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Δh
A A
V2 W V1 W
S S
(a) (b)
5cm
5cm
2.5kg
10cm or
2.6kg 31 cm
capacity=
1000cm3
12.73cm
MDD
Apex point
Dry density
(gm/cc)
Dry
Side Wet Side
OMC
Sr=100%
Dry density
(gm/cc)
A line which shows the water contents, dry density relation for the compaction acting soil containing a constant percentage air voids is
known as an air-void line and can be obtained for the following relation
(1 − η a )Gγ w
γd = (1)
1 + wG
Vv
n= (2)
V
Vv
and ηa = (3)
V
where, ηa=percentage air voids.
w= water content for compaction soil in %.
γw= density of water in g/cm3 or KN/m3.
G=Specific gravity of soil solids.
*The theoretical max compaction for any given water content corresponds to zero air voids condition ηa=0*
Zero Air voids line (ηa=0):
The line showing the dry density is a function water content for soil containing no air voids is called zero air voids line or
saturation line which is given by the relation i.e.,
(1 − η a )Gγ w
γd = (4) Put ηa=0
1 + wG
Gγ w
*γ d = * (5)
1 + wG
Alternatively, a line showing the relation between water content and dry density for a constant degree of saturation (Sr) is given by the
equation,
Gγ w
γd =
1 + wG
Gγ w
γd = (6)
wG
1+
Sr
Modified proctor test: Fig.5. Typical standard and modified proctor test shown above and below.
Y
80%Degree of saturation
100%Degree of saturation
Zero air voids line i.e ηa=0
Sr=100%
Line of optimum
Modified proctor test
x
w(%)
Compiled by: Prof.B.S.Chawhan M.Tech(Geo-Tech Engg), Asst.Professor,CED,Government.Engineering College,Haveri-581110(12/4/2011-Till date)
Modified proctor test as to better simulate the compaction required for airfields to support heavier aircraft. The test employed a
heavier hammer,4.5kg with a height of fall of 457.2mm and 5 layers tamped 56 blows into a modified proctor mould of internal
diameter-150mm and effective height-127.3mm.
The Indian Standard equivalent of the Modified proctor test is called the heavier compaction test(IS:2720-partVIII-1983).
Application of Compaction:
Compaction of soils increases their density, shear strength, bearing capacity but reduces their void ratio, porosity, permeability
and settlements.
The results of the compaction test are useful in the stability of field problems like earthen dams, embankments, roads and
airfields. In such constructions, the soils are compacted. The moisture content at which the soils are compacted in the field is
controlled by the value of optimum moisture content determined by the laboratory proctor compaction test.
The compaction energy to be given by the field compaction unit is also controlled by the maximum dry density determined in the
laboratory.
In other words, the laboratory compaction tests results are used to write the compaction specification for field compaction of soils.
Factors affecting compaction:
Following are the factors affecting compaction.
a. Water content.
b. Compactive effort.
c. Type of soil.
d. Method of compaction.
e). Admixtures.
a. Water content (w):
As the water content increases, the particles develop large and larger water films around them, which tend to lubricate the
particles and make them easier to be worked around, to move close into a denser configuration, resulting in a higher dry unit weight
and lower air voids. The dry unit weight continues to increase till the optimum moisture content is reached, a stage when the
lubrication effect is the maximum with further increase in moisture content, however, the water starts to replace the soil particles and
since γw<< γsat, the unit weight starts decreasing.
The dry unit weight can also be related to the water content and degree of saturation by following equation,
Gγ w
γd =
1 + wG
Gγ w
γd = (7).
wG
1+
Sr
For a given water content, the theoretical maximum value of dry unit weight for a compacted soil is obtained corresponding to the
situation when no air voids are left, i.e., when the degree of saturation becomes equal to 100%. If the zero air void density is
calculated for different water content values and plotted along the compaction curve. It is more convenient to draw lines
corresponding to different percentage air voids, ηa. From following equation,
Gγ w
γd = (8).
