Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
~
11!
ABU DHABI GAS INDUSTRIES LTD.
I: Gas(o e/;'~I
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I' 5/ Vec;:2.0o i
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PROCESS ENGINEERING
I: I DESIGN MANUAL
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PROCESS ENGINEERING
'I]
DESIGN MANUAL
1.1
I:
II
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1
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Page No
N D E X
TEP'DP/EXPISUR
Date:
1. DESIGN CONDITIONS
2. VESSELS (vapour-liquid separa tors)
. Horizontal
. Vertical
3. COLUMNS
. Tray
. Packed
4. HEAT EXCHANGERS
. Shell + tube
. Air coolers Plate exchangers
Furnaces
5. PUMPS
. Centrifugal
. Reciprocating
6. DRlVERS
. Gas turbines
. Electric drivers . Steam turbines
7. COMPRESSORS
g. EXPANDERS
9. FLARE SYSTEMS
Dehydra tion
Refrigeration . Gas sweetening
13. UTILITIES
Water
Nitrogen Air
Drainage
14. COMPUTER PROGRAMS
15. DATA
•
L-_____________________________________________________________________________ ~
FORE WORD TO REVISION 0
ReVISIon 0 Page No
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~_T_EP_I_O_P_/E_X_P_I_SU__R~~________________________________~______-L_D_a_te_'___2_/_&_5__~__________ lll
t
>
i
,~
The purpose ot this manual is to present in a practical way the process design methods to be
used by TEP personnel for quick calculations as well as detailed ones. They have been carefully
"1
selected by the most experienced engineers of the Process and Operations Department
(TEP/DDP/DIP/EXP/SUR).
The physical presentation is different from that of the othh TEP/DDP/DIP manuals in order to
get an easily transportable document as well as one which i~ convenient for photocopies.
I
I
In addition, blank pages are placed at the end of the manual. They are to be used fo'r comments
regarding the content as well as the typing and prese1tation and should be sent back to
TEP/DDP/DIP/EXP/SUR in Paris to be incorporated in the text revision. Use them please: they
will be part of our feedback. 1
The following persons have cooperated to the revision 0 of the manual : MM. J.L. BAGGIO, I
P. BERLIN, Ph.BOURGEOIS, J.C. FORESTlER, B.K. MARSHALL, A. MINKKINEN,
J.P. LUCIANI, M. LE METAlS, R. ODELLO, B. PERIS~E, D. WEBER, Mme K. COTTIN,
Mle E. GOSSUIN.
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H. LEGRAND
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::1.1 ~CI!!l:I:II !:5Ji18
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL ReIJI510n .
Date 2/&5
Page No
. .
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:11 iCCU! t:I: I! 15ii8
PROCESS ENGINEE RING DESIGN MANUAL RevIsion:
Date : 2/&5
Page No '
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'IJ
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1. DESIGN CONDITIONS
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I DESIGN CONDITIONS
RevIsion _0 Page No
• QR
I I. APPLICABILITY
Date: 2/85
1.1
I The following design criteria are applicable for both feasibility studies and pre-project
studies.
I 2. PRESSURES
MOP .. 596
I Vessels subject to vacuum during operation shaH be designed for the maximum external
operating pressure plus a margin of 0.15 bar.
I If the-internal pressure is 0.35 bar a or less the vessel will be designed for full vacuum.
I D-esign pressure for pump discharges shaH be calcuIa!ted by taking 120 96 of the normal
pump ~ P when operating at design conditions.
I depressurisation of the vessel that may OCcur during emergency or shut down situations.
(See section on flaring).
Details of the required material of construction for various temperatures are given in
I Table l.
I •
Details on corrosion allowances and wall thickness are given in the vessel design section.
I
I
......
rI r- 10-'C
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69 'C -T
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• ,"0 'C • '~27 'C MAX II MAX MAX
II ABOVE
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:=
TO TO I TO TO TO TO •. •. •. • ,~
I 1 _ 19£ 'C 101 'C _ 6& 'C _ H 'C _ 29 'C .21 .c HI C I }1& C I H) C I }9) C
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-- PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL
ReYI~ion :
Date 2/&5
Pa<Je No :
2. VESSELS
• .
-- PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision:
Date : 2/&5
Pa<J~ No :
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-:1 2. VESSELS
II
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RevIsion" 0 Page No
VAPOUR - LIQUID SEPARA TORS
1. APPLICABILITY
Virtually all process schemes use phase separation. The design and sizing of a separa tor wi th
acceptable accuracy is required for both the feasibility and pre-project phases.
Separ a tion of solids from gas or liquids is not covered in this design guide. Generally a
vendor will be consulted for details of a proprietory d~signed vessel.
I
--
tripping the compressor.
--- --~ ---
- - - --._------
Required upstream of acid gas absorbers, glycol contactors and dessicant bed
dehydrators. Can be incorporated into base of tower for weight and space saving.
Always use demister pads.
tz~·'
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Page No
&SPZ7Prs a:
VAPOUR - LIQUID SEPARA TORS
A rising liquid level in a vertical drum does not alter the vapour flow area. I
Consequently vertical drums are preferred for compressor and fuel gas KO drums.
Vertical drums utilise a smaller plot and are easier to instrument with alarms and ·1
shutdown controls. For floating installations they are preferred as less "sloshing"
OCCurs.
I
Each design case must be evaluated separately but in general the following can be used
as a guideline:
II
Vertical drums Compressor KO drums
Fuel gas KO drums
Degassing boots
Absorber feed KO drums II
, Floating installations
:~
(Valid only for pure gravity settlers with no internals to enhance separation)
~
K = correlating parameter m/s
(2) K = 0.003616( g)Yt D - particle diameter -microns
~
C - drag coefficient
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r---------r-________~~.______________.------~--__~
ReVISion 0 Page No
VAPOUR - LIQUID SEPARA TORS
For medium and low pressure with gases of viscosity less than 0.01 cp Figure I ,
can be used to estimate Vs. , - -. !~
(5)
Ut: 0.5108 ( .f~ f~) Ut in mm/min
Ie. in centipoise
f in kg/m3
Iii-'
The above equation is valid for RE YNOLDS number of 0.1 _ 0.3 . "J
/(( '-'
j"
----
U.
