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Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
One set of operating-system services provides functions that are helpful to Another set of OS functions exists for ensuring the efficient operation of the
system itself via resource sharing
the user (Cont.):
Resource allocation - When multiple users or multiple jobs running
File-system manipulation - The file system is of particular interest. concurrently, resources must be allocated to each of them
Programs need to read and write files and directories, create and delete
Many types of resources - CPU cycles, main memory, file storage,
them, search them, list file Information, permission management.
I/O devices.
Communications – Processes may exchange information, on the same Accounting - To keep track of which users use how much and what
computer or between computers over a network kinds of computer resources
Communications may be via shared memory or through message Protection and security - The owners of information stored in a
passing (packets moved by the OS) multiuser or networked computer system may want to control use of
Error detection – OS needs to be constantly aware of possible errors that information, concurrent processes should not interfere with each
other
May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, in user
Protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is
program controlled
For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action to Security of the system from outsiders requires user authentication,
ensure correct and consistent computing extends to defending external I/O devices from invalid access
Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the user’s and attempts
programmer’s abilities to efficiently use the system
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
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A View of Operating System Services User Operating System Interface - CLI
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Various mouse buttons over objects in the interface cause Actions and selection based on
gestures
various actions (provide information, options, execute function,
open directory (known as a folder) Virtual keyboard for text entry
Voice commands.
Invented at Xerox PARC
Many systems now include both CLI and GUI interfaces
Microsoft Windows is GUI with CLI “command” shell
Apple Mac OS X is “Aqua” GUI interface with UNIX kernel
underneath and shells available
Unix and Linux have CLI with optional GUI interfaces (CDE,
KDE, GNOME)
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
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Example of Standard API System Call Implementation
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
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Types of System Calls (Cont.) Types of System Calls (Cont.)
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.19 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
C program invoking printf() library call, which calls write() system call
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.22 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.24 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
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System Programs (Cont.) System Programs (Cont.)
File modification Background Services
Text editors to create and modify files Launch at boot time
Special commands to search contents of files or perform Some for system startup, then terminate
transformations of the text Some from system boot to shutdown
Programming-language support - Compilers, assemblers, Provide facilities like disk checking, process scheduling, error
debuggers and interpreters sometimes provided logging, printing
Program loading and execution- Absolute loaders, relocatable Run in user context not kernel context
loaders, linkage editors, and overlay-loaders, debugging systems
for higher-level and machine language Known as services, subsystems, daemons
Communications - Provide the mechanism for creating virtual Application programs
connections among processes, users, and computer systems
Don’t pertain to system
Allow users to send messages to one another’s screens,
browse web pages, send electronic-mail messages, log in Run by users
remotely, transfer files from one machine to another Not typically considered part of OS
Launched by command line, mouse click, finger poke
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.25 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.26 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Design and Implementation Operating System Design and Implementation (Cont.)
Design and Implementation of OS not “solvable”, but some Important principle to separate
approaches have proven successful Policy: What will be done?
Mechanism: How to do it?
Internal structure of different Operating Systems can vary widely
Mechanisms determine how to do something, policies decide
Start the design by defining goals and specifications what will be done
The separation of policy from mechanism is a very important
Affected by choice of hardware, type of system principle, it allows maximum flexibility if policy decisions are to
be changed later (example – timer)
User goals and System goals
Specifying and designing an OS is highly creative task of
User goals – operating system should be convenient to use, software engineering
easy to learn, reliable, safe, and fast
System goals – operating system should be easy to design,
implement, and maintain, as well as flexible, reliable, error-free,
and efficient
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.27 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.28 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.29 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 2.30 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
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End of Chapter 2
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013