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Review
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: This paper presents a general overview of the application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography
Received 28 February 2013 (HILIC) in the analysis of antibiotics in different sample matrices including pharmaceutical, plasma,
Received in revised form 10 April 2013 serum, fermentation broths, environmental water, animal origin, plant origin, etc. Specific applications of
Accepted 13 April 2013
HILIC for analysis of aminoglycosides, -lactams, tetracyclines and other antibiotics are reviewed. HILIC
Available online 22 April 2013
can be used as a valuable alternative LC mode for separating small polar compounds. Polar samples usu-
ally show good solubility in the mobile phase containing some water used in HILIC, which overcomes the
Keywords:
drawbacks of the poor solubility often encountered in normal phase LC. HILIC is suitable for analyzing
Antibiotics
HILIC
compounds in complex systems that elute near the void in reversed-phase chromatography. Ion-pair
Retention mechanism reagents are not required in HILIC which makes it convenient to couple with MS hence its increased
popularity in recent years. In this review, the retention mechanism in HILIC is briefly discussed and a list
of important applications is provided including main experimental conditions and a brief summary of
the results. The references provide a comprehensive overview and insight into the application of HILIC
in antibiotics analysis.
© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
2. Stationary and mobile phases for HILIC applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
2.1. Stationary phases in HILIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
2.2. Mobile phases in HILIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
3. Use of HILIC for analysis of antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
3.1. Aminoglycoside antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
3.1.1. Analysis of aminoglycosides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
3.1.2. HILIC in the analysis of aminoglycosides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.2. -lactam antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.3. Tetracycline antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.4. Other antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
0731-7085/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.015
G. Kahsay et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 87 (2014) 142–154 143
Table 1
Summary of stationary phases used in HILIC separations [11].
Alkylamide [34]
Mix-mode [35]
Table 1 (Continued)
phases for HILIC used diol- and amide-silica. The diol-silica col- commonly known as an amide bonded silica. After Yoshida [33]
umn has mainly been used for the separation of proteins [32]. applied these phases for the separation of peptides, the amide-
Amide-silica columns have been available since the mid-eighties. silica phase soon found common usage in HILIC. Chemically bonded
This particular phase is described as consisting of non-ionic car- stationary phases with specific structural properties have been pre-
bamoyl groups that are chemically bonded to the silica gel, but is pared by Buszewski et al. [34,35]. Since then silica hydride, hybrid
146 G. Kahsay et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 87 (2014) 142–154
difficult to separate using conventional RPLC with UV detection. column was employed for the chromatographic separation. The
Researchers have overcome this problem by employing derivatiza- method was found to be sensitive, robust and highly specific for
tion agents and ion-pair reagents for detection [53–63]. However, the simultaneous quantification of the AGs with LOQs of 25 ng/g
derivatization steps make the analytical process more time con- for gentamicin, 50 ng/g for spectinomycin, dihydrostreptomycin,
suming and often give problems with quantitation. HILIC combined kanamycin and apramycin; and 100 ng/g for streptomycin and
with MS has been receiving great attention for AGs analysis as there neomycin, which are all well below the maximum residue limits
is no need for derivatization or addition of ion-pairing reagents. set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission [64].
Streptomycin (STR) and dihydrostreptomycin (DHSTR) are two
3.1.2. HILIC in the analysis of aminoglycosides of the most commonly used AG antibiotics in veterinary medicine.
HILIC has been widely used to analyze aminoglycosides in differ- Gremilogianni et al. [71] compared HILIC with ion-pair chromatog-
ent matrices (Table 2), including muscle and kidney [64,65], plasma raphy (IPC) for the determination of STR and DHSTR residues in
[66], serum [67,68], manure [69], apples [70], milk [71], honey [72] milk. Comparison of the validation parameters (sensitivity, pre-
and bulk samples [73]. Kumar et al. [72] reported a HILIC method for cision and recovery) of these two methods revealed superiority
the analysis and investigation of the chromatographic behavior of for the HILIC method (Table 3). HILIC separation was performed
several AGs (streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, spectinomycin, using a silica-based HILIC Fortis column. The sensitivity of the HILIC
apramycin, neomycin, paramomycin, kanamycin A and gentam- method was greater than that of the IPC method for both STR and
icins). Stationary phases with three different charge states, such DHSTR.
