Lists of Planets, Moons...

List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Solar System

Objects
• by orbit
• by size
• by discovery date

Lists
• Gravitationally-rounded
(equilibrium) objects
• Possible dwarf planets
• Moons (natural satellites)
• Minor planets

• Comets
• Asteroids

Planets
• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune

Solar System portal

Star portal
• v
• t
• e

This is a list of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System, which are objects that have a rounded, ellipsoidal shape due to the forces of their own gravity
(hydrostatic equilibrium). Their sizes range from dwarf planets and moons to the planets and the Sun. This list does not include any small Solar System bodies, but it
does include a sample of planetary-mass objects whose shape has yet to be accurately determined. The Sun's orbital characteristics are listed in relation to the Galactic
Center, while all other objects are listed in order of their distance from the Sun.

Contents
• 1 Sun
• 2 Planets
• 3 Dwarf planets
• 3.1 Most-likely additional dwarf planets
• 4 Satellites
• 5 Notes
• 5.1 Unless otherwise cited:[ac]
• 5.2 Manual calculations (unless otherwise cited)
• 5.3 Individual calculations
• 5.4 Other notes
• 6 References
• 7 See also
Sun
Main article: Sun
The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star. It contains almost 99.9 percent of all the mass in the Solar System.[1]

Sun[2]

Astronomical symbol[q]
Mean distance km ~2.5×1017
from the Galactic Center light years ~26,000
km 696,342
Mean radius
:E[f] 109.3

Surface area km2 6.0877×1012

:E[f] 11,990

Volume km3 1.4122×1018

:E[f] 1,300,000

Mass
kg 1.9855×1030
:E[f] 332,978.9
Gravitational parameter m3/s2 1.327×1020
Density g/cm3 1.409
Equatorial gravity m/s2 274.0
Escape velocity km/s 617.7
Rotation period days[g] 25.38
Orbital period about Galactic Center[3] million years 225–250
Mean orbital speed[3] km/s ~220
Axial tilt[i] to the ecliptic deg. 7.25
Axial tilt[i] to the galactic plane deg. 67.23
Mean surface temperature K 5,778
Mean coronal temperature[4] K 1–2×106
Photospheric composition H, He, O, C, Fe, S

Planets
Main article: Planet
Key
* ° †
Terrestrial Gas Ice
planet giant giant
A planet is defined according to the 2006 International Astronomical Union (IAU) definition; as a body in orbit around the Sun that was large enough to have achieved
hydrostatic equilibrium and to have cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.[5] The practical meaning of "cleared the neighborhood" is that a planet is comparatively
massive enough for its gravitation to control the orbits of all objects in its vicinity. By the IAU's definition, there are eight planets in the Solar System; four terrestrial
planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) and four giant planets, which can be divided further into two gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and two ice giants (Uranus and
Neptune). When excluding the Sun, the four giant planets account for more than 99 percent of the mass of the Solar System.

*Mercury[6] *Venus[7] *Earth[8] *Mars[9] °Jupiter[10] °Saturn[11] †Uranus[12] †Neptune[13]

Astronomical symbol[q]
Mean distance km 57,909,175 108,208,930 149,597,890 227,936,640 778,412,010 1,426,725,400 2,870,972,200 4,498,252,900
from the Sun AU 0.38709893 0.72333199 1.00000011 1.52366231 5.20336301 9.53707032 19.19126393 30.06896348
km 2,439.64 6,051.59 6,378.1 3,397.00 71,492.68 60,267.14 25,557.25 24,766.36
Equatorial radius
:E[f] 0.3825 0.9488 1 0.53260 11.209 9.449 4.007 3.883

Surface area km2 75,000,000 460,000,000 510,000,000 140,000,000 64,000,000,000 44,000,000,000 8,100,000,000 7,700,000,000
:E[f] 0.1471 0.9020 1 0.2745 125.5 86.27 15.88 15.10

Volume km3 6.083×1010 9.28×1011 1.083×1012 1.6318×1011 1.431×1015 8.27×1014 6.834×1013 6.254×1013
:E[f] 0.056 0.857 1 0.151 1,321.3 763.62 63.102 57.747

Mass
kg 3.302×1023 4.8690×1024 5.972×1024 6.4191×1023 1.8987×1027 5.6851×1026 8.6849×1025 1.0244×1026
:E[f] 0.055 0.815 1 0.107 318 95 14.5 17
Gravitational parameter m3/s2 2.203×1013 3.249×1014 3.986×1014 4.283×1013 1.267×1017 3.793×1016 5.794×1015 6.837×1015
Density g/cm3 5.43 5.24 5.52 3.940 1.33 0.70 1.30 1.76
Equatorial gravity m/s2 3.70 8.87 9.81 3.71 23.12 10.44 8.69 11.00
Escape velocity km/s 4.25 10.36 11.18 5.02 59.54 35.49 21.29 23.71
Rotation period[g] days 58.646225 243.0187 0.99726968 1.02595675 0.41354 0.44401 0.71833 0.67125
Orbital period[g] years 0.2408467 0.61519726 1.0000174 1.8808476 11.862615 29.447498 84.016846 164.79132
Mean orbital speed km/s 47.8725 35.0214 29.7859 24.1309 13.0697 9.6724 6.8352 5.4778
Eccentricity 0.20563069 0.00677323 0.01671022 0.09341233 0.04839266 0.05415060 0.04716771 0.00858587
Inclination[f] deg. 7.00 3.39 0[8] 1.85 1.31 2.48 0.76 1.77
Axial tilt[i] deg. 0.0 177.3[h] 23.44 25.19 3.12 26.73 97.86[h] 29.58
Mean surface temperature K 440–100 730 287 227 152 [j] 134 [j] 76 [j] 73 [j]
Mean air temperature[k] K 288 165 135 76 73
He, Na+ CO2, N2 H2, He H2, He
Atmospheric composition CO2, N2, SO2 N2, O2, Ar, CO2 H2, He H2, He
P+ Ar CH4 CH4
Number of known moons[v] 0 0 1 2 69 62 27 14
Rings? No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Planetary discriminant[l][o] 9.1×104 1.35×106 1.7×106 1.8×105 6.25×105 1.9×105 2.9×104 2.4×104

