Paper accepted for presentation at the 2011 IEEE Trondheim PowerTech
Control of a Grid-Connected Double-Fed
Induction Generator Wind Turbine
R. Zaimeddine and T. Undeland
Abstract--In this paper, three DTC schemes associated with
space vector modulation (SVM) are proposed to control a
doubly-fed induction machine using back-to-back configuration
with three-level voltage source inverter VSI-NPC structure.
These converters allow controlling the rotor voltage in magnitude
and phase angle and can therefore be used for active and reactive
power control. The control is especially designed to reduce the
electromagnetic torque and rotor flux ripples of the classical
DTC control using switching table. In addition, it’s convenient
for high power drive and variable speed generator applications
with restricted switching frequency. The detailed operation
principle and simulation results of the proposed approaches are
discussed.
Index Terms--Double fed induction generator, Direct torque
control, Space vector modulation, Three-level voltage source
inverter, Variable speed wind turbine.
I. INTRODUCTION
N Owdays, the two main techniques used in AC Drives
with high performance are Field Oriented Control (FOC)
and Direct Torque Control (DTC) [1]. The classical Direct
Torque Control Technique is characterised by its simple
implementation and a fast dynamic response, where the
control of flux and torque is based on independent hysteresis
comparators and a lookup table [2]. However, this technique
suffers from two problems: variable switching frequency and
inherent torque ripple, The most common solution proposed to
overcome the mentioned drawbacks is space vector
modulation technique (SVM) using Direct Torque Control
(DTC) [3]. This work deals with DTC-SVM in a Doubly Fed
Induction Generator (DFIG) based Variable Speed Wind
System (VSWS). This system configuration uses a wound
rotor asynchronous generator with a four quadrant ac-to-ac
converter connected to rotor windings while stator winding are
directly connected to the grid [4].
The ac-dc converter controls the power flow between the dc
bus and the rotor side and allows the system to be operated in
sub-synchronous or super-synchronous speed. The aim of the
grid side converter is to keep the dc-link voltage constant
regardless of the magnitude and direction of the rotor power.
Switching table based Direct Torque Control (ST-DTC)
scheme for multilevel inverter is derived from classical DTC
R. Zaimeddine and T. Undeland are with Department of Electrical Power
Engineering, Energy Conversion ‘Research Group’, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, O.S. Bragstad 2E, 7491, Trondheim, Norway, (e-
mail: rabah.zaimeddine@elkraft.ntnu.no, Tore.undeland@elkraft.ntnu.no).
978-1-4244-8417-1/11/$26.00 ©2011
developed by Takahashi [2]. In this method, the output voltage
is selected and applied sequentially to the machine through a
look–up table so that the flux is kept constant and the torque is
controlled by the rotating speed of the stator flux.
In this paper we propose three DTC schemes using three-
level voltage source inverter (VSI) neutral-point clamped
(NPC) and space vector modulation control for double fed
induction generator. In the first one, the torque is controlled in
closed loop with estimation of the rotor flux position; the
second approach introduces the rotor plane control with closed
loop flux and torque control with transformation of
coordinates to the stationary plane.
The third scheme proposed is based on the deadbeat
controller with only one regulator. However, all DTC schemes
proposed are performed by measuring only the rotor phase
current, dc-link voltage Vdc, and the state of the voltage source
inverter.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The general control scheme of a doubly fed induction
generator is shown in Fig. 1. The stator of the DFIG is directly
connected to the grid and the rotor is fed by an inverter from a
DC link voltage. The converters adapt the frequency of the
wind speed to the frequency of the grid. Thus the rotor is fed
by a variable voltage and frequency. Direct Torque Control is
used for rotor flux and electromagnetic loops
The DC link capacitor has the role of storing energy in the
conversion process. However, to enable complete control over
the generation process, the voltage in the DC link must be
greater than the line to line amplitude of the rotor voltage.
Stator active and reactive power can be controlled
independently from each other while the machine is driven by
a variable speed wind turbine.
Wind
Gearbox Network
DFIG
Rotor side VSC Grid side VSC
Transformer
3L-VSI-NPC 3L-VSI-NPC
Fig.1. Overall structure of the DFIG wind turbine
A. Mathematical model of doubly fed induction generator
The doubly-fed induction generator is essentially a
nonlinear, strong coupling, multivariable system. Therefore, a
 2

stat-space model derived from the voltage equation of the hexagon centred at the origin of the (Į, ȕ) plane and a zero
stator and rotor shall be presented. The machine model under voltage vector at the origin of the plane, as depicted in Fig.3.
classical assumptions written in (d, q) reference frame is as
follows: TABLE 1: Switching states of a three-level inverter