as bare silica (negative), aminopropyl (positive), amide (neutral) A HILIC–MS/MS method for detection and quantification of
and ZIC-HILIC (zwitterionic), were chosen for the screening exper- spectinomycin and lincomycin from liquid manure and rainfall
iments. Mobile phase constituents (pH and ionic strength) and run-off was described by Peru et al. [69]. The chromatographic
column temperature were also investigated. The zwitterionic HILIC separation was performed on a silica-based Altima HP HILIC col-
provided the most satisfactory separation and sensitivity. The umn. MS detection was carried out using an atmospheric pressure
method was directly applicable for the analysis of AG residues in chemical ionization (APCI) interface in multiple reaction monitor-
honey. Based on these research results, Kumar et al. [74] continued ing (MRM) positive ion mode. They found that the method was
to study AG residues in kidney samples from food-producing ani- sensitive for the quantification of the antibiotics and that HILIC
mals and in honey samples by zwitterionic HILIC in combination provided excellent retention and separation of spectinomycin and
with a triple quadrupole mass analyzer. The LOQ ranged from 2 to lincomycin from interfering matrix components without the need
125 g/kg in honey and 25 to 264 g/kg in kidney samples, which for ion-pairing reagents.
is well below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established. An automated LC–MS/MS method using a CAPCELL PAK ST
Also in other studies zwitterionic HILIC stationary phases were HILIC column for the simultaneous quantification of 15 AGs
found to perform well [64,67,68,72,74]. Six AGs (amikacin, genta- residues in muscle, liver (pigs, chicken and cattle), kidney (pigs
micin, kanamycin, neomycin, paromomycin and tobramycin) were and cattle), cow milk and hen eggs was reported elsewhere
simultaneously quantified by ZIC-HILIC combined with ESI-MS/MS [65]. The 15 AGs consist of streptomycin (STREP), amikacin
detection in human serum [67]. Similarly, neomycin was quanti- (AMIKA), hygromycin B (HYGRO), dihydrostreptomycin (DIHY),
tated by LC–MS/MS using HILIC in human serum [68]. Analysis of netilmicin (NETIL), kasugamycin (KASUG), kanamycin B (KANA),
neomycin, apramycin and kanamycin was possible by zwitterionic sisomicin (SISO), spectinomycin (SPECT), gentamicin C1 (GENT),
HILIC with MS detection and the same column was also successfully apramycin (APRA), paromomycin (PAROM), tobramycin (TOBRA),
employed in a retention mechanism study (Fig. 4) [75]. A crucial ribostamycin (RIBOS) and neomycin B (NEOM). The detection capa-
part in the separation mechanism is a water layer, which is built up bilities in this method ranged from 10 to 50 g/kg. The MRM
when equilibrating the stationary phase with the mobile phase. A LC–MS/MS chromatograms of the extractions of blank bovine liver
polar analyte will experience hydrophilic partitioning between the spiked with these AGs are shown in Fig. 5. The report concluded
water layer and the mobile phase. Besides, a charged analyte may that the LC–MS/MS method could be applied to trace analysis of
have weak and/or strong electrostatic interactions (both attraction multi-component AG contaminants in complex sample matrices.
and repulsion) by the zwitterionic groups, which greatly contribute The HILIC method gave satisfactory retention and separation of the
to the separation [10]. Since the AGs have strong electrostatic inter- AGs residues.
action with the zwitterionic stationary phase, it is necessary to use
formic acid and a high buffer concentration in the mobile phase to 3.2. ˇ-lactam antibiotics
achieve good chromatographic performance.