Dwarf planets
Main article: Dwarf planet
Key
† ‡
asteroid plutoid
The IAU, the internationally recognized authority for assigning designations to celestial bodies, defines dwarf planets as bodies that are large enough to have achieved
hydrostatic equilibrium, but have not cleared their neighbourhoods of similar objects. Since 2008, there have been five dwarf planets recognized by the IAU. Ceres
orbits in the asteroid belt, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The others orbit beyond Neptune and are subclassified as plutoids.
†Ceres[14] ‡Pluto[15] ‡Haumea[16] ‡Makemake[17] ‡Eris[18]

Astronomical symbol[q]
Minor planet number 1 134340 136108 136472 136199
Mean distance km 413,700,000 5,906,380,000 6,484,000,000 6,850,000,000 10,210,000,000
from the Sun AU 2.766 39.482 43.335 45.792 67.668
km 473 1,190[19] 816 (1161×852×569) 715±7 1,163
Mean radius
:E[f] 0.0742 0.186 0.13[20][21] 0.11[22] 0.18[23]

Volume km3 4.21×108 6.99×109 1.5×109 1.5×109 6.59×109

:E[f] 0.00039[b] 0.0065 0.001 0.001[b] 0.0061[b]

Surface area km2 2,770,000 17,700,000 6,800,000 6,400,000 17,000,000

:E[f] 0.0054[a] 0.035 0.0133[z] 0.013[a] 0.0333[a]

Mass
kg 9.39×1020 1.305×1022 4.01 ± 0.04×1021 ? 1.7×1022
:E[f] 0.00016 0.0022 0.0007[24] 0.0028[25]
Gravitational parameter m3/s2 6.263×1010 8.710×1011 2.674×1011 ? 1.108×1012
Density g/cm3 2.16 1.87 2.6[20] ? 2.25[c]
Equatorial gravity m/s2 0.27[d] 0.62 0.63[d] ? ~0.8[d]
Escape velocity km/s[e] 0.51 1.21 0.91 ? 1.37
Rotation period[g] days 0.3781 6.38723 0.167 ? ?
Orbital period[g] years 4.599 247.92065 285.4 309.9 557
Mean orbital speed km/s 17.882 4.7490 4.484[o] 4.4[o] 3.436[n]
Eccentricity 0.080 0.24880766 0.18874 0.159 0.44177
Inclination[f] deg. 10.587 17.14175 28.19 28.96 44.187
Axial tilt[i] deg. 4 119.59[h] ? ? ?
Mean surface temperature[w] K 167[26] 40[27] <50[28] 30 30
Atmospheric composition H2O N2, CH4, CO ? N2, CH4[29] N2, CH4[30]
Number of known moons[v] 0 5 2[31] 1[32] 1[33]
Planetary discriminant[l][o] 0.33 0.077 0.023 0.02 0.10

Most-likely additional dwarf planets

Main article: List of possible dwarf planets
These trans-Neptunian objects are theoretically large enough to be dwarf planets. Dozens more could have been included.[34] Both Quaoar and Orcus have known
moons that have allowed the mass of the systems to be determined. Both are more massive than the 5×1020 kg recommendation of the IAU 2006 draft proposal as
sufficient for classification as a dwarf planet.[35]

2005 2007
Orcus[36] Ixion[37] 2002 MS4[38] Salacia[39] Varuna[40] Quaoar[42] 2007 OR10[43]
UQ513[41] UK126[44]

Minor-planet number 90482 28978 307261 120347 20000 202421 50000 225088 229762
km 5,896,946,000 5,935,999,000 6,273,000,000 6,311,000,000 6,451,398,000 6,479,089,380 6,493,296,000 10,072,433,340 11,032,000,000
Semi-major axis
AU 39.419 39.68 41.93 42.19 43.13 43.31 43.6 67.33 73.74
km 473 402 467[46] 427[47] ~350 460 422 ~640 440
Mean radius[s]
:E[f] 0.0742 0.063 0.073 0.067 0.055 0.072[aa] 0.066 0.10 0.07[aa]

Surface area[a] km2 2,811,000 2,031,000 2,741,000 2,291,000 1,091,000 2,659,000 2,238,000 6,160,000 2,430,000
:E[f] 0.0055 0.00398 0.00537 0.00449 0.00214 0.0052 0.00439 0.012 0.005

Volume[b] km3 443,000,000 272,000,000 427,000,000 327,000,000 549,000,000 408,000,000 315,000,000 1,440,000,000 360,000,000
:E[f] 0.0004 0.0003 0.0004 0.0003 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.001 0.0003
(1.3–
kg 6.32×1020[48] 4.5×1020[49] 5.5×1020
Mass[t]
:E[f] 0.0001
? ? ? 1.9)×1021[50] ? ?
0.000075 0.00009
0.0003
Density[t] g/cm 1.5±0.3[48] ? ? 1.16[49] 0.9992[51] ? >2.8[50] ? ?
 3

Equatorial gravity[d] m/s2 0.27 ? ? 0.11 0.14 ? 0.24 ? ?