If calculated settling velocity is > 250 mm/min use 250 max. /
For greater accuracy the length L should be the tan-tan length and not the
flowpath length between nozzles. This is especially true with large vessels and a
tight design.
[f applicable use the .500 micron curve to evaluate settling velocity (this assumes
a mist eliminator will be installed) or 150 micron with no mist eliminator. It is
recommended to instaCl a mist eliminator for most applications. If not calculate
Vs using equ 3. il
Derate the calculated settling velocity by 85 96 design margin to give a
maximum allowable vapour velocity.
II
Calculate drum internal diameter and round to nearest 50 mm. (further
adjustment of 10 : 00 can be made to suit standard head dimensions).
'I'
r Check if wall thickness is less than 100 mm (See para 4.8).
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r----------r-_______ .___ ._.... _____________.-______-.-____~
RevISion 0
Page No.
VAPOUR - LIQUID SEPARA TORS
• Date. 2/85
2.5
TL
h2 : 100 mm if mesh selected
hI
150 mm for compressor KO
h2
hl
III-'
I
h4 : 400 mm + d/2 : d = inletl nozzle 0
hS
IJLL
Note: ,
For compressor suction drums that are nlormally dry set Hll at 450 mm
I
above tan line and use bottom connect¢d lC. This will reduce ves5el
height if required. ,'10 specific Hll-LLL IhOld up time required.
RevIsIon 0 P.Jge No
Vm = F x Vs x (LID) mls
"'
use LID of 3 to 4 max (J firs test)
I
3. Evaluate required vapour cross sectional area, Av I
4. Assume drum is 70 % full i.e hiD = .7 and evaluate drum ~ to give required Av
(to nearest 50 mm). For "dry" vessels use hiD = .35 I
5. For required liquid surge volume, calculate vol at HLL, if insufficient adjust 0 or
L (note if LID changes significantly recheck Av using new Vm).
I
6. Set position of LLL in drum and confirm required surge vol between HLL-LLL. If
volume is insufficient increase 0, Lor h. Include volumes in heads.
I
7. When setting LLL height take into account any LSLL, LSL alarms and vortex I
breakers which may set minimum value usable. Usually 300-350 mm.
"Normal" liquid levels are taken as midway between the high and low levels.
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VA PO lm - LIQ UID SEP AR A TOR
S
n EY8'WP
Dat e· 2/8 5 2.7
4.6 . CA LC UL AT ION PRO CED UR
E HO RIZ ON TAL VESSEL 3 PHA
SE (S~e Fig ure 4)
Suf fici ent resi den ce tim e to
allo w sep ara tion of the oil- wat
er mix ture as wei ! as
the oil sur ge and vap our flow
are as mu st be pro vid ed.
1. Pro cee d wit h step s I to
4 as for a two pha se sep ara
tion . Use LID = 3 (l st
est ima te) and eva lua te L.
3. Check that settling is also possible when operating at HLL, droplet to fall
below drawoff nozzle level.
4. Size water drawoff boot ~ (try to use standard pipe diameters). Calculate
rising velocity of the oil in water, set downward velocity of water in boot at
90 % of this and evaluate boot 0. Boot length by inspection (use standard
displacers).
Inlet nozzle
Gas outlet
Liquid outlet
Size on normal flow
Normal flow + 10 %
Velocity limit 15-30 m/s Velocity limit I-J m/s HC
2-4 m/s water
Manholes: 450 mm or 600
Min. diameter = 2" (avoid plugging)
Calculate vessel wall thickness using the ASME VIII dive 1 formula. The wall
thickness should be calculate9 immediatly after 0 is known to confirm if
t < 100 mm.
I
2.11
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I
EQUIP\lENT 01 0
I
1)
Calr:ulate settling veloc::ity Vs
~
I
2)
Cakulate vessel diarneter required tor droplets separation:
I
01 =4 Y. lr. VS.
Qg .,
F. (LTD)
1/
I
3)
Cakula te vessel diameter required for suffic:ient liquid residence time:
I
I
02 = V- 6 QI t,.,
311'" (LID)
~ I
I
(
4)
Select 0 = max (D 1, 02). Round to Upper value
r = Qg gas flowrate at P, T
m 3 /s
QI = total liquid flowrate
m 3 /s
Ys = settling velocity
I I, m/s
0 = vessel diameter
m
LID = vessel design ratio (LID = 3-4) _
F = security fac:tor (O.85)
-
tres = liquid residenc:e time
s .
. I
... ~
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
SHOR T CUT METHOD ITEM
I
R HORIZONTAL DRUM
8y I 1 CHI( I DATE 1 ! lOf! Tift[
No
l08No
~!" i
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.
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2. I 3
0eerating data:
Pressure (operating) bara = 1.01.
Temperature (operating) °C = 3~
Gas MW
= $'"1. It Liquid desc:ription : C Ilv~£ o;t...
Gas flow rate kg/h = 1i~o Liquid flow rate kg/h = 106'\0
Gas density (T,P) kg/m3 = ~.I Liquid densi ty (T ,P) kg/m3 = 210
Ac:tual volume flow Qg m3/s = o.9"l Actual volume flow m3/min = O.~~
Partide size mic:rons = IS"O
Mesh pad CS): Estimate Vs using Figure I and 500 mic:ron c:urve
No : If P < 50 bar and ~ < 0.0 I use Fig. I and 150 mic:rons
If P > 50 bar or ! ) 0.0 I use c:akulation for Vs
1. Vapour-liquid settling velocity: from Fig I/cel "let! d. Vs = :t m/s
<?(o!;...I_ I -:;':L.2~
C = Vs = m/s
• Delete as applicable
I
.
