1. 1.

Define Load
It is defined as any external force acting upon a machine part.

2. Mention the different types of load.

There are 3 types of load. They are
1. Dead or steady load
2. Live or varying load, and
3. Suddenly applied or shock load

3. What is Dead or steady load?

When the load does not change in magnitude and direction it is known as dead or steady
load

4. Define Live or Varying load?

When the load is variable or it continually changes it is called as live or varying load.

5. What is shock load?

When a load is suddenly applied or removed, it is known as suddenly applied or shock
load.

6. Define Stress.
Internal resistance force per unit area at any section of the body is known as Stress.

7. Mention the S.I units of stress.

Is expressed in Newetons per sq. millimeter.

8. Define Strain.
Deformation per unit length is known as strain.

9. What is deformation?
Change in length to the original length is called as deformation.

10. Mention the unit of Strain.

Strain has no unit. It is unit less.

11. Mention the types of stress.

1. Tensile stress
2. Compressive stress
3. Shear stress
12. Mention the types of strain
 1. Tensile strain
2. Compressive strain
3. Shear strain.

2. Define Tensile stress.

When two equal and opposite axial pulls, then the stress induced at any section of the
body is known as tensile stress.

3. What is the effect of tensile load?

Due to the tensile load, there will be an increase in length of the body.

4. Define Tensile strain.

The ratio of the increase in the length to the original length is known as tensile strain.

5. Define Compressive stress.

When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial pushes, then the stress induced
at any section of the body is known as compressive stress.

6. What is the effect of Compressive load on a body?

Due to the compressive load, there will be a decrease in length of the body.

7. Define Compressive strain.

The ratio of the decrease in length to the original length is known as compressive strain.

8. Define Shear stress.

When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite forces, acting tangentially across the
resisting section, as a result of which the body tends to shear off the section, then the
stress induced is called as shear stress.

9. Define Shear strain.

The corresponding strain is known as shear strain and it is measured by the angular
deformation accompanying the shear stress.

10. What is the difference Single shear and Double shear.

When the tangential force has to be resisted by one section of the body, then the body is
said to be in Single shear. On the other hand, if the tangential force has to be resisted by
two sections of a body, then it is said to be in double shear.

11. Define Hooke’s law.

 Hook’s law states that when a material is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is
proportional to strain.
1. Define Young’s modulus.
Within the elastic limit, the stress is proportional to strain and the constant of
proportionality is called as Young’s modulus.

2. Define Shear modulus or modulus of rigidity.

Within the elastic limit, the shear stress is proportional to shear strain & the constant of
proportionality is called as shear modulus or modulus of rigidity.

3. Define Bearing or crushing stress.

A localized compressive stress at the area of contact between two members is known as
bearing stress or crushing stress.

26. Define Proportional limit.

Is defined as that stress at which the stress strain curve begins to deviate from
the straight line.

27. What is Working stress?

When designing machine parts, it is desirable to keep the stress lower than the maximum
or ultimate stress at which failure of the material takes place. This stress is known as the
working stress or design stress.

28. Define Factor of safety.

It is defined as the ratio of the maximum stress to the working stress.

29. Define Factor of safety for Ductile material.

For ductile materials where the yield point is clearly defined, the factor of safety is based
upon the yield point stress.

30. Define Factor of safety for brittle materials.

For brittle materials the yield point is not well defined as for ductile materials.
Therefore the factor of safety for brittle materials is based on ultimate stress.

31. What are the factors to be considered while selecting factor of safety?
1. Reliability of applied load
2. Reliability of test results and accuracy of application of these results to actual
machine parts.
3. The certainty as to exact mode of failure.
 4. The extent of simplifying assumptions, Localized stresses, Initial stresses set up
during manufacture, Loss of life if failure occurs and
5. The extent of loss of property if failure occurs.

