Syed Saqib Mehboob 06-CE-50

DESIGN OF A CANTILEVER WALL

GIVEN DATA:

Height of stem above G.L. =30

Bearing Capacity of soil = 5 ksf

fc’ = 5000psi & fy = 60,000psi

Ø = 30O AND Overburden pressure = 4’ height

CALCULATIONS:

HEIGHT OF WALL:

Allowing 4’ for the frost penetration to the bottom of the footing in front of
the wall, so total height becomes;

h = 30’ + 4’ = 34’

THICKNESS OF BASE:

At this, it may be assumed 7 to 10% of the overall height of wall.

Assume a uniform thickness = t = 3.5’ (i.e. 10% of h)

BASE LENGTH:

h =34’ and h = 4’

So, P= ½ Cahwh (h+ 2h’)

P =0.5(0.333)(120)(34)[34 + 2(4)] where Cah=1-SinØ/1+sinØ

P=28560 lb……………………………………..(1)

And y= h/3 [(h+3h’)/ (h+2h’)] = 34/3 [(34+ 3X4)/(34+2X4)] = 12.41’ …………………………..(2)

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Taking moment about point a

W=(120)(x)(34+8)=5040x lb.

So; W(x/2)=(P)(y)

2520x2 = (28560)(12.41)

x= 11.86’

So the base length =1.5X11.86 =17.79’

Use 17’-9” with toe =4’-4” and x=13’-5”

STEM THICKNESS:

Prior computing stability factors, more accurate knowledge of the concrete dimensions is
necessary.

The thickness of the base of stem is selected with regard of the bending and shear requirement.

P for 30’ height and h = 4’

P= ½ Cahwh (h+ 2h’)

= 0.5(0.3333)(120)(30.5)[30.5 +2(4)]

=23,461.5 lb.

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y= h/3 [(h+3h’)/(h+2h’)] = 30.5/3 [ (30.5+ 3X4)/(30.5+2X4)] = 11.22’

and Mu =1.7(P)(y) =447504.65 lb.ft.

.
.


 




ρb = 0.85 β fc’/fy [87000/87000+fy] = 
,



X 




,


= 0.0356

ρmax = 0.75 ρb =0.0267

For adequqte deflection control, choose ρ = ½ ρmax 0.01335


Then Rn = ρ fy [1- ρ m] And; m= fy/0.85fc’


= (0.01335)(60,000) [1- (0.01335) 14.12] = 60,000/(0.85)(5000)

= 726 =14.12

Required bd2 = Required Mn/ Rn

/Ø
Or bd2 =


/Ø 

.  
d2 = = = 26.17”
 
.
 

Total thickness =26.17” + 0.5 +3 =29.7 ⸗ 30”

Try 30” of base of stem and select 12” for top of the wall.

Note: By taking these calculated value, when we proceed for the shear at‘d’ and afterwards

For F.O.S. against overturning; F.O.S comes less than 2 (so its not ok).

Also for same values, the settlement check is also not ok.

So; by inspection/ by trial & error method.

Revise the following dimensions as given below:

………….Total base length = 23’ where; x=19’ and toe= 4’

………….Thickness of stem’s base = 32’

SHEAR AT ‘d’

‘d’ used now = 32-0.5-3 = 28.5” or 2.375’

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Syed Saqib Mehboob 06-CE-50

At 30.5’ –2.375’ = 28.125’ from top.

P = ½ x 0.333 x120 x 28.125 [28.125+ 2(4)]

= 20,299.99 lb.

& Vu= 1.7P =34509.98 lb.

& øVu = ø2′bd = 0.85 x 2x √5000 x 12 x 28.5 = 41,111.18 lb.

Since, øVu > Vu; so no shear reinforcement is required.

FOS AGAINST OVERTURNING:

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Components Force (lb.) Arm(ft) Moments(lb.ft)

W1 (16.33)(30.5)(120) = 59767.8 14.825’ 886057.635
W2 ½ (1.66)(30.5)(150) = 3797.25 5.55’ 21074.7375
W3 (1)(30.5)(150) = 4575 4.5’ 20587.5
W4 (23)(3.5)(150) = 12075 11.5’ 138862.5
W5 ½ (1.66)(30.5)(120)= 3037.8 6.106 18548.80
W6 (18)(4)(120) = 8640 14 120960
TOTAL ∑F = 91892.85 lb ∑M=1206091.173 lbŌ

From eq. (1) & (2); we have:

P = 28560 lb

y = 12.41’

Overturning moment = 28560 x 12.41 = 354429.6 lb.ft



.173
FOS against overturning = = 3.4 > 2 so ok.
$ .