Multi-residue AG antibiotics in bovine and porcine muscle Penicillins and cephalosporins have been thoroughly inves-
and kidney were quantitated using LC–MS/MS [64]. A ZIC-HILIC tigated in RP-HPLC systems coupled with different methods of
148
Table 2
Matrix Compound (s) of interest Stationary phase Mobile phase Detection Refs
Kidney and muscle tissues Gentamicin/spectinomycin/dihydrostreptomycin/ ZIC-HILIC (SeQuant) 150 mM ammonium acetate + 1% ESI-MS [64]
kanamycin/apramycin/streptomycin/neomycin (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 m) FA-ACN; gradient
Muscle, liver, kidney, cow milk and Streptomycin/amikacin/hygromycin CAPCELL PAK ST ACN-0.1% TFA; gradient ESI-MS/MS [65]
hen eggs B/dihydrostreptomycin/netilmicin/kasugamycin/ (150 mm × 2.0 mm, 3 m)
kanamycin B/sisomicin/spectinomycin/gentamicin
C1/ apramycin/paromomycin/tobramycin/
ribostamycin/neomycin B
Mouse, rat and guinea pig plasma Amikacin/streptomycin/spectinomycin/gentamicin ZIC-HILIC (SeQuant) 5 or 25 mM ammonium formate, ESI-MS [66]
(50 mm × 2.0 mm, 5 m) pH 2.5-ACN – 1% FA; gradient
Human serum Amikacin/gentamicin/kanamycin/neomycin/ ZIC-HILIC ACN-2 mM ammonium acetate – ESI-MS/MS [67]
paromomycin/tobramycin (100 mm × 2.1 mm) FA; gradient
Human serum Neomycin ZIC-HILIC ACN-10 mM ammonium acetate – ESI-MS/MS [68]
(100 mm × 2.1 mm) FA; gradient
Manure Spectinomycin/lincomycin Altima HP HILIC ACN-water-0.1% FA; isocratic APCI-MS/MS [69]
(150 mm × 2.1 mm, 3 m)
Apples Streptomycin Atlantis HILIC silica A: water + 0.05% FA/B: ACN + 0.05% ESI-MS/MS [70]
(150 mm × 2.1 mm, 3 m) FA; gradient
Milk Streptomycin/dihydrostreptomycin HILIC Fortis 150 mM ammonium formate-ACN, ESI-MS [71]
(100 mm × 3.0 mm, 3 m) pH 4.5; gradient
Honey Streptomycin/spectinomycin/dihydrostreptomycin/ ZIC-HILIC 175 mM ammonium formate, pH ESI-MS/MS [72]
gentamicin C1/gentamicin C1a/gentamicin C2/C2a/ (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 m) 4.5 – 0.2% FA in ACN; gradient
Apramycin/paromomycin/kanamycin A/neomycin B
Bulk samples Impurities in streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin Halo HILIC 100–200 mM ammonium formate, ESI-QIT/TOFMS [73]
(100 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.7 m) pH: 3.0–4.5-ACN; isocratic
FA: formic acid; TFA: trifluoroacetic acid; QIT: quadrupole ion trap.
G. Kahsay et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 87 (2014) 142–154 149
Table 3
Comparison of the validation parameters of HILIC versus IPC method [71].
detection such as UV detection [76,77], MS [78,79] or chemi- sodium, cefepime hydrochloride, cefixime, ceftazidime and cef-
luminescence detection [80]. Since these compounds are rather triaxone sodium). Chromatograms for the seven cephalosporins
small polar molecules, they could hardly be analyzed in RP-HPLC on the Click -CD column and Atlantis HILIC silica column are
mode. Ion-pairing reagents, buffers and acids are often used as shown in Fig. 6. The orthogonality between HILIC and RPLC for
additives [81–83] to improve the retention and peak shape [84]. cephalosporins was also investigated. The authors further devel-
In addition, multidimensional [85] and capillary HPLC systems oped a successful HILIC method to analyze cefotaxime sodium and
have been developed to analyze cephalosporins at lower concen- its degradation products. A HILIC–MS/MS method for the simul-
trations in different sample matrices [86]. Some cephalosporins taneous determination of three polar, non-structurally related
were used as model substances in mixtures with other drugs in compounds – (1) a carbapenem antibiotic, imipenem (IMP), (2) a
HILIC mode, but their particular chromatographic retention was renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor, cilastatin (CIL) and (3) an investi-
not explained [23,87]. It is reported that HILIC was also used to gational -lactamase inhibitor MK-4698 (BLI) – in biological fluids
analyze cephalosporin C [88,89]. was described elsewhere [89]. A HILIC-ESI-MS/MS method for the
The simple mobile phase of HILIC and its compatibility with multitarget quantitative analysis of the hydrophilic metabolites
MS opened a new door for the analysis of cephalosporins. Liu of penicillins and cephalosporins has also been described [90].