. DESIGN PRESSURE
2.<;
I . P= barg Diameter 0 = 900 mm
CORROSION ALLOWANCE
, Max stress:
S = 1220 bar CS
C = J mm
t = PxD
1000 bar CS -'. S = I~,' J 2 x S x E - 1.2 P
+C .:: t.,
I Joint efficiency (.&5) E = o·~{
tmin = 0/&00 +C
I :;. ~.l
t: 5"" mm
8. Vessel weight (Fig. 6)
I
-.
t = 5 mm Shell weight = I~'O ~,
"-
kg -
I L =
D = :;.l m
6 m (5'+1) Head weight =
]
80 kg
,
l
.&;;J;;;l PROCESS CALCULA TlON SH EE T
~V-E-R-T-IC--A-L-V-A-P-O-U-R---L-[Q--U-I-D-SE--P-A-R-A-T-O-R---rl,-:-o£
. -"'-,."-If-:-JA-.~-,'
I
I., liED
Sheet 2 of 2
. __ . -., -'---,-,:,-,,--;-------"- .-
'( i
. ! "---
CHI( ~ OA T£ i JOB TlTL£ i A'\[ ',.'1 i..
i 108 "0 I RE v
I
2. [I)
I
4. Nozzle sizing: velur:ity limits (m/s) = Inlet: 7-13, Gas outlet: 15-30, liquid outlet 1-3
02
(+ 10 %)
Gas outlet
o. ~
= O.J. S
r-
m3/s Nozzle ID = b "
I
Actual vel = IJ m/s
Liquid outlet = a.ot. m3/s Nozzle 10 = b " Actual vel = ,•. I m/s I
5. Drum sizing ,.
I
\
. C \
1 v., m3
I
I
TRIAL
I
I o."l
2 3 4
I
I
I
I
Selected hiD
I 0.'
Vapour area I
Av m2 I o.Irlt I
% Total area (Fig. 3) ,_
I lr- ~1- I
Total area At ~') m2 '-> I O.C;;\C
Liquid area o.-rolf, -o,rt);f,A.I O'~ m2 I
o. ~f,"l..-
I
CaJc:ulated drum 0 mm \l20 I
Selected drum 0 D mm
I
1 I$"O .ccoo ' I
LID (3 - 4) I
Flowpath length
3 I I
L mm ~/.. S"o I (00 0
I
Tan/Tan length L' mm : b~ 30 I
I
HLL height I I
mm gor I 11 Q.()
Volume at HLL m3 I
LLL height !.bt I I!.q 1.. I
mm I
Volume at LLL m3
~ro I
Surge volume (HLL - LLL) I 1. ~6 I
m3 I \'t).5'(; I
CaJc:ulated tres
I I
min I ?>.qg I
I I
NOTES:
I I I
I Tty u:o~ W'I I o~ I
I I I
a)
SELECTED DRUM: DIAMETER " ~l)oO mm x '~3() mm tan/tan I
Tan/tan length L' = L + I t x 0i + 1 t 02
(ignore this c:orrection if D < 1.2 m and use L for volume c:aJc:s. For trial 1 use L
and ignore heads). I
b)
ff VOL HLL is less than required surge inc:rease D, L or hiD or reduc:e tres (by
inspec: tion).
I
PROCESS CAlCUlA nON S EET
-
... . ._....
CALCULA nON FOR HORIZONTAL'
2 PHASE SEPARA TOR
ITEM
No
P":;-"'CL
I
\ ) " . '"\
: ' r-
Sheet 2 of 3
•• ' c~ I
OA T£ I JOB TITlE (: ".\r I?L ,_ JOB No I ~£ v j
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I
2. I 7
6. Wall thickness
DESIGN PRESSURE
P = -ll barg Max stress CS = 1220 bar
CORROSION ALLOWANCE C = ~ mm SS = 1000 bar
S = Itt 0
,,-
Joint efficiency E = 0."( ~
t = PxD +C
=
2SE-1.2P mm
M'
•I 7 CALCULA nON FOR HORIZONTAL
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
Sheet 3 of 3
TEP'DDPlDIP/E XP'SUR 2 PHASE SEPARA TOR
1,
BY 11 CHI( 1 DATE I I J08 TITLE ~ '( Aqile L
No
J08NO
\/ I Q
TANfTAN LENGTH Lr.
I
I ... JOoo
2. I ~
1 --I
CDT~'
I•
FLOW PATH LENGTH L = '+-"00 ..
I
HLL
· Amend sketch if boot
required instead of baffle
· Indicate on sketch
I
D· ISoo 1100
SSo Hll
'1S
III
100
if mesh required
· Heads: 2 : 1 elliptical
(belA i'fI'" ericltl
I
hS
IL'5o III I
hS r
h4
-I-
!Do
~ EQUIPEMENT No : D SO\ 0
I
I .. B ll- DESCRIPTION:
-I
Operating data _
1 'too Off'S~~ .,..es,.. SlfA/lA"T'DIl..
I
Operating pressure bara = J.. ()
Operating temperature °C = So
CONDENSATE
.f'c
Flowrate
Density T,P
kg/h = 31G6\)
kg/ m3 = 12').,4 I
QI Vol flow T,P m3/min = o.":J\ ~ 0 - - ;
-
GAS MW
Mass flowrate kg/h = Ie 5' o~
)-Ie Visc:osi ty c:p = o·lf I
Density
Qg Vol flow
T,P kg/m3
m3/h
= ?S·o
= Itq := c-tJk;--
WATER CUT
fW
Flowrate
Density T,P
kg/h
kg/m3 = 9&&"
= q'liS
I
? :. o.o\o~ Qw Vol flow T,P m3/min = o.I'r~c- : ~_,_I
Particle size mic:rons =I r 0 Viscosi ty ep = o.s I,
1. Vapour-liquid settling velocity: from Fig. l/calc:'.II.ted
~ ~ 3 S-.::> _ ~ 2 .LI/
It- Vs = 0.11\" . m/s
I
c =
• Delete as applicable
I
2. Maximum vapour
velodty LID = 3
Vm = Vs x 0.85 x L
[5
Vm::; O·/'d.. b m/s
I
3. Liquid-liquid settling
I
Oil in water Ut = 0.51 q8[f'f-""(c.] mm/min mm/min
I 0 ~ -----_.- ..