1 + wG
The zero air void line obtained for Sr=100% in eqn (7) and for ηa=0% in Eqn(8) are identical. However, it can be seen that 100%
air void line & 90% saturation line are not identical.
b. Compactive effort:
For all types of soil and with all methods of compaction, the effect of increasing the compactive energy is to increase the
maximum dry density and to decrease the optimum water content.
According to figure (5), compaction curve B corresponding to the higher compactive effort in a Modified proctor test. Comparing
it with the compaction curve A for a standard proctor test, one can see that the compaction curve shifts to the top and to the left when
the compactive effort is increased.
The margin of increase becomes smaller and smaller even on the dry side of OMC (Optimum Moisture Content), while on the wet
side of OMC, there is hardly any increase at all. If the peaks of compaction curves for different compactive efforts are joined together,
a’ line of optimums’ is obtained in figure (5). The line of optimum is nearly parallel to the zero air void curve.
Compiled by: Prof.B.S.Chawhan M.Tech(Geo-Tech Engg), Asst.Professor,CED,Government.Engineering College,Haveri-581110(12/4/2011-Till date)
c. Type of soil:
Following figure shows the different type of soils
1
2
3
4
Dry density 7
(gm/cc)
8
Fullsaturation
Air-Dry
Dry density
(gm/cc) X
Water content ( %)
Compiled by: Prof.B.S.Chawhan M.Tech(Geo-Tech Engg), Asst.Professor,CED,Government.Engineering College,Haveri-581110(12/4/2011-Till date)
Fig.7. A typical compaction curve for cohesion less sand shown above.
Dry density
(gm/cc)
w(%) water content
Fig.8 A typical compaction curve for a fat clay.
The maximum dry density which can be obtained by compaction depends upon the type of soil. Well graded coarse grained soils
attain a much higher density than the fine- grained soils require more water for their lubrication and thus higher optimum water
contents.
A typical pattern of the water content-density curve obtained during laboratory compaction of a cohesion less, uniformly graded
fine sand is shown in Figure (7).
The initial decrease of dry density at lower water contents is also observed with highly swelling clays such as block cotton soils,
and some other fat clays.
d. Method of compaction:
Different compaction methods, both in the laboratory and the field, develop their own lines of optimums which may be very much
different from one another. The weight of the equipments, the rammer of operation, such as dynamic (impact), static, kneading or
rolling, the time and the area of contact between the compacting element and the soil are apparently important variables.
e. Admixture:
A number of admixtures other than soil materials are incorporated in soil to modify its compaction properties. The admixtures
have a special application in stabilized soil construction.
The different types of admixtures are given below;
a. Mechanical stabilization.
b. Cement stabilization.
c. Lime stabilization.
d. Bitumen stabilization.
e. Complex stabilization.
f. Thermal stabilization.
g. Miscellaneous chemicals.
h. Electrical stabilization.
i. stabilizing by grouting.
j. water retentive chemicals.
Soil stabilization is a technique aimed to increasing or maintaining the stability of a soil mass or otherwise improving its
engineering properties.
Soil stabilization is used in a variety for engineering works, i.e., for the construction of cheap roads, for providing bases of
even the highest type of pavements where good rocks and crushed gravel normally employed for such bases are not economically
available.
Effect of compaction on soils properties:
The effect of compaction on soil properties depends very much upon the structure which a soil attains during compaction. The
structure of a compacted soil is, therefore, first described, and afterwards some of the properties of compacted soils.
a. Structure.
b. Permeability.
c. Shrinkage and swelling.
d.Compressibility.
e. Pore pressure
Compiled by: Prof.B.S.Chawhan M.Tech(Geo-Tech Engg), Asst.Professor,CED,Government.Engineering College,Haveri-581110(12/4/2011-Till date)
f. Stress-strain characteristic.
g. Shear strength.
a. Structure:
The structure of compacted soil depends upon the type of soil, moulding water content, and the type and amount of compaction.
