International Joumal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 Review Article APPLICATION OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL V.V. Bobade, 'K.S.Kulkari ‘Address for Correspondence D. Kulkarni? Asst Professor, BVDU College of Engineering, Pane, India ‘Lecturer, BVDU College of Engineering, Pune, India E mal yyasvecnab@igmail.com ‘ABSTRACT {In 2000, biodiesel became the only altemative uel in the country to have successfully completed the EPA-requied Tier I and Tier Il health effets testing under the Clean Air Act. These independent tests conclusively demonstrated biodiesel’s significant reduction of virtually all regulated emissions, and showed biodess! does not pos a treat to human health. Because biodiese! has its bility to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) its production has seen a quantum jump. Biodiesel production using heterogencous catalyst is preferred over homogeneous eaalyst due to ecological remuneratons. Ths paper lets you know about the current progres in the development of biodiesel production using heterogencous catalyst with the economic and environmental benefits of heterogencous proces. KEYWORDS: Biodiesel; Heterogencous catalysis; Feasibility st INTRODUCTION In the recent years, there has been increased focus on global warming and the depletion of resources caused by the heavy consumption of fossil resources. have ‘become major global issues. The use of biofuel such as biodiesel can help firmness this problem as biofuels are renewable sources of energy. Commercial biodiesel production is currently a base-catalyzed process with homogeneous catalyst, Different types of Thomogencous catalyst used for the production of biodiesel are sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide for ‘ransesterfication of vegetable oils or animal fats with ‘methanol. [1] The benefit of this process is production of methyl esters at very high yields under mild conditions and reaction generally takes about an hour for completion. (2} However, for acceptable use of the product as diesel fuel, the base catalyst must be removed from it, requiring a number of purification process; moreover, the process wastewater is environmentally toxic because of its high basicity, which is caused by the homogeneous base catalyst Moreover, the total cost of the biodiesel fuel production based on this process is not sufficiently viable as compared to the cost of production of diesel oil from petroleum. Considering this issues various homogeneous catalytic process are developed such as acid-catalyzed process, supercritical process and enzymatic process [3, 4, 5]. In recent years a new biodiesel production technology based on hheterogencous catalysts has been introduced [6]. The AET/VoLI/ Issue I/April-June, 2011/184-185 Present review discusses the various heterogeneous catalyst being synthesis for biodiesel production and the ecological and economical aspects of this process. Heterogeneous Catalysts:Heterogencous catalysts are of two types namely acids and bases Basie solid catalysts Various basic metal oxide type catalysts have been reported in literature for biodiesel synthesis. Some of the high performing catalyst preparations and their application in biodiesel synthesis are summarized here. (a) SrO metal oxide for transesterfication of soybean oil. The conversion obtained was 95% at temperature of 65°C, Biodiesel yield was only slightly reduced ‘when the SrO catalyst is subsequently reused for 10 cycles 7b) Transesterifiation of soybean oil 10 biodiesel using CaO as a solid catalyst. The BET surface area of the catalyst was 0.56 m2/g. Biodiesel yield (95%) was obtained when reaction was carried ‘out for 3h. It was observed that CaO’ maintained sustained activity for longer time (20 eycles) after repeated use and biodiese! yield was also not affected.[8] (c) seashell and eggshells are used as a catalyst for production of biodiesel from various feed stocks such as jatropha, castor, sunflower, soybean, rapeseed, cotton, com, coconut oils ete, in a batch and 98% conversion was achieved within? h. [9] Acidic solid catalysts Various acid solid catalyst used are (a) vanadyl phosphate (VOP) was used as catalyst forInternational Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology transesterification of soybean oil, The eatlyst obtained 80% methyl ester yield only after 1h reaction time even though the specific surface area of catalyst was low. [10] (6) carbon based solid acid catalyst for transesterification of cottonseed oil with methanol. The catalyst was able to catalyze the transesterification reaction for two cycles without any treatment, but from third cycle, activity decreased due to swelling effect {11] (©) Application of sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) was reported for the methanolysis of different types of lipids derived from soybean oil . The conversion achieved for refined soybean oil, degummed soybean oil and used frying oil were 95.6 Wt %, 92.6 wt. % and 94.6% respectively [12] vantages of | Heterogencous Catalyst over Homogeneous Catalyst: Advantages of the heterogeneous over homogeneous process ae virtually no wast is generated, the process setup is simple as there are no purification step. Inthe heterogencous process glycerin is directly produced ‘with high purty, therefore, all costs and environmental impacts associated with the investment in the distillation unit and refining process are omitted. The investment & equipment relafed cost is less, In a heterogeneous process the yield in biodiesel is close to the theoretical yield, giving approximately 100.3% the ‘weight of the vegetable oil used which is higher than the yield guaranteed by commercial homogeneous technology providers Disadvantage of Heterogencous catalyst: The only disadvantage is that the utility and energy related cost is high. As the heterogeneous reaction is performed at higher temperature and pressure than the hhomogencous higher energy consumption is required and therefore, higher energy related costs. CONCLUSION Several solid acidic catalysts have been investigated {or biodiesel synthesis but their uses have been limited ue 10 lower reaction rates and unfavorable side reactions. Heterogeneous solid catalyst on the otherhand would contribute to the environmental benefits because of the absence of energy intensive and waste generating glycerine purification step. These results shows that the heterogencous catalysts is the effective catalyst for the manufacture of biodiesel. ‘Thus the need for further research aimed at finding a heterogeneous catalyst whose performance will be MAET/VoLIV Issue I/April-June, 2011/184-185 EISSN 0976-3945 comparable with homogencous catalysts at same low temperatures and pressure REFERENCES: 1. Hameed, BH, Lai, LE, Chin, LH, 2009. “Production of biodiesel from palm oil (Elacisuincensis) using eterogencous catalyst: an ‘optimized process”. Fuel Process Technol 90, 606 610. 2 Meber, LC, Sager, D.V., Naik, SN. 2006, “Technical aspects of ‘biodiesel production by transesterifcaion- a review". Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, 10, 248-268, 3. Bdgar, L, Liu, ¥., Lopez, D.E., Kaewta, S., Bruce, DA, Goodwin, 16.2005. “Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48, 353-5363, 4. 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