Escape velocity[e] km/s 0.50 ? ? 0.43 0.38 ? 0.45 ? ?
Rotation period[g] days ? ? ? 0.25 0.13216[51] ? ? 1.86708 ?
Orbital period[g] years 247.492 249.95 271.53 274.03 283.20 285.12 287.97 552.52 633.28
Mean orbital speed km/s 4.68 4.66 ? ? 4.53 4.52 4.52 3.63 3.25
Eccentricity 0.22552 0.242 0.148 0.10312 0.051 0.145 0.038 0.5 0.490
Inclination[f] deg. 22.5 19.6 17.693 23.9396 17.2 25.69 8 30.7 23.37
Mean surface temperature[
K ~42 ~43 ? ? ~43 ~41 ~41 ~30 ~32
w]
Number of known moons 1[53] 0 0 1 0 0 1[54] 1 1[55]
Planetary discriminant[l][o] 0.003 0.0027 <0.1 <0.1 0.0027 0.003 0.0015 <0.1 0.036[x]
Absolute magnitude (H) 2.30 3.20 3.7 4.2 3.70 3.40 2.71 1.7 3.40

Satellites
Key
€ ₤ $ ₩ ₦ ¶
Satellite of Earth Satellite of Jupiter Satellite of Saturn Satellite of Uranus Satellite of Neptune Satellite of Pluto
See also: List of natural satellites of the Solar System
There are 19 natural satellites in the Solar System that are known to be massive enough to be close to hydrostatic equilibrium. Alan Stern calls these satellite planets,
although the term major moon is more common.
Several of these were once in equilibrium but are no longer: these include all of the moons listed for Saturn apart from Titan and Rhea. Other moons that were once in
equilibrium but are no longer very round, such as Saturn's Phoebe, are not included. Satellites are listed first in order from the Sun, and second in order from their parent
body.
₤Europa[58 ₤Ganymede[5 ₤Callisto[60 $Mimas[p $Enceladus[p
€Moon[56] ₤Io[57] $Tethys[p] $Dione[p] $Rhea[p]
] 9] ] ] ]

Astronomical symbol[q]
Mean distance
km 384,399 421,600 670,900 1,070,400 1,882,700 185,520 237,948 294,619 377,396 527,108
from primary:
km 1,737.1 1,815 1,569 2,634.1 2,410.3 198.30 252.1 533 561.7 764.3
Mean radius
:E[f] 0.272 0.285 0.246 0.413 0.378 0.031 0.04 0.084 0.088 0.12

Surface area[a] km2 37,930,000 41,910,000 30,900,000 87,000,000 73,000,000 490,000 799,000 3,570,000 3,965,000 7,337,000
:E[f] 0.074 0.082 0.061 0.171 0.143 0.001 0.0016 0.007 0.0078 0.0144

Volume[b] km3 2.2×1010 2.53×1010 1.59×1010 7.6×1010 5.9×1010 3.3×107 6.7×107 6.3×108 7.4×108 1.9 ×109
:E[f] 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.07 0.05 0.00003 0.00006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0018
7.3477×102 6.174×102 1.095×102
Mass
kg 2 8.94×1022 4.80×1022 1.4819×1023 1.0758×1023 3.75×1019 1.08×1020 0 1 2.306×1021
:E[f] 0.015 0.008 0.025 0.018 0.000006 0.000018 0.0004
0.0123 0.00010 0.00018
Density[c] g/cm3 3.3464 3.528 3.01 1.936 1.83 1.15 1.61 0.98 1.48 1.23
Equatorial gravity[d] m/s2 1.622 1.796 1.314 1.428 1.235 0.0636 0.111 0.145 0.231 0.264
Escape velocity[e] km/s 2.38 2.56 2.025 2.741 2.440 0.159 0.239 0.393 0.510 0.635
days[g 27.321582 1.7691378 3.551181 7.154553 16.68902 0.942422 1.370218 1.887802 2.736915 4.518212
Rotation period
] (sync)[m] (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync)
days[g
Orbital period about primary 27.32158 1.769138 3.551181 7.154553 16.68902 0.942422 1.370218 1.887802 2.736915 4.518212
]
Mean orbital speed[o] km/s 1.022 17.34 13.740 10.880 8.204 14.32 12.63 11.35 10.03 8.48
Eccentricity 0.0549 0.0041 0.009 0.0013 0.0074 0.0202 0.0047 0.02 0.002 0.001
Inclination to primary's
deg. 18.29–28.58 0.04 0.47 1.85 0.2 1.51 0.02 1.51 0.019 0.345
equator
Axial tilt[i][u] deg. 6.68 0 0 0–0.33[61] 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean surface temperature[w] K 220 130 102 110[62] 134 64 75 64 87 76
H2O, N2
Ar, He SO2[63] O2[64] O2[65] O2, CO2[66] CO2,
Atmospheric composition
Na, K, H
CH4[67]
Rings? No No No No No No No No No Yes?
$Titan[p] $Iapetus[p] ₩Miranda[r] ₩Ariel[r] ₩Umbriel[r] ₩Titania[r] ₩Oberon[r] ₦Triton[68] ¶Charon[15]

Mean distance
km 1,221,870 3,560,820 129,390 190,900 266,000 436,300 583,519 354,759 17,536
from primary:
km 2,576 735.60 235.8 578.9 584.7 788.9 761.4 1353.4 603.5
Mean radius
:E[f] 0.404 0.115 0.037 0.091 0.092 0.124 0.119 0.212 0.095