One can summarize the influence of compaction on soil structure as below;
MDD
E
D
A C
Compacted
unit weight
gm/cc
Void
Void ratio ratio
X X
Wet compacted or remolded sample Rebound for both sample
Dry compacted.
Deviator stress(KN/m2
Wet
compacted
Axial strain(%)
Y 1.20
6.00 1.00
5.00 0.80
Penetration resistance
4.00 0.60
3.00
0.40
2.00
0.20
γd 1.00 compaction curve
kN/cum N/mm2
0.00 0.00
X
w (%)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Vibrofloatation is used for compacting thick deposits of loose, sandy soils upto 30m depth. A vibrofloat consists of a cylindrical tube,
about 2m diameter, fitted with water jets at the top and the bottom. It contains a rotating eccentric mass which develops a horizontal
vibratory motion.
The vibrofloat is sunk into the loose soil upto the desired depth using the lower water jet (shown in above fig. a.). As water
comes out of the jet, it creates a momentary quick condition ahead of the vibrofloat settles due to its own mass. When the desired
depth has been reached, the vibrator is achieved. The vibrofloat then vibrates laterally and causes the compaction of the soil in the
horizontal direction to a radius of about 1.5m.
The water from the lower jet is transferred to the top jet and the pressure is reduced so that it is just enough to carry the sand
poured at the top to the bottom of the hole (shown in above fig. b). Vibration continues as the vibrofloat is slowly raised to the surface.
Additional sand is continuously backfilling, the entire depth of the soils is compacted (shown in fig. c).
The spacing of the holes is usually kept between 2 to 3m on a grid pattern. The relative density (density index) achieved for
the sandy soils is 70% or more. In soft, cohesive soils, vibrofloatation is not effective. For cohesive soils, it can be used to form a sand
pile to reinforce the deposit and to accelerate consolidation and thus improve its engineering properties.
2. By Terra Probe method.
Terra probe method in many respects is similar to the vibrofloatation method. The terra probe consists of an open-ended pipe,
about 75cm diameter. It is provided with a vibratory pile drive. The vibratory pile driver when activated gives vertical vibrations to the
terra probe and it goes down. After reaching the desired depth, the terra probe is gradually raised upward while the vibrodriver
continues to operate. Thus, the soil within and around the term terra probe is densified.
The terra probe method has been successfully used upto depth of 20m. The spacing of the holes is usually kept about 1.5m.
Saturated soil conditions are ideal for the success of the method. For the sites where the water table is deep, water jets are fitted to the
term terra probe to assist the penetration and densification of the soil.
3. By Pounding.
To densify large deposits of loose, sandy soils, the pounding method has also been recently used. The method is also known as
heavy tamping, dynamic compaction or high-energy compaction. Pounding is done by dropping a heavy mass (2 to 50Mg) from a
large height (7 to 35m) on the ground surface. The actual mass and the height are selected depending upon the crane available and the
depth of the soil deposit. A closely spaced grid pattern is selected for the pounding locations. At each location, 5 to 10 poundings are
given.
The pounding method is used to compact the soil deposits to a great depth. It is very effective for densifying loose sandy deposits.
Recently, the method has been successfully used to compact fine-grained soil deposits as well. The depth (D) in meters upto which the
method is effective can be determined from the following relation:
D = C MH ------------------------(9)
where, C=coefficient (0.5 to 0.75), M=mass (Mg), H=height of drop (m).
While using the pounding method, care shall be taken that harmful vibrations are not transferred to the adjacent buildings. The
radious of influence (R) in metres beyond which no harmful vibrations are transmitted can be determined from the relation.
R = 130 MH ----------------------(10)
where, M=mass (Mg), and H=height of drop (m).
4. By Explosives.
Buried explosives are sometimes used to density cohesionless soils. The shock wave and vibrations produced by explosives are
somewhat similar to that produced by vibratory, compaction equipment. The method is quite effective when the cohesionless soil is
fully saturated. The shock waves cause liquefaction of sand, which is followed by densification. In partially saturated cohesionless
soils, compressive stresses develop due to capillary action and prevent the soil particles from taking closer positions. The method is
not effective for partially saturated soils.
