted correctly then the mantras become
efficacious.
meamng; hence vowels decide the meaning of words. In this regard the
makes it faulty and does not convey the intended meaning. Instead it gets
converted into a verbal thunderbolt and harms the one chanting it, as had
vowels.
one being "Indra's enemy" (the slayer of Lord Indra) from Tatpurush Samas
38
and "the one whose enemy is Lord Indra" (the one who will be slain by
Lord Indra) from Bahuvrihi Samas. Since the first meaning was intended for
Tvashta he had to utter the note of the last letter of the entire word in a lofty
tone. He however, uttered the last letter of the first word in the Samas in a
lofty tone. Consequently, instead of a son being born to slay Lord Indra, a
son, Vrutra who would be killed by Lord Indra was born (Taittiriya Sanhita
vowels.'
created distortion in the Vedas. For that poetic compositions of the Sanhitas,
which appeared in different branches of the Vedas in the mantra form, were
compositions distortions such as Kram, Jata, Ghan, etc. were written. These
variations were useful to chant Vedic mantras in reverse order and thus to
B. Pratishakhya: After several branches of the Vedas came into being each
branch began to chant the mantras in their own way. To bring uniformity
39
A couplet in the Bhagwad Gita, one of the most ancient of
prevention of infirmity and ill-health. The couplet states that those who
equanimity, and are balanced in thoughts and action, are away from
This target is difficult to achieve, but mental peace and relaxation thus
pressure and pulse rate. This effect is seen in normal volunteers and in
patients with hypertension. Patel and others in Britain have shown that
meditation and prayer techniques lower blood pressure on a short term and
seen are on pulse rate, respiration, blood pressure, lean body mass, basal
40
metabolic rate and biochemical parameters like glucose intolerance, lipids,
asked to recite the Ave Maria (in Latin) or a mantra. Both prayer and mantra
in North and South Carolina in USA. Among the 381 participants in this
one-year long trial there was a significant short term reduction in weight and
Damodaran et al in Mumbai.
41
3. Ayurveda literature:
C~otha)
Tf.~ 18.5
Samhita has advised to follow the rules and regulations dictated through
four Vedaas.
am: *,1~'1IP1
Tf.~. 7.16
42
Even III treatment of poisoning, Mantra acts as supportive
measure.
T:f.~. 23.223
~.~34-7
~.q;. 5.8
authentic.
g\JilIct1~ ~ Wi ~ 41;:::i1d;:::ilfaq I
3T.la.\'f. 3.58
practice.
43
All these references point towards acceptance of Mantra as a
compendia yet Cardiac diseases were known. The tenns then differed from
present tenns hence all collaborations are difficult to present in the review.
Intra-uterine differentiation:
~:m. 4
_ ~: ~ClICft1~ 11Cffff I
~:m. 3
It is most logical that in ancient era it was accepted that heart beating of
44
Origin of heart:
~M{)ldCJ)4?!JItlIG\ji ~GlI't I
~:m. 4.31
and Kapha.
possible form.
tissue. Since Ayurveda assumes that maternal blood does not contain such
originated from such pure body entities, namely blood and Kapha.
cardiac diseases. Drugs acting of such constituents are seen to offer fantastic
results.
RI xIIi ihi Cf> Ii C'I!!Cfi C'li Cf> I~ ~ iI g~!!cl 'tf Elh'll RI "q I
45
Heart is four anguli in measurement, appears like lotus with
Location of Hrdaya:
~-
,
3l.{a'.W. 4
'Ko~tha'.
~.W. 6
Relation of Hrdaya:
~.W. 4.31
46
Anatomical relations of heart are; inferiorly and laterally on
right side is liver and 'Kloma', inferiorly and laterally on left side spleen
Hrdaya abides:
1. Oja:
T.f.~ 30
2. Touch sensors:
T.f.~ 30
supported by heart.
47
3. Caitanya or Cetana tatva:
"q.~ 30
48
Soul abides in heart.
7. Mind with its attributes:
T.f.~ 30
Mind with its three attributes namely satva, raja, tama abide in heart.
~~f1c8°1 ~ ~ ~IGti~j{SlSO(I
\J11;!H1«1mCf)~R1 ~Jl..T.f Pl4")61R1II
~.~. 4.32
Heart looks like red lotus and it faces down. While sleeping
this lotus like heart appears as if it has closed petals and while activities it
organ provide entire body even in particular sitting posture meant for
meditation.
49
Chief organ of two systems:
circulatory .
"'Cf.fct 5
Do~a-dhatu·-mala of heart:
a. Do~a:
Rasadhatu.
Raktadhatu.
Mamsadhatu.
Cetanadhatu.
Oja.
50
Functions of heart:
~ I 'Cf.fct 5).
~ I 'Cf.fcr. 5).
"RI". 15).
51
13. Information about body condition
~:~. 1.17,18
motions like relaxations, contractions etc. it this Vata type gets vitiated, it
after coitus. He does not stop short of saying that separation of absorbable
52
Chronological nourishment of Dhatavah is included in specific functions of
Vyana.
heart.
'q.ftr. 15
thrown out ofheart and (*15,<01) as process ofRasa coming towards heart.
53
In this, Vyanavayu is chief executor of this function:
ClII;i"1 ~ Fcla)q1~(1ct>4ulIl
only Rasa into consideration while reading this verse. Blood and all other
These are mentioned while reading meaning of verse. They are as follows:
54
This is systemic as well as pulmonary circulation. It is
fashion of circulation.
~.~ 14.16
than flames and flames are faster than waterfall. Hence circulation is in all
55
This verse III this way indicates microcirculation of body,
directions.
diastole.
diastolic pressure.
is level of the line halving area between pulse wave contour and the
56
In adults relation between three pressures is as follows:
in normal conditions.
Basal blood pressure: When an individual is with the least possible amount
sufficient for needs of body. When a subject is in reclining state, 5-6 hours
after last meal, in a comfortably warm room, after resting for at least 30-40
57
Diastolic pressure undergoes much less fluctuations in health
load against which heart has to work. Pulse pressure directly varies as stroke
volume.
etc.
heart is the main factor for controlling cardiac output, blood pressure and
certain amount of blood is ejected out into aorta. Driving force of blood is
considered upon how much amount of blood is driven out by heart into aorta
in each beat.
58
Alteration of cardiac output will alter blood pressure. Cardiac
output depends upon venous return, force and frequency of heartbeat. Blood
output.
pressure either rises or does not change. So, in old age force, which distends
1. Cell count.
111. Temperature.
59
IV. Chemical composition like C02, 02 etc.
with elastic tubes. Any fluid in such a system can exert significant pressure
only if fluid fills the system to its capacity or more than its capacity. Normal
blood volume fills system and blood pressure is normal and maintained.
effect than a slower one. Hence, pressure is high in aorta, low in capillaries.
blood will have a higher friction than a lesser one. It is for this reason that
than ordinary saline. Alteration in blood viscosity will affect the diastolic
blood pressure. In old age, arterial walls become stiff. Hence, blood pressure
60
rIses. In systolic pressure arterial wall are stretched due to presence of
elastic tissues in their walls. Blood gets accumulated while flowing through
like an accelerator pump to heart and this facilitates diastolic blood pressure.
wall becomes relatively hard, elasticity is lost. This is usually seen in old
age.
resistance. One should expect therefore that the capillaries, having smallest
lumen, should have highest pressure. Contrary to this, due to lowest velocity
resistance.
61
Physiological variations in arterial blood pressure:
show highest blood pressure in morning, another may show highest blood
pressure in evening. These fluctuations are rhythmic and are called circadian
chythm.
3. Sex: Females have around 5 mm Hg less than males of same age. This is
due to sex hormones. After menopause values are same for both sexes.
6. Sleep: During sound sleep, systolic blood pressure may fall by about 20
mm Hg. this is due to -low metabolic rate. However in disturbed sleep, blood
62
7. Posture: blood pressure is variable with posture. In standing posture
systolic blood pressure is low and diastolic blood pressure is more. In lying
posture it is reverse.
venous return. This results in a fall of cardiac output and hence blood
remains low.
pressure and diastolic blood pressure fall enough to cause a decreased blood
flow to brain. Subject may faint. When a person lies down from a sitting
posture, earth's gravitational forces no longer act along long axis. This is the
increased. H~nce in lying down position systolic blood pressure is more and
63
8. Effect of gravity: If heart is imagined at zero point, blood pressure
increases towards feet and decrease towards head. Below heart, earth's
pressure sucks more blood into right side. At the same time blood going to
11. Exercise: In strenuous exercise systolic pressure rises and might reach
systolic pressure.
short-term acting and long term acting mechanisms come into play. Putting
64
a) Neural.
acidosis.
b) Hormonal.
65
Clinical significance:
Hypertension.
blood pressure at all ages, even when blood pressure readings are within the
stroke and to a lesser extent, coronary artery disease (EBM panel, page
393).
66
cardiovascular risk and the adoption of multi factor intervention, targeting
not only at blood pressure but all modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. In
clinical data support the notion that the Hypertension subtypes defined by
Hypertension.
67
Despite many years of active research, there is no unifying
blood volume and cardiac output might initiate subsequent changes in the
retention could then account for the increase in blood volume. In chronic,
nitric oxide and the vascular smooth muscle is less sensitive to the actions
68
(non-insulin dependent diabetes) causes endothelial dysfunction by
enhanced oxygen free radical mediated damage and decreased nitric oxide
bioavailability.
Hypertension increases the risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, renal
disease and other disorders. The three broad classes of drugs used to treat
69
There are many known conditions that can cause secondary
blood vessels, the central nervous system, the retina, the heart and the
Blood vessels
deposited. The vessels dilate and become tortuous and their walls become
arteriosclerosis occurs in the wall, the lumen narrows and aneurysms may
70
cerebro-vascular disease, particularly if other risk factors (e.g. smoking,
often shows hemorrhage in and around the basal ganglia; however the
managed.
71
Retina
Heart
may lead to left ventricular hypertrophy with a forceful apex beat and fourth
artery disease.
72
Kidneys
necrosis in the walls of the small arteries and arterioles and intravascular
failure may occur and if this is untreated, death occurs within months.
of blood pressure
73
• To identify contributory factors and any underlying
risks
of Antihypertensive therapy
History
other risk factors should be recorded. A careful history will also identify
these patients with drugs or alcohol induced Hypertension and may elicit
74
Examinatil'n
(polycystic kidney disease), abdominal bruits (renal artery stenosis), and the
physical signs that may help to identifY one of the causes of Secondary
and a fourth heart sound. The optic fundi are often abnormal and there may
Investigations
• Blood sugar
75
• Serum total and high density lipoproteins, cholesterol
• 12 lead ECG
coat' Hypertension
hypertrophy
pheochromocytoma
primary aldosteronism
76
Even if high blood pressure does cause symptoms, the
different disorders).
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision
• Nausea
symptoms arising from the organ damage caused by chronic (ongoing, long-
term) high blood pressure. The following types of organ damage are
• Heart attack
• Heart failure
77
• Stroke or "mini stroke" (transient ischemic attack,
TIA)
• Kidney failure
• aneurysms
medical care until the high blood pressure is very severe, a condition known
as malignant Hypertension.
light-headedness, or nausea.
78
It is of utmost importance to realize that high blood pressure
Age: The older one gets, the greater is the likelihood of developing high
blood pressure, especially systolic, as your arteries get stiffer. This is largely
Race: African Americans have high blood pressure more often than whites.
They develop high blood pressure at a younger age and develop more severe
complications sooner.
southeastern United States, both whites and blacks, are more likely to have
pressure than women. This likelihood varies according to age and among
79
Factors that can be changed :Overweight (obesity): Obesity is defined
as having a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2. It is very closely
that all obese people with high blood pressure lose weight until they are
within 15% of their healthy body weight. Your health care provider can help
(salt), and their blood pressure goes up if they use salt. Reducing sodium
intake tends to lower their blood pressure. Americans consume 10-15 times
more sodium than they need. Fast foods and processed foods contain
find out how much sodium is contained in food items. Avoid those with
Alcohol use: Drinking more than one to two drinks of alcohol per day tends
Birth control pills (oral contraceptive use): Some women who take birth
80
Drugs: Certain drugs, such as amphetamines (stimulants), diet pills, and
some pills used for cold and allergy symptoms, tend to raise blood pressure.
pressure higher than 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure higher than 90
mm Hg, or both.
symptoms:
• Light-headedness or dizziness
member has or has had high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke, or kidney
failure.
81
It is needed to go to a hospital emergency department if your
• Severe headache
complete)
rest
stroke
Medical Treatment:
sodium intake by eliminating table salt, cooking salt, and salty and
processed foods can reduce blood pressure by 5 mm Hg. Losing weight and
doing regular physical activity can reduce the blood pressure further.
82
If these lifestyle changes and choices don't work, medications
should be added. The medications have been proven to reduce the risk of
stroke, heart disease, and kidney problems. Do not stop taking your
Medications :
blood volume. The sensitivity to the effect of other hormones in your body
is decreased.
Beta-blockers:
83
They are preferred for people who have associated coronary
heart disease, angina, or history of a heart attack, since they also prevent
atenolol (Tenormin)
felodipine (Plendil)
flushing
angiotensin II, a very potent chemical that causes blood vessels to contract,
84
a cause of high blood pressure. Blockage of this chemical causes the blood
vessels to relax.
kidney function and raise blood potassium levels, especially in patients with
damaged kidneys. ACE inhibitors sometimes cause dry cough and rarely
angiotensin II.
Side effects tend to be less with ARBs than ACEls with much
less cough.
85
Alpha-blockers :
are no longer frequently prescribed and are primarily used in men with
prostate) symptoms.
nervous system is the part of the nervous system that is automatic and
86
exceSSIve side effects, and no randomized trials demonstrate their
Direct vasodilators:
Surgery :
Other Therapy:
87
Acupuncture and biofeedback are well-accepted alternative
techniques that may help some people with high blood pressure.
These techniques alone will not keep the blood pressure in the
healthy range for many people. They are not used as a substitute for medical
therapy.
pressure.
88
Apparatus:
bag.
89
3. Mercury manometer - it is U-shaped glass tube with one long calibrated
arm and other short well-shaped thick arm filled with mercury. One tube
4. Hand pump - it bears valve for pushing air when desired. It is directly
connected to cuff. Hence pushed air enters bag and inflates it pressing
Methods:
1. Palpatory method.
2. Auscultatory method.
J. Oscillatory method.
1. Palpatory method:
1. Cuff ofB.P. apparatus is wound around brachial artery four fingers above
4. With the help of hand pump, closing valve of pump, air is pushed into
cuff inflating it against brachial artery. B.P. cuff is inflated to around 200
observed.
90
5. Pressure at which radial pulse IS no more palpable IS recorded as
1. Auscultatory method:
3. While cuff is deflated, sounds over brachial artery are heard carefully.
get muffled, and stop. These are called Korotcoff s sounds. Pressure
deflating the cuff, the blood hits walls of empty vessel and gives first
systolic tap, as usual. A few sounds may be heard following this tap,
which are not strong. At lower pressure than the first systolic tap,
91
strong sounds start becoming audible through stethoscope. For a
The gap between real systolic tap and reappearance of strong sounds
No sQunds
(artery is closed)
ntlatabltl-·~"~'
cuff sound$, are ooafd
with $t~osoopt\
92
2. Oscillatory method:
93