NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 12 (1970) 277-290.

NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY

THERMAL STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN

FINITE, HEAT-GENERATING CIRCULAR CYLINDERS *

Richard A.VALENTIN and John J.CAREY

Reactor Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA

Received 14 October 1969

An exact solution is given for the thermal displacements and stresses in a finite, right circular cylinder of homoge-
neous, isotropic, elastic material having a known radial temperature distribution. The solution rigorously meets trac-
tion-free boundary conditions on both the lateral surface and plane ends of the cylinder and provides a graphic illus-
tration of Saint-Venant's principle. Extensive numerical results for the stress field existing in various length cylinders
having uniform internal heat generation show both the region of essentially plane-strain and the short, non-plane,
transition region near the ends where an appreciable shear component exists. The displacement field at the cylinder
surface is given and exhibits a noticeable increase in the radial displacement at the end surface. This extended edge
implies, for example, that an initially perfect fuel pellet, just fitting its clad, will, even if clad and fuel have the same
coefficient of thermal expansion, make preferential fuel-clad contact at the pellet end. This effect may, therefore,
have some importance in explaining the "ridging" phenomena noted in fuel elements consisting of stacked pellets.

1. Introduction

One o f the most common elementary thermal stress computations made in the nuclear industry must certainly
be the calculation o f the state o f stress in a circular cylindrical fuel pin given the radial temperature distribution.
Subject to the applicability of t~e plane-strain assumption, such a computation is trivial and the time required to
obtain numerical values for the Stresses is determined primarily by the form in which the temperature data is pre-
sented or, in simple cases, b y the convenience o f curves available in appropriate handbooks. Of course, whether
explicitly stated or not, the assumption o f plane-strain is equivalent to accepting the calculated stress state as a
valid representation only in regions reasonably far removed from the plane ends o f the fuel material. An invoca-
tion to Saint-Venant is considered good practice at this point to lend rigor to the term "reasonably far" as a unit
of measure. It is an unfortunate fact, however, that many fuel element designs consist o f stacked pellets and one
is confronted with the need to estimate thermal stresses in a configuration that consists o f little else but plane
ends. Thus, while the temperature field in any pellet may be almost radial, a state of purely radial deformation
exists in no region of the pellet (except in the axial mid-plane) - even when it is free o f surface tractions.
As is usual in problems involving the exact elastic behavior o f materials, the removal o f a seemingly small
simplifying assumption results in an inordinate increase in analytical complexity. In going from infinite cylinders
to finite cylinders, this increase can best be illustrated by a quotation from Lur6's 1955 text on three-dimensional
elasticity problems [ 1, p. 381 ]. In the introduction to his chapter on symmetrically loaded circular cylinders it
is stated that: "..., apart from some trivial cases, not a single solution is known which satisfies completely and
rigorously all the boundary cond!tions on the side surfaces and on the ends of a cylinder". While this statement
no longer holds, its relatively recent d a t e p a r t i a l l y explains the dearth of finite cylinder problems in the literature,

* Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
** The date of the Russian edition. The English translation appeared in 1964.
278 R.A,VALENTIN and J.J.CARI'~Y