LOCATION OF RESULTANT AND FOOTING SOIL PRESSURE:

Distance of the resultant fro edge is:

%&'()&*' +,+-*).,/-0)0*&*' +,+-*) 1206091.

$.$ .
a= = = 9.27’
),)12 2,13 righting ),)12 2,13 0&'()&*'

Middle third = 7.66’; so resultant is within the middle third.

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Syed Saqib Mehboob 06-CE-50

91892.
Therefore q1 = RV/l2 (4l – 6a) = [4(23) – 6(9.27)] = 6.31 > 5 ksf so not ok..
 $ $

So revise; Readjust the stem location over base

Now take toe length = 7’ 8”

And length ‘x’ = 15’ 4”

Then recalculating the ∑F & ∑M for new values we get;

RV = 76752.65 lb.

& ∑M = 112570.86 lb. ft

Now; FOS comes 3.1> 2.0 0k

Resultant’s location = a= 10.0’

Thus;


 .
q1 = RV/l2 (4l – 6a) = [4(23) – 6(10.0)] = 4642.8 < 5 ksf
 $ $

q2 = RV/l2 (6a – 2l) = 2031.26 psf < 5 ksf so ok.

FOS AGAINST SLIDING:

Force causing sliding = P = 28560 lb.

Frictional resistance= µRV = (0.4)(76752.65) = 30701.06 lb.

Passive earth pressure against 3.5’ height of footing = ½ wh2 Cph = ½ (120)(3.52)(3) = 2205 lb.

$


.


FOS = = 1.2 < 1.5 SO KEY IS


REQUIRED.

The front of key is 5” in front of back face of stem. This will permit anchoring the stem
reinforcement in the key.

> .
=
$.
 $

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Syed Saqib Mehboob 06-CE-50

? = 1486.31 lb/ft

Total ordinate = 3517.57 lb/ ft

 .$
.

Frictional resistance b/w soil to soil = ɥR = (tanØ) [ ](9.91) = 23344.95 lb.

$
.

$. 
Frictional resistance b/w heel concrete to soil = ɥR = (0.4) [ ](13.09) = 14526.84

lb.

Passive earth pressure = ½ wh2 Cph = ½ (120)(h2 )(3) = 180 h2 lb.

FOS against sliding = 1.5

$$. .
@A

1.5=


h= 5.25’, so
key height = 5’3” – 3.5’ = 1’ – 9”

And the heel height =

DESIGN OF HEEL CANTILEVER:

WU =
(1.7)(120)(4’)+(1.4)(30.5X120+3.5X150

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Syed Saqib Mehboob 06-CE-50

) = 6675 lb/ft

Mu = wl2/2

= ½ (6.675)(12.673)2 = 536.0 k. ft

Vu = Factored shear at a joint of stem and heel …………..(3)

Note: When the support reaction introduces compression into the end region, then critical
shear is at a distance d from the face of support. However, the support is not producing
compression; therefore critical shear is at a joint of stem and heel.

Now Vu = (12.673)(6675) = 84592.27 lb.

øVu = ø2′bd = 0.85x2x√5000 x 12 x 39.5 = 56978.66 < Vu

So; depth is required to be increased.

BC  .

d= = = 58.6” ⸗ 60” (i.e. 5’) and d = 57.5”

ø EFGH3 ,.√


( )

Now; Wu= 1.7(120)(4) + 1.4[(29)(120) + (5)(150)] = 6738 lb/ft

Mu = ½ (6738)(12.673)2 = 541078.0 lb.ft

IJ (541078.
)(  )
Required Rn = = (
.)( )(
.)A
= 181.83 psi.
øH3A

 MP
ρ = [1 –N1 − ] = 0.00309
M EQ

ρmin = = 0.00333
EQ

As= ρminbd = (0.00333)(12)(57.5) = 2.297 in2

Use # 8 @4” c/c (As = 2.36 in2)

Development length required:

Since in cantilever heel main bars are on top;

So;

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Syed Saqib Mehboob 06-CE-50

.
ER ST
.