32. Mention the unit of Factor of safety.

It has no unit.
27. Define Thermal Stresses.
If the body is allowed to expand or contract freely, with the rise or fall of temperature, no
stresses are induced in the body. But, if the deformation of the body is prevented, some
stresses are induced in the body. Such stresses are known as Thermal stresses.

28. Define Poissson’s Ratio.

When a body is stressed within elastic limit the lateral strain bears a constant ratio to the
linear strain. The constant is known as Poisson’s ratio and is denoted by μ.

29. Define Volumetric strain.

When a body is subjected to a system of forces, it undergoes some changes in its
dimensions. In other words, the volume of the body is changed. The ratio of the change
in volume to the original volume is known as volumetric strain.

30. Define Bulk modulus.

When a body is subjected to 3 mutually perpendicular stresses, of equal intensity, then
the ratio of the direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain is known as bulk
modulus. It is usually denoted by K.

31. Define Impact stress.

Machine members are sometimes subjected to the sudden load. The stress produced in
the member due to the falling load is known as Impact stress.

32. Define Strain energy.

The energy which is absorbed in a body when strained within elastic limit is known as
strain energy.

33. Define Resilience.

The strain energy stored in a body due to external loading, within the elastic limit, is
known as resilience.

34. Define Proof resilience.

The maximum energy which can be stored in a body up to the elastic limit is called proof
resilience.
 35. Define Modulus of resilience.
The proof resilience per unit volume of a material is known as modulus of resilience.

42.Why the Resilience is important?

It is an important property of a material and gives capacity of the material to bear impact or
shocks.
 Define Torsion.
 When a machine member is subjected to the action of two equal and opposite couples
acting in parallel planes then the machine member is said to be subjected to torsion.

 Define Torsion Shear Stress.

 The stress set up by torsion is known as torsional shear stress. It is zero at the centriodal
axis and maximum at the outer surface.

 Define Couple.
 The twisting moment is called as couple.

 Mention Unit of Torque.

 S.I unit of Torque is N–m.

 Define Fatigue.
 When a material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails at stresses below the yield point
stresses. Such type of failure of a material is known as fatigue.

 Define Notch sensitivity.

 The difference depends upon the stress gradient in the region of the stress concentration
and on the hardness of the material. The term Notch sensitivity is applied to this
behaviors.

Define Ductility.
Ductility is the measure of material’s ability to deform.

Mention the notable property of Ductile material?

Ductile materials undergo large plastic deformations before fracture.

Give some examples to Ductile materials?

Low carbon steels (Mild steel) and aluminium are some of the examples of ductile materials.
What is necking?
When a ductile material such as mild steel is subjected to tensile force, considerable reduction in
area of its weaker section known as necking if observed before fracture.

How do you measure Ductility?

Ductility of a material is measured by the percentage increase in length and percentage reduction
in cross-sectional area.
% increase in length=(Final length – initial length) 100 /Initial length
% reduction in area=(Final area – initial area) 100 /Initial area

What type of fracture is observed when a Ductile material is subjected to tensile force?
Ductile materials exhibit cup & cone type of fracture.

What causes Ductile materials to fail under axial tensile force?

Ductile materials under axial tensile force fail by shearing.

What will happen when a ductile material is subjected to axial compressive load?
Material undergoes large compressive deformation in the direction of application of load. This
accompanied by the bulge in the lateral direction at its central position.

What are Brittle materials?

Materials undergoing small plastic strain are known as brittle materials.

Give some examples for Brittle materials?

High carbon steel, Cast iron & glass are some of Brittle materials.

Mention the notable property of Brittle material?

Most of the brittle materials are stronger in compression than in tension. They do not exhibit the
phenomenon of necking before fracture.
What is Cleavage Fracture?
A uniform bar made of brittle material such as cast iron fails along a plane perpendicular to its
axis by mere separation of particles, when subjected to axial tensile stress. This type of fracture
is known as Cleavage Fracture.

What will happen when brittle materials subjected to axial tensile force?
Brittle materials under axial tensile force fail due to normal stress.

What will happen when brittle material materials subjected to axial compressive force?
These materials fail by shear along 45 degree plane when subjected to axial compressive force.
Define elasticity.
Elasticity is defined as property of a material by virtue of which deformations caused by stress
disappear on removal of load.

Define Elastic range.

The greatest stress up to which the material exhibits the characteristic of regaining its original
shape and dimensions on removal of load is known as Elastic Range.

Define Proportional limit.

It is the maximum stress level up to which stress is directly proportional to strain. For some
materials elastic limit is slightly above the proportional limit.
However for practical purposes the two points may be considered as coincident.

Define Yield stress.

Yield stress is the value of stress at which the material continues to deform at constant load
condition.

What are Upper & Lower Yield point?

The highest stress proceeding extensive strain known as upper yield pint and relatively constant
runout value known as lower yield point.

Will Brittle material exhibit the phenomenon of yielding?

No Brittle materials do not exhibit the phenomenon of yielding.

What is offset method?

In this method a straight line is drawn parallel to linear portion of the stress vs. strain curve with
an offset equal to 0.2% of strain. Then the y coordinate of intersection point of the straight line
and the stress vs. strain curve gives the yield stress.
Why offset method is necessary?
Some materials such as high strength steels and aluminium alloys do not have well defined yield
point. In such cases yield stress may be obtained by using offset method.

What is Proof stress?

The value of yield stress obtained by using offset method is called proof stress.

Define Plastic deformation.

After the elastic limit the specimen undergoes deformation which cannot e regained with the
removal of load. This deformation is known as plastic deformation.

Define Plastic Range.

The region starting from yield point to end of the curve is known as plastic deformation.

Define Ultimate Stress.

It is the maximum stress induced in the specimen and it occurs in the plastic region.

Define Tangent Modulus.

The slope of a tangent drawn a a point of interest is known as tangent modulus.

Define Secant Modulus.

The slope of a line joining the origin and a point of interest on the curve is known as secant
modulus.

Define Facture stress.

The stress at which the specimen breaks is known as fracture stress. Fracture stress is generally
less than ultimate stress for ductile materials.

Define Young’s modulus.

Young’s modulus is measured as the slope of stress-strain diagram within the elastic limit.

Will carbon content affect young’s modulus?

Strength of steel increases with the increase in the carbon content. However Young’s modulus
remains unchanged with the variation in the carbon content.

How do u calculate Young’s modulus?

Young’s modulus is calculated as the ratio of stress & strain. Where the strain does not have
units.

What is the unit of Young’s modulus?

Young’s modulus has the units of stress, N/mm2 , Mpa, Gpa, etc.
Why Young’s modulus necessary?
A member made of a material with larger value of Young’s modulus is said to have higher
stiffness. The stiffer materials undergo small deformations for a given load condition.

Why one should give importance to Properties of Engineering materials?

A structural member is generally designed to transfer certain types of loads during its
service. These loads may influence the structure of a member under extreme conditions leading
to its failure. The failure may be due to excessive deformation, stresses exceeding certain limits
and surface abrasion etc. Hence, properties are very useful in the design of machine or structural
members.
Define strength.
It is the ability of a member to resist the loads without failure due to excessive stress is known as
strength. Strength of a member is dependent on the type of load acting on it.

Mention several forms of strength.

Strength in its several forms inelastic strength represented by the elastic limit or yield point,
fracture strength represented by ultimate stress and impact strength expressed as the energy
required to cause failure.

Define Stiffness.
The ability of a material to resist deformation induced due to load is known as stiffness. The
stiffness is measured by the modulus of elasticity in case of axially loaded members. A stiffer
material undergoes smaller deformation when subjected to load.

Define Hardness.
It is the measure of resistance to surface penetration and abrasion, which is a function of stress
required to produce some specified type of failure.

