Science in China Series A: Mathematics

Jul., 2008, Vol. 51, No. 7, 1215–1231

www.scichina.com math.scichina.com
www.springerlink.com

Carleman estimates and unique continuation prop-

erty for the anisotropic differential-operator equa-
tions
Veli B SHAKHMUROV
Department of Mathematics, Okan University, Akfirat, 34959 Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
(email: veli.sahmurov@okan.edu.tr)

Abstract The unique continuation theorems for the anisotropic partial differential-operator equa-
tions with variable coefficients in Banach-valued Lp -spaces are studied. To obtain the uniform maximal
regularity and the Carleman type estimates for parameter depended differential-operator equations, the
sufficient conditions are founded. By using these facts, the unique continuation properties are estab-
lished. In the application part, the unique continuation properties and Carleman estimates for finite
or infinite systems of quasielliptic partial differential equations are studied.
Keywords: Carleman estimates, unique continuation, embedding theorems, Banach-valued func-
tion spaces, differential operator equations, maximal Lp -regularity, operator-valued Fourier mul-
tipliers, interpolation of Banach spaces
MSC(2000): 34G10, 35J25, 35J70

1 Introduction
The main aim of this paper is to present a unique continuation result for the solution of a
differential inequality of the form:

Lu(x)E  V (x)u(x)E , (1)

where L is an anisotropic differential operator in Lp (Rn ; E) (i.e. E-valued Lp space) defined by

 
D(L) = Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E), Lu = aα (x)Dα u + A(x)u + Aα (x)Dα u,
|α:l|=1 |α:l|<1

where aα is the complex-valued function in Rn ; A(x), Aα (x) are the possible unbounded oper-
ators and V (x) is a bounded operator in a Banach space E; and
 m n

∂ αk
α = (α1 , α2 , . . . , αn ), l = (l1 , l2 , . . . , ln ), Dkm = , |α : l| = .
∂xk lk
k=1
1 1 1
 n
1 1 1 n
The main result of this paper is that, if p − q k=1 lk  1, p − q = μ , V ∈ Lμ (R ; B(E)),
l n
p, q, μ ∈ (1, ∞), then the unique continuation property holds in Wp (R ; E(A), E), i.e. if u ∈
Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E) satisfies (1), then u is identically zero when its support is contained in a half
space, where Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E) is E-valued Sobolev-Lions type space. By using the Carleman
Received July 13, 2006; accepted September 16, 2007
DOI: 10.1007/s11425-008-0001-7
1216 Veli B SHAKHMUROV

estimate in Lp (Rn ; E), the unique continuation property is obtained. Note that, for l1 = l2 =
· · · = ln = 2m, we obtain the following elliptic differential operator equation (DOE):

Lu = aα (x)Dα u + A(x)u = f.
|α|2m

Jerison and Kenig initiated the theory of Lp Carleman estimates for Laplas operator with
potential and proved unique continuation results for elliptic constant coefficient operators in
[1]. This was later generalized to elliptic variable coefficient operators by Sogge in [2]. There were
further improvements by Wolff[3] for elliptic operators with less regular coefficients and by Koch
and Tataru[4] who considered the problem with gradients terms. A comprehensive introductions
and historical references to Carleman estimates and unique continuation properties may be
found, e.g. in [4]. Moreover, boundary value problems for differential-operator equations have
been studied in detail in [5–8]. The solvability and spectrum of boundary value problems for
elliptic DOE’s have also been investigated in [9–17]. A comprehensive introduction to DOE’s
and historical references may be found in [6, 8].

2 Notations, definitions and background

Let R be the set of real numbers and C be the set of complex numbers. Let

Sϕ = {λ, λ ∈ C, |arg λ|  ϕ} ∪ {0}, 0  ϕ < π.

Let E and E1 be two Banach spaces, and B(E, E1 ) denotes the spaces of all bounded linear
operators from E to E1 . For E1 = E we denote B(E, E1 ) by B(E). A linear operator A is said
to be a ϕ-positive in a Banach space E with bound M > 0 if D(A) is dense on E and

(A + λI)−1 B(E)  M (1 + |λ|)−1

with λ ∈ Sϕ , ϕ ∈ [0, π) is an identity operator in E. Sometimes A + λI will be written as A + λ

and denoted by Aλ . It is known from [18, Section 1.15.1] that there exists fractional powers
Aθ of a positive operator A and

E(Aθ ) = {u, u ∈ D(Aθ ), uE(Aθ ) = Aθ uE + u < ∞, −∞ < θ < ∞}.

We denote by Lp (Ω; E) the space of all strongly measurable E-valued functions on Ω with the
norm
 1/p
uLp = uLp(Ω;E) = u(x)pE dx , 1  p < ∞.
Ω

Let E0 and E be two Banach spaces and E0 is continuously and densely embedded by E.
Let l = (l1 , l2 , . . . , ln ), where lk ’s are positive integers.
We introduce an E0 -valued anisotropic function space Wpl (Ω; E0 , E) (sometimes we called it
the Sobolev-Lions type space) that consists of functions u ∈ Lp (Ω; E0 ) that have the generalized
derivatives Dklk u ∈ Lp (Ω; E) with the norm
n

uWpl (Ω;E0 ,E) = uLp(Ω;E0 ) + Dklk uLp(Ω;E) < ∞, 1  p < ∞.
k=1
Carleman estimates and unique continuation property 1217

Let t  t0 > 0 be some parameters. We define in Wpl (Ω; E(A), E) the parameterized norm
n

l (Ω;E(A),E) = (A + t
uWp,t |l|
)uLp(Ω;E) + Dklk uLp(Ω;E) .
k=1

For l1 = l2 = · · · = ln = m we obtain the isotropic space Wpm (Ω; E0 , E).