;.'
- c .; ~.
.
I
_J . :
" "
- --- r
_.
-+-._
I
PROCESS CALCULA nON SHEET Sheet 1 of 4
CALCULATION FOR HOBJZONTAL
3 PHASE SEPARA-rnR
ITEM.
No
oFrs~o~(
J> $'0 \0
I.
J I
BY 1 CHK OA T£
106 No I REV i
I
I
r-- --- --- --- .-- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
',;
., \
--- --- --- -_________________
l
- ' -
m /s: noz zle ID
- ...-- -t -- -- -- -- -- +- --ac:tua[ vel rn/s l
1. ::I:~ ~~~
2. Gas out let :
,'.:;: ;o'.~, , 0" f ( ~ " ('00 ..~,
-- -- -- -- -J
c. g I
')
i J. HC out let : O.O~b t U
J r---------~----- '#.~
4. Wa ter out let : ----------.-----
-----~
O.c) I'L 3" c':\r"" . . . ) t.,
.5. Ves sel sizi ng o·o oU ~.
I I I I
I
TRI AL
I 1 2 J I I
I I I 4
I I I
.(1.. .' II 6·7 -:;
Sel ect ed hiD l
Ca kul ate d (Qg /Vm ) o·()~' I O· t I Q I -.- -,
Avrc;;.l~(,m2
~ - I o.U I I
Av as 96 AT (F:.r. 3) '.
a·o t I t. ~ f
I
Tot al are a::. I lS- I ~t.
I ,
.o~/<, \" At m2 I ll. ( I I ,
Liq uid are a () . '3> 2 : (;:> • c' ")Al I 0·3 L I l·U 1- I \.~, I
..J
m2 I o ·!h I o.H It I I. :3g-,. I .- -
I I I I
Ca kul ate d 0 I I I
Sel ect ed 0 mm I 'fo I I
D mm I I I
100 0 I \15"0 ,- Iro O ./ I
LID (J - 4) I I I
I I I
Flo wp ath len gth
L
3 I A 3·1.- I I
Tan /Ta n len gth mm I ~ COQ I .i'ooo
L' mm I 5lS0
.(fO o I I
I {l r O )0- 0 I I
HL L hei ght I I
hI mm I 60 0 I I
Vol um e at HLL ~ fOO 110 0 ./
I
LLL hei ght m3 I \ .Y l I t-' l i.Ci- I
h2 mm I I I
Vol um e at LLL I /.0 0 ~50
I I
m3 I
Sur ge vol um e (HLL - LLL)
m3 I ,
I I. 'i
t.t f.. kit
!.t.. 1 I
I I
I
Cal c:u la ted tres
min
I
I ,I ~.q
/.. (It
I
I
I
----
6IIil ~--------------
PRO CES S CAL CUL ATIO N
---------------
SHEET
---,----------- She et 2 of 4
- 7 1
-'- -- - CA LC UL AT ION FO R HO RIZ ON
3 PHA SE SEP AR A TO R
TA L ITfM MHI -{At C "7E~~
--~~~~
SE:P A,2A Too/ .
~-----. . .
BY I i CHI( I DATE !
No. D fOt 0
JOB No I Ri.,
I
\1,':\ TER SECTION
2.20
I; I
Trial I f) = 2/3 x L = 3tfa mrn (rounded)
m3
'tou I
I
'LOo
J. \l
I
I I
I
'.0\ I I I
q2 water vol at L1L (up to baffle) m3 0.61.- o.b,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I.
qJ water vol at NIL (up to baffle) m3 O·n \. ~,
DATE
3 PHASE SEPARA tOR
I I JOB TITLE
PROCESS CALCULATION ,SHEET
(XArlt"LL
ITEM
No.
108 No
~
o rr.l"o~t.
)010
" t. ~ T
Sheet J of 4
5(-'"",'I-I',c ~
I REV
I
!
I
I
I
I
I 2.21
I
I 6. Wall thickness
I DESIGN PRESSURE
P = /.f.'l barg Max stress
CS = 1220 bar
I CORROSIOr\ ALLOWANCE
C=.3 mm
SS = 1000 bar
S = 111..0
I t = PxD +C
Joint effidenc:y E= 0."1.1
2SE-I.2P = mm
I
I 8. Vessel weight (Fig. 6)
I t =
L =
3f"
~
,....
mm
m
Shell weight = 10 ~OO
k~
i
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I
; /'
- --- -- , - ( '-1
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I ~--------------------------------------------- Sheet
PROCESS CAlCUlA TJON SHEET
4 of 4 ----
CALCULA nON FOR HORIZONTAL 7EJT .s('I\.,~.,o( ...
I 8y I J (HI( j 04 T!
3 PHASE SEPARA TOR
I\jo
J081\jo
j) ~O Iv
I "I.
I
I PROCESS ENGINEE~ING DESIGN MANUAL Revision: Page No :
I FIGURE 1
I
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;: ' i : :"IIII.;.;..+.
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10 u
rp:r~,
'''':')'''1",,1 I· . J.r;U<'.:!!.:,·~ L"W":',·.~. :,1,1, ,Ii CRe
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= 1.3072 x10'11(p~) (0)3 (Pl-P\()~:'; ..