the more notable lack of papers containing any numerical results, and the ubiquitous presence of Saint-Venant in
everyday design computations.
It is not within the scope of the present paper to review the literature on solutions of finite cylinder problems
in the theory of elasticity or to give more than brief mention to the smaller class of results having direct applica-
tion in reactor core design. Rather, a complete discussion is given o f the simple problem of a traction-free, finite
circular cylinder having only a radial variation in temperature. This case provides a graphical illustration of Saint-
Venant's principle while producing useful data to supplement elementary hand computations. Further, this
rather basic solution illustrates how advances in computer hadware have reduced a prohibitive numerical problem
to one of minor difficulty. It is true that the algebraic manipulations associated with the solution are somewhat
cumbersome;however, the analysis and necessary numerical evaluations are straightforward and, given tile near-
universal availability of large scale computers, there is no basic reason why the treatment of such problems should
not currently be as common in the design and evaluation of reactor concepts as the use of more elementary solu-
tions.
The most extensive paper on steady-state thermal stresses in finite cylinders is that of lyengar and Chandrashek-
hara [21 in which the effect of exposing one face of a traction-free cylinder to an axisymmetric temperature field
is treated by superposing a thermoelastic displacement potential and a residual solution in terms of the Love func-
tion. A larger literature exists on various axial and radial loading patterns applied to finite cylinders. The work of
Shibahara and Oda [3] on the hollow cylinder is the most complete study of this type, is based on the Love for-
mulation, and contains several detailed numerical examples. A recent study of end face loading on cylindrical
pellets done by Blair and Veeder [4] in an attempt to explain fuel pin ridging uses the work of Valor [5] based
on double series representations for the displacement field. A paper employing an approach similar to Valov's is
that of Sun and Valanis [6] on the hollow cylinder; however, in neither [5] nor [6] are any numerical results
given.
Determination of the stresses and displacements in a finite cylinder due to a parabolic radial temperature pro-
file the specific case treated below - has received previous attention in various approximate forms. A study by
Veeder [8] takes the displacement field as a truncated power polynomial in the coordinates and determines the
unknown coefficients by applying the boundary conditions as essential constraints in the numerical minimization
of the total strain energy. A similar problem is the subject of an extensive investigation by Horvay, Giaever, and
Mirabal [91 in which a variational approach to the semi-infinite cylinder is formulated in terms of a pair of axi-
symmetric stress functions identically satisfying the equilibrium equations. This solution is an application of Hor-
vay and Mirabal's earlier study [10] of the general "end problem" for cylinders by means of a modification of
potentials developed by Sadowsky and Sternberg. A less rigorous approach to a somewhat similar problem is
given by Bellamy [ 11 ]. The finite hollow cylinder is studied in terms of an approximate, stationary strain energy
determination which assumes a separable form for the stresses and a radial stress component equal to the infinite
cylinder case.
The problem treated below is formulated in terms of Youngdahl's cylinder stress functions [7] which seem
particularly convenient in their form, are complete, and have the advantage of being applicable to non-axisym-
metric problems in other cylindrical systems. It should be emphasized that the essential element in the solution
of most finite circular cylinder problems, irrespective of the stress functions used, is the inclusion of terms in
both ordinary and modified Bessel functions, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, and the need at some
point in the solution to express one type of function as a series of the other (e.g. lo(x) as a Fourier-Bessel series
summed over the roots of J 1). No attempt will be made to provide rigorous justification for the various formal
manipulations involved in obtaining the solution nor will any discussion be given of its convergence properties
other than those associated with the numerical evaluation. Verification of the final form of the solution and
establishment of convergence involves rather tedious algebraic manipulations; however, the analysis presents no
conceptual difficulties.
 THERMAL STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS 279

2. Problem formulation

Consider a finite, homogeneous, isotropic, solid right circular cylinder, 0 ~<r ~< a, Iz[~< l, having a known,
steady-state temperature distribution, T, which is a function of only the radial coordinate, r. To be determined
are the elastic displacements of the cylinder and the associated stress field. The torsionless rotational symmetry
of the problem ensures that all field quantities are independent of the circumferential coordinate, 0. For this
simple case, Youngdahl's cylinder stress function formulation [7] reduces to the determination of ¢(r, z),
~2(r, z), satisfying

1 c32t~+ l + v
V2~ = 0 , V 2 ~ = - - 2(1 _V) OZ2 ~-Z~_vaT1, (1)

with the appropriate boundary conditions. It is assumed that the cylinder is traction-free and that at some refer-
ence temperature To, the cylinder is in its undeformed, stress-free, state. It is convenient to introduce dimension-
less quantities defined by

p=ra 1, ~=za -1, h = / a -1 , T(r)=To[l+~)l'(O)] , Q=a2Q(4kTo) -1 , (2)

where Q is a constant reference heat generation rate and the temperature field T 1 appearing in (1) is T 1 - T - T O =
= a2Q(4k) -1T.^ Dimensionless stress functions, 4,
" ~, displacements
" u^ r, ~z, and stresses °Jr,
~ (~oo, °zz,
^ °rz~ are defined
by

a4aQ(1 +v) ~ ~2- a4aQ(1 + v) ~2 (3)

=- 2k(1 - v) ' 4k(1 - v) '

() - (4)
uz 4k(1-v) \Uz/'

_ a2aEQ ,,
(5)

Thus, the stress function equations (1) become

^
V2~=0, V2~Z - 1 32~ ~, 0~pK1, I~'lKh, (6)
1 - v ~-2

and from Youngdahl [7], the displacements and stresses are given by

Ur = 3--0 ' uz =~ (a + 24), (7)