The Banach space E is said to be a UMD space[19, 20] if the Hilbert operator

f (y)
(Hf )(x) = lim dy
ε→0 |x−y|>ε x − y

is bounded in Lp (R; E), p ∈ (1, ∞). UMD spaces contain Lp , lp spaces and the Lorentz spaces
Lpq , p, q ∈ (1, ∞) for instance.
Let E1 and E2 be two Banach spaces. Let S(Rn ; E) denote a Schwartz class, i.e. the space
of all E-valued rapidly decreasing smooth functions on Rn . Let F and F −1 denote the Fourier
and inverse Fourier transformations, respectively. A function Ψ ∈ C m (Rn ; L(E1 , E2 )) is called
a multiplier from Lp (Rn ; E1 ) to Lq (Rn ; E2 ) for p, q ∈ (1, ∞) if the map u → Ku = F −1 Ψ(ξ)F u,
u ∈ S(Rn ; E1 ) is well defined and extends to a bounded linear operator

K : Lp (Rn ; E1 ) → Lq (Rn ; E2 ).

We denote the set of all multipliers from Lp (Rn ; E1 ) to Lq (Rn ; E2 ) by Mpq (E1 , E2 ). For E1 =
E2 = E and q = p we denote Mpq (E1 , E2 ) by Mp (E). The exposition of the theory of Lp -Fourier
multipliers and some related references can be found in [18, Sections 2.2.1–2.2.4]. On the other
hand, Fourier multipliers in vector-valued function spaces have been studied, e.g. in [9, 20–25].
A set K ⊂ L(E1 , E2 ) is called R-bounded[21] if there is a positive constant C such that for
all T1 , T2 , . . . , Tm ∈ K and u1 , u2 , . . . , um ∈ E1 , m ∈ N
 1   1 
m m

rj (y)Tj uj dy  C rj (y)uj
dy,
0 j=1 E2 0 j=1 E1

where {rj } is a sequence of independent symmetric {−1, 1}-valued random variables on [0, 1].
The smallest constant C is called the R-bound of K and is denoted by R(K).
Let

Un = {β = (β1 , β2 , . . . , βn ), βi ∈ {0, 1}, i = 1, 2, . . . , n},

Vn = {ξ = (ξ1 , ξ2 , . . . , ξn ) ∈ Rn , ξ = 0, i = 1, 2, . . . , n},
ξ α = ξ1α1 ξ2α2 · · · ξnαn , |ξ α | = |ξ1 |α1 |ξ2 |α2 · · · |ξn |αn , α = (α1 , α2 , . . . , αn ).

For any r = (r1 , r2 , . . . , rn ), ri ∈ [0, ∞), the function (iξ)r wıll be defined such that
⎧
⎨ (iξ )r1 · · · (iξ )rn , ξ1 , ξ2 , . . . , ξn = 0
1 n
(iξ)r =
⎩ 0, ξ1 , ξ2 , . . . , ξn = 0,

where (iξk )rk = exp[rk (ln |ξk | + iπsgn(ξk )/2)], k = 1, 2, . . . , n.

Let Hk = {Ψh ∈ Mpq (E1 , E2 ), h ∈ K} be a collection of multipliers in Mpq (E1 , E2 ). We say
that Hk is a uniform collection of multipliers if there exists a positive constant M, independent
on h ∈ K, such that
F −1 Ψh F uLq (Rn ;E2 )  M uLp(Rn ;E1 )
1218 Veli B SHAKHMUROV

for all h ∈ K and u ∈ S(Rn ; E1 ).

Definition 1. The Banach space E is said to be a space satisfying a multiplier condition
with respect to p, q ∈ (1, ∞) (with respect to p if q = p) if for any Ψ ∈ C (n) (Rn ; L(E1 , E2 )), the
R-boundedness of set
1 1
{ξ β+ p − q Dβ Ψ(ξ) : ξ ∈ Vn , β ∈ Un }
implies that Ψ is a Fourier multiplier from Lp (Rn ; E1 ) to Lq (Rn ; E2 ), i.e. Ψ ∈ Mpq (E1 , E2 ).

Definition 2. The ϕ-positive operator A is said to be an R-positive in a Banach space E if

there exists ϕ ∈ [0, π) such that the set {ξ(A + ξ)−1 : ξ ∈ Sϕ } is R-bounded.
A Banach space E has a property (α) (see e.g. [21, 22]), if there exists a constant α such
that  
N N
α ε ε 
x  α ε ε 
x
ij i j ij

i j ij

i,j=1 L2 (Ω×Ω ;E) i,j=1 L2 (Ω×Ω ;E)

for all N ∈ N, xi,j ∈ E, αij ∈ {0, 1}, i, j = 1, 2, . . . , N, and all choices of independent, symmet-
ric, {−1, 1}-valued random variables ε1 , ε2 , . . . , εN , ε1 , ε2 , . . . , εN on probability spaces Ω, Ω .
For example the spaces Lp (Ω), 1  p < ∞, has the property (α).
In view of [26], Mikhlin conditions are not sufficient for operator-valued multiplier theorem.
There are however, Banach spaces which are not Hilbert spaces but satisfy the multiplier
condition.
Remark 1. By virtue of UMD spaces[27] with (α) properties satisfy the multiplier condition
with respect to p ∈ (1, ∞). Note that, in Hilbert spaces every norm bounded set is R-bounded.
Therefore, in Hilbert spaces all positive operators are R-positive. If A is a generator of a
contraction semigroup on Lq , 1  q  ∞[28] , A has the bounded imaginary powers with
(−Ait )L(E)  Ceν|t| , ν < π2 [29] or if A is a generator of a semigroup with Gaussian bound[22]
in E ∈UMD, then those operators are R-positive. It is well known (see e.g. [30]) that any
Hilbert space satisfies the multiplier condition with respect to p ∈ (1, ∞).
We set 
Cb (Ω; E) = u ∈ C(Ω; E), lim u(x) exists .
|x|→∞

The partial differential equation (PDE) is called anisotropic if this equation possesses gener-
ally different derivatives with respect to different variables in principal part.
Let l = (l1 , l2 , . . . , ln ). Consider the following anisotropic PDE:

aα Dα u(x) = f (x),
|α:l|1

where aα are complex numbers. The above PDE equation is said to be quasi-elliptic if for all
ξ ∈ Rn there is a positive constant C such that
  n
   