Compiled by: Prof.B.S.Chawhan M.Tech(Geo-Tech Engg), Asst.Professor,CED,Government.Engineering College,Haveri-581110(12/4/2011-Till date)
Explosive charges usually consist of about 60% dynamite and 30% special gelatin dynamite and ammonite. The charges are
placed at two-thirds the thickness of the stratum to be densified. The spacing of the explosive points is kept between 3 to 8m. Three to
five blasts are generally required at each location.
The radius of influence ® of compaction can be determined using the relation
R= M ( C) 1
3
------------------------(11)
where, R=radius of influence (m), M=mass of charge (kg), C=Constant (=0.04 for 60% dynamite).
Jan/2005
1. During a compaction test, a soil attains a maximum dry density of 18KN/m3 at water content of 12%. The specific
gravity of soil is 2.67. Determine the degree of saturation, percentage air voids at maximum dry density. Also find the
theoretical maximum dry density corresponding to zero air void at the optimum moisture content.
Solution: Given data;
a.γdmax=18KN/m3, b.w=12% , c.Gs=2.67
To find: a, Sr=?. b. ac=?, c. ηa=?, d.γther=?
Procedure:
Gγ w
1. Dry density, γ d =
1+ e
Gγ Gγ w wG Gγ w wG 0.12 * 2.67
1+ e = ∴e = − 1∴ = − 1∴ S r = = =0.7039 or 70.39%
γd γd Sr γd Gγ W 2.67 * 9.81
−1 − 1
γd 18
2. Percentage air voids (ηa):
(1 − η a )Gγ w ⎛ 1 + wG ⎞ ⎛ 1 + wG ⎞
γd = ∴1 − η a = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟γ d ∴η a = 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟γ d
1 + wG ⎝ Gγ w ⎠ ⎝ Gγ w ⎠
⎛ 1 + 0.12 * 2.67 ⎞
ηa =1- ⎜ ⎟ *18 =0.0926 or 9.26%
⎝ 2.67 * 9.81 ⎠
3. Air content (ac):
ac=1-Sr=1-0.7039=0.2961 or 29.61%.
4. For theoretical maximum dry density (γd):
Gγ w 2.67 * 9.81
γd = = = 19.836 KN / m 3
1 + wG 1 + 0.12 * 2.67
2. During a compaction test, a soil attains a maximum dry density of 18.6KN/m3 at a water content of 15percent. The specific
gravity of soil is 2.70. Determine the degree of saturation and percentage air voids at the maximum dry density. What would
be the theoretical maximum dry density corresponding to zero air voids at the optimum water content?.
Solution: Given data;
a.γdmax=18.6KN/m3,b.w=15%,c.Gs=2.70
To find: a, Sr=?. b. ac=?, c. ηa=?, d.γther=?
Procedure:
Gγ w
1. Dry density, γ d =
1+ e
Gγ Gγ w wG Gγ w wG 0.15 * 2.70
1+ e = ∴e = − 1∴ = − 1∴ S r = = =0.9551 or 95.51 %
γd γd Sr γd Gγ W 2.70 * 9.81
−1 −1
γd 18.6
2. Percentage air voids (ηa):
(1 − η a )Gγ w ⎛ 1 + wG ⎞ ⎛ 1 + wG ⎞
γd = ∴1 − η a = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟γ d ∴η a = 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟γ d =
1 + wG ⎝ Gγ w ⎠ ⎝ Gγ w ⎠
⎛ 1 + 0.15 * 2.70 ⎞
ηa =1- ⎜ ⎟ *18.6 =0.0133 or 1.33%
⎝ 2.70 * 9.81 ⎠
3. Air content (ac):
ac=1-Sr=1-0.955=0.045 or 4.50%.
