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Fluid Mechanics
GROUNDWATER
HYDRAULICS
Fluid Mechanics
GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS
Definitions
• Groundwater is a major source of water supply requiring minimal treatment.
• Vadose zone is partially saturated zone above the water table. Capillary forces play a
major role in it.
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
1
08-11-2017
Fluid Mechanics
GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS
Definitions
• Aquifer is a geological formation that contains and transmits ground water. Velocity of
ground water is less than 1m/day
• Unconfined aquifers is an aquifer with free water surface for an upper boundary.
Recharge takes place through ground surface above the aquifer
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
Fluid Mechanics
GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS
Definitions
• Volumetric porosity,
volume of voids
n
total volume
• Specific yield is the fractional volume of water that will drain freely by gravity from a
unit volume of formation.
• Safe yield is the amount of groundwater that can be withdrawn without impairing the
aquifer as a water source.
• A soil is called anisotropic when the permeability is not the same in different
directions. Opposite: isotropic
• A soil is called heterogeneous when the permeability differs from place to place.
Opposite: homogeneous
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
2
08-11-2017
Fluid Mechanics
CREEPING MOTION
• In 1856, H. Darcy found experimentally that the velocity (averaged over pores and
solid region) is given by
Q dH
vx k ki
A dx
Q
• Through the pores, the seepage velocity
nA
(actual velocity)
Henry Darcy
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
Fluid Mechanics
CREEPING MOTION
• For creeping flow in a gap of height b we had found
b 2 p b2 p b 2 H
vx
12 x 12 x 12 x
• For a stream-tube in porous media, b is proportional to the particle size diameter. Thus,
d2 H d 2g H
vx g
12 x 12 x
d 2g
k
12
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
3
08-11-2017
Fluid Mechanics
CREEPING MOTION
• Hydraulic conductivity (k) depends on both physical properties of the porous medium
and the fluid properties.
• Intrinsic permeability (in m2) depends upon the physical properties of the porous
medium
• Hence, k ki or ki k
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
Fluid Mechanics
CREEPING MOTION
• Lets consider Darcy’s law in Cartesian component form
H H H
uk , vk , and wk
x y z
• For isotropic material, k is the same in all directions. Substituting in the continuity
equation, we get
2H 2H 2H
k 2 2 2 0 2H 0
x y z
v d 50
• Darcy’s law is valid for 10
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
4
08-11-2017
Fluid Mechanics
BORE WELL
H-h
Variation of
pressure head
A confined aquifer
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
Fluid Mechanics
• In the simplest possible case, use Darcy’s equation for an isotropic, homogeneous
aquifer
5
08-11-2017
Fluid Mechanics
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
Fluid Mechanics
2 2
k (h 2 h1 )
Q
r
ln 2
r1
An unconfined aquifer
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
6
08-11-2017
Fluid Mechanics
ASSUMPTIONS
• In unconfined aquifers, usually two assumptions are involved
• Dupuit’s approximation:
1) The gradient of the piezometric head is constant over any vertical section and is
H
equal to at the free surface
x
2) The velocity is horizontal and uniform from top to bottom of any vertical section
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
Fluid Mechanics
WELL INTERFERENCE
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
7
08-11-2017
Fluid Mechanics
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in
Fluid Mechanics
Prof. Manasa Ranjan Behera, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email – manasa.rb@iitb.ac.in