 α
aα ξ   C |ξk |lk .

|α:l|=1 k=1

Let
n
 1 1
αk + p − q
l = (l1 , l2 , . . . , ln ), κ= .
lk
k=1
Carleman estimates and unique continuation property 1219

Embedding theorems in Sobolev-Lions type spaces were studied in [12–17, 30, 31].
Theorem A1 . Suppose the following conditions hold :
(1) E is a Banach space satisfying the multiplier condition with respect to p, q ∈ (1, ∞) and
A is an R-positive operator on E;
(2) lk are positive, αk are nonnegative integer numbers and t0 is positive number such that
 
|l|κ
κ
0  μ  1 − κ, t0 κ+μ
 1+ .
μ
Then an embedding
Dα Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E) ⊂ Lq (Rn ; E(A1−κ−μ ))

is continuous and there exists a positive constant Cμ such that for all u ∈ Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E),
t  t0 > 0 and h > 0, the following uniform estimate

t|l|μ A1−κ−μ Dα uLp(Rn ;E)  Cμ [hμ uWp,t

l (Rn ;E(A),E) + h
−(1−μ)
uLp(Rn ;E) ] (2)

holds with respect to t and h.

Proof. By reasoning as [16, Theorem 3.1], it is sufficient to prove the estimate

t|l|μ F − (iξ)α A1−κ−μ ûLq (Rn ,E)

  n
 
μ − |l| − lk
 Cμ h F (A + t )ûLp (Rn ,E) + F [(iξk ) û]Lp (Rn ,E)
k=1

+ h−(1−μ) F − ûLp (Rn ,E)

for u ∈ Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E) and some positive constant Cμ . Thus the inequality (1) will follow if
we prove the following inequality

t|l|μ F − [(iξ)α A1−κ−μ û]Lq (Rn ;E)

  n  
− μ 
 Cμ F h A + t|l|
+ ξk
lk
+ h −(1−μ)
û
(3)
k=1 Lp (Rn ;E)

for all u ∈ Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E). Since A is the positive operator in E, the operator function
n
Qt,h (ξ) = hμ (A + t|l| + k=1 |ξk |lk ) + h−(1−μ) is invertible for ξ ∈ Rn , t  t0 > 0 and h > 0. It
is clear that the inequality (2) will follow immediately if we can prove that the operator-function

Ψt,h = t|l|μ (iξ)α A1−κ−μ Q−1

t,h (ξ)

is a uniform collection of multipliers in Mpq (E). To see this, it is sufficient to show that the set
1 1
{ξ β+ p − q Dβ Ψt,h (ξ) : ξ ∈ Rn /{0}, β ∈ Un }

is R-bounded in E and the R-bound does not depend on t and h. Since Ψt,h (ξ) = ξ −η Ψt (ξ),
η = 1p − 1q , then in a similar way as [16, Theorem 3.1], by applying the inequality
 n
 
α1 α2 lk
|ξ1 | · · · |ξn |  M0 1 + |ξk | for |α : l  1| (4)
k=1
1220 Veli B SHAKHMUROV
|l|κ
α1 +η αn +η
κ − κ+μ
to product t|l|μ |ξ1 | κ+μ · · · |ξn | κ+μ in view of condition κ+μ  1 − t0 , we obtain

sup |ξ (β+η) |Dβ Ψt,h (ξ)B(E)  C, ξ ∈ Rn /{0}, β ∈ Un . (5)

tt0 ,0<hh0

Due to R-positivity of the operator A and by estimate (4), we obtain

sup R({AQ−1 n
t,h (ξ): ξ ∈ R /{0}}) < ∞,
tt0 ,0<hh0
 n
  
sup R t|l| + |ξk |lk + h−1 Q−1
t,h (ξ): ξ ∈ R n
/{0} < ∞.
tt0 ,0<hh0
k=1

Moreover, for u1 , u2 , . . . , um ∈ E, m ∈ N and ξ j = (ξ1j , ξ2j , . . . , ξnj ) ∈ Rn /{0}, we have

m

r (y)(ξ j η
) Ψ (ξ j
)u
j t,h j
j=1 Lp (0,1;E)
m

=
rj (y)t |l|μ j η j α 1−κ−μ −1 j
(ξ ) (ξ ) A Q t,h (ξ )u j


j=1 Lp (0,1;E)
m  n −(κ+μ)
 

= |l|μ j α+η
rj (y)t (ξ ) 1+ lk
|ξkj | + h −1

j=1 k=1
 n
  (κ+μ)
lk −1 −1 j −1 j 1−(κ+μ)

· 1+ |ξkj | + h Qt,h (ξ ) [AQt,h (ξ )] uj , (6)
k=1 Lp (0,1;E)

where {rj } is a sequence of independent symmetric {−1, 1}-valued random variables on [0, 1].
Then again by using the inequality (3) for product t|l|μ (ξ j )α+η and by virtue of Kahane’s con-
traction principle in [22, Lemma 3.5], we obtain from (5)
m

rj (y)(ξ ) Ψt,h (ξ )uj
j η j

j=1 Lp (0,1;E)
   (κ+μ)
m n


 2M0 rj (y) 1 + lk
|ξkj | + h −1 −1 j
Qt,h (ξ ) −1 j 1−(κ+μ)
[AQt,h (ξ )] uj .
j=1 k=1 Lp (0,1;E)

Then by above estimate, in view of (4) and by product properties of the collection of R-
bounded operators (see e.g. [22, Proposition 3.4]), we get that the set{Ψt,h (ξ): ξ ∈ Rn /{0}}
is R-bounded uniformly with respect to t and h. In a similar way, by using the Kahane’s
contraction principle and by product and additional properties of the collection of R-bounded
operators [22, Proposition 3.4], we obtain

sup R({ξ β+η Dβ Ψt,h (ξ): ξ ∈ Rn /{0}, β ∈ Un }) < ∞.

tt0 ,0<hh0

Then in view of the above estimate, we obtain that operator-function Ψt,h (ξ) is a uniform
collection of multipliers in Mpq (E). This completes the proof of the theorem.