^ ~)2 1 ~h 32 c32b
Orr = ~ (~ . ~ ) + "

^
a2 + h). (8)
°~z = ap2 +,o- (¢' + ~2), °rz = - 3p 3f

The boundary conditions on ~ and ~ follow from (8) and the requirement that the cylinder surfaces are traction-
280 R.A.VALENTIN and J.J.CAREY

fre e:
^ A

Orr = Orz = 0 , p = 1 , I~'1 <~ h ,

Ozz=~rz=O, ~=+h, 0~<p~<l. (9)

3. Solution for constant heat generation

The solutions of eqs. (6) are taken as

OO OO

t~(p, ~') = a ( p 2 - 2~"2) + ~ hiJo(otiP ) cosh oti~ + ~ Bnlo(13np ) coSting" ,

'= n=l

^ 2A ~2 +B(p2_2~.2) - fp x - 1 fXyT"(y) d y d x
~(P' ~ ) = ~-v o o
oO

+ "= Jo(oqp) Ci coshoq~"- 2(1 - v ) °~i~"sinhoqf

c~

+ n=l
~ cos13.f D.lo(13~p) + 2(1 -v--~) g'Pq(&P) ' (10)

where A, A i, B, B n are arbitrary constants to be determined by the boundary conditions (9) and

Jl(°~i) = 0 , 0 < a 1 < . . . < a i < ~i+1 < ....

13n=mrh -1 , n=l,2,... (I1)

The solution form (10) is by no means unique and was chosen by considering the obvious symmetry of the prob-
lem, the desirable forms for the stress expressions, and the ease with which the boundary conditions may be
applied.
Substitution of (10) into the expression for the shear stress given in (8) yields
OO

^ = ~i =21J l ( C ~ i P ) F (1.A_i + C i ) s i n h a i ~
Orz 2(1Ai-- V) (Oti~ cosh ai~ + sinh ai~) 1
oO

+~ 132 sin 13n~ (B n + Dn) I 1(13nO) + 2(1 - v--~) 13nPI°(13nP) ' (12)
n=l
• . ^
and it is immediate that the boundary con&non Orz(1, ~) = 0 is satisfied if

Dn=-B n l+2(l_v) Ii(13n ) , n=l,2 .... (13)

 THERMAL STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS 281

Similarly, requiring the shear stress to vanish on ~"= +h implies

C i = A i l !+sihc°thsih2(1
-v) - 11 i= 1,2,... (14)

Using (1 3), (14), (10), and (8), the expressions for 6rr and 6zz become:

_ 4Av 2B - 0 - 2 fP x~'(x) dx
Orr 1 - v o
O0

2(1 - v) "= a2Ai{J°(sip)[sif sinh aif+ (1 - sih coth si~"]

- (sip)- 1J 1 (sip) [si~ sinh si~ + (1 - 21) - sih coth si~] }

O0

+- -1
2(1 - v) c°S/3n~" {[I1(/3n) + fln/o(/Sn )1 Io(13nP)

- [2(1 - v) I 1(3n) + flnlo (fin)] (P[Jn)-1 i1 ([JnP) - ~nPI1 (fin) I1 (flnP)} , (15)

~ z = 4(A. + B) - f'(p)
O0

+ 2(1
v-----~l
- i=1~ a2AiJo(siP)[Si
~ z sinh si~" - (1 +aih cothaih ) cosh ai~"]
Oo

+ 2(1 - v) n=l ~ c°S3n~ {[211 (/3n)--flnI°(3n)] I°(3nP) + [JnPIl(fln)ll(3nP)} (16)

The remaining two b o u n d a r y conditions could now be applied in general terms to any temperature field expan-
dable as a Fourier-Bessel series,
oO

=
T(p) i=0 t / o ( S i p ) ;

however, for the sake of brevity, only the specific problem of a constant heat generation rate will be considered.
The general procedure is identical to that illustrated by this special ease.
For a constant heat generation rate, Q, one has
OO

7"(p) = 1 - p 2 = ~ tiJo(sip ) , s o = 0, (17)

i=0

where t o = 12, t i = -4/S2Jo(Si) , i = 1,2 ....

