Paper of Linear Algebra

CRITICAL BOOK REPORT

Book I : Intiduction to Linear Algebra With Application
Book II : Elementary Linear Algebra

Lecturer :
Hanna Dewi M. Hutabarat, M.Si

Compiled by :
Eklesya Bonita Simbolon (4163312008)
Khalishah Qatrunnada ( 4163312013 )
Hendri Johan (4163312011) (Tidak ikut mengerjakan)

MATHEMATICS DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2018
 FOREWORD

Praise Gratitude authors say the presence of God Almighty, because of the blessing and
grace so that authors can complete the task "Critical Book Report". The authors are grateful to
Mrs. Hanna Dewi M. Hutabarat, M.Si as the lecturer concerned who has given his guidance.
Making this paper aims as an individual task in Basic Statistics.
The author also realizes that this task is far from perfection and still many shortcomings
such as the proverb says "no ivory is not cracked" both the content and the preparation of the
writer therefore apologize if there is a mistake in writing and the authors also expect criticism
and suggestions that build for perfection this task. Finally, the authors say thank you may be
useful and can increase knowledge of readers and generally the students.

Medan,March 6th 2018

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Page
Foreword .............................................................................................................................. i
Table of Content.................................................................................................................. ii
CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY .......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Purpose of Writing ........................................................................................ 1
1.3 Benefits of Writing ....................................................................................... 1
1.4 Book Identity ................................................................................................ 1

CHAPTER II SUMMARY BOOK ................................................................................... 3

2.1 Summary Book I ........................................................................................... 3
2.2 Summary Book II .......................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER III DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 13

3.1 Advantage ..................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Disadvantage ................................................................................................. 14

CHAPTER IV CLOSING .................................................................................................. 15

4.1 Closing .......................................................................................................... 15

4.2 Suggestion ..................................................................................................... 15

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 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1.1 Background
Books are the source of science. The book is a work that can change the
civilization of the world. One factor of technological progress from dulusampai now is
the book. So the book is very important in the advancement of a civilization because of
the insight and knowledge we can get from the book. There are many numbers and
types of books that are now available. We can see a book has the same title but a
different author. The number of authors in making the book becomes a favorable thing
for the reader because there is a difference of understanding between 1 writer with
another. So this can be a good reference in doing various things related to a progress
such as doing research, experiments and other things. We know in this world nothing
is perfect. In the writing of the book also must have many weaknesses. For that in order
to avoid errors in adding information for readers of books we read should we compare
with other books. There we can know which books are worthy to use and the books that
come from.

1.2 Purpose of Writing

The purpose of writing Critical Book Report, ie:
1. Finding and knowing the information contained in the book.
2. Criticize the subject matter of Linear Algebra in two different books.
3. Compare the contents of the first book, and the second book.

1.3 Benefits of Writing

The benefits of writing Critical Book Report, ie:
1. To add insight about linear algebra
2. To know the advantages and disadvantages of both books
3. To improve skills in understanding the contents of the book

1.4 Book Identity

1. First Book
Title : Introduction to Linear Algebra With Application
Edition : 1st edition

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 Author : Jim Defranza and Daniel Gagliardi
Publisher : y McGraw-Hill
Country : New York
Year : 2009
ISBN : 978-0-07-353235-6

2. Second Book
Title : Elementary Linear Algebra
Edition : 6th Edition
Author : Ron Larson and David C. Falvo
Publisher : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Country : Boston, New York
Year : 2009
ISBN : 978-0-547-00481-5

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 CHAPTER II
SUMMARY BOOK

2.1 First Book

1) Definition Of a Vector Space
In particular, we consider as vectors any class of objects with definitions for
addition and scalar multiplication that satisfy the properties of this theorem. In
this way our new concept of a vector will include vectors in Rn but many new
kinds as well. Vector Space A set V is called a vector space over the real
numbers provided that there are two operations—addition, denoted by ⊕, and
scalar multiplication, denoted by ʘ —that satisfy all the following axioms. The
axioms must hold for all vectors u, v, and w in V and all scalars c and d in R.

1. The sum u ⊕ v is in V . Closed under addition

2. u⊕v=v⊕u Addition is commutative

3. (u ⊕ v) ⊕ w = u ⊕ (v ⊕ w) Addition is associative
4. There exists a vector 0 ∈ V such that for Additive Identity
every vector u ∈ V, 0 ⊕ u = u ⊕ 0 = u.
5. For every vector u ∈ V, there exists a vector, Additive Invers
denoted by −u, such that u ⊕ (−u) =
−u ⊕ u = 0.
6. The scalar product c ʘ u is in V. Closed under scalar
multiplicstion
7. c ʘ (u ⊕ v) = (c ʘ u) ⊕ (c ʘ v)
8. (c + d) ʘ u = (c ʘ u) ⊕ (d ʘ u)
9. c ʘ (d ʘ u) = (cd) ʘ u
10. 1 ʘ u = u

A polynomial of degree n is an expression of the form

p(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 +· · ·+an−1xn−1 + anxn
where a0, . . . , an are real numbers and an _= 0. The degree of the zero
polynomial is undefined since it can be written as p(x) = 0xn for any positive
integer n. Polynomials comprise one of the most basic sets of functions and have
many applications in mathematics. The condition degree n or less cannot be

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 replaced with all polynomials of degree equal to n. The latter set is not closed
under addition. For example, the polynomials x2 − 2x +1 and −x2 + 3x + 4 are
both polynomials of degree 2, but the sum is x + 5, which has degree equal to 1.
The set of complex numbers, denoted by C, is defined by C = {a + bi | a, b
∈ R} where i satisfies i2 = −1 or equivalently i =√−1
2) Subspace
A subspace W of a vector space V is a nonempty subset that is itself a
vector space with respect to the inherited operations of vector addition and
scalar multiplication on V . The first requirement for a subset W ⊆ V to be a
subspace is that W be closed under the operations of V .
a) Span of a set of vectors
These subspaces are used to analyze certain properties of the
vector space. Let S = {v1, v2, . . . , vk} be a set of vectors in a vector
space V , and let c1, c2, . . . , ck be scalars. A linear combination of the
vectors of S is an expression of the form
(c1 ʘ v1) ⊕ (c2 ʘ v2)⊕· · ·⊕(ck ʘ vk).
Let V be a vector space and let S = {v1, . . . , vn} be a (finite) set
of vectors in V. The span of S, denoted by span (S), is the set span
(S) = {c1v1 + c2v2 +· · ·+cnvn | c1, c2, . . . , cn ∈ R}
The span of a single nonzero vector in _n is a line through the
origin, and the span of two linearly independent vectors is a plane
through the origin as shown in Fig. 3.

b) The Null Space and Column Space of a Matrix

Two special subspaces associated with every matrix A are the null
space and column space of the matrix. Let A be an m × n matrix.

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 The null space of A, denoted by N(A), is the set of all vectors in
_n such that Ax = 0.
The column space of A, denoted by col(A), is the set of all linear
combinations of the column vectors of A.
The linear system Ax = b is consistent if and only if b is in the
column space of A.
3) Basis and Dimension
a. Basis
The set of vectors S = {v1, v2, . . . , vm} in a vector space V is
called linearly independent provided that the only solution to the
equation
c1v1 + c2v2 +· · ·+cmvm = 0
is the trivial solution c1 = c2 = · · · = cm = 0. If the equation has a
nontrivial solution, then the set S is called linearly dependent. If B =
{v1, v2, . . . , vm} is a linearly independent set of vectors in a vector
space V, then every vector in span(B) can be written uniquely as a
linearly combination of vectors from B.
Basis for a Vector Space A subset B of a vector space V is a basis
for V provided that
B is a linearly independent set of vectors in V
span(B) = V
b. Dimension
The dimension of the vector space V , denoted by dim(V ), is the number
of vectors in any basis of V. For example, since the standard bases for
_n,M2×2,Mm×n, and Pn are
{e1, e2, . . . , en}
{e11, e12, e21, e22}
{eij | 1 ≤ i ≤ m, i ≤ j ≤ n}
{1, x, x2, . . . , xn}
respectively, we have
dim(Rn) = n; dim(M2×2) =4; dim(Mm×n) = mn; dim(Pn) = n + 1
We call a vector space V finite dimensional if there exists a basis
for V with a finite number of vectors. If such a basis does not exist, then
V is called infinite dimensional.

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4) Coordinates and Change of Basis
An ordered basis of a vector space V is a fixed sequence of linearly
independent vectors that span V. Let B = {v1, v2, . . . , vn} be an ordered basis for the
vector space V. Let v be a vector in V , and let c1, c2, . . . , cn be the unique scalars such that

v = c1v1 + c2v2 +· · ·+cnvn

Then c1, c2, . . . , cn are called the coordinates of v relative to B.

Many problems in applied mathematics are made easier by changing
from one basis of a vector space to another. To simplify our explanation of the
process, we will consider a vector space V with dim(V ) = 2 and show how to
change from coordinates relative to one basis for V to another basis for V. Let V
be a vector space of dimension 2 and let
B = {v1, v2} and B’ = {v’1, v’2}
v = x1v1 + x2v2
 Inverse of a Transition Matrix
B and B _ of a finite dimensional vector space is
invertible. Moreover, the transition matrix from B _ to B is the
inverse of [I ]B _ B . To see this, suppose that V is a vector space
of dimension n with ordered bases
B = {v1,v2, . . . , vn} and B’ = {v’1, v’2, . . . , v’n}
5) Application: Differential Equation
Differential equations arise naturally in virtually every branch of science
and technology. They are used extensively by scientists and engineers to solve
problems concerning growth, motion, vibrations, forces, or any problem
involving the rates of change of variable quantities. mathematicians have
devoted a great deal of effort to developing methods for solving differential
equations.
As a first step, let y be a function of a single variable x. An equation that
involves x, y, y, y, . . . , y(n), where n is a fixed positive integer, is called an
ordinary differential equation of order n. We will henceforth drop the
qualifier ordinary since none of the equations we investigate will involve partial
derivatives.
a. The Expontial Model

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 One of the simplest kinds of differential equations is the first-order
equation given by
y’ = ky
where k is a real number. This equation is used to model quantities that exhibit
exponential growth or decay and is based on the assumption that the rate of change
of the quantity present at any time t is directly proportional to the quantity present
at time t. To solve this equation, we write it as
𝑦′
=𝑘
𝑦
and integrate both sides of the equation with respect to the independent variable
to obtain
𝑦′
ln 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐴
𝑦
Solving for y give
𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐴 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
b. Second-Order Differential Equations with Constant Coefficient
After computing the first and second derivatives y’ = rerx and yn =
r2erx, we see that y = erx is a solution of the second-order equation if
and only if
r2erx + arerx + berx = 0
that is,
erx(r2 + ar + b) = 0
Since erx > 0 for every choice of r and x, we know erx is a solution
of y+ ay + by = 0 if and only if
r2 + ar + b = 0
This equation is called the auxiliary equation.
c. Fundamental Sets of Solution
Now consider the question as to whether there are other solutions
to equations of this type, and if so, how they can be described. The
simple (but elegant) answer, to which the remainder of this section
is devoted, is found by using linear algebra. every solution y(x) to
this equation can be written as a linear combination y(x) = c1y1(x) +
c2y2(x). for a positive integer n ≥ 0, let V = C(n)(I ) be the vector
space of all functions that are n times differentiable on the real

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 interval I. If n = 0, then C(0)(I ) denotes the set of all continuous
functions on I.

2.2 Second Book

1) Definition of Vector in Rn
A vector is characterized by two quantities (length and direction) and is
represented by a directed line segment. In this chapter you will see that these
are only two special types of vectors. This section begins with a short review of
vectors in the plane, which is the way vectors were developed historically. A
vector in the plane is represented geometrically by a directed line segment
whose initial point is the origin and whose terminal point is the point (x1,x2) .
The coordinates x1 and x2 are called the components of the vector x. Two
vectors in the plane u = (u1,u2) and v = (v1,v2) are equal if and only if u1 = v1
and u2 = v2.

The first basic vector operation is vector addition. To add two vectors in
the plane, add their corresponding components. That is, the sum of and is the
vector

The second basic vector operation is called scalar multiplication. To

multiply a vector v by a scalar c multiply each of the components of v by c. That
is,

The discussion of vectors in the plane can now be extended to a

discussion of vectors in -space. The set of all n-tuples is called n-space and is
denoted by Rn. The sum of two vectors in and the scalar multiple of a vector in
Rn are called the standard operations in Rn and are defined as follows.

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2) Definition of Vector Space
Let V be a set on which two operations (vector addition and scalar
multiplication) are defined. If the listed axioms are satisfied for every u, v and
w in V and every scalar (real number) c and d then is called a vector space. A
vector space consists of four entities: a set of vectors, a set of scalars, and two
operations. When you refer to a vector space be sure all four entities are clearly
stated or understood. Unless stated otherwise, assume that the set of scalars is
the set of real numbers.

a. R2 with the Standard Operations Is a Vector Space

The set of all ordered pairs of real numbers R2 with the standard
operations is a vector space. Vectors in this space have the form v = (
v1, v2)
b. Rn with the Standard Operations Is a Vector Space
The set of all ordered -tuples of real numbers Rn with the standard
operations is a vector space. Vectors in this space are of the form v = (
v1, v2, v3,…….vn)
c. The Vector Space of All 2
3
Matrices
Show that the set of all 2 x 3 matrices with the operations of matrix
addition and scalar multiplication is a vector space. If A and B and are
2 x 3 matrices and c is a scalar, then A + B and cA are also 2 x 3
matrices.
d. The Vector Space of All Polynomials of Degree 2 or Less
Let P2 be the set of all polynomials of the form p(x) = a2x2 + a1x
+ aan where a0, a1, a2 are real numbers. The sum of two polynomials is
defined in the usual way by p(x) + q(x) + (a2 + b2)x2 + (a1 + b1)x + (a0

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 + b0) and the scalar multiple of p(x) by the scalar c is defined by cp(x)
= ca2x2+ ca1x + ca0. Show that P2 is a vector space.
3) Subspaces of Vector Spaces
In most important applications in linear algebra, vector spaces occur as
subspaces of larger spaces. A subset of a vector space is a subspace if it is a
vector space (with the same operations), as stated in the next definition. A
nonempty subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace of V if W is a
vector space under the operations of addition and scalar multiplication defined
in V.
4) Basis and Dimension
The vectors v1,v2,...,vn form a basis for a vector space V if and only if
(i) v1,...,vn are linearly independent.
(ii) v1,...,vn span V.

Example: The standard basis for R3 is{e1,e2,e3}; however, there are many bases
that we could choose for R3. For example,

are both bases for R3. We will see shortly that any basis for R3 must have exactly
three elements.
Let V be a vector space. If V has a basis consisting of n vectors, we say that V
has dimension n. The subspace {0} of V is said to have dimension 0. V is said
to be finite dimensional if there is a finite set of vectors that spans V; otherwise,
we say that V is infinite dimensional.

Example: Let P be the vector space of all polynomials. We claim that P is

infinite dimensional. If P were finite dimensional, say, of dimension n, any set
of n +1 vector would be linearly dependent. However, 1,x,x2,...,xn are linearly
independent ,since W[1,x,x2,...,xn] > 0. Therefore, P cannot be of dimension n.
Since n was arbitrary, P must be infinite dimensional. The same argument
shows that C[a,b]is infinite dimensional.
5) Row Space and Column Space

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 If A is an m × n matrix, the subspace of R1×n spanned by the row vectors
of A is called the row space of A. The subspace of Rm spanned by the column
vectors of A is called the column space of A.
Example: Let

The row space of A is the set of all 3-tuples of the form

α(1,0,0)+β(0,1,0) = (α,β,0)
The column space of A is the set of all vectors of the form

Thus the row space of A is a two-dimensional subspace of R1×3, and the column
space of A is R2.
6) Application of Vector Space
a. Linear Differential Equations (Calculus)

b. Wronskian Test for Linear Independence

The Wronskian in part(a) is said to be identically equal to zero, because it

is zero for any value of x. The Wronskian in part (b) is not identically equal
to zero because values of x exist for which this Wronskian is nonzero. The
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 next theorem shows how the Wronskian of a set of functions can be used to
test for linear independence.

CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
3.1 Advantages
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 BOOK I BOOK II
 In this book the material  In this book the clarity of the
presented in the examples in each material is described a bit much
sub-chapter are discussed so that but still can understood.
readers can easily understand the  The author creates many
material to be in learning. examples of how to analyze each
 The author of this book also items and make more easily to
includes the practice of each sub- understand every definition that
chapter so that readers can exists.
practice in doing the questions on  Author also provides images to
the material that has been make it easy to represent how the
described. vector really is
 The author also completes the  At the end of the sub chapter also
drawings for more specific provide questions and exercise to
material explanations for train the ability to be more
materials requiring illustrations / accustomed to solving problems
drawings. about vectors.
 The explanation for the material
we discussed is that the vectors
are presented in concordance and
are interconnected with each other
which has been carefully arranged
by the authors / compilers.

3.2 Disadvantages
BOOK I BOOK II

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 There are still several sub-  There are still many less
chapters discussed in book 2 not understandable symbols of the
discussed in book 1 definitions given
 Even though the layout of the  There are several sections that are
explanations of each sub-chapter described repeatedly in different
is arranged in a row, but there are subchapters, so it confuses the
still some explanations that are reader what the point is actually
not understood

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 CHAPTER IV
CLOSING
4.1 Conclusion
Based on my analysis of two books in this review, I can conclude that this book is quite
interesting to read and quite easy to understand. Due to the use of the language is quite
simple, accompanied by images that support and provide questions also at the end of
each subchapter. The contents of these two books have also been complementary, so it
is suitable if used as a source for lecture materials Linear Algebra courses.

4.2 Suggestion
Realizing that the author is still far from the perfect word, in the future the authors will
be more focused and details in explaining about the criticism of the book above with
more sources that can be in accountability. The author also hopes that readers want to
criticize books, because then we can understand the contents of the book with more
depth.

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