.:g IHh,Willll;~mi! -1!\RVurm;
. -~ i~
fTfllllll 'I '~'I r..1!t I~n. IIII1HI r;p: :;:11;,-,,:;0; p - VISCOSITY OF :AS CP " ; ..
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':'-i;;
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...... ... ....
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I PROCE SS ENG/" JEERIN G DESIG N MANU AL
Revl\lo n: 0 Page No :
I a& E55t !
V',POUR At."": LIQUID SEP1\RA TORS
I FIGUR E 3
RELAT IONSH IP BETW EEN CHOR DAL HEIGH T
I D
I
I
I
I
I 45
I 40
I «
w
ex:
«
w
I -.oJ
(J
ex:
(J
LL
I o
W
(!)
«
t- 20
I Z
w
(J
ex:
w
Q.. 15
I l
10
I 5
I O+-~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~, I ."
,_·~~
• f
__+-~~~~~__~~
o 5 10 15
I 20 25
PERCE NTAGE OF CIRCL E DIAME TER
30 35
./ /
40 45 50
I
I
I
PROCESS ENGINEERI~.~ DESIGN MANUAL Revision:
I
-
Page No :
Date 2.25
I FIGURE 4
I 3 PHASE SEPARATOR
I MIN
-t-t-
OptIonAl
II nom"'"
.... 300mm min
I -----------------~lJ:---r-Ul_t300.------
75
I - - - - - - - - - - 300-
.75
I
I B
t
m.n
!
L
I .I
Ii
I
I
I
I
I PROCE SS ENGIN EERIN G DESIG N MANU AL ReVISIo n
o Page No :
I ill:.- J S~
':;-"POUR AND LIQU 10 SEPAR AroHS
I
I
I
I
FIGUR E 6
E
I a:
w
~
W
5.000
V~sel weight estima tion
4.500
~
I ~
0
-.
en
4.000
3.SOO
3.000
~ 2.11()/)
I ~
I
<.J
2.600
. 2.400
2.200
2.000 v V ! V /'
W
~
1.800 ~ /~~V-+~~~~~~I/~++-4-4-+~ From hydroc arbon process ing
I 1.600
1.400
./ 5 V V August 1981
1200
I 1.000 /V IL
~-4.~/ e t-+-+-V~/+-
Y l T~I~
I I~
900
800
/ r V ~[ .~ l
I
700
600 ~ 0
FOI nHl &addl.,.
u ~
b
[
SOO / ..u 1 m '0 lenvh' ,- I
I I I I I I I I I I I
I HLL
I c
E
LLL
o
~----~~----~--g~--------~H-'-L--~-+--~
I LlL
I WATE R DRAIN
FIGUR E 5
JPHAS E SEPAR ATOR WITH WATE R BOOT
I
I
I
I ---
.... 1. - I
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL
NOTL,)
Revision:
Date
0
: 2/85
Page No :
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I -
I -
I
I
I
I
I
I
PROCESS ENGINEERING OESIG~ M~NUAL RevisIOn:
I elF! 2 --~
Date : 2/&5
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 3. COLUMNS
I •
I
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
RevISIon· 0
IRA Y COLUMNS
I t is not expected that a hand calcula tion of a teay distillation or absorbtion column b.,
pedormed by the engine«, For the purpose of a feasibility or pee-project study any «qui«"
rigorous column sizing would be performed using SSI PROCESS simulator, or similar,
Should, however, a quick estimation of tower diameter and height be required one of the
most Common methods of hand calculation for valve trays is the "GLlTSCH METHOD", An
example of the procedure for this methOd is given in Section 3.
A detailed mechanical design of a tray column is beyond the SCope of this guide, For details
on glycol towers see package units.
2.1. TRAYS
There are baSically three types of tray used in distillation cOlumns; sieve, bubble cap
and valve trays. Each type has specific applications and flexibilities dependant on the
process criteria. Some of the major aspects are detailed as follows:
Bubble caps
Operation ..
Vapour passes through "risers" into the bubble cap then bubbles into
the surrounding liquid on the tray. Bubbling action effects liquid-
vapour contact. The liquid exits the tray via outlet weir and
downcomer arrangement to the tray below.
Capacity
Moderately high efficiency (minimum 50 %) is maintained at varying
rates due to weir maintaining liquid head.
Efficiency
For many years was the most common type of tray-cOnsequently
many published tray efficiencies are available from vendor Sources.
Note: most expensive type of tray.
Application
All major services excepts Coking, polymer formation or other high
fouling condi tions. ldeal for use in :Iow flow condi tions where tray
must remain flOOded to maintain a v~pour seal.
I
!
I ray s;:;acing
IS" is normal. Consider 24" to 36" for vacuum conditions.
I
RevIsion. 0
I
Page No.
TRA Y COLUMNS
't
Date: 2/85 3.2
Sieve trays
With downcomers
I
Without downcomers
Operation
Vapour rises through 1/8" to I"
holes and bubbles through
Vapour rises through holes in I
and bubbles through liquid.
liquid. liquid flows across tray
over weir via downcomer to
liquid head
Countercurrent
forces
through
liquid
same
I
tray below •.
holes to tray below. Flow is
generally random and does not I
form continuous streams from
Capacity
each hole. I
As high as or higher than bubble cap trays for design rates or down
to 60 % of design. A t lower ra tes efficiency falls and performance I
is poor. Generally unacceptable to operate below 60 % capacity.
Efficiency
As high as bubble caps at design capacity. Efficiency becomes I
unacceptable below 60 % design capacity. Not suitable for variable
load columns.
I
Applica tion
Systems where high capacity near design rates
maintained in continuous service •. Handles suspended solid particles
are to be
I
well flushing them down to tray below. Can be problem to run with
salting-out systems where trays rl,ln hot and dry, holes may plug.
Not recommended for oil + gas service due to poor flexibility.
I
Tray spacing
15" average, 9" to 12" accep-
i12" average, 9" to 18" accep-
.. I
table. Use 20" to JO" for
vacuum.
table. Use
vacuum.