Define resilience.
The ability of a material to absorb energy when deformed elastically and to return it when
unloaded is known as resilence. Resilence is expressed by the area under elastic region in the
stress-strain diagram.

Define Modulus of resilence.

Modulus of resilence is the strain energy stored per unit volume from zero stress to yield stress
i.e., the product of average stress and strain.

What is the unit of Modulus of Resilence?

The unit of Modulus of Resilence is Kj/m3
Define Toughness.
The ability of a material to absorb energy in the plastic range is known as toughness. Area under
the stress-strain diagram represents the toughness.

Define Modulus of Toughness.

Toughness per unit volume of material is known as modulus of toughness.

While deriving the formulae on strength of materials what are the assumptions to be made?
1. The material obey’s Hooke’s law
2. The material is isotropic and homogeneous
 3. The member is loaded within the elastic limit.
4. Deformation within the elastic region are very small.
5. The planes of member are not distorted.
6. The member is completely free of stress when the load is removed.

Why Factor of safety is necessary?

In practical situations a structural member may be subjected to a number ot uncertainties
regarding loading and environmental effects etc., leading to earlier failure. Factor of safety for
specific application is fixed based on the uncertainties like Unexpected loads, Manufacturing
defects, Environmental effects, Temperature effects, Uncertainties related to strength of material
etc. In order to overcome this Factor of safety is necessary.

List the factors of safety adopted of various service conditions.

SERVICE CONDITIONS FACTOR OF SAFETY

For Production where close dimensional 1
control is exercised
Reliable material, loads are predictable, 1.1 – 1.5
low weight to be maintained, costly
materials
Loads are predictable, no limitations 1.5 - 2
regarding weight
Overload is possible, ordinary materials 2-3
and reliability is important
Human safety is important, materials not 3 & above
reliable, uncertain loading

List few Elastic Constants related to Engineering materials.

Engineering materials have elastic constants such as Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio. Modulus
of rigidity and Bulk modulus etc.

Define Modulus of Rigidity.

The ratio between shear stress and shear strain within the elastic limit is known as Modulus of
rigidity G or shear modulus of elasticity.

Mention unit of Modulus of rigidity.

Modulus of rigidity has the units of stress, N/mm2 , Mpa, Gpa, etc.

What is the effect of Modulus of rigidity on a body subjected to shear stress?

Larger the modulus of rigidity, lesser is the distortion when a body is subjected to shear stress.
Define Volumetric strain.
It is defined as the ratio between change in volume and original volume of a body.

Define Bulk Modulus.

The ratio between spherical stress and volumetric strain is known as Bulk modulus K or Bulk
modulus of elasticity. It represents resistance of a body against volumetric strain.

Define Spherical stress.

A body subjected to three mutually perpendicular stresses of same magnitude is said to be
subjected to spherical stress or bulk stress.

Define Homogeneous body.

A body having uniform properties though out is known as homogeneous body.

What is Isotropic Body?

A body possessing same properties in all the directions at any point is known as isotropic body.

What is the effect of Young’s modulus on isotropic body?

Young’s modulus of an isotropic material will have same value along all the directions at any
point.

Define Orthotropic Body.

A body having material properties which are different in 3 mutually perpendicular directions at a
point is known as orthotropic body. An orthotropic body has 9 independent elastic constants.

Give an example to Orthotropic Body?

Wood is an example of orthotropical material.

What is Anisotropic Body?

An anisotropic body has material properties that are different in all the directions at a point. It
has 21 independent elastic constants.

Give an example to Anisotropic Body.

Fiber reinforced composite plates are designed such that they are anisotropic in nature.

What is Pure shear?

An element is said to be subjected to pure shear when it carries only shear stress.

Define shear strain.

Shear strain is defined as change in right angle between two planes originally perpendicular to
each other.

https://sites.google.com/a/techmani.com/www/practicalvivavoce