* A factor of L4 has been included in the non-dimensional formulation to yield a temperature field 7~ = 1 - p2 rather than the per-
haps more natural 41-(1- 02). Numerical convenience is the only reason.
282 R.A.VALENTIN and J.J.CAREY

The reduction of(15), (16), to a convenient form for application of the boundary conditions

%(1, ~-) = o, o=(p,-+h) = O,

requires use of the following elementary expansions:

oo

ao ~ n~"
cosh air = 9~- + = a-n cos--~- ,

where
a2 = 2aih(-1) n sinh~ih [(n~') 2 + (0@) 2] -1 ; (18)
oo

&+
0~i~"sinh o@" = -~- E cos r/Try"
n= 1 n h '
where

bn 2a i h ( - 1)n
= {o@ [(nzr) 2 + (aih) 2 ] coshaih + [(nrc) 2 - (aih) 2 ] sinhaih } " (19)
[(nrr)2 + (aih)2 ]2
oo

lo03np ) = .= aiJo(uip) ,

where (note: % = 0):

¢ t
a, -- 2~nll(~n)[O 2 + ~ ) Jo%)l -1 ; PlI(~nO)=E biJo(aiP) (20)
i=0

where
b, = ( 2~3n ~ Io03n) [ 2~n ]2 I103n)
(21)
n ~2+ °~i2] Jo(ai) -- \ ~ ]
~n Jo(ai)

From (15) and the expansions (18) and (19) for the hyperbolic functions, the expression for r?
assumes the
form of a Fourier-Cosine expansion. The boundary condition

Orr(1, ~') = 0, Ig'l ~ h ,

is then satisfied if each coefficient of this expansion vanishes identically. Noting that f
1
pT(p) dp = 41-,this implies
0

4Au - 2 B - ¼ =0 (22)
1 p
and

bnB n + E ainA i =0, n = 1,2,..., (23)

i=1
 THERMAL STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS 283

where

to (/3,,) - 11 (/3.)
b. = -/3nI1(/3,,) + ~ 11(/3.)
and (24)
- 2a 3 h ( - 1)n (nrt)2 Jo (ai) sinh a ih
ain (1 - v)[(nrr) 2 + (otih)2] 2

Similarly, by using the expansions (20) and (21) for the modified Bessel functions in terms of the ordinary Bessel
functions together with (16) and the series expansion (17) for T(p), the expression for Ozz is reduced to a Fourier-
Bessel expansion on ~"= -+h. Requiring °zz(P, -+h) = 0, 0 ~< p ~< 1, is equivalent to having each term in this expan-
sion vanish and, thus, it is found that zero normal stress on the plane ends is assured if

4(A + B) - 12 = 0 , (25)

and

ciA i + i~l.= dniB n = t i , i = 1, 2, ..., (26)

where
( .,h )
ci- 2(1 - v ) I s i n h a i h + coshaih , and d n i - (1 - v)(/32 + a2)2Jo(ai) (27)

Thus, from (22) and (25)

1 1-v 1 [ 3 v - 1'~
O = ~ ~.S-~-! ' (28)

while the solution of (26) for A i and substitution into (23) yields the infinite system defining the coefficients B n.
For ease of computation, it proves convenient to introduce various terms as follows:

A 7 = A i e t~ih '
B*n = Bn/3n[ 1 (/3n) '

c* = c i e - ~ i h - - ~2 [1 + e -2aih + 4aih(e2aih - 1) -1]

4(1 - v )

/3:,
b* = b n [~3nit (/3n)]-I _ 2 ( 1 Z v ) [I~ (f3n) I12(/3n) - l] - 1 ,

22 n
2~ i/3 n (-- 1)
d*.
m = d ni [/3nI l (/3)]-1
n =
( 1 - v ) ( f l 2 + o~2)2 Jo(•i)

a*. e - ° q h = -- ~ 3 / 3 2 ( - I ) n j ° ( ~ i ) ( 1 - e-2°qh)
(29)
m = ain (1 -- v)h(/32n + or2) 2
284 R.A.VALENTIN and J.J.CAREY

From (26)
oo

A* =(c*)-l(ti dniBn ) , i = 1,7, (30)

i n=l

while from (30), (23) and (29) the system determining B* is

oo

F .B*. = G n n =1,2, (31)

j=l nl ] ' "'"
where
oo oo

Fn/ -_ 6n/b n, , ,-1

ain ( c i ) d~ , and Gn = -
-lti (32)
i=1
-

Collecting and simplifying the various results given above yields as the final form for the displacement and stress
fields the following expressions
o~

hr(P'f)=41, v+ l +p2 +4(1 ~) '= ~iA*Jl(C~iP) e x p [ ~ i ( f - h ) ]