­ dϕ ds Switching states S1 S2 S3 S4 VN
° = −α sϕ ds + ω s ϕ qs + α s Lm idr + Vds P ON ON OFF OFF Vdc
° dt O OFF ON ON OFF Vdc/2
° dϕ N OFF OFF ON ON 0
° qs = −α ϕ − ω ϕ + α L i + V
° dt s qs s ds s m qr qs According to the magnitude of the voltage vectors, we
° di divide them into four groups : the zero voltage vectors (V0),
° dr = −γ i + (ω − ω )i + α β ϕ
°° dt r dr s qr s ds the small voltage vectors (V1 , V4 , V7 , V10 , V13 , V16 ), the
® (1) middle voltage vectors (V3 , V6 , V9 , V12 , V15 , V18 ), the
1 large voltage vectors (V2 , V5 , V8 , V11 , V14 , V17 ).
° − β p ω ϕ qs − β Vds + V
° σ r dr The zero voltage vector (ZVV) has three switching states,
° the small voltage vector (SVV) has two and both the middle
° diqr voltage vector (MVV) and the large voltage vector (LVV)
° = −γ r iqr − (ω s − ω )idr + α s β ϕ qs
° dt have only one [5]. In this part a three level inverter neutral
° 1 point clamped voltage source inverter was presented, its
° − β p ω ϕ ds − β Vqs + V mathematical model shows that the output voltages depends
°¯ σ r qr
only on the leg states of the inverter and its principle of
operation shows that it can generate twenty seven space
­ R L 3L vectors. For reduction of current distorsion the desired voltage
°α = s , β = m , μ = m
° s s vector is to be assembled of only direct adjacent possible
Ls Lsσ r 2 Ls
° swtching states of the inverter.
° Lm 2
° G G
Where ®σ r = Lr (1 − ) V8 V5
° L s Lr
G
° V6
R r R s Lm 2
G
° G G Vref
°γ r = + G
V7 V4 G
° σr L2s σ r V9 V3
¯ G G G
The rotor speed is considered to be a constant; and thus, the G V10 V0
θ
V1 G
V11 V2
equation of motion is omitted as well as the model of wind
turbine mechanical part in this study. G G
G V13 V16 G
B. Rotor side converter V12 V18

Fig.2 shows the schematic diagram of neutral point G

clamped (NPC) three-level VSI. Each phase of this inverter V15
G
consists of two clamping diodes, four GTO thyristors and four V14 G
freewheeling diodes. Table 1 shows the switching states of this V17
inverter. Since three kinds of switching states exist in each
phase, a three level inverter has 27 switching states. Fig. 3. Space voltage vectors of a three-level inverter

C. Space Vector Modulation for Three Level Inverter

According to the space voltage vectors representation of the
C1
inverter, the voltage diagram can be divided into six (6)
sectors and each sector is divided into four triangles as shown
in Fig.4. The used technique is based on the modulation of a
Vdc
vector reference using the three voltage vectors that construct
the triangle where the end of the vector resides. The three
C2 vectors are imposed to the rotor terminals successively in such
away less harmonics components of the output voltage and
current are produced.
DFIG

Fig.2. Schematic diagram of a three-level GTO inverter

The representation of the space voltage vectors of a three-

level inverter for all switching states forming a two-layer
 3
G
V5
Irot
Ta
Vdc ref Ine Vd
1 1
+
+ PI + − ³
- 1+τ z−1 C
dc
s
G G
V4 V3 Vd
G
Tc Vref Tb