,



.

ld = (1.3) = (1.3) = 34.85” where;  V = ∏r2 )
EU ′ √

Available length = 152.07” -3” = 149.076” so ok…

DESIGN OF TOE:
> 15.$
=
. $

? = 1741.79 lb/ft

Total ordinate = 1741.79 + 2031.26 = 3773.05 lb/ ft

Self load = (0.9)(1x3.5x150) = 472.5 lb/ ft

 .$

$.

Wu= (1.7)( = 7153.47 lb/ ft

Wu= 7153.47- 472.5 = 6680.97 lb/ ft

Mu = wl2/2 = = ½ (6680.97)(7.66)2 = 196004.96 lb. ft

IJ 

.  
Required Rn= A= = 139.58 psi
øH3 
. $.A

ρ= 0.00236



ρmin = = 0.00333 (holds)
W

As= ρmin bd = (0.00333)(12)(39.5) = 1.578 in2

Use # 8 @ 51X2” c/c (As = 1.71 in2)

Development length required:

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Syed Saqib Mehboob 06-CE-50

.04ER ST
ld = = 26.80”
EU ′

$
Available length = 7.66’-( ) = 7.41’ or 88.92”
12

At distance d= 39.5”= 3.29’ = 7.66 -3.29

= 4.37’
> .$
=
. $

? = 2115.36 lb/ft

Total ordinate = 4146.62

 .. 
Earth pressure = Y ](4.37)(1.7) = 32648.30 lb.

Vu = 32648.30 – (472.5 -4.37) =30583.47 lb.

ØVc = Ø2′bd = 0.85√500012 (39.5) = 56978.66 lb.

Therefore; ØVc > Vu…. so no shear reinforcement is required.

REINFORCEMENT FOR STEM:

P= ½ Cahwh (h+ 2h’) Note: (30.5’-1.5’ = 29’) As; 3.5+1.5 =5’,

= 0.5(0.3333)(120)(29)[29 +2(4)] which was new heel base thickness.

=21438.54 lb.

y= h/3 [(h+3h’)/(h+2h’)] = 10.71’

Mu = (1.7)(21438.54)(10.71) = 390331.49 lb.ft

IJ $
$$.  
Rn = K = 533.95 psi.
øH3A 
.  .A

ρ= 0.00954

As= ρ bd = (0.00954)(12)(28.5) = 3.26 in2

Use # 10 @ 41X2” c/c (As = 3.37 in2)

At 5’ from top:

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Syed Saqib Mehboob 06-CE-50

P=1298.7 lb. y= 2.179’ Mu=4.81 k.ft

At 10’ from top:

P=3596.4 lb. y= 4.07’ Mu=14.65 k.ft

At 15’ from top:

P=6893.1 lb. y= 5.87’ Mu=68.79 k.ft

At 20’ from top:

P=11188.8 lb. y= 7.62’ Mu=144.9 k.ft

At 25’ from top:

P=16483.5 lb. y= 9.34’ Mu=261.72 k.ft

At base: Mu=390.33 k.ft

WITH FULL REINFORCEMENT:

C = 0.85fc’ba = 0.85 x 5000 x 12 x a =51000a

T = Asfy = 3.37 x 60,000 = 202200

a = 3.96 in. (C=T)

At top of wall d = 8.5”

\
øMn = 0.9Asfy (d - ) = (0.9)(202200)(8.5 – 3.96/2) = 1186509.6 lb.in or 98.87 k.ft

At base of stem d = 28.5”

øMn = 402.176 k.ft

WITH HALF REINFORCEMENT:

C = 0.85fc’ba = 0.85 x 5000 x 12 x a =51000a

T = Asfy = 1.685 x 60,000 = 101100

a = 1.98 in. (C=T)

At top of wall d = 8.5”

øMn = 56.94 k.ft

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Syed Saqib Mehboob 06-CE-50

At base of stem d = 28.5”

øMn = 208.59 k.ft

WITH HALF REINFORCEMENT:

C = 0.85fc’ba = 0.85 x 5000 x 12 x a =51000a

T = Asfy = 0.8425 x 60,000 = 505500

a = 0.99 in. (C=T)

At top of wall d = 8.5”

øMn = 30.34 k.ft

At base of stem d = 28.5”

øMn = 106.17 k.ft

THEORATICAL CUT OFF POINTS:

Theoretical cutoff points should be cut off at 7’ distance from bottom and further half bars
should be cut off at 14’ theoretically from bottom.

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Syed Saqib Mehboob 06-CE-50

The actual termination is found out by extending beyond the intersection of capacity moment
line with the factored moment diagram a distance of either the effective depth d or 12 bar
diameters, whichever is greater.