4. For theoretical maximum dry density (γd):
Compiled by: Prof.B.S.Chawhan M.Tech(Geo-Tech Engg), Asst.Professor,CED,Government.Engineering College,Haveri-581110(12/4/2011-Till date)
Gγ w 2.70 * 9.81
γd = = = 18.85 KN / m 3
1 + wG 1 + 0.15 * 2.7
Jan/2007
3. A laboratory compaction test on a soil having G=2.68 gave a maximum dry density of 17.85KN/m3 and the moisture content
17%. Find the degree of saturation, air content and percentage of air voids at the maximum dry density. Also find the
theoretical maximum dry density with respect to zero-air voids at O.M.C.
Solution: Given data;
a.γdmax=17.85KN/m3,b.w=17%,c.Gs=2.68
To find: a, Sr=?. b. ac=?, c. ηa=?, d.γther=?
Procedure:
Gγ w
1. Dry density, γ d =
1+ e
Gγ Gγ w wG Gγ w wG 0.17 * 2.68
1+ e = ∴e = − 1∴ = − 1∴ S r = = =0.9636 or 96.36 %
γd γd Sr γd Gγ W 2.68 * 9.81
−1 −1
γd 17.85
2. Percentage air voids (ηa):
(1 − η a )Gγ w ⎛ 1 + wG ⎞ ⎛ 1 + wG ⎞
γd = ∴1 − η a = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟γ d ∴η a = 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟γ d =
1 + wG ⎝ Gγ w ⎠ ⎝ Gγ w ⎠
⎛ 1 + 0.17 * 2.68 ⎞
ηa =1- ⎜ ⎟ *17.85 =0.0121 or 1.21%
⎝ 2.68 * 9.81 ⎠
3. Air content (ac):
ac=1-Sr=1-0.955=0.045 or 4.50%.
4. For theoretical maximum dry density (γd):
Gγ w 2.68 * 9.81
γd = = = 18.069 KN / m 3
1 + wG 1 + 0.17 * 2.68
Jan/2004
4. Standard Proctor compaction test, conducted on a soil yielded the following results.
Bulk density(KN/m3) 18.0 19.0 19.6 20.45 21.0 20.50 20.1
Water content (%) 9.6 11.0 12.5 14.0 16. 18.0 19.5
Find the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content by plotting the compaction curve. Also plot 100% and 80%
saturation lines.
Solution: Given data;
a. Sr=100%=1,b. Sr=80%=0.80
To find; a. MDD=?, b. OMC=?.
Procedure:
γ
1. Dry density, γd = KN / m 3 ……(γ=bulk density).
1+ w
γ 18
a. γd = = = 16.42kN / m 3
1+ w 1 + 0.096
γ 19
b. γd = = = 17.11kN / m 3
1+ w 1 + 0.11
γ 19.6
c. γd = = = 17.42kN / m 3
1+ w 1 + 0.125
γ 20.45
d. γd = = = 17.93kN / m 3
1+ w 1 + 0.14
γ 20
e. γd = = = 18.10kN / m 3
1+ w 1 + 0.16
Compiled by: Prof.B.S.Chawhan M.Tech(Geo-Tech Engg), Asst.Professor,CED,Government.Engineering College,Haveri-581110(12/4/2011-Till date)
γ 20.50
f. γd = = = 17.37kN / m 3
1+ w 1 + 0.18
γ 20.1
g. γd = = = 16.82kN / m 3
1+ w 1 + 0.195
2. Plot the dry density v/s water content compaction curve.
16
14
γd
kN/cum 14
12 OMC
10 X
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
w (%)
(1 − η a )Gγ w
γd =
wG
1+
Sr
Gγ
γd = ………(Qη a = 0 Assume and G=2.7)
wG
1+
Sr
2.7 * 9.81
i. γd = = 21.03kN / m 3
0.096 * 2.7
1+
1
Compiled by: Prof.B.S.Chawhan M.Tech(Geo-Tech Engg), Asst.Professor,CED,Government.Engineering College,Haveri-581110(12/4/2011-Till date)
2.7 * 9.81
ii. γd = = 20.42kN / m 3
0.11 * 2.7
1+
1
2.7 * 9.81
iii. γd = = 19.80kN / m 3
0.125 * 2.7
1+
1
2.7 * 9.81
iv. γd = = 19.22kN / m 3
0.14 * 2.7
1+
1
2.7 * 9.81
v. γd = = 18.49kN / m 3
0.16 * 2.7
1+
1
2.7 * 9.81
vi. γd = = 17.82kN / m 3
0.18 * 2.7
1+
1
2.7 * 9.81
vii. γd = = 17.35kN / m 3
0.195 * 2.7
1+
1
5. For 80% saturation line;
2.7 * 9.81
i. γd = = 20.00kN / m 3
0.096 * 2.7
1+
0 .8
2.7 * 9.81
ii. γd = = 19.31kN / m 3
0.11 * 2.7
1+
0.80
2.7 * 9.81
iii. γd = = 18.62kN / m 3
0.125 * 2.7
1+
0.80
2.7 * 9.81
iv. γd = = 17.98kN / m 3
0.14 * 2.7
1+
0.80
2.7 * 9.81
v. γd = = 17.19kN / m 3
0.16 * 2.7
1+
0.80
Compiled by: Prof.B.S.Chawhan M.Tech(Geo-Tech Engg), Asst.Professor,CED,Government.Engineering College,Haveri-581110(12/4/2011-Till date)
2.7 * 9.81
vi. γd = = 16.47 kN / m 3
0.18 * 2.7
1+
0.80
2.7 * 9.81
vii. γd = = 15.97 kN / m 3
0.195 * 2.7
1+
0.80
July/2005
5. The following data was obtained from proctor compaction test.
Water content (w%) 5.9 7.60 9.61 11.61 13.81
Weight of wet sample (KN) 18.20 19.50 20.00 20.00 19.80
Sp.gr of soil=2.70, volume of mould=9.5*10-4m3. Plot the moisture content dry density curve and zero air void line. Determine
OMC and maximum dry density of the sample.
Solution: Given data;
a. Gs=2.7,b. V=9.5*10-4m3.
To find; a. MDD=?, b. OMC=?, c. Zero air void line i.e., Sr=1 and ηa=0.
Procedure;
1. Wet or bulk density, γ=weight of wet sample/volume of mould
a. γ=18.20/9.5*10-4=19.15*103kN/m3.
b. γ=19.50/9.5*10-4=20.52*103 kN/m3.
c. γ=20.00/9.5*10-4=21.05*103kN/m3.
d. γ=20.00/9.5*10-4=21.05*103kN/m3.
e. γ=19.80/9.5*10-4=20.84*103kN/m3.
γ
2. Dry density, γd = kN/m3.
1+ w
19.15 *10 3
a. γ d = = 18.08 * 10 3 kN / m 3
1 + 0.59
20.52 *10 3
b. γd = = 19.07 * 10 3 kN / m 3 ,
1 + 0.76
21.05 *10 3
c. γd = = 19.20 *10 3 kN / m 3
1 + 0.096
21.05 *10 3
d. γd = = 18.86 *10 3 kN / m 3 ,
1 + 0.1161
20.84 * 10 3
e. γ d = = 18.311 *10 3 kN / m 3
1 + 0.1381
Compiled by: Prof.B.S.Chawhan M.Tech(Geo-Tech Engg), Asst.Professor,CED,Government.Engineering College,Haveri-581110(12/4/2011-Till date)
3. Now draw the graph i.e., MDD V/s OMC
MDD
Zero air
34 Void line i.e. Sr=1
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
γd 18
kN/cum 16
14
12 OMC
10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Water content, w (%)
(1 − η a )Gγ w
γd =
wG
1+
Sr
Gγ
γd = ………(Qη a = 0 Assume and G=2.7)
wG
1+
Sr
2.7 * 9.81
i. γd = = 22.084kN / m 3
0.059 * 2.7
1+
1
2.7 * 9.81
ii. γd = = 21.97kN / m 3
0.076 * 2.7
1+
1
2.7 * 9.81
iii. γd = = 21.03kN / m 3
0.0961 * 2.7
1+
1
Compiled by: Prof.B.S.Chawhan M.Tech(Geo-Tech Engg), Asst.Professor,CED,Government.Engineering College,Haveri-581110(12/4/2011-Till date)
2.7 * 9.81
iv. γd = = 20.165kN / m 3
0.1161 * 2.7
1+
1
2.7 * 9.81
v). γd = = 19.29kN / m 3
0.1381 * 2.7
1+
1
July.2007
6.Obtain the value of compactive energy imported to the soil during Modified Proctor compaction test.
Solution:
Compactive energy(E);
E=
(Numberofblowsperlayer ) * (Numberoflayer ) * (Weightofhammer ) * (Heightofdropofhammer )
Volumeofmould
E=
(56) * (5) * (4.55 * 9.81 / 1000) * (0.4572)
2249.8683 * 10 −6
E = 2540.7106kN − m / m 3 ≈ 2541kN − m / m 3 ≈ 2541kj / m 3
7. Obtain the value of compactive energy imported to the soil during Standard Proctor compaction test.
Solution:
Compactive energy(E);
E=
(Numberofblowsperlayer ) * (Numberoflayer ) * (Weightofhammer ) * (Heightofdropofhammer )
Volumeofmould
E=
(25) * (3) * (2.5 * 9.81 / 1000) * (0.305)
944 * 10 −6
E = 594kN − m / m 3 ≈ 600kN − m / m 3 ≈ 600kj / m 3
Dec.2010
8. The following data were obtained from standard proctor test:
Weight of wet soil(kgs) 1.80 1.94 2.00 2.05 2.03 1.98
Water content (%) 8.50 12.20 13.75 15.50 18.20 20.20
i) Plot the compaction curve and obtain maximum dry density and OMC.
ii) Draw 100% saturation line (zero air void line)
iii) What is the degree of saturation and percentage air voids @ OMC?.
Solution:
a. Assume volume of mould, v=1000cm3=1000*10-6m3=0.001m3.
b.1kg=1*9.81/1000=0.00981kN
c.From graph, OMC=15.50% and γdmax=17.75kN/m3
d. At OMC, Sr=85.06%
e.ηa=4.90%.
May/June.2010
9. The observations of a standard proctor test are given below:
Bulk unit weight 18.0 19.0 19.9 20.8 21.0 20.5 20.1
(kN/m3)
Water content (%) 9 11 13 15 16 17 18
Draw the compaction curve and determine OMC and maximum dry density. Also calculate the voids ratio and degree of
saturation at OMC, if G=265 and γw=10kN/m3.
Solution:
a. From graph, OMC=15.50%, γd=18.20kN/m3
b. At OMC, e=(Gγw/γd-1)=0.4286
c. Sr=wG/e=0.9403(94.03%).
Dec-2011
10. Standard proctor’s compaction test was conducted on a soil yielded the following results:
Water content (%) 9 11 13 15 16 17 18
Weight of wet soil (N) 18.0 19.0 19.9 20.8 21.0 20.5 20.1
If G=2.60 and γw=10kN/m3
Compiled by: Prof.B.S.Chawhan M.Tech(Geo-Tech Engg), Asst.Professor,CED,Government.Engineering College,Haveri-581110(12/4/2011-Till date)
i) Plot the compaction curve
ii) Report maximum dry density and OMC
iii) Calculate void ratio and degree of saturation at OMC.
Solution:
a.
Water content (%) 9 11 13 15 16 17 18
Weight of wet soil (N) 18.0 19.0 19.9 20.8 21.0 20.5 20.1
γb in kN/m3 18.0 18.0 19.90 20.8 21.0 20.5 20.1
γd= γb /1+w in kN/m3 16.51 17.12 17.61 18.09 18.10 17.52 17.08
GOOD-LUCK