X { ai~ ( 1 - e - 2 ei~) - [ 2u - 1 + ui h ( 1 + e - 20zih )( 1 - e - 2 ~i h ) - 1 ]

oo

X (1 +e-2~is')} + ~(1-1 ;~ E = B .nI - 21t ~ "IJn), coS/Sn~-

X { flnPI1 (~n) Io03np ) - I 1 (~n p) [2(1 - u) I 1 03n) + [3nlo(13n) ] } , (33)

oo

1
o~iA*Jo(OLip) exp [o~i(~"- h)l
i=1

X [o~ih(1 - e 2°q~')(1 +e-2~ih)(1 - e 2~ih)-I _ 0zi~'(1 +e -2°~i~') + 2(1 --u)(1 -- e-2~i~')]

oo

_ 1 ~B,ll2((Jn)SinlSnf
2(1 - v) n=l

X {[2(1 - u) I 1 ({Jn) - tSnl o 03n)] Io((3np) + 13nPI 1 (13n) I 1 (13np) } , (34)

 THERMAL STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS 285

- -1
Orr(P, ~') = ¼ (p 2 -- 1) + 4(1 ~ t~iA*p-lJl(O~i p) exp [oli(~" - h)]
- v ) i=1

X {ai~(1 - e- 2oq¢) _ [ 2 v - 1 + aih(1 + e-2aih)(1 -- e 2aih) -1 ]

O0

,
x (1 +e-Z~f)}- 2(1 -~,) E= ~,~B,,I1 (
, -2 (~n) {[2(1-v)I1(~ ~)+~ Io(~,01

X (/3np)-I Ii(fdnp ) + fdnPll(fdnp ) Ii(fln ) - [flnlo(3n ) +Ii(f3n) ] lo(f3np)}

Go

+ 2 ~ (-1)nc~3i132nJ°(aiP)
(1 - e-2eqh)A*} coSfln ~" , (35)
i=1 h(/32 + a2) 2

^
Ooo(P, ~') = ~(3p 2 - v ~1i = ~
1) + -4(1 1 ~2A* exp[~i(~"- h)]

X ((aip)-lJl(aip)[{2v - 1 + ~ih(l + e-Zaih)(1 - e-2°qh) -1 }

X (1 + e -2°~i~) - ~i~(1 -e-2°tis')] - 2VJo(~iP)(1 + e-2°tg')}

+ 2(I - v-----) = 3,,B~*112(3,,) cost~,,t {(2v- 1),'1G,)/o(t3,,o)

+ [2(1 - v) 11(3n) + [3nlo(3n)] (3np) -111 (3np)} , (36)

OO

azz(P' ~) = .= 4~ty2j°l (°ti) * 4(1 - u ) exp [o~i(~'- h)]

X {t~i~(1 - e -2°q~') - [1 + ctih(1 + e-2°qh)(1 - e-2°tih)-I ] (1 + e-2air)}

OO

2 fl2na2B* ¢°S3n~" /
(37)
286 R.A,VALENTIN and J.J.CAREY

oc

z(p, 4(i .:] ;i ~i:, @Jl(~iP)A* exp[o~i(~ hI]

× [ h ( l + e - 2 a i h ) ( 1 - e -2aih) l ( l - e 2air) f(l+e-2~ir)]

+ 2(1 1
- v~ n~= 1 ~nBnI1
2 ,-2 (~n) sin/3n ~"[pll(~n) Io(~nP) - Io({Jn)II (/]nP)] (38)

4. Numerical results and conclusions

The numerical evaluation of the displacements (33), (34), and stresses (35)-(38) proved to be a straightfor-
ward matter in most cases of practical interest. The system of equations (31) was truncated at some number of
terms (usually N = 20 or 30), solved by a standard double-precision subroutine based on the Crout method, and
the resulting expansion coefficients applied to the computation of the desired stress or displacement components.
A typical evaluation on the IBM 360/50-75 using 30 terms in the various series expansions, involved computa-
tion of the four stress components and two displacements at 21 axial points on each of 6 radii, and required ap-
proximately 2 min of machine time. The four traction-free boundary conditions were satisfied to at least 6D
accuracy while examination of the various stress components in interior regions of the cylinder indicated suffi-
cient convergence for all reasonable applications. The shear component in the region near the cylinder surface
and close to the end face was the most difficult to compute due to its rapid variation within this very small region.
No discussion will be given of the various alternate expressions used in different regions of the cylinder or for
various extremes of the parameters since these calculational details have little general interest. It should be noted,
however, that certain aspects of the form in which the stresses are presented seem essential for convenient compu-
tation. For example, in the case of °rr and °zz' a more compact form than that given by (35) and (37) is ob-
tained by collapsing the interior series in these expressions into a closed form in terms of modified Bessel func-
tions. While mathematically correct, this procedure is a poor numerical strategy due to the loss of various cancel-