Surface area[a] km2 83,000,000 6,700,000 700,000 4,211,300 4,296,000 7,820,000 7,285,000 23,018,000 4,580,000
:E[f] 0.163 0.013 0.0014 0.008 0.008 0.015 0.014 0.045 0.009

Volume[b] km3 7.16×1010 1.67×109 5.5×107 8.1×108 8.4×108 2.06×109 1.85×109 1×1010 9.2×108
:E[f] 0.066 0.0015 0.00005 0.0007 0.0008 0.0019 0.0017 0.00923 0.00085
Mass
kg 1.3452×1023 1.8053×1021 6.59×1019 1.35×1021 1.2×1021 3.5×1021 3.014×1021 2.14×1022 1.52×1021
:E[f] 0.023 0.0003 0.00001 0.00023 0.0002 0.0006 0.00051 0.00358 0.00025
Density[c] g/cm3 1.88 1.08 1.20 1.67 1.40 1.72 1.63 2.061 1.65
Equatorial gravity[d] m/s21.35 0.22 0.08 0.27 0.23 0.39 0.35 0.78 0.28
Escape velocity[e] km/s2.64 0.57 0.19 0.56 0.52 0.77 0.73 1.46 0.58
15.945 79.322 1.414 2.52 4.144 8.706 13.46 5.877 6.387
Rotation period days[g]
(sync)[m] (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync)
Orbital period about primary days 15.945 79.322 1.4135 2.520 4.144 8.706 13.46 5.877 6.387
Mean orbital speed[o] km/s 5.57 3.265 6.657 5.50898 4.66797 3.644 3.152 4.39 0.2
Eccentricity 0.0288 0.0286 0.0013 0.0012 0.005 0.0011 0.0014 0.00002 0.0022
Inclination to primary's equator deg. 0.33 14.72 4.22 0.31 0.36 0.14 0.10 157[h] 0.001
Axial tilt[i][u] deg. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ?
Mean surface temperature[w] K 93.7[69] 130 59 58 61 60 61 38[70] 53
Atmospheric composition N2, CH4[71] N2, CH4[72]

Notes
Unless otherwise cited:[ac]
o. ^ The planetary discriminant for the planets is taken from material published by Stephen Soter.[73] Planetary discriminants for Ceres, Pluto and Eris taken from
Soter, 2006. Planetary discriminants of all other bodies calculated from the Kuiper belt mass estimate given by Lorenzo Iorio.[74]
p. ^ Saturn satellite info taken from NASA Saturnian Satellite Fact Sheet.[75]
q. ^ Astronomical symbols for all listed objects except Ceres taken from NASA Solar System Exploration.[76] Symbol for Ceres was taken from material published
by James L. Hilton.[77] The Moon is the only natural satellite with an astronomical symbol, and Pluto and Ceres the only dwarf planets.
r. ^ Uranus satellite info taken from NASA Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet.[78]
s. ^ Radii for plutoid candidates taken from material published by John Stansberry et al.[23]
u. ^ Axialtilts for most satellites assumed to be zero in accordance with the Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac: "In the absence of other
information, the axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean orbital plane."[79]
v. ^ Natural satellite numbers taken from material published by Scott S. Sheppard.[80]

Manual calculations (unless otherwise cited)

a. ^ Surface area A derived from the radius using A = 4 π r 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}A=4\pi r^{2}\end{smallmatrix}}} , assuming sphericity.
b. ^ Volume V derived from the radius using V = 4 3 π r 3 {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}\end{smallmatrix}}} , assuming
sphericity.
c. ^ Density derived from the mass divided by the volume.
d. ^ Surface gravity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: G*m/r2 .
e. ^ Escape velocity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: sqrt((2*G*m)/r) .
n. ^ Orbital speed is calculated using the mean orbital radius and the orbital period, assuming a circular orbit.
t. ^ Assuming a density of 2.0
w. ^ Calculated using the formula T = T eff ( 1 − q p ν ) 1 / 4 2 52 / r , {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}T\ =\ {\frac {T_{\textrm {eff}}(1-qp_{\nu })^{1/4}}
{\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {52/r}},\end{smallmatrix}}} where Teff =54.8 K at 52 AU, p ν {\displaystyle p_{\nu }} is the geometric albedo, q=0.8 is the phase integral,
and r {\displaystyle r} is the distance from the Sun in AU. This formula is a simplified version of that in section 2.2 of Stansberry, et al., 2007,[23] where
emissivity and beaming parameter were assumed equal unity, and π {\displaystyle \pi } was replaced with 4 accounting for the difference between circle and
sphere. All parameters mentioned above were taken from the same paper.
aa. ^ Calculated using the formula D = 1329 p 10 − 0.2 H {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}D={\frac {1329}{\sqrt {p}}}10^{-0.2H}\end{smallmatrix}}} , where
H is the absolute magnitude, p is the geometric albedo and D is the diameter in km, and assuming an albedo of 0.15, as per Dan Bruton.[81]
ad.^ Mass derived from the density multipied by the volume.