3 Carleman estimates for DOE with constant coefficients

Consider at first the following anisotropic DOE with constant coefficient

(L0 (D) + λ)u = aα Dα u + Aλ u(x) = f (x), x ∈ Rn , λ ∈ S(ϕ0 ), (7)
|α:l|=1
Carleman estimates and unique continuation property 1221

where A is a possible unbounded operator in a Banach space E, λ and aα are complex numbers.
Let ν = (ν1 , ν2 , . . . , νn ) is a unique vector in Rn and t is a positive parameter. It is clear to
see that

et(x,ν) (L0 + λ)[ue−t(x,ν) ]

 n 
 αk
∂
= [L0 (D − tν) + λ]u = aα − tνk u(x) + Aλ u(x). (8)
∂k
|α:l|=1 k=1

Consider at first the following DOE with parameter

 n 
 αk
∂
[L0 (D − tν) + λ]u = aα − tνk u(x) + Aλ u(x) = f (x), x ∈ Rn . (9)
∂k
|α:l|=1 k=1

 n αk
Condition 3.1. Let the polinomial t → ψt (ξ) = |α:l|=1 aα k=1 (ξk − tνk ) has only
simple zeroes for ξ ∈ Rn \ {0} and
n

|L0 (ξ)|  C |ξk |lk , ξ ∈ Rn \ {0} ,
k=1
σt = {ξ ∈ Rn : ψt (ξ) ∈/ S (ϕ)} , ϕ ∈ [0, π) ,
n 
lk
ψt (ξ) ∈ S (ϕ1 ) , |ψt (ξ)|  C |ξk | + t for ξ ∈ Rn / σt ,
k=1
λ ∈ S (ϕ0 ) , ϕ0 + ϕ1 < π, t  t0 > 0, βi ∈ C0∞ , β0 (ξ) + β1 (ξ) ≡ 1,

supp β0 ∩ σt = {∅}, β1 (ξ) ≡ 1, for ξ ∈ σt .

Remark 3.1. If l = (2m1, 2m2 , . . . , 2mn ), αk = 2mk , k = 1, 2, . . . , n and a2mk = bk , where

bk are positive numbers, then Condition 3.1 is easily checked for ϕ1 = π2 and ϕ0 < π2 .

Theorem 3.1. Let the Banach space E satisfies the multiplier condition with respect to
p ∈ (1, ∞) and A be an R-positive operator in E, for ϕ ∈ [0, π). Moreover, let Condition 3.1
hold. Then for all f ∈ Lp (Rn ; E) there exists a unique solution u of the problem (3) belonging
to Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E) and the coercive uniform estimate

|λt|1−|α:l| Dα uLp (Rn ;E) + (A + t)uLp (Rn ;E)  C[L0 (D − tν) + λ]uLp(Rn ;E) (10)
|α:l|1

holds with respect to t  t0 and λ ∈ S(ϕ0 ).

Proof. By applying the Fourier transform we have, from (8),

[L0 (ξ − tν) + λ]û(ξ) = fˆ(ξ), L0 (ξ − tν) = ψt (ξ) + A. (11)

Without loss of generality, we put ν = (1, 0, . . . , 0). By Condition 3.1 and due to the positivity
of A, the operator Bt,λ (ξ) = β0−1 [Aλ + ψt (ξ)] is invertible in E. Hence, from (10) we obtain that
−1 ˆ
the solution of the equation (8) can be represented by the form u(x) = F −1 Bt,λ f. Moreover,
we have

−1 −1
Dα uLp = F −1 ξ α Bt,λ (ξ)fˆLp , AuLp = F −1 AûLp = F −1 ABt,λ (ξ)fˆLp .
1222 Veli B SHAKHMUROV

Therefore, in order to obtain the estimate of (9) it is sufficient to show that the operator-
−1 −1
functions Φα,t,λ (ξ) = |λ|1−||α:l|| ξ α Bt,λ (ξ), Φ0,t (ξ) = (A + t)Bt,λ (ξ) are a uniform collection of
p
Fourier multipliers in Mp (E). To see this, it is sufficient to show that

sup R({ξ β Dβ Φα,t,λ (ξ) : ξ ∈ Vn , β ∈ Un })  ∞,

tt0 ,λ∈S(ϕ0 )

sup R({ξ β Dβ Φ0,t,λ (ξ) : ξ ∈ Vn , β ∈ Un })  ∞.

tt0 ,λ∈S(ϕ0 )

Indeed, in view of positivity of A, by virtue of Condition 3.1 and by [29, Lemma 2.3 ] we get
 n −1
 
−1
Bt,λ (ξ) = A + λ + aα (ξk − tνk )

|α:l|=1 k=1
  n −1
   

 C 1 + |λ| +  aα αk 
(ξk − tνk ) 
|α:l|=1 k=1
 n
 −1
lk
 C 1 + |λ| + |ξk | + t  C.
k=1

By using the above estimate for all ξ ∈ Vn , we obtain the uniform estimates

sup Φα,t,λ (ξ) < ∞, sup Φ0,t,λ (ξ) < ∞

tt0 ,λ∈S(ϕ0 ) tt0 ,λ∈S(ϕ0 )

which imply the following estimates

sup |ξ β |Dβ Φα,t,λ (ξ)L(E)  C,

tt0 ,λ∈S(ϕ0 )

sup |ξ β |Dβ Φ0t,λ (ξ)L(E)  C, β ∈ Un , ξ ∈ Vn .

tt0 ,λ∈S(ϕ0 )

Due to R-positivity of operator A and by estimate (11) for all ξ ∈ Vn , we obtain

 n
  
lk −1
sup R 1 + |λ| + |ξk | + t Bt,λ (ξ): ξ ∈ Vn < ∞,
tt0 ,λ∈S(ϕ0 ) k=1
−1
sup R({λBt,λ (ξ): ξ ∈ Vn }) < ∞,
tt0 ,λ∈S(ϕ0 )

sup R({Φ0,t,λ (ξ): ξ ∈ Vn }) < ∞.

tt0 ,λ∈S(ϕ0 )

Moreover for u1 , u2 , . . . , um ∈ E, m ∈ N and ξ j = (ξ1j , ξ2j , . . . , ξnj ) ∈ Rn , we have

m

rj (y)Φα,t,λ (ξ )uj
j

j=1 Lp (0,1;E)
m
1−|α:l| 
=
|λ| rj (y)(ξ j α
) |λ|1−|α:l| −1 j
Bt,λ (ξ )u
j
j=1 Lp (0,1;E)
m  n −|α:l|
 

= j α
rj (y)(ξ ) 1 + |λ| + j lk
|ξk | + t
j=1 k=1
 n
  |α:l|

· 1 + |λ| + j lk −1 j
|ξk | + t Bt,λ (ξ ) −1 j 1−|α:l|
[|λ|Bt,λ (ξ )] uj
, (12)
k=1 Lp (0,1;E)
Carleman estimates and unique continuation property 1223

where {rj } is a sequence of independent symmetric {−1, 1}-valued random variables on [0, 1].
It is easy to see that there is a positive constant M such that for all ξ ∈ Rn and |α : l|  1
 n
 −|α:l|
|ξ α | 1 + |ξk |lk  M.
k=1

In view of above inequality, by virtue of of Kahane’s contraction principle and by product

properties of the collection of R-bounded operators (see e.g. [32, Lemma 3.5, Proposition 3.4]),
we obtain from (12)
m

rj (y)Φα,t,λ (ξ )uj
j

j=1 Lp (0,1;E)
m  n  |α:l|
 

 2M0 rj (y) 1 + |λ| + j lk lk −1 j
|ξk | + t Bt,λ (ξ )
j=1 k=1

−1 j 1−|α:l|

[ABt,λ (ξ )] uj .
Lp (0,1;E)

Then from the above estimate in view of (11) we get that the set{Φα,t,λ (ξ): ξ ∈ Vn } is R-
bounded uniformly with respect to t and λ. By using the Kahane’s contraction principle and by
product properties of the collection of R-bounded operators[32, Lemma 3.5, Proposition 3.4] and in
view of (12) we obtain that the sets {ξ β Dβ Φα,t,λ (ξ): ξ ∈ Vn , β ∈ Un } and {ξ β Dβ Φ0,t,λ (ξ): ξ ∈
Vn , β ∈ Un } are R-bounded uniformly with respect to t and λ. Moreover, by reasoning as
−1
in [2, Lemma 2.3] it can be shown that the integral operator f → F −1 β1 [Aλ + ψt (ξ)] is
uniformly bounded in Lp (Rn ; E) . So, for all f ∈ Lp (Rn ; E) the equation (8) has a unique
solution u ∈ Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E) and the coercive uniform estimate (9) holds.
From the above theorem we obtain
n
Result 3.1. Let all conditions of Theorem 1 hold and let ( p1 − q1 ) k=1 l1k  1, 1 < p  q < ∞.
Then for all u ∈ Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E) the following Carleman type uniform estimate

e−t(x,ν)uLq (Rn ;E)  Ce−t(x,ν) (L0 + λ)uLp (Rn ;E) (13)

holds with respect to t  t0 and λ ∈ S(ϕ0 ).


In fact, by virtue of Theorem 1, for ( 1p − 1q ) nk=1 l1k  1 we have the embedding Wpl (Rn ; E(A),
E) ⊂ Lq (Rn ; E), in turn which implies (13) with the equality (7) and the estimate (9). Now by
using the Carleman estimate (13) we obtain
Theorem 3.2. Let all conditions of Theorem 1 is satisfied. Moreover, let
 
n
1 1 1
−  1, 1 < p  q < ∞.
p q lk
k=1

Then for V ∈ Lμ (Rn ; B(E)) and μ1 = p1 − 1q the differential inequality L0 (D)u(x)E 
V (x)u(x)E has the unique continuation property.

Proof. For simplicity of notation, we assume that u ∈ Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E) is supported in the
half space Rn+ = {x = (x1 , x ) ∈ Rn , x1 > 0}, since the techniques for other cases are similar.
1224 Veli B SHAKHMUROV

To prove that u ≡ 0 in Rn it is sufficient to show that there is ε > 0 so that u ≡ 0 in the strip
Sε = {x ∈ Rn , x1  ε}. Let us take ε so small if V is as the above and the constant C in (13)
such that
CV Lμ (Sε ;B(E))  η < 1. (14)

In view of the estimates (13), (14) and by using the Hölder inequality, we obtain

e−tx1 uLq (Sε ;E)  Ce−tx1 L0 uLp (Rn ;E)  Ce−tx1 V uLp(Sε ;E)
 Ce−tx1 V uLp(Sε ;E) + Ce−tx1 L0 uLp(Rn /Sε ;E)
 ηe−tx1 uLq (Sε ;E) + Ce−tx1 L0 uLp(Rn /Sε ;E) .

Hence,
C
et(ε−x1 ) uLq (Sε ;E)  e−tx1 L0 uLp (Rn /Sε ;E) ,
1−η
and consequently,
C
et(ε−x1 ) uLq (Sε ;E)  L0 uLp(Rn ;E) .
1−η
Since the above inequality holds for every t > 0, this implies u ≡ 0 in Sε .

4 Carleman estimates and unique continuation property for DOE with varying
coefficients
Consider the following DOE with dependent coefficients:
 
(L + λ)u = aα (x)Dklk u(x) + Aλ (x)u(x) + Aα (x)Dα u(x) = f (x), (15)
|α:l|=1 |α:l|<1

where ak are complex-valued functions in Rn , A(x) and Aα (x) are possible unbounded operators
in a Banach space E. Let ψ = ψ(x) be a pseudoconvex function and t be a positive parameter.
It is clear to see that

etψ(x) (L + λ)[ue−tψ(x) ] = (Lt + λ)u

 
= aα ψα u + Aλ u + Aα (x)ψα u + ψ0 u,
|α:l|=1 |α:l|=1

where
n 
 α
∂ ∂ψ k
ψα u = −t u
∂k ∂k
k=1

and u → ψ0 u is the linear operator contain the low derivatives of u with coefficients Dkj ψ.
Consider the following DOE with parameter:

(Lt + λ)u = [L(D − tν) + λ]u = f (x), x ∈ Rn , λ ∈ S(ϕ0 ). (16)

 n
Condition 4.1. Let the polinomial t → ψt (x, ξ) = |α:l|=1 aα (x) k=1 (ξk − tνk )αk has only
simple zeroes for ξ ∈ Rn \{0}, x ∈ Rn and
n

|L(x, ξ)|  C |ξk |lk , ξ ∈ Rn \{0},
k=1
Carleman estimates and unique continuation property 1225

σt = {ξ ∈ Rn : ψt (x, ξ) ∈
/ S(ϕ)}, ϕ ∈ [0, π),
n 
lk l0
ψt (x, ξ) ∈ S(ϕ1 ), |ψt (x, ξ)|  C |ξk | + t for ξ ∈ Rn / σt ,
k=1
l0 = max lk , x ∈ Rn , λ ∈ S(ϕ0 ), ϕ0 + ϕ1 < π,
k
 
|l||α:l|
|α : l|
t  t0 , t0|α:l|+μ  1 + , 0 < μ < 1 − |α : l|.
μ

Theorem 4.1. Let Condition 4.1 be satisfied and

(1) the Banach space E satisfies the multiplier condition with respect to p ∈ (1, ∞), A(x) is
an R positive operator in E uniformly with respect to x and A(x)A−1 (x0 ) ∈ Cb (Rn ; B(E));
(2) ak (x) ∈ Cb (Rn ), for any ε > 0 there is C(ε) > 0 such that for a.e. x ∈ G and for
u ∈ E(A1−|α:l|−μ )
Aα (x)uE  εA1−|α:l|−μ uE + C(ε)uE .

Then the problem (16) for f ∈ Lp (Rn ; E) and λ ∈ S(ϕ0 ) with sufficiently large |λ| and t 
t0 has a unique solution u that belongs to the space Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E). And, the coercive uniform
estimate

|tλ|1−|α:l| Dα uLp (Rn ;E) + (A + t) uLp (Rn ;E)  C (Lt + λ) uLp,γ (Rn ;E) (17)
|α:l|1

holds with respect to t and λ.

Proof. Let {Gj } be regions in Rn and {ϕj }, k = 1, 2, . . . , ∞ be the corresponding partition
1
of unity that, functions ϕj are smooth on Rn , σj =suppϕj ⊂ Gj , diam σj < t− 2l0 and
∞ l n
 ∞
j=1 ϕj (x) = 1. Then for all u ∈ Wp (R ; E(A), E) we have u(x) = j=1 uj (x), where uj (x) =
l n
u(x)ϕj (x). For u ∈ Wp (R ; E(A), E) from (16) we have

(Lt + λ)uj = aα (x)ψα uj (x) + Aλ uj (x) = fj (x), x ∈ Rn , (18)
|α:l|=1

where
 
fj = f ϕj − bαj (x)ψα u − Aα (x)ψα uj (19)
α:l<1 |α:l|<1

and bαj (x) are continuous and the uniformly bounded functions contain derivatives of ϕj .
Choose a large ball Br0 (0) such that |aα (x)−aα (∞)|  δ for all |x|  r0 and G0 = Rn \ B̄r0 (0).
Cover B̄r0 (0) by finitely many balls Gj = Brj (x0j ) such that |aα (x) − aα (x0j )|  δ for all
|x − x0j |  rj , j = 1, 2, . . . . Let
⎧
⎪
⎨ aα (x) : x ∈/ B̄r0 (0),
0  
aα (x) = x
⎪
⎩ aα r02 2 : x ∈ B̄r0 (0),
|x|
⎧
⎪
⎨ aα (x) : x ∈ B̄rj (x0j ),
 
ajα (x) =
⎪ 2 x − x0j
⎩ aα x0j + r0 : x∈
/ B̄rj (x0j ),
|x − x0j |2
1226 Veli B SHAKHMUROV

for each j = 1, 2, . . . , ∞. Freezing coefficients in (18) we obtain


aα (x0j )ψα uj + Aλ (x0j )uj (x) = Fj (x), (20)
|α:l|=1

where

Fj = fj + [aα (x0j ) − aα (x)]ψα uj + [A(x0j ) − A(x)]uj + ψ0 μj . (21)
|α:l|=1

By virtue of Theorem 3.1 we obtain that the problems (20) for λ ∈ S(ϕ0 ) and all j have a
unique solution uj ∈ Wpl (Gj ; E(A), E) and the uniform coercive estimate

|λ|1−|α:l| Dα uj Gj ,p + Auj Gj ,p  CFj Gj ,p (22)
|α:l|1

holds with respect to t and λ. Whence, using the properties of the smoothness of coefficients of
(19), (21) and choosing the diameters of Gj sufficiently small by virtue of Theorem A1 , we get

Fj Gj ,p  εuj Wp,t

l (G ;E(A),E) + C(ε)uj Gj ,p ,
j
(23)

where ε is sufficiently small and C(δ) is a continuous function. Consequently, from (22) and
(23) we have

|λ|1−|α:l| Dα uj Gj ,p  Cf Gj ,p + δuj Wp,t
2 + C(δ)uj Gj ,p .
||α:l||1

Choosing δ < 1 from the above inequality we obtain the uniform estimate

|λ|1−|α:l| Dα uj Gj ,p  C[f Gj ,p + uj Gj ,p ]. (24)
|α:l|1

Then by using the equality u(x) = j uj (x) and by virtue of the estimate (24) for u ∈
l n
Wp (R ; E(A), E) we get

|λ|1−|α:l| Dα uj Gj ,p  C[(Lt + λ)up + up ]. (25)
|α:l|1

Let u ∈ Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E) be the solution of the problem (16). Then for λ ∈ S(ϕ0 ) we have

1
up = (L + λ)u − Lup  [(Lt + λ)up + uWp,t
l ]. (26)
λ
Then by Theorem A1 and by virtue of (25) and (26) for sufficiently large |λ|, we have

|λ|1−|α:l| Dα uj p  C(Lt + λ)up . (27)
|α:l|1

The estimate (27) implies that the problem (16) has only a unique solution and the operator
(Lt + λ) has an inverse operator in its rank space. We need to show that this rank space
coincides with the space Lp (Rn ; E). Let us construct for all j the functions uj , that are defined
on the regions Gj and satisfy the problem (16). We consider the smooth functions gj = gj (x)
with respect to the partition of the unity ϕj on the region G that equals 1 on suppϕj , where
Carleman estimates and unique continuation property 1227

suppgj ⊂ Gj and |gj (x)| < 1. Let us construct for all j the functions uj , that are defined on the
regions Gj and satisfy the problem (16). The problem (16) on Gj can be express in the form

aα (x0j )ψα uj + Aλ (x0j )uj (x)
|α:l|=1
  
= gj f + [A(x0j ) − A(x)]uj − Aα (x)ψα uj + ψ0 μj , j = 1, 2, . . . . (28)
|α:l|<1

Extend uj to zero on the outside of suppϕj in equalities (28), consider the operators Ojtλ in
Lp (Rn ; E) that are generated by boundary value problems (28). By virtue of Theorem 3.1 for
all f ∈ Lp (Gj ; E), for λ ∈ S(ϕ0 ) and sufficiently large |λ| we have

−1 −1
|λ|1−|α:l| Dα Ojtλ f p + AOjtλ f p  Cf p . (29)
|α:l|1

Extending uj to zero on the outside of suppϕj in equalities (28) and passing the substitutions
−1
uj = Ojtλ υj obtain the operator equations with respect to υj :

υj = Kjtλ υj + gj f, j = 1, 2, . . . . (30)

By virtue of Theorem A1 and the estimate (29), in view of the smoothness of the coefficients
of the expression Kjtλ for sufficiently large |λ|, we have Kjtλ  < ε, where ε is sufficiently small.
Consequently, (30) has the unique solutions υj = [I − Kjtλ ]−1 gj f . Moreover,

υj p = [I − Kjtλ ]−1 gj f p  f p .

Whence, [I − Kjtλ ]−1 gj are bounded linear operators from Lp (Rn ; E) to Lp (Gj ; E). Thus, we
−1
obtain that the functions uj = Ujtλ f = Ojtλ [I − Kjtλ ]−1 gj f are the solutions of (28). Consider
a linear operator (Ut + λ) in Lp (Rn ; E) such that

(Ut + λ)f = ϕj (y)Ujtλ f.
j

It is clear from the constructions Ujtλ and the estimate (29) that operators Ujtλ are the bounded
linear from Lp (Rn ; E) to Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E) and the uniform estimate

−1 −1
|λ|1−|α:l| Dα Ujtλ f p + AUjtλ f p  Cf p , (31)
|α:l|1

holds uniformly with respect to t and λ ∈ S(ϕ0 ) for sufficiently large |λ|. Therefore, (Ut + λ) is

a bounded linear operator from Lp to Lp . Then the act of (Lt + λ) to u = j ϕj Ujtλ f gives

(Lt + λ)u = f + j Φjtλ f, where Φjtλ is the linear combination of Ujtλ and its derivatives. By
virtue of Theorems A1 , the estimate (31) and from the expression of Φjtλ we obtain that these
operators are the bounded linear from Lp (Rn ; E) to Lp (Gj ; E) and Φjtλ  < δ, for sufficiently
  −1
small δ. Therefore, there exists a bounded linear invertible operator I + j Φjtλ . Whence,
we obtain that for all f ∈ Lp (Rn ; E) the boundary value problem (16) has the unique solution
  −1
u = (Ut + λ) I + Φjtλ f,
j
1228 Veli B SHAKHMUROV

i.e. we obtain the assertion. By reasoning as Result 3.1 and Theorem 3.2, we obtain from
Theorem 4.1 the following important result:
Result 4.1. Let all conditions of Theorem 4.1 are satisfied and let
  
 1 1 
0<μ<1− α+ − : l, 1 < p  q < ∞.
p q

Then
(a) for λ ∈ S(ϕ0 ), sufficiently large |λ| and t  t0 the following Carleman type estimate

e−t(x,ν) uLq (Rn ;E)  Ce−t(x,ν) (L + λ)uLp (Rn ;E)

holds for all u ∈ Wpl (Rn ; E(A), E).

1 1 1
(b) for V ∈ Lμ (Rn ; B(E)), λ0 ∈ S(ϕ0 ) and μ = p − q the differential inequality

(L + λ0 )u(x)E  V (x)u(x)E

has the unique continuation property.

5 Carleman estimates and unique continuation property for quasielliptic PDE

Let Ω ⊂ Rl be an open connected set with compact C 2m -boundary ∂Ω. Let us consider the
following BVP on cylindrical domain Ω̃ = Rn × Ω for the ansotropic differential equation

Lu = aα (x)Dα u(x, y) + a(x)u(x, y)
|α:l|=1
 
+ dα (x)Dα u(x, y) + aα (y)Dyα u(x, y) (32)
|α:l|<1 |α|2m

= f (x, y), x ∈ Rn , y ∈ Ω,

Bj u = bjβ (y)Dyβ u(x, y) = 0, x ∈ Rn , y ∈ ∂Ω, j = 1, 2, . . . , m, (33)
|β|mj

where Dj = 1i ∂τ∂ j . Let Ω ⊂ Rl be an open connected set with compact C 2m -boundary ∂Ω. For
p = (p1 , p), Lp (Ω) will denote the space of all p-summable scalar-valued functions with mixed
norm (see [33]), i.e. the space of all measurable functions f defined on Ω, for which
   pp  p1
1
p1
f Lp (Ω̃) = |f (x, y)| dx dy < ∞.
Rn Ω

Analogously, Wpl (Ω̃) denotes the Sobolev space with corresponding mixed norm[33] .
Theorem 5.1. Let the following conditions be satisfied :
(1) aα ∈ C(Ω̄) for each |α| = 2m and aα ∈ [L∞ + Lrk ](Ω) for each |α| = k < 2m with rk  q
and 2m − k > rlk ;
m
(2) bjβ ∈ C 2m−mj (∂Ω) for each j, β and mj < 2m, 
j=1 bjβ (y )σj = 0, for |β| = mj ,
y  ∈ ∂G, where σ = (σ1 , σ2 , . . . , σn ) ∈ Rm is normal to ∂G;

(3) for y ∈ Ω̄, ξ ∈ Rl , λ ∈ S(ϕ), ϕ ∈ (0, π2 ), |ξ| + |λ| =
 0, let λ+ |α|=2m aα (y)ξ α = 0;
Carleman estimates and unique continuation property 1229

(4) for each y0 ∈ ∂Ω local BVP in local coordinates corresponding to y0


λ+ aα (y0 )Dα ϑ(y) = 0,
|α|=2m

Bj0 ϑ = bjβ (y0 )Dβ u(y) = hj , j = 1, 2, . . . , m
|β|=mj

has a unique solution ϑ ∈ C0 (R+ ) for all h = (h1 , h2 , . . . , hm ) ∈ Rm , and for ξ  ∈ Rl−1 with
|ξ  | + |λ| =
 0;
(5) suppose Condition 4.1 is satisfied, let
  
 1 1 
0 < μ <  α + − : l, 1 < p  q < ∞, aα ∈ Cb (Rn ),
p q
aα (x) = 0 for |α : l| = 1, dα ∈ L∞ (Rn ) for |α : l| < 1.

Then
(a) for λ ∈ S(ϕ0 ), sufficiently large |λ| and t  t0 the following Carleman type estimate

e−t(x,ν)uLq,p  Ce−t(x,ν) (L + λ0 )uLp,p

1 (Ω̃) 1 (Ω̃)

holds for u ∈ Wpl,2m (Ω̃).

1 1 1
(b) for V ∈ Lμ (Ω̃) and μ = p − q the differential inequality

(L + λ0 )u(x, y)Lp1 (Ω)  V (x)u(x, y)Lp1 (Ω)

has the unique continuation property.

Proof. Let E = Lp1 (Ω). Consider an operator A which is defined by the equalities

D(A) = Wp2m1
(Ω; Bj u = 0), Au = aα (y)Dα u(y).
|α|2m

For x ∈ Rn also consider operators

Aα (x)u = dα (x, y)u(y), |α : l| < 1.

The problems (27)–(28) can be rewritten in the form (4.1), where u(x) = u(x, ·), f (x) = f (x, ·)
are functions with values in E = Lp1 (Ω). Then by virtue of [22, Theorems 3.6 and 8.2], (1)
of Theorem 4.1 is satisfied. Moreover, it is known that the embedding Wp2m 1
(Ω) ⊂ Lp1 (Ω) is
compact (see e.g. [18, Theorem 3.2.5]). Then by virtue of condition (5) and by using interpo-
lation properties of Sobolev spaces (see e.g. [18, Section 4]) it is clear to see that (2) of the
Theorem 4.1 is fulfilled, too. Hence, by virtue of Theorem 4.1 and Result 4.1 we obtain the
assertions.

6 Carleman estimates and unique continuation property for infinite systems of

quasielliptic equations
Consider the following infinity systems of boundary value problem:
 ∞
 
aα (x)Dα um (x) + dm (x)um (x) + dαmj (x)Dα uj (x)
|α:l|=1 |α:l|<1 j=1
n
= fm (x), x∈R , m = 1, 2, . . . , ∞. (34)
1230 Veli B SHAKHMUROV

Let

D(x) = {dm (x)}, dm > 0, u = {um }, Du = {dm um }, m = 1, 2, . . . , ∞,

 
∞  q1 
q
lq (D) = u : u ∈ lq , ulq (D) = Dulq = |dm um | < ∞ , x ∈ Rn , 1 < q < ∞.
m=1

Theorem 6.1. Let Condition 4.1 be satisfied for 0 < μ < 1 − |(α + 1p − p11 ) : l|, p, p1 ∈ (1, ∞)
and aα , dm ∈ Cb (Rn ), dαmj ∈ L∞ (Rn ) such that
 ∞
  1 1
[dαmj d−(1−|α:l|−μ)
m ]q < ∞, for a.e. x ∈ Rn , +  = 1, q ∈ (1, ∞).
q q
|α:l|<1 j,m=1

Then
(a) for sufficiently large λ0 , t  t0 the Carleman type estimate

e−t(x,ν)uLp1 (Rn ;lq )  Ce−t(x,ν) (L + λ0 )uLp (Rn ;lq )

holds for u ∈ Wpl (Rn ; lq (D), lq ).

1 1 1
(b) for V ∈ Lμ (Ω̃; B(E)) and μ = p − p1 the differential inequality

(L + λ0 )u(x)lq  V (x)u(x)lq

has the unique continuation property.

Proof. Let E = lq and A, Aα (x) be infinite matrices, such that

A = [dm (x)δjm ], Aα (x) = [dαmj (x)], m, j = 1, 2, . . . , ∞.

It is clear to see that this operator A is R-positive in lq and all other conditions of Theorem 4.1
hold. Therefore, by virtue of Theorem 4.1 and Result 4.1 we obtain the assertions.

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