18" to JO" for
I
Valve trays/ballast cae
Generally the same aspects as for sieve trays. Most valve trays are specialist
I
proprietry design for specific operation problems and capacities. Specialist 'vendors
include Glitsch, Koch (f1exitray), Nutter, Union Carbide. Best choice of tray for
I
distillation application.
Tray efficiencies
Absorbers
Stripping
2.2. CONDENSERS
Basically two types of overhead condenser exist, partial and total. When using a
total condenser the heat load is equal to the latent heat of the saturated overhead
vapour. The resultant bubble point liquid is split with some returning as reflux and
the remaining portion as distillate product.
2.3. REBOILERS
The heat exchanger should be located 2-3 m below the exit nozzle from the
column so that sufficient head is available for thermal circula tion.
Reboilers may be heated by direct fire, electrical coit, steam, closed heating
medium or process fluid exchange.
Values of U overall {incl. fouling factor} for various types of reboiler and design
methods are gi ven in the hea t exchanger design guides.
ReVISion o
I
TRA Y COLUMNS
Date: 2/85 3.4
.1
3. CALCULA nONS
'I
See following pages: I
4. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE
4.1. Distillation
I
I~ rl I~ nIl
C'on-rt"" C,t .. • Flaw I
I",,, Do. ftC,"'''
..."
I
Ovll" OowncQ,..,
I
O.. fltf Oownco""r We.,
I
I~"I Vt • • TRA Y TY PES BY LIQUID PA THS I
FIG.
11 O~II.' v ••• I I
", ... , ... , ...
I
Oo.."bft • P'11 C.,cod.
I
3. 'i
TRA Y CALCULA nON SHEET
Reduced temperature Tr
Reduc:ed Pressure Pr
to + 273
Tr = - _ __
=- !i'
Pr = - = - :. o·f8
/.~
Vapour density
12.0JxMWxP
Dv=-_ _ _ __ 12.0Jx~l/' -u
=
Z x (to + 273) 0·61- )( z..g,
= 5S . .t kg/mJ
Vapour actual rate
kg/h
Cv = =-- = 30S8
Dv S~.t.
lOB 1010
I
I
2. LIQUID FROM TRA Y
I
to= \~ °C Use figure 10 page 15-20
0 15 = 3b'ct kg/m 3 0L at to =fll kg/m 3
I
r &0"
Liquid flowrate = 'i kg/h
I
C = kg/h:. q~ooo = .B1 m3/h
L
OL j., II
I
3. DOWNCOMER DESIGN VELOCITY VO dsg
I
TS =,? "=ISo mm "TRA Y SPACING"
DL - Ov = 3.r6 kg/m3 I
VD dsgo = 3z..o m 3/h/m 2 From figure 2 Page 3.10
System factor Kl = 1.0
VO dsg = VD dsgo x Kl =32.0 m 3/h/m 2
from table 1 Page 3.9
I
4. VAPOUR CAPACITY FACTOR CAF I
TS =~;-omm
CAF 0 =0·38 from (Fig.3) on page 3.10
I
=
System factor K2
CAF = CAFox K2 = \.0 xO.3f= o. l~
from {Table l} page 3.9
I
5. VAPOUR EFFECTIVE LOAD V Load I
x I
= x =''1.01. m 3/h I
6. APPROXIMATE COLUMN DIAMETER DT =2.r m from (Fig.4) page 3.11
-------------------------
I
------------------------
I
I
I
I!fj
2 TRA Y COLUMNS
PROCESS CALCULA nON SHEET
ITEM J) lO'b
Sheet 2 of 4
I
- No
I I
BY CHI( [ OAf[ I I JOB TITlE ()< <\rl "L. t- JOB No
I I<lV i
I
I
3.7
Minimum distance for HI will be one tray spacing. Minimum distance between
inlet nozzle and top tray 300 mm.
b. H2:
for tray efficiency see section 2.1 page 3.3. Assume :: 50%
Actual trays :: \b
~ : if the c:olumn diameter changes over the length, the transition piece wilI be
liE
C $ TRA Y COLUMNS
PROCESS CAlCUlA ndN SHEET
Sheet 3 of 4
J08 No
I RI \I !
I
r:. H3 :
J.S ,II
H3 :: hi .. h2
hi :: tray spar:ing x 2 ::
qoo
I
mm
· another uni t
10
-5
i
I
· reboiler/heat exchanger
5
, h6 ::tcOo mm h7 :: 100 mm
I
h&:: ~oo mm
I ~h2 :2fOo mm
I
I
H3 :: hI .. h2 ::31Q...() mm I
,
~
Selected HJ :: ~~ Qe> mm I
I TOTAL COLUMN HEIGHT = HI + H2 + HJ =HorOm m
I'
, I'
" I,
I!
I
t-
M TRAY COLUMNS
PROCESS CALCULA nON SHEET
ITfM
NJ
.i) tulG
Sheet 4 of 4
I
....
I
11 J 1 1
CHI( OATE J08 rlTlE &"\nhC
J08 No
1 R[V I I
I
I
f TRA Y COLUMNS
ReVISiOn 0
• 7 • WI
'I; Date. 2/85 3.9
I]
ill TABLE 1
SYSTEM FACTORS
IJ Service System
11 Factor
I!
TABLE 2
IJ
I;'1 Column diameter mm Minimum recommended
Tray spacing: 75 mm
I~
IJ
I
I
I
I
Ii..j
.-
PflOCESS ENGINEEHING DESIGN ,\'ANUAL
11
RevIsIon P.l<]e No
TPi,',' ('ut: !~:h
i(1
"0
I"-~
-_. ---
• -.------ ----, - - - -
Date
- -
T--
: .' /~)
---
J, III
V r
(J "0
vO
hi
.) . , .'
V
/ V
L
V
/
I
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f-------
V
L/
.... L L
V
IJ _IV/
"0
V
...