Individual calculations
y. ^ Derived from density
z. ^ Surface area was calculated using the formula for a scalene ellipsoid:

2 π ( c 2 + b a 2 − c 2 E ( α , m ) + b c 2 a 2 − c 2 F ( α , m ) ) , {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}2\pi \left(c^{2}+b{\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}E(\alpha ,m)+

{\frac {bc^{2}}{\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}}F(\alpha ,m)\right),\,\!\end{smallmatrix}}} where α = arccos ( c a ) {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}\alpha
=\arccos \left({\frac {c}{a}}\right)\,\,\!\end{smallmatrix}}} is the modular angle, or angular eccentricity; m = b 2 − c 2 b 2 sin ( α ) 2 {\displaystyle
{\begin{smallmatrix}m={\frac {b^{2}-c^{2}}{b^{2}\sin(\alpha )^{2}}}\,\!\end{smallmatrix}}} and F ( α , m ) {\displaystyle
{\begin{smallmatrix}F(\alpha ,m)\,\!\end{smallmatrix}}} , E ( α , m ) {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}E(\alpha ,m)\,\!\end{smallmatrix}}} are the
incomplete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind, respectively. The values 980 km, 759 km, and 498 km were used for a, b, and c respectively.

Other notes
f. ^ Relative to Earth
g. ^ Sidereal
h. ^ Retrograde
i. ^ The inclination of the body's equator from its orbit.
j. ^ At pressure of 1 bar
 k. ^ At sea level
l. ^ The ratio between the mass of the object and those in its immediate neighborhood. Used to distinguish between a planet and a dwarf planet.
m. ^ This object's rotation is synchronous with its orbital period, meaning that it only ever shows one face to its primary.
x. ^Objects' planetary discriminants based on their similar orbits to Eris. Sedna's population is currently too little-known for a planetary discriminant to be
determined.
ab.^ Proteus average diameter: 210 km;[68] Mimas average diameter: 199 km[75]
ac. ^ "Unless otherwise cited" means that the information contained in the citation is applicable to an entire line or column of a chart, unless another citation
specifically notes otherwise.