(a) Effective Depth:

>

=
Q  $
. 

20
?= xy
$
.

…d at 7’ from bottom (y=23.5”) where; y = 30.5 – 7 = 23.7

? = 15.4”

Therefore; 8.5”+15.4” = 23.9”= 24”

Also; ? = x y = 10.81” where; d at 14’ from bottom
$
.
(y=16.5”)

Therefore; 8.5”+10.81” = 19.3”= 24”

(b) 12 bar diameters:

bar used #10 of diameter = 1.25”

So; 12db = 15”

Conclusions from (a) & (b):

Since; we have to use the greater value thus; add 24” in all termination point lengths.

Actual Cut off points:

Therefore half bars should be terminated actually at 7’ + 2’ = 9’ from bottom.

And further half bars should be terminated actually at 14’ + 2’ = 16’.

For tension bars to be terminated in the tension zone, one of the following conditions must be
satisfied:

(1) Vu at cut off points must not exceed two third of the shear strength øVn.

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Syed Saqib Mehboob 06-CE-50

(2) Continuing bars must provide at least twice the area required for bending moment at the
cutoff point.

(3) Excess shear reinforcement is provided.

Condition No: 01. (Check whether theoretical cutoff point is enough or not).

At 23.5’ from top (for half reinforcement)


øVc = Ø2′bd = 0.85√5000(12) (24”) x = 34.62 kips.


]
øVc = 23.08 kips.
^


& Vu = 1.7 [½ Cah wh(h+ 2h’) ] x = 25.14 kips …….(4) (Not Satisfied)



øVc = Ø2′bd = 0.85√5000(12) (19.3”) x = 27.84 kips.


]
^
øVc = 18.56 kips.


Now; Vu = 1.7 [½ Cahwh (h+ 2h’) ] x = 13.7 kips ( Satisfied)


Now; these bars can be terminated.

Stress concentration check:

Shear at bottom = Vu = (1.7)(21.43854) = 36.45 kips.


øVc = Ø2′bd = 0.85√5000(12) (28.5”) x = 41.11 kips.
1000

øVc > Vu ; so; no need of shear reinforcement.

Note: thus; from eq. (4) results we cannot cutoff the bars at 7’ from bottom as the condition is
not satisfied. That’s why we had found out the actual cutoff points i.e. 9’ & 16’ respectively.

Check for ‘ρ’:

The ‘ρ’ used should not be less than at any point. This minimum limit, strictly speaking,
W
does not hold true for retaining walls. However; because the integrity of retaining wall depend
absolutely on the vertical walls, it appears to be suitable to use this limit in such cases:

First termination point is 9’ from bottom where d = 22.59; As = 1.685 in2 (half case)

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Syed Saqib Mehboob 06-CE-50

Since; As= ρbd Consider fig. 1 and relation

So; ρ =0.0062 > = 0.0033 (ok) ?= x y ; here y= 30.5-9=21.5
EQ $
.

Then; ? = 14.09 & d =8.5”+ 14.09” = 22.59”

Ρ = 0.0039 > (ok)
EQ

Another requirement is that maximum spacing of the primary flexural reinforcement exceed
neither 3 times the wall thickness nor 18 in.

These restrictions are satisfied as well.

Splice lengths:

For the splice of deformed bars in tension; at sections where the ratio of steel provided to the
required is less than 2 and where no more than 50% of the steel is spliced; the ACI code
requirement, a class B splice of length 1.3 ld

ld for #10 bars = 42” (from table A.10.)

Splice Length = 1.3x42 = 54.6” or 4’-6” (ok)

TEMPERATURE & SHRINKAGE REINFORCEMENT:

Total amount of horizontal bars (h is average thickness)

 $
As = 0.002bh =0.002x 12 x = 0.528 in2/ft


Since; front face is more exposed to temperature changes; therefore rd of this amount is
$
placed in front face and one third in rear.

Accordingly, As = 0.352 in2/ft Use # 10 @ 61X2” c/c (As = 0.36 in2)
$


Also; As = 0.176 in2/ft Use # 3 @ 18 c/c (As = 0.36 in2)
$

For vertical reinforcement on the front face; use any nominal amount; Use # 10 @ 18 c/c

Since; base is not subjected to extreme temperature changes, therefore; use 4@12”c/c just for
spacers will be sufficient.

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