/
t
11
110
llo
- - --
....
V --r- --..... - -
/
/ L
V t-- ------
V"
Y
V ,,-
~ . - r-
IJ no r----
/ V V
/
II] 1\0 --- / V
L F'. '1.' DOWNCOUEA DESIGN VELOCITY
IJ "0
'0. nl
/ )00 000 SOD 000
'OIl .00
- loot
0... D.I- _".J
t
11J CAf,
FI,.J FLOOD CAPACITY OF eALLAST T"AT~
[
IJ •• 1
[
IJ I.'
I, •. zoot
In I'
~
t:":::t:::::::,
IJ 1.1
V VV u.-.- l- f:::
~
... V V V J
TS.I"- r- r-
... I--' ~
..c V-
I' V 1 r- ~
IJ I. . . . . V
..... ..-/
,/
V
,/'
V ~
,/"
..-/
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,--
----r r- ~i\
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....... V
~
r--- r-- ..- ...... 1--' f\
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f-- LIN
f-~ I-
ll""
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I.J 1- t-- ~ ~ l- I-- ~ /
f-f- ~
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l- f-
1\ \
I 0.01 0.02 1.1" .... ... '., '.4 0.' 0.' I • • u •• ,0 II
1
100
~-
l'
I '------------------------------~--------------------~
I
I
I
.~
PROCESS ENGINEERI~JG DESIGN ·.1ANUAl RevIsion: ParJ" No
I Date 1.11
I
", LOAD", 'a
)000 loe
I NO'.
FF • 10'\ 7$0
700
I
FOR FOUR PASS TRA Y!
1) Oi.,d. II Load by 2
zsoo 11 L'q"i( Load by 2
1I Olo'.in ~I_'.'
n.
fr.,.. two ....... tn, Ii,..
yz:o
I ., ""llIpl, di._I •• 10,
4.05 loe
I S50
I .50
.00
1500
150
11 lOO
11 1000 J. oo
~·~s
2S0
~·~O
I ~.Ss
~·.O
~·~S
zoo
~,'O
I] soo
'._$
'·.S
'·~O
150
100
'.~
'.,)s
'·~O so
'.OS
O.~
0._.O·~S
o •
I
I
1
1
I
f' j
-
PACKED TOWERS
:..: .... -.
;1: Date 2/85 3.12
1. APPLICABILITY
Under normal circumstances the design of a packed tower would be detailed by a vendor
based on process data supplied by the engineer. The detailed design of packed towers is
complex and requires specific information regarding both packing type and size and mass
transfer data for the fluids contacted.
IJ For the purpose of this design guide details are given on the general arrangement of packed
IJ towers, various types of packing and loading and pressure drop correlations.
11 determined by the engineer if required using methods outlined in design literature (see
references). A detailed description is beyond the scope of this guide and is normally
unnecessary for feasibility and pre-project level.
IJ Packing
IJ The correct selection of a tower packing will normally be made by the vendor based on the
r: required process, flowrates and pressure drops stated. Details on packing are given in :
I~ Carbon steel towers may be lined for corrosive service with rubber, plastic or brick depending
on the nature of the fluids being processed and the temperatures encountered.
Towers are generally loaded by dumping the packing rathfr than staCking. Stacking is more
I expensive and gives inferior liquid distribution but smaller pressure drop. Certain packing
types will be stacked at vendor request.
I
I
I
RevIsion 0 P.HJf> No
PACKED TOWERS
Ell! 3&
Date: 2/85 3.13
Packing heights per support plate/grid should not exceed 12' 0.6 m) for Raschig rings of
15-20 ' (4.5 - 6 m) for other packing types. Individual bed heights are normally limited to 3
column diameters or 6 m maximum.
Good liquid distribution over the packing is necessary to promote adequate phase contact
within the bed. The streams of liquid should enter the bed on 3" - 6" square centres for small
towers with 0 < 36". For larger towers the number of streams should not be less than (D/6}2.
Liquid redis tributors should be installed after approx. 3 tower diameters for Raschig rings
and 5-10 diameters for other packing types. Redistributors are not generally required for
stacked packing as the downward liquid flow is vertical.
In order to reduce ceramic and carbon packing breakage occuring during flow surges hold-
down or floating bed limiters are installed on top of the packing. The limiter must be heavy
enough to hold down the bed and be able to resettle as the bed moves.
For plastic or metal packing the bed limiter is bolted in place and does not rest on the
packing.
Packed towers are not recommended for dirty service fluids nor for glycol dehydration.
Packed tower should be considered in preference to tray towers for:
• ..
I
RevIsion: 0
2 oT ••
PACKED TOWERS
Page No .
I
Date:
2/85 3.14
I
4. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERA TURE
Date
Page No
1. 1 ')
I
I Liqui4 ,.,"
--.-c=;=======~ FIGURE 1
GENERAL '!'<:MER
I A..~~~GE"'.EN"T'
I
I: Liq ... R,-Oi."i ..
S',ch4 La,.,•
• r Lor" ..4
I III".,4iol,
Silt4 Podi ..
(Nol N,cell.,il,
S•• , " II."
Tow., Peckil,) I.
I
Pedi .. $tI«IM
Pre"", Swpp." Ope,.., ..
- .......~- far P,oc ...
PI." PI.U il9. MOlP\ (0u1l.,.4)
"l'--o.-"-
SiIM "-t....
.. ~ $tlliot
I Loree "-ckiAt ..
.s..,,.. $til",
I Pac1lac Material
Packing Sc:moe Applicatioo
~
raiD
Hot alkali (or .teel, May be: heavier
other .eryicc to nUl thau cer.mic,
metab
-~
~
Paciri"C $iu
This affects contact efficiency; u5ually, the smaller
packing is more efficient; however. pres.sure drop in-
creues.
~
As a ~nera.1 guide, use:
, • .