References
1.
• M Woolfson (2000). "The origin and evolution of the solar system". Astronomy & Geophysics. 41 (1): 1.12. Bibcode:2000A&G....41a..12W. doi:10.1046/j.1468-
4004.2000.00012.x.
• NASA Solar System exploration Sun factsheet Archived 2008-01-02 at the Wayback Machine. and NASA Sun factsheet NASA Retrieved on 2008-11-17 (unless
otherwise cited)
• Stacy Leong (2002). Glenn Elert, ed. "Period of the Sun's Orbit around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year)". The Physics Factbook] (self-published). Retrieved 2008-06-
26.
• Markus J. Aschwanden (2007). "The Sun". In Lucy Ann McFadden; Paul R. Weissman; Torrence V. Johnsson. Encyclopedia of the Solar System. Academic Press.
p. 80.
• "IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes" (Press release). International Astronomical Union (News Release – IAU0603). 2006-08-24.
Retrieved 2007-12-31. (orig link Archived 2007-01-03 at the Wayback Machine.)
• NASA Mercury Fact Sheet and NASA Solar System Exploration Factsheet NASA Retrieved on 2008-11-17 (unless otherwise cited)
• NASA Venus Factsheet and NASA Solar System Exploration Factsheet Archived 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. NASA Retrieved on 2008-11-17 (unless
otherwise cited)
• NASA Earth factsheet and NASA Solar System Exploration Factsheet Archived 2009-08-27 at the Wayback Machine. NASA Retrieved on 2008-11-17 (unless
otherwise cited)
• NASA Mars Factsheet and NASA Mars Solar System Exploration Factsheet NASA Retrieved on 2008-11-17 (unless otherwise cited)
• NASA Jupiter factsheet and NASA Solar System Exploration Factsheet NASA Retrieved on 2008-11-17 (unless otherwise cited)
• NASA Saturn factsheet and NASA Solar System Exploration Saturn Factsheet NASA Retrieved on 2008-11-17 (unless otherwise cited)
• NASA Uranus factsheet and NASA Solar System Exploration Uranus Factsheet NASA Retrieved on 2008-11-17 (unless otherwise cited)
• NASA Neptune factsheet and NASA Solar System Exploration Neptune Factsheet NASA Retrieved on 2008-11-17 (unless otherwise cited)
• "NASA Asteroid Factsheet". NASA. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
• NASA Pluto factsheet and NASA Solar System Exploration Pluto Factsheet Retrieved on 2008-11-17 (unless otherwise cited)
• (i)Alexandra C. Lockwood; Michael E. Brown; John Stansberry (2014). "The size and shape of the oblong dwarf planet Haumea". Earth, Moon, and Planets.
111: 127–137. arXiv:1402.4456v1  . Bibcode:2014EM&P..111..127L. doi:10.1007/s11038-014-9430-1.
(ii)D. L. Rabinowitz; K. M. Barkume; M. E. Brown; H. G. Roe; M. Schwartz; S. W. Tourtellotte; C. A. Trujillo (2006). "Photometric Observations Constraining
the Size, Shape, and Albedo of 2003 EL61, a Rapidly Rotating, Pluto-Sized Object in the Kuiper Belt". The Astrophysical Journal. 639 (2): 1238–1251.
arXiv:astro-ph/0509401  . Bibcode:2006ApJ...639.1238R. doi:10.1086/499575.
(iii)"Jet Propulsion Laboratory Small-Body Database Browser: 136108 Haumea". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (2008-05-10 last obs). Retrieved 2008-11-
13. (unless otherwise cited)
• (i)Marc W. Buie (2008-04-05). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 136472". SwRI (Space Science Department). Retrieved 2008-07-13.
(ii)"NASA Small Bodies Database Browser: 136472 Makemake (2005 FY9)". NASA JPL. Retrieved 2008-10-03. (unless otherwise cited)
• "NASA Small Body Database Browser: Eris". NASA JPL. Retrieved 2008-11-13. (unless otherwise cited)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWr29KIs2Ns NASA. 24 July 2015. Event occurs at 52:30. Retrieved 30 July 2015. We had an uncertainty that ranged over
maybe 70 kilometers, we've collapsed that to plus and minus two, and it's centered around 1186
• Alexandra C. Lockwood; Michael E. Brown; John Stansberry (2014). "The size and shape of the oblong dwarf planet Haumea". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 111:
127–137. arXiv:1402.4456v1  . Bibcode:2014EM&P..111..127L. doi:10.1007/s11038-014-9430-1.
• E. Lollouch; Kiss, C.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Müller, T. G.; Fornasier, S.; Groussin, O.; Lacerda, P.; Ortiz, J. L.; Thirouin, A.; Delsanti, A.; Duffard, R.; Harris, A. W.;
Henry, F.; Lim, T.; Moreno, R.; Mommert, M.; Mueller, M.; Protopapa, S.; Stansberry, J.; Trilling, D.; Vilenius, E.; Barucci, A.; Crovisier, J.; Doressoundiram,
A.; Dotto, E.; Gutiérrez, P. J.; Hainaut, O.; Hartogh, P.; Hestroffer, D.; et al. (2010). ""TNOs are cool": A survey of the trans-Neptunian region II. The thermal
lightcurve of (136108) Haumea". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 518: L147. arXiv:1006.0095  . Bibcode:2010A&A...518L.147L. doi:10.1051/0004-
6361/201014648.
• M.E. Brown, 2013, "On the size, shape, and density of dwarf planet Makemake"
• J. Stansberry, W. Grundy, M. Brown; Grundy; Brown; Cruikshank; Spencer; Trilling; Margot (2007). "Physical Properties of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects:
Constraints from Spitzer Space Telescope". The Solar System beyond Neptune. University of Arizona Press: 161. arXiv:astro-ph/0702538  .
Bibcode:2008ssbn.book..161S.
• M. E. Brown; A. H. Bouchez; D. L. Rabinowitz; R. Sari; C. A. Trujillo; M. A. van Dam; R. Campbell; J. Chin; S. Hartman; E. Johansson; R. Lafon; D.
LeMignant; P. Stomski; D. Summers; P. L. Wizinowich (October 2005). "Keck Observatory laser guide star adaptive optics discovery and characterization of a
satellite to large Kuiper belt object 2003 EL61". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 632 (L45): L45. Bibcode:2005ApJ...632L..45B. doi:10.1086/497641.
• Brown, Michael E.; Schaller, Emily L. (15 June 2007). "The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris". Science. 316 (5831): 1585. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1585B.
doi:10.1126/science.1139415. PMID 17569855.
• O. Saint-Pé; N. Combes; F. Rigaut (1993). "Ceres surface properties by high-resolution imaging from Earth". Icarus. 105 (2): 271–281.
Bibcode:1993Icar..105..271S. doi:10.1006/icar.1993.1125.
• T. Ker (2006). "Astronomers: Pluto colder than expected". Space.com (via CNN.com). Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
• Chadwick A. Trujillo; Michael E. Brown; Kristina Barkume; Emily Shaller; David L. Rabinowitz (February 2007). "The Surface of 2003 EL61 in the Near
Infrared". The Astrophysical Journal. 655 (2): 1172–1178. arXiv:astro-ph/0601618  . Bibcode:2007ApJ...655.1172T. doi:10.1086/509861.
• Mike Brown; K. M. Barksume; G. L. Blake; E. L. Schaller; D. L. Rabinowitz; H. G. Roe; C. A. Trujillo (2007). "Methane and Ethane on the Bright Kuiper Belt
Object 2005 FY9". The Astronomical Journal. 133 (1): 284–289. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..284B. doi:10.1086/509734.
• J. Licandro; W. M. Grundy; N. Pinilla-Alonso; P. Leisy (2006). "Visible spectroscopy of 2003 UB313: evidence for N2 ice on the surface of the largest TNO"
(PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 458 (1): L5–L8. arXiv:astro-ph/0608044  . Bibcode:2006A&A...458L...5L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066028.
• D. Ragozzine; M. E. Brown; C. A. Trujillo; E. L. Schaller. "Orbits and Masses of the 2003 EL61 Satellite System". AAS DPS conference 2008. Archived from the
original on 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
• Chang, Kenneth (26 April 2016). "Makemake, the Moonless Dwarf Planet, Has a Moon, After All". New York Times. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
• M. E. Brown, M. A. van Dam, A. H. Bouchez, D. LeMignant, C. A. Trujillo, R. Campbell, J. Chin, Conrad A., S. Hartman, E. Johansson, R. Lafon, D. L.
Rabinowitz, P. Stomski, D. Summers, P. L. Wizinowich (2006). "Satellites of the largest Kuiper belt objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 639 (1): L43–L46.
arXiv:astro-ph/0510029  . Bibcode:2006ApJ...639L..43B. doi:10.1086/501524.
• Mike Brown. "The Dwarf Planets". Caltech. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
• O. Gingerich (2006). "The Path to Defining Planets" (PDF). Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and IAU EC Planet Definition Committee chair.
Retrieved 2007-03-13.
• "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 90482 Orcus (2004 DW)" (2008-02-10 last obs). NASA JPL. Retrieved 2008-07-02. (unless otherwise cited)