06 [ ' I

0.4 ~ -
h = 20 u = 0.25

02
-- h:20 .v:O 25 0.2--
<b~ PLANE STRAIN. /
I0
0
0.8
<b
0.6
-02 OA
-O.2 ~ ~

-04 - - -o.4 , I , l
I 2
o I 2
c
¢
Fig. 1. Radial stress component, Orr,as a function of axial posi- Fig. 2. Circumferential stress component, ~00, as a function
tion ~, for various values of radius P; h = 2.0, v = 0.25. of axial position ~-, for various values o f radius p ; h = 2.0,
v = 0.25.
 THERMAL STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS 287

0.6

P
o° ,% 0.8 --

<£ o.6
02 \
- -

-
h=l.o
........ ± 0.4 - -
+ \\
r__.0.2 - - PLANE STRAIN x
<b~ 0 _ h =20 l/ = 0.25
0

-0.2 y _ v=O.O
..... e=O.5

-0.4 --

O.0 b
-0.6 1 L I
0 I 2 0.4 0.8 1.2
^
(l+u/I-v) Uz

Fig. 3. Axial stress component ~zz as a function of axial posi- Fig. 5. Displacement of cylinder boundary for limiting values
tion f for various values of radius P; h = 2.0, v = 0.25. of Poisson's ratio; h = 1.0.

0.6 I I I

-0.1
0.4 h=O.5

<b~ -02 0.6

0.8 < b®

o
-03
= . = .
-0.2

-o.4 ~ i I p=O.0 v:o.25

-0.4 i L I
0 I 2 0 i 2

Fig. 4. Shear stress component ~rz as a function of axial posi- Fig. 6. Circumferential stress component at centerline and
tion ~"for various values of radius P; h = 2.0, v = 0.25. outer radius for various length to diameter ratios h; p = 0.25.

lations that w o u l d explicitly occur in the series formulation.

Figs. 1 through 4 illustrate the stress state in a cylinder of length to d i a m e t e r ratio h = 2 for Poisson's ratio
u = 0.25. It is i m m e d i a t e l y evident that, to a close a p p r o x i m a t i o n , a state o f plane strain exists in the central
region o f the cylinder and that, for all practical purposes, non-plane behavior is i m p o r t a n t only to a b o u t one
radii d e p t h f r o m the end face. As has been n o t e d by previous authors, the centerline on the end faces (O = 0,
~" = -+h) is in pure tension rather than the compressive centerline state o f the plane strain analysis.
Fig. 5 shows the d e f o r m e d shape o f a cylinder of unit length to diameter ratio for the limiting values o f
Poisson's ratio. N o t e that the m a x i m u m radial displacement occurs at the cylinder end and that incompressi-
bility (u = 0.5) slightly enhances this effect. The radial displacement in a large fraction o f the remaining region
288 R.A.VALENTIN and J.J.CAREY

0.6 . . . . . . . ~. . ... . . . . .
T .... . . ,r ] ....

PLANE STRAIN

0.4 ~ --

N
<b~ o h=o.5~- / - .....................

-0.2 5 2.0

-0.4

-o.6 r I i I i
I 2 3
C
Fig. 7. Axial stress component at centerline and outer radius for
various length to diameter ratios h; u ; 0.25.

_ I I I I//
0.6
h=l.O /
/

P 0.4

0.6 --

0.4 -- 02

0 .2 -- <b"
0 --
o

h 2.0
-o2
I/=0.25

Ill, i . ~ -04 I I I l
0 0.4 0 0.4 0.8 0 02 0.4 06 08 0
^
uz
Fig. 8. Displacement of cylinder boundary for length to diameter Fig. 9. Circumferential stress component at centerline
ratios h = 1.0, 2.0; u = 0.25. and outer radius for various values of Poisson's ratio;
h = 1.0.