Fig.5. Simplified model of the network-side converter

Ta
Tb θ Tc
G
V0
G
V1
G
V2
III. PRINCIPLE OF THE DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL
The conventional direct torque control based on hysteresis
Fig.4. Three level inverter, first sector with four triangles. comparators and lookup tables provides a fast torque response.
However, in steady state the torque has large ripples, due to
The required on-duration of each vector in a specified the low and variable switching frequency of the inverter
triangle is determined by the equations (2); these specify that caused by the hysteresis bands. To solve these problems,
the demand vector is the geometric sum of the chosen three different techniques are introduced in literatures, among them
vectors multiplied by their on-durations. the space vector modulation (SVM) technique. In this
vref Te = t x v x + t y v y + t z v z technique a reference voltage vector is applied on the rotor
(2) terminals of the generator during a constant period.
Te = t x + t y + t z A space vector modulation algorithm is required in order to
synthesize the reference voltage vector by the adjacent voltage
t x , t y and t z are the on- durations of the adjacent vectors. vectors generated by the inverter. We propose in this paper
Three DTC schemes using this modulation technique, each
For example in Fig.4 and in triangle #2 we have: scheme will employ different control technique but its aims
still similar which is to obtain the constant switching
ªd º
ªvα º ªv1α v2α v3α º « 1 » frequency and to reduce the torque ripple. The difference
« »=« d
v3β »¼ « 2 »
(3) between these DTC-SVM methods is how the reference
¬vβ ¼ ¬v1β v2 β
«¬d 3 »¼
voltage vector is generated, [3].
A. DTC-SVM Scheme with Closed Loop Torque Control
Where:
The objective of DTC-SVM with closed loop torque
vref = vα + jvβ , control is to select the exact rotor voltage vector, vr that
v1 = v1α + jv1β , v2 = v2α + jv2 β , v3 = v3α + jv3 β change ijr to meet the load angle reference, and so the desired
torque. With one PI regulator, a simple flux calculator block
t1 t t (4) making the control strategy a straightforward application of
d1 = , d 2 = 2 , d3 = 3
Te Te Te equation (6)
d1 + d 2 + d3 = 1 3 PM
Γ = ϕ ϕ sin δ (6)
em 2L Lσ s r
Finally the duty cycle of each voltage vector in terms of the s r
desired vector, the sampling period and three nearest voltage
vectors is done by: Where δ : is the load angle between stator and rotor fluxes.
−1
ªd1 º ªv1α v2α v3α º ªvα º A DTC-SVM with closed loop torque control can be
« » « » « » illustrated by the control block diagram of Fig.6.
«d 2 » = «v1β v2 β v3β » «v β » (5)
«¬d 3 »¼ «1 1 1 »¼ «1 » Rotor position
¬ ¬ ¼
- Vdc • +
.
D. Grid-side converter ref
ijr
The network-side converter is modeled in this study by a Flux ijr* ¨ijr S Grid
1 •
simplified model, which is shown in Fig.5. The network-side calcul
Te
V • . DFIG •
Ƚemref + ¨į ation M
converter is represented in simulation by a discrete transfer PI
+
3L
•

function where IJs denote the time constant of the first-order ijr VSI NPC
- +
discrete filter. The aim of the control of the network-side șr s1234
Ƚem Flux, Torque,
ir
inverter is to maintain the level of dc link voltage Vdc at a pre- and șr
vdc
set value Vdc ref. For this purpose a PI controller with a limiter Estimation
controls Vdc, the limits of the PI controller are adapted to the Fig.6. DTC-SVM with closed loop torque control
monitored amplitude of the grid voltage, [6].
The PI torque controller actuates over the load angle to
meet torque reference, the rotor flux calculator block output is
given by:
 4

The control scheme is shown in the Fig.8. This strategy

ϕ * = ϕ ref cos(Δδ + θ ) + jϕ ref sin(Δδ + θ )
r r r r
The rotor flux reference from the flux calculator block
output is compared with estimated flux to obtain the correction
error then divided over a sampling period Te to calculate the
G
reference voltage vector vr by the following equation:
(7)
r generates x-y voltage commands in the rotor flux reference
frame by closing a torque loop and a flux loop. Then a
transformation (x, y) to (Į, ȕ) is performed to obtain the
reference vector in the fixed coordinates. The equations that
express the reference voltage in the rotor reference frame are
given as follow:

Δφr = vr Te (8) dφ
V = R i + rx
rx r rx dt (13)
ȕ V = R i + ωr ϕ
t=Te ry r ry rx
Δϕ ∝ v In the same reference frame the electromagnetic torque can
r r
be expressed as:
*
ϕ
r t=0 3
ϕ Γ = P (ϕ i − ϕ i ) (14)
r em 2 rx ry ry rx
Δδ
θ Combining the rotor voltage equations with adequate
r
θ ϕ
s s Į decoupling of the flux, the following expression is obtained:
Fig.7. Flux control principle with closed loop torque control ϕ (v − ω ϕ )
3 rx ry r rx
Γ em = P (15)
After coordinate transformation to the stationary plane, the 2 R
r
space vector modulation block performs the defined space
G Following the equations (13) and (15) the radial x
vector modulation technique of vr to obtain the gate drive
pulses for the three-level inverter. component of the voltage will depend on the rotor flux error,
while the tangential y component will depend on the torque
1. Rotor Flux and Torque Estimation error. A feed forward action depending on the rotor flux
Basically, DTC schemes require the estimation of the rotor angular speed is added in the calculation of the rotor voltage y
flux and torque. The rotor flux evaluation can be carried out component. This action will compensate the effect of the
by different techniques depending on whether the rotor operating point on the torque production. Initially a
angular speed or (position) is measured or not. Using the preliminary reference vector in x-y coordinates is calculated;
voltage model, the rotor flux can be evaluated by integrating where some gain factors have been introduced to tune the
from the rotor voltage equation. controller [8].

ϕr (t ) = ³ (Vr − Rr I r ) dt (9) V =K ε
refx ϕr ϕr
(16)
This method is very simple requiring the knowledge of the V = K ε +K ω
refy Γ Γ ωr r
rotor resistance. Rotor flux can be estimated also by means of
rotor and stator current vector as follows [6], [7]. The electromagnetic torque and rotor flux are estimated
with the equations (11) and (9) respectively.
ϕ rα = Lr irα + Lm (isα cos θ + isβ sin θ )
(10) - Vdc • +.
ϕ rβ = Lr irβ + Lm (isβ cos θ − isα sin θ ) ijrref + VrĮ
K Grid
- xy S •
Where ș is the rotor position. ijr To V • . DFIG •
Ƚemref vrȕ •
+ Įȕ M
It can be noticed that no integration is needed for the K
+
+ 3L VSI NPC
estimation of the flux in (10), which represents an important -
advantage especially from a numeric implementation point of Ƚem K șr
view but depends on the mutual and self-inductances. The
Ȧr s1234
electromagnetic torque is estimated from the flux and current Flux, Torque, and șr ir
information in the same reference frame as: and Ȧr Estimation vdc

Γ em = p (ϕ rα ir β − ϕ r β irα ) (11) Fig.8. DTC-SVM with closed loop flux and torque control

The rotor flux angle θr is calculated from the estimated The rotor flux angular speed can be estimated from the
rotor flux components as: rotor flux angle (12). The calculus is made between two
ϕrβ successive sampling periods Te.
θ r = arctan (12)
ϕ rα dθ
ω = r (17)
B. DTC-SVM with Closed Loop Flux and Torque Control r dt
 5

1
1 Fig.14. shows simulation results for DTC-SVM with closed
(ωr )k = ª(ϕr β ) k (ϕ rα ) k −1 − (ϕ r β ) k −1 (ϕ rα ) k º¼ (18)
(ϕ ) Te ¬
2
r k
loop torque control in super synchronous mode, (1.3% of the
rated speed) the same performances are abstained: constant
k: is the number of the sampling period. flux, fast torque response, and good current wave form
without using any filter for all DTC-SVM schemes.
C. DTC-SVM Using Deadbeat Controller
In the deadbeat control method the stator flux is taken to be
50
stationary during the sampling period. Therefore, the demand 20
torque is proportional to the angle displacement of the rotor

Torque (N.m)
10

irabc (A)
flux during this sampling period. The reference voltage is 0 0
calculated using the present measured values of the currents -10
and voltages (or the present estimated rotor flux vector) and
-20
the next rotor flux vector where its magnitude is equal to the -50
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
reference value and its angle is defined by the torque error. Time (s) Time (s)
The reference voltage is calculated by the following equations:

Beta flux components (Wb)

10
Rotor
1 Stator
ϕ cos(θ r + Δθ r ) − ϕr cos(θ r )
*
5
vrα = r
+ Rr irα

isabc (A)
Te 0 0
(19)
ϕ sin(θ r + Δθ r ) − ϕ r sin(θ r )
*
-5
vr β = r
+ Rr ir β -1
Te -10
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 -1 0 1 2
Time (s) Alpha flux components (Wb)
The fundamental blocks used to implement DTC-SVM
Fig.10. Simulation results with rated values of the flux and torque for DTC-
using deadbeat controller are shown in Fig.9.
SVM with closed loop torque control, Reference torque: Step of -15 Nm to
The electromagnetic torque and rotor flux are estimated +15 Nm at 0.5s, Sub synchronous mode.
with the same manner as in precedent schemes.
Rotor position 50
20
- V •+.
dc
Torque (N.m)