• "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 28978 Ixion (2001 KX76)" (2007-07-12 last obs). NASA JPL. Retrieved 2008-10-04. (unless otherwise cited)
• "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 307261 (2002 MS4)" (2009-09-19 last obs). Retrieved 2013-12-23. (unless otherwise cited)
• "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 120347 Salacia" (2010-11-05 last obs). Retrieved 2013-12-23. (unless otherwise cited)
• "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 20000 Varuna (2000 WR106)" (2007-11-17 last obs). NASA JPL. Retrieved 2008-07-02. (unless otherwise cited)
• "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2005 UQ513)" (2008-11-29 last obs). Retrieved 2008-07-31.(unless otherwise cited)
• "NASA JPL Database Browser: 50000 Quaoar". NASA JPL. Retrieved 2008-12-19. (unless otherwise cited)
• "NASA Small Bodies Database Browser: 2007 OR10". NASA JPL. Retrieved 2008-12-20. (unless otherwise cited)
• "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 229762 (2007 UK126)" (2009-12-20 last obs). Retrieved 2010-05-02. (unless otherwise cited)
• Marc W. Buie (2007-08-13). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 90377". Deep Ecliptic Survey. Retrieved 2006-01-17. (unless otherwise cited)
• Vilenius, E., Kiss, C., Mommert, M.; et al. (April 4, 2012). ""TNOs are Cool": A survey of the trans-Neptunian region VI. Herschel/PACS observations and
thermal modeling of 19 classical Kuiper belt objects". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 541: A94. arXiv:1204.0697  . Bibcode:2012A&A...541A..94V.
doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118743.
• S. Fornasier, E. Lellouch, T. Müller, P. Santos-Sanz, P. Panuzzo, C. Kiss, T. Lim, M. Mommert, D. Bockelée-Morvan, E. Vilenius, J. Stansberry, G.P. Tozzi, S.
Mottola, A. Delsanti, J. Crovisier, R. Duffard, F. Henry, P. Lacerda, A. Barucci, & A. Gicquel (2013). TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region.
VIII. Combined Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of 9 bright targets at 70–500 µm.
• Brown, M.E.; Ragozzine, D.; Stansberry, J.; Fraser, W.C. (2009). "The size, density, and formation of the Orcus-Vanth system in the Kuiper belt". AJ. 139 (6):
2700. arXiv:0910.4784  . Bibcode:2010AJ....139.2700B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/139/6/2700.
• J.A. Stansberry (2012). "Physical Properties of Trans-Neptunian Binaries (120347) Salacia–Actaea and (42355) Typhon–Echidna". Icarus. Elsevier. 219: 676–
688. Bibcode:2012Icar..219..676S. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.03.029. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
• Brown, M.E.; Fraser, Wesley (2009). Quaoar: A Rock in the Kuiper Belt. DPS meeting #41. American Astronomical Society. Bibcode:2009DPS....41.6503F.
(Backup reference)
• David C. Jewitt & Scott S. Sheppard (2002). "Physical Properties of Trans-Neptunian Object (20000) Varuna". The Astronomical Journal. 123 (4): 2110–2120.
arXiv:astro-ph/0201082  . Bibcode:2002AJ....123.2110J. doi:10.1086/339557. Retrieved on 2008-12-19.
• "Case of Sedna's Missing Moon Solved". Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. 2005. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
• Distant EKO The Kuiper Belt Electronic newsletter, March 2007 Retrieved on 2008-11-17
• "IAUC 8812: Sats OF 2003 AZ_84, (50000), (55637), (90482); V1281 Sco; V1280 Sco". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
• (229762) 2007 UK126, Johnston's Archive. Last updated 20 September 2011
• NASA Moon factsheet and NASA Solar System Exploration Moon Factsheet NASA Retrieved on 2008-11-17 (unless otherwise cited)
• "NASA Io Factsheet". NASA. Retrieved 2008-11-16. (unless otherwise cited)
• "NASA Europa Factsheet". NASA. Retrieved 2008-11-16. (unless otherwise cited)
• "NASA Ganymede Factsheet". NASA. Retrieved 2008-11-16. (unless otherwise cited)
• "NASA Callisto Factsheet". NASA. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
• Bruce G. Bills (2005). "Free and forced obliquities of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter". Icarus. 175 (1): 233–247. Bibcode:2005Icar..175..233B.
doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.028.
• Orton, G. S.; Spencer, G. R.; Travis, L. D.; et al. (1996). "Galileo Photopolarimeter-radiometer observations of Jupiter and the Galilean Satellites". Science. 274
(5286): 389–391. Bibcode:1996Sci...274..389O. doi:10.1126/science.274.5286.389.
• Pearl, J.C.; et al. (1979). "Identification of gaseous SO2 and new upper limits for other gases on Io". Nature. 288 (5725): 755. Bibcode:1979Natur.280..755P.
doi:10.1038/280755a0.
• D.T. Hall et al.; Detection of an oxygen atmosphere on Jupiter's moon Europa, Nature, Vol. 373 1995, 677–679 (accessed 2006-15-04)
• DT Hall; PD Feldman; MA McGrath; et al. (1998). "The Far-Ultraviolet Oxygen Airglow of Europa and Ganymede". The Astrophysical Journal. 499 (1): 475–
481. Bibcode:1998ApJ...499..475H. doi:10.1086/305604. Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
• Mao-Chang Liang; BF Lane; RT Pappalardo; et al. (2005). "Atmosphere of Callisto" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 110 (E02003): E02003.
Bibcode:2005JGRE..11002003L. doi:10.1029/2004JE002322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-25. Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
• Waite, JH; et al. (2006). "Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer: Enceladus Plume Composition and Structure". Science. 311 (5766): 1419–1422.
Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1419W. doi:10.1126/science.1121290. PMID 16527970. Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
• Triton info taken from NASA Neptunian Satellite Fact Sheet NASA Retrieved on 2009-01-18 (unless otherwise cited)
• C. A. Hasenkopf (2007). "Optical Properties of Titan Haze Laboratory Analogs Using Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy" (PDF). Workshop on Planetary
Atmospheres. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-26. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
• Kimberly Tryka; Robert Brown; V. Anicich; et al. (August 1993). "Spectroscopic Determination of the Phase Composition and Temperature of Nitrogen Ice on
Triton". Science. 261 (5122): 751–754. Bibcode:1993Sci...261..751T. doi:10.1126/science.261.5122.751. PMID 17757214.
• H. B. Niemann; et al. (2005). "The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe". Nature. 438 (7069):
779–784. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..779N. doi:10.1038/nature04122. PMID 16319830.
• A L Broadfoot; S K Bertaux; J E Dessler; et al. (1989-12-15). "Ultraviolet Spectrometer Observations of Neptune and Triton". Science. 246 (4936): 1459–1466.
Bibcode:1989Sci...246.1459B. doi:10.1126/science.246.4936.1459. PMID 17756000.
 • Stephen Soter (2006-08-16). "What is a Planet?". The Astronomical Journal. 132 (6): 2513–2519. arXiv:astro-ph/0608359  . Bibcode:2006AJ....132.2513S.
doi:10.1086/508861.
• Lorenzo Iorio (March 2007). "Dynamical determination of the mass of the Kuiper Belt from motions of the inner planets of the Solar system". Monthly Notices of
the Royal Astronomical Society. 375 (4): 1311–1314. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.tmp...24I. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11384.x.
• NASA Saturnian Satellite Fact Sheet NASA Retrieved on 2008-11-17
• "NASA Solar System Exploration: Planet Symbols". NASA. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
• James L. Hilton. "When did asteroids become minor planets?" (PDF). U.S. Naval Observatory. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
• "NASA Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
• P. Kenneth Seidelmann, ed. (1992). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. University Science Books. p. 384.
• Scott S. Sheppard. "The Jupiter Satellite Page". Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
81.Dan Bruton. "Conversion of Absolute Magnitude to Diameter for Minor Planets". Department of Physics & Astronomy (Stephen F. Austin State University).
Archived from the original on 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2009-01-20.