is less than the plane value and this slightly increases the effective peaking at the end. In any case, a finite,
free circular cylinder having an approximately parabolic radial temperature field will always make preferential
first contact with the clad at the end of the cylinder. Also, due to the end face bulge, the free thermal ex-
pansion of a stack of such pellets would be considerably greater than that computed on a plane basis - an
effect which could be of some importance in computing reactivity feedback in certain reactor geometries.
The next group of figures, 6 through 8, illustrate how changes in the cylinder length effect stress distributions
and displacements. One observes from these results and similar distributions not included here that for cylinders
 THERMAL STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS 289

of length to diameter ratio greater than h = 2.0, one is effectively just adding a larger plane region in the central
portion - the behavior of the end region being unaffected. That is, there is no interaction between the two cy-
linder end surfaces and the ends are as those o f a semi-infinite cylinder. For h ~ 1.0, significant reduction of mag-
nitude occurs in all stress components and the deformed shape has a less Pronounced peak at the end region.
The last figure, fig. 9, illustrates the typical sensitivity of the stress distributions near the ends to the value of
Poisson's ratio. It is of interest to note that the plane strain approximation would imply that no stress component
has magnitude greater than I ol = 0.5, while fig. 9 shows that for v near zero, ~r00 > 0.5 near O -- 1 and ~"= +h.

Notation

a = outer radius o f cylinder

a*in' d*ni' e*, b*n seeeq.(29)
A? B n = expansion coefficients; eqs. (23), (26)
A, B see eq. (28)
A*, B*i see eq. (29)
D n, C i = expansion coefficients; eqs. (13), (14)
E = Young's modulus
Fn/, G n see eqs. (31), (32)
h = length to diameter ratio
k = thermal conductivity
l = half-length of cylinder
Q = reference heat-generation rate
= dimensionless heat-generation rate
r = radial coordinate
T = temperature field
To = reference temperature
T1 = temperature above reference state
ti = expansion coefficients of 7"; eq. (I 7)
u r, u z = radial, axial displacement functions
z = axial coordinate
a = coefficient of linear thermal expansion
ai = roots o f J 1 ; see eq. (11)
/3n see eq. (11)
~, ~ = Youngdahl's stress functions
if, T, etc. = dimensionless equivalents of qJ, T, etc.
v = Poisson's ratio
p = dimensionless radial coordinate
~" = dimensionless axial coordinate
Orr , o00,... = stress components

References

[ 1] A.I.Lur~, Three-dimensional problems of the theory of elasticity, eds.: D.B.McVean (trans.) and J.R.Radok (Interscience,
New York, 1964).
[2] K.T.S.R.lyengar and K.Chandrashekhara, Thermal stresses in a finite solid cylinder due to an axisymmetric temperature field
at the end surface, Nucl. Eng. Design 3 (1966) 21-31.
[3] M.Shibahara and J.Oda, Problems on the finite hollow cylinders under the axially symmetrical deformations, Bull. Jap. Soc.
Mech. Eng. 11 (1968) 1000-1014.
290 R.A.VALENT1N and J.J.CAREY

141 J.M.Blair and J.I.Veeder, The elastic deformation of a circular rod of finite length for an axially symmetric end face loading,
J. Appl. Mech. 36 (1969) 241-246.
[5] G.M.Valov, On the axially-symmetric deformations of a solid circular cylinder of finite length, PMM 26 (1962) 650- 667.
16] C.T.Sun and K.C.Valanis, On rhe axially-symmetric deformation of a hollow circular cylinder of finite length under the
action of axially-symmetric loading, Developments in Mechanics, Vol. 4 (Proc. 10th Midwestern Mech. Conf.)(1968) 17 l -185.
[7] C.K.Youngdahl, On the completeness of a set of stress functions appropriate to the solution of elasticity problems in general
cylindrical coordinates, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 7 (1969) 6 1 - 7 9 .
[8] J.Veeder, Thermo-elastic expansion of finite cylinders, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. Report, AECL-2660, Jan. 1967.
[91 G.Horvay, I.Giaever and J.A.Mirabal, Thermal stresses in a heat-generating cylinder: the variational solution of a boundary
layer problem in three-dimensional elasticity, lngenieur-Archiv 27 (1959) 179-194.
[ 10] G.Horvay and J.A.Mirabal, The end problem of cylinders, J. Appl. Mech. 25 (1958) 561 570.
[ l I ] C.J.Bellamy, Thermal stresses in hollow cylinders of finite length, Austral. J. Appl. Sci. 11 (1960) 217-232.