Packing Size, Nominal, inches
V2" -~"
~"- I"
I"-l!!,"
IV,' - 2"
2" - 3"
Column Diam., inches
6"-12"
12" -- 18"
18" - 24"
24" - 48"
I 36" - larger
I
Il ..... PROCE SS ENGIN EE RING DESIG N MANU AL
PACKED 'l'CMERS
Revisio n:
Date
fJ
2/8"
Pdge No :
3. 16
3.,0
I Design tOO.
60
GENERAUZED PRESSURE DROP
CORRELATION
Techniques 40
~AIIAN!Tf" ~ CV'I~S
... 'HOC'
, ..... (8_1
Of' • ..,t",'ooT. 'I()UOO(S
IN ~_HTH£SIS .... [ .... OF "A
~
s..o-
T("'''[T(''
for Sizing 20 OF ~ACl\(O I1[IO"T.
11 1.0
Packed Towers
..
Q6
11 G... Ra,e
OENEIIAU ZEO PRESSUR E DflOP COIIIIElA TlON
~IIO~EIITY
L;quod IU ..
IT.. aOL
G
aRmSH UHITS
LOI/It' NC
METlIIC UNITS
KG/M'.
006
0.04
l llle/It' NC KG/M' •
Gas 0.,,111y Pg lI.. , It , KG/M'
L;quod Denllty P, lIIe/ll' 0.02
KG/M'
llQu.d VIICO'fty
Conv.raio n Facio' C" Cenh.loIc "
1000
Cenh.loIc "
10.1114
Plc1ung Facto' F
001
t;/~
0.4 0.6 10 20 40 60
Packing Factors
11 (DUMPED PACKING)
II Packin g Type
Hy.Pak T..
Mat'l.
lA % 'h YI % lor 11 l1A l'h 20r 12 3 3Vzor 13
Metal 43 18 15
Super Intalox ·
Saddle s Ceram ic 60 30
Super Intalox
Saddle s Plastic 33 21 16
Pall Rings Plastic 97 52 40 24 16
Pall Rings Metal !'o
70 48 33 20 16
Intalax ·Saddl es Ceram ic 725 330 200 145 92
I Raschig Rings Ceram ic 1600 1000 580 380 255 155 125 95
52 40
65
22
37
Raschi g Rings YJ2-
I Raschig Rings
metal
Y16-
700 390 300 170 155 115
I • Data by Leva
I
I
I
I
J - PROCESS ENGINEE~ING
PACKE: TCWERS
DESIGN MANUAL Revision
Date
'1
2/85
Page No
J. 17
= G' totallbs./sac .
G Ibs./sq. rt./sec.
.s determ,ned from Step •.
IJ I
2. Artat' aleulatin, tha valua of X consult the ,eneraliled
pressure drop correlation .bove. It _II be noted that there
a,.. I sanes 0' maned parameters ranlin, 'rom 0.05 to 1.5
inches of . .ter pres.u,.. drop par 'oot 0' packed depth
ThiS est.. blishn the diameter of Ihe to"'er .... h,ch ..... h.n
filled •• tll tile packln, selected and oper .. ted at des'gn
hquid Ind gas rltH. will develop the selected pres lure drop
(4 to 125 mm 01 •• ter preslura drop pe' metat' 0' packed
II dapth). 6. The deptll of til. bed required will be d.pendent upon the,
.pproach to total mass tr.. nsfer required witll 100,,!. m.u,
Honnally. a packed 10Wet' should be dnilned to operlta
I at a maximum aconomic.el preslU,.. drop. The dftiln an,i·
tran,'er theoretic.elly 'equinnl I bed of infinlt. deptrt.,
Therefore towers Ire alw.ys designed to operate at less;
n.., must d.tarmin. the bait balanc. between hi,h.r
~ootal investmant vs. lower Operatinl costs for low Pf'"'
tll.n totll miSS trans'ar. In a.s absorption problems. thel
I; I
lure drop tow.rs. Ind low capital investm.nt vs. hiCh.,
operatinC COlts for lowers operatinc at hlChat' prnsura
drop. Ordlnanly. packed tow.rs ar. not operated abov.
1.0 inch of .eter pretsu,.. drop per 'oot of packed depth
bed is usuilly c .. leul.ted from tha mass Ir.nsfer co·:
emcienl:
1<....
N
= -------
HAP ~ YlM
11
(83 mm of .ate, p,nsura drop per m.ter of packed d.pth).
Hich.r pressura drops ara possible .hen instrumentatIon
" such a. to maintain a const.. nt prassu,.. drop. Most ab- beuus. til. dnve IS from the las to the liquid phlJe.
J Or " I stnppina operation is involved then the mass lrans·
sorbers .. nd r~enerltOf'S ara dellcned 'Of' low pntssur.
drop operation. i.... somewhere between 0.20 and 0.60 fer co-emcient becomn:
inches of wate, preslu,.. drop per foot of packed deptll (17
.. nd 50 mm of wlter pressu,.. drop per meter of packed N
depth). Atmosphenc Of' pressure distillations ar. desi,ned
fOl' pressu,.. drops of 0.50 to 1.0 inella of .ater pressure
drop per foot 01 packed depth (42 mm to 83 mm of .ater becaus. the dnve IS lrom the liquid to the gas phasa.
I~
Th. desianer should .... p in mind that ~ pressure drop A = Tower cross sectional ...e •• rt.l
parameters shown on ·the ,eneralized pressure drop cor· P = System pressure•• tmosphe,es
rftation are in inches of .ater (mm of •• ter). Th.refOl'e. y, = c..s phase mole fraction. component I
wilen designin, columns opentin, witll othat' liquids. spe- Y,· = c..s phase mole fraction of component i in
cial consid.ration should be liven. especially when the equilibrium witll liquid bulk phase mole fraction 01
11
dnllned.
For counter-curTe.nt alS·liquid flