1.

Prevalence

Women are 5 to 10 times more likely than men to develop hyperthyroidism. Other people at risk
for an overactive thyroid include those with:

 A previous thyroid problem, such as goiter

 A previous history of thyroid surgery
 Type 1 diabetes
 Primary adrenal insufficiency
 A family history of thyroid disease
 Pernicious anemia.

Risk factors also include those people:

 Who eat large amounts of food containing iodine, such as kelp, or use iodine-containing
medications, such as amiodarone, a heart medication
 Are older than 60 years of age
 Who have been pregnant or delivered a baby within the past six months
 Who smoke.

Risk factors for hyperthyroidism include:

 Being female
 Being over age 60
 Recent pregnancy
 Having an autoimmune disease (such as type 1 diabetes)
 Family history of thyroid disease or autoimmune disease
 Personal history of thyroid problems, like goiter (an abnormally large thyroid gland) or
having had thyroid surgery
 Consuming significant amounts of iodine through food or medication

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26562191_Thyroid_Disorders_Etiology_and_Prevale
nce

2. Thyroid gland anatomy

http://teachmeanatomy.info/neck/viscera/the-thyroid-gland/

thyroid anatomy haal 62-63 harrison endocrinology

histology thyroid gland
https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/glandular/thyroid.php

3. Di nomor 1 sm 2 o lewat
 4. Gejala hyperthyroid yg khas
-neurologic: dementia
-cardiac: atrial fibrillation
-mata: exophthalmos

Cardiac :
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019483217302626
neurologic: anxiety
https://www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/causes/hyperthyroidism
dementia
http://www.btf-thyroid.org/information/leaflets/37-psychological-symptoms-guide
https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/578364
5. Skip mungkin difisiologi
6. Hyperthyroid : https://www.mirecc.va.gov/cih-
visn2/Documents/Provider_Education_Handouts/Hyperthyroidism_Information_Sheet_for_BHP
s_Version_3.pdf
Tyroxicothosis
Tiroid crisis
Goiter
Stroma

Hyperthyroidism vs. Thyrotoxicosis

The term hyperthyroidism refers to an inappropriately elevated thyroid function. The term
thyrotoxicosis refers to an excessive amount of circulating thyroid hormones from any source.
Increased levels of thyroid hormones can occur in the setting of an otherwise normal thyroid
function. For example, when there is inappropriate exogenous thyroid hormone or excessive
release of stored hormone from an inflamed thyroid gland.

Though often used interchangeably, thyrotoxicosis and hyperthyroidism are NOT synonymous.

Thyroid Storm (thyroid crisis)

Thyroid storm happens when the thyroid gland suddenly releases large amounts of thyroid
hormone in a short period of time. Thyroid storm is a potentially fatal complication in people
who already have hyperthyroidism. Thyroid storms typically occur in people with untreated or
partially treated thyrotoxicosis who then experience a precipitating event such as surgery,
infection, or trauma that causes their thyroid gland to release a “storm” of thyroid hormones into
blood streams in a short amount of time. E.g. people with untreated or undertreated graves
disease are at risk of a thyroid storm.
You have to identify a thyroid storm and initiate treatment quickly, even before labs
return.

Thyrotoxicosis Vs Hyperthyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis refers to the biochemical and physiological manifestations of excessive thyroid hormone.
Hyperthyroidism is a term reserved for disorders that result in the over production of hormone by the
thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis need not be due to hyperthyroidism.

Stroma: http://www.bjbms.org/archives/2006-1/bilalovic.pdf

Goiter: https://www.thyroid.org/wp-
content/uploads/patients/brochures/Goiter_brochure.pdf?pdf=Goiter

Lipid metabolism : http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/thyroid/physio.html

https://www.jscimedcentral.com/Endocrinology/endocrinology-spid-role-thyroid-hormone-metabolic-
homeostasis-1043.pdf

carbohydrate metabolism