et al. [88] developed a HILIC method to separate seven commonly Jovanović et al. [91] reported the chromatographic behavior of
used cephalosporins (cefotaxime sodium, cefpiramide, cefazolin mixture of -lactam antibiotics (cefotaxime, cefalexin, cefaclor,
Fig. 5. MRM LC–MS/MS chromatograms of the extractions of blank bovine liver spiked with AGs equivalent to detection capabilities of 20 g/kg for APRA, STREP, DIHY,
SPECT, GENT, TOBRA, PAROM, HYGRO, RIBOS, KASUG, AMIKA, NEOM, KANA, SISO, NETIL.
Figure adapted from [65].
150 G. Kahsay et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 87 (2014) 142–154
Fig. 6. Chromatograms for seven cephalosporins on the Click -CD column (a) and Atlantis HILIC silica column (b, c). Mobile phase: A, 10 mM ammonium formate at pH 6.8;
B, ACN-100 mM ammonium formate = 90:10 at pH 6.8. Gradient for (a) and (b) was 88–65% B in 20 min and 65% B in the next 10 min; gradient for (c) was 100–75% B in 20 min
and 75% B in the next 15 min. (1) cefotaxime sodium, (2) cefpiramide, (3) cefazolin sodium, (4) cefepime hydrochloride, (5) cefixime, (6) ceftazidime and (7) ceftriaxone
sodium.
Figure adapted from [88].
cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, ampicillin and amoxicillin) using In order to avoid this problem, adding chelating agents, such as
HILIC-UV and their retention prediction models were designed by oxalic acid and EDTA salts to the mobile phase and RP end-capped
applying Box–Behnken Design. -lactam antibiotics analyzed using columns have been employed. Using HILIC silica with high-purity
HILIC with different detection systems are summarized in Table 4. silica columns, non-selective reactions such as complex formation
Table 4
Summary of -lactam antibiotics analyzed using HILIC with different detection systems.
Matrix Compound (s) of interest Stationary phase Mobile phase Detection Refs
Fermentation broths 2-Aminoadipic acid, ZIC-HILIC (and A: 10% (v/v) 200 mM ESI-MS/MS [88]
2-amino-5-(4-carboxy-2-thiazolyl)-valeric ZIC-HILIC Guard FA, pH 4.0 in water/B:
acid, 6-aminopenicillanic acid, 20 mm × 2.1 mm; 10% (v/v) 200 mM FA,
6-aminopenicilloic acid, 5 m) pH 4.0 in ACN; gradient
7-aminocephalosporanic acid,
8-hydroxypenillic acid, cephalosporin C,
cephalosporin C lactone,
deacetoxycephalosporin,
deacetylcephalosporin, penicillamine
disulfide, phenoxyacetic acid,
phenoxymethylpenicilloic acid,
phenoxymethylpenillic acid,
p-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid,
␦-(l-␣-Aminoadipoyl)-l-Cys-d-Val
Raw materials Ceftazidime, cefixime, cefpiramide, Atlantis HILIC silica A: 10 mM ammonium UV/vis ESI-MS/MS [89]
ceftriaxone sodium, cefotaxime sodium, (100 mm × 2.1 mm, formate, pH 6.8/B:
cefazolin sodium, cefepime hydrochloride 5 m) ACN-100 mM
and degradation products of cefotaxime Click -CD column ammonium formate,
sodium (150 mm × 2.1 mm, pH 6.8; gradient
5 m)
Plasma, blood Imipenem (IMP), cilastatin (CIL), MK-4698 Atlantis HILIC silica 15 mM ammonium TIS-MS/MS [90]
-lactamase inhibitor (BLI) (50 mm × 2.1 mm, formate, pH 3 in 80%
3 m) ACN; isocratic
Reference substances Cefotaxime, cefalexin, cefaclor, Alltech Silica ACN-ammonium UV/vis [91]
cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, ampicillin (250 mm × 4.6 mm, acetate, pH 4.5–6.5;
and amoxicillin 5 m) isocratic
or ion effects leading to less favorable separations could be pre- analogues [109]. Several parameters affecting the chromatographic
vented [103,104]. behavior such as organic modifier, buffer pH and ion strength have
TCs are not only widely used as veterinary medicines, but also as been investigated. Of utmost importance for successful separation
growth additives in animal feeds or water [92]. It has been reported of the analogues (doxorubicin, daunorubicin and epidaunorubicin)
that only a small portion of the applied TCs (veterinary or food is the choice of organic modifier. ACN was shown to offer superior
additives) is metabolized or absorbed in animals and most of the separation to methanol, isopropanol or THF. Table 5 summarizes
unmetabolized form is released in excreta [105], which enters into the application of HILIC for TCs in different sample matrices.
the environment and disrupts the indigenous microbial population.
Therefore, many researchers focus on the development of a rapid 3.4. Other antibiotics
and sensitive method for the determination of TCs in the environ-
ment. Li et al. [106] reported the environmental fate and transport Besides -lactams, AGs and TCs, HILIC has been widely
of four zwitterionic TCs (oxytetracycline, doxycycline, chlortetracy- employed for the analysis of other antibiotics (Table 6). Although
cline and tetracycline) and developed a HILIC–MS/MS method for RPLC is the predominant LC mode applied to peptide separation,
detection and quantification of these antibiotics in environmen- there is a growing awareness of the potential of HILIC as a comple-
tal waters. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an mentary mode in situations where RPLC does not offer the required
amino-bonded silica HILIC column under isocratic conditions. Dur- retention and overall separation efficiency. Determination of the
ing method development, the effects of mobile phase components glycopeptide antibiotic avoparcin in kidney using a 200 Å, 5 m
(buffer type, pH and type and concentration of organic modifier) HILIC column was reported by Curren and King [110]. Van Dorpe
on retention and separation of TCs on the column was investigated et al. [111] reported HILIC analysis of peptide antibiotics (van-
and a mixed-mode retention mechanism composed of partitioning, comycin and polymyxin) using Alltima HP and ZIC-HILIC columns.
adsorption and ion-exchange interaction was proposed. Determination of 13 sulfonamide antibacterials in milk and eggs
Determination of OTC, TC and CTC in different sample matri- using the polymer monolith microextraction (PMME) technique
ces using a HILIC or mixed HILIC–ion-exchange mode were also was also possible [112] on a Luna NH2 HILIC column followed by
described elsewhere [107,108]. The methods gave rapid and robust MS detection. Quantification of antibacterial drugs like carbadox
separations of the TCs. HILIC using high-purity silica as station- and olaquindox with matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) extrac-
ary phase has been applied for the separation of epirubicin and its tion in swine feed using a BEH HILIC column [113] and bicozamycin
Table 5
HILIC in the analysis of tetracylines antibiotics.
Environmental water OTC, TC, CTC, Kromasil 100-5 NH2 ACN-6.7 mM ammonium citrate, UV–vis [106]
doxycycline (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 m) pH 4.0 (85:15, v/v); isocratic
Environmental waters OTC Kromasil KR100-5SIL ACN-10 mM oxalate, pH 2.5 (90:10, UV–vis [107]
(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 m) v/v); isocratic
Drug substances TC, CTC, OTC ThermoHypersil APS2 ACN-6.7 mM citrate, pH 5.0 (85:15, UV–vis [108]
(50 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 m) v/v); isocratic
Epirubicin raw material Epidaunorubicin, Kromasil KR100-5SIL 30 mM sodium formate, pH UV–vis [109]
daunorubicin, (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 m) 2.9-ACN, (90:10, v/v); isocratic
epirubicin, doxorubicin
152 G. Kahsay et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 87 (2014) 142–154
Table 6
HILIC in the analysis of other antibiotics.
using a TSK-GEL NH2 HILIC column and MS detection [114] showed [5] K. Valkó, L.R. Snyder, J.L. Glajch, Retention in reversed-phase liquid chro-
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exchange chromatography, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394 (2009) 71–84.
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The use of HILIC for the analysis of antibiotics is reviewed. In matography: a review, Anal. Chim. Acta 692 (2011) 1–25.
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