10
VrĮ

irabc (A)
ref Grid
ijr Space • 0 0
Deadbeat Vector • . DFIG •
-10
Ƚemref Controller Modulation •
+ vrȕ
PI 3L VSI NPC
-20
- 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
-50
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Ƚem ij r șr i r Time (s) Time (s)
Flux, Torque, s1234
ir
Beta flux components (Wb)

and șr vdc
10
Rotor
Estimation 5
1 Stator
isabc (A)

0 0
Fig.9. DTC-SVM with using deadbeat controller.
-5
-1
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
-10
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 -1 0 1 2
The validity of the proposed DTC algorithms for three- Time (s) Alpha flux components (Wb)
level voltage source inverter using space vector modulation is
proved by the simulation results, the parameters of DFIG are Fig.11. Simulation results for DTC-SVM with closed loop flux and torque
given in the Appendix. control, sub synchronous mode.
We assume that DTC system is supplied by a battery of
voltage Vdc and driven at 70% of the rated speed (sub
synchronous mode). Fig.10, Fig.11, and Fig.12 shows the
stator and rotor phase currents, stator and rotor fluxes,
electromagnetic torque for steady state and transient operation
with application of a torque reference: step of -15 Nm
(generator loading mode) to 15 Nm (motor mode). The rotor
current wave form is more close to the suitable sinusoidal
signal; very short time response for the rotor flux which is
about 4ms. The output electromagnetic torque reaches the
reference torque in about 6ms.
The FFT of the rotor current waveform of phase (a) is
shown in Fig.13. The phase current generated by the three-
level inverter has low harmonic content with SVM-DTC
system using deadbeat controller (about 6 % THD).
 6

V. CONCLUSION
50
20 Direct torque control using space vector modulation was
chosen for its low current distortion due to the SVM control
Torque (N.m)

10

irabc (A)
0 0 technique and fast torque response due to the absence of the
-10 current regulator. Three different methods of DTC with space
-20 vector modulation are discussed; the difference between them
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
-50
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 is how the reference voltage is carried out. The results
Time (s) Time (s) obtained are full of promise to use this system in variable
speed wind turbine and high power applications as electrical
Beta flux components (Wb)
10
Rotor
1 Stator traction. The DTC was introduced to give a fast and good
5
dynamic torque and can be considered as an alternative to the
isabc (A)

0 0 field oriented control FOC technique, for any application that

-5 requires a quick torque response [1], [9]. It is concluded that
-1
the proposed control produces better results for transient and
-10
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 -1 0 1 2 the steady state operation then the conventional control. From
Time (s) Alpha flux components (Wb)
the analysis of these results we establish the following
remarks:
Fig.12. Simulation results for DTC-SVM using deadbeat controller, sub
synchronous mode.
1. The DTC-SVM scheme using deadbeat controller, which is
similar to the conventional DTC control, is simple and low
6 cost for implementation.
2. The DTC schemes proposed can be used for different VSI
5
topologies.
3. The novel controller equations do not involve the use of
Magnitude (A)

4
motor parameters. Motor parameters are only used in the
3
inherent torque and rotor flux estimation necessary in any
DTC system.
2

VI. APPENDIX
1
A. List of the used notations
0
d , q : indices for (d , q) components
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
x , y : indices for rotor flux plane
Harmonic order Į, ȕ : rotor plane
Fig.13. Stator current harmonics for DTC-SVM using deadbeat controller, sub s , r : indices variables
synchronous mode. L : magnetizing Inductance
Lm : mutual inductance
V : voltage
20
50
i : current
ij : flux
Torque (N.m)

10
R : resistance
irabc (A)

0 0
Ƚem : electromagnetic torque
-10
J : rotor inertia
-20
-50 P: number of pairs of poles
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Time (s) Time (s) Ȧs : statoric pulsation
Vdc : dc-link voltage
Beta flux components (Wb)

10
1
Rotor
Stator
Kf : friction Coefficient
5 Te : sampling period
isabc (A)

0 0 E : error of the variables.