See also

• List of former planets

The Solar System

• The Sun
• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
• Ceres
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune
• Pluto
• Haumea
• Makemake
• Eris

• Terrestrial planets
• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
• Giant planets
• Jupiter
• Saturn
Planets • Uranus
• Neptune
• Dwarf planets
• Ceres
• Pluto
• Haumea
• Makemake
• Eris

• Jovian
• Saturnian (Rhean)
• Charikloan
• Chironean
Rings
• Uranian
• Neptunian
• Haumean

Moons • Terrestrial
• Moon
• other near-Earth objects
• Martian
• Phobos
• Deimos
• Jovian
• Ganymede
• Callisto
• Io
• Europa
• all 69
• Saturnian
• Titan
 • Rhea
• Iapetus
• Dione
• Tethys
• Enceladus
• Mimas
• Hyperion
• Phoebe
• all 62
• Uranian
• Titania
• Oberon
• Umbriel
• Ariel
• Miranda
• all 27
• Neptunian
• Triton
• Proteus
• Nereid
• all 14
• Plutonian
• Charon
• Nix
• Hydra
• Kerberos
• Styx
• Haumean
• Hiʻiaka
• Namaka
• Makemakean
• S/2015 (136472) 1
• Eridian
• Dysnomia

• Solar System objects

• By size
• By discovery date
• Minor planets
Lists • Gravitationally rounded objects
• Possible dwarf planets
• Natural satellites
• Comets

Small Solar • Meteoroids

System bodies • Minor planets
• moons
• Comets
• Damocloids
• Mercury-crossers
• Venus-crossers
• Venus trojans
• Near-Earth objects
• Earth-crossers
• Earth trojans
• Mars-crossers
• Mars trojans
• Asteroid belt
• Asteroids
• first discovered: Ceres
• Pallas
• Juno
• Vesta
• Families
• Notable asteroids
• Kirkwood gap
• Main-belt comets
• Jupiter trojans
• Jupiter-crossers
• Centaurs
• Saturn-crossers
• Uranus trojans
• Uranus-crossers
• Neptune trojans
• Cis-Neptunian objects
• Trans-Neptunian objects
• Neptune-crossers
• Plutoids
• Kuiper belt
• Plutinos
• Cubewanos
 • Scattered disc
• Detached objects
• Sednoids
• Hills cloud
• Oort cloud

• Vulcan
• Vulcanoids
• Phaeton
• Planet V
• Theia
Hypothetical
• Fifth giant
objects
• Planets beyond Neptune
• Tyche
• Nemesis
• Planet Nine

• Discovery
• Astronomy
• Timeline
• Spaceflight
• Robotic spacecraft
• Human spaceflight
• List of crewed spacecraft
• Colonization
• List of probes
• Timeline

• Mercury
Exploration • Venus
(outline) • Moon
• Mars
• Ceres
• Asteroids
• Mining
• Comets
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune
• Pluto
• Deep space

Outline of the Solar System

Portals
Solar System
Astronomy
Earth sciences
Mars
Jupiter
Uranus
Cosmology

Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo
Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe
Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".

Categories:
• Lists of Solar System objects
• Planemos

• This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 17:13.