-5
Ȧ : electric rotor speed ; Ω = p Ȧ.
2
: leakage coefficient, σ =1− Lm
-1
σ
-10
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 -1 0 1 2 Ls.Lr
: rotor time response, Tr = Lr
Time (s) Alpha flux components (Wb)
Tr
Fig.14. Simulation results for DTC-SVM using deadbeat controller, super Rr
synchronous mode.
Ts : stator time response, Ts = Ls
Rs

B. Parameters of double fed induction generator, DFIG

Rated power : 4 kW
 7

Rated rotor voltage : 130 V Post Doctor at the Department of Electric Power Engineering, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology NTNU, Norway. He is a member in the
Rated stator voltage : 230 V "Energy Conversion" research group at the same university. His current
Rated speed : 1500 rpm research interests are in the areas of electrical drives, power electronics,
Rated frequency : 50 Hz electrical machines, and control for wind energy applications.
Rotor nominal current : 19 A
Tore Undeland is Professor of power electronics,
Stator nominal current : 8.4 A
Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Stator resistance : 1.417 Ω Trondheim, Norway, teaching since 1972, as a
Rotor resistance : 0.163 Ω Professor since 1984. He has published in the field
Stator self inductance : 0.163 H of power converters, snubbers, and control in power
electronics. He is a coauthor of the book Power
Rotor self inductance : 0.021 H Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design
Magnetizing Inductance : 0.055 H (New York: Wiley, 2003). Dr. Undeland was the
Number of pole pairs : 2 chairman of the EPE 1997 Conference, Trondheim,
Rotor inertia : 0.066 Kg.m2 and is presently Vice President of EPE. He is a
member of the AdCom, IEEE Power Electronics Society, where he also has
Friction Coefficient : 0.0073 N.m/(rd/s) been a Distinguished Lecturer.
DC-link voltage : Vdc = 600 v
Sampling periode : Te = 100 μs.

VII. REFERENCES
[1] D. Casadei, F. Profumo, G. Serra, and A. Tani, “FOC and DTC: Two
variables schemes for induction motors torque control”. IEEE Tran.
Power Electronics Vol.17, No.5, Sept. 2002. PP. 779-787.
[2] I. Takahashi and T. Noguchi, “A New Quick-Response and High-
Efficiency Control Strategy of an Induction Motor”. IEEE Trans. on IA,
vol. 22, No. 5, Sept/Oct. 1986, pp. 820-827.
[3] R. Zaimeddine, T. Undeland, “DTC Control Schemes for Induction
Motor fed by Three-Level NPC-VSI Using Space Vector Modulation”.
SPEEDAM 2010, International Symposium on Power Electronics,
Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, Pisa, Italy, June 14-16, 2010.
[4] R. Pena and J.C. Clare, “Doubly fed induction generator uising back-to-
back PWM converters and its application to variable speed wind-energy
generation”. IEE Pvoc.-Electr. Power Ap p l , Vu1 143, No. 3, May
1996.
[5] Y. H. Lee, B.S. Suh, D. S. Hyan, “A novel PWM scheme for a three-
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[6] S. Seman, J. Niiranen, A. Arkkio, “Ride-Through Analysis of Doubly
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- 1789, Nov. 2006.
[7] Z. Liu, O.A. Mohammed, and S. Liu, “A Novel Direct Torque Control
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[8] Xavier del Toro Garcia, Antoni Arias, Marcel G. Jayne, Phil A. Witting,
Vicenç M. Sala, Jose Luis Romeral, “New DTC Control Scheme for
Induction Motors fed with a Three-level Inverter”, AUTOMATIKA
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[9] Henda Azaza, Ahmed Masmoudi, “Implementation of a dual vector
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2005.

XIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Rabah Zaimeddine was born in Algiers, Algeria, in
1973. He received Engineer degree in Electrical
Engineering from the University of Mouloud
Memmeri, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria in 1996. In 1999, he
obtained a Magister degree in Electrical Engineering,
from the Polytechnic Military School, Algiers,
Algeria. In 2007, he obtained his Doctorate of Science
from the Polytechnic National School, Algiers,
Algeria. He joined the Electrical Engineering
Department of the University of Mouloud Memmeri,
Tizi Ouzou, as Assistant Professor in 2001. He teaches courses in power
electronics, machines, AC/DC drives, and control. He has published several
papers in the areas of multilevel power converters and AC drives and
participated in different industrial projects related to these fields. Was Post
Doctor in 2008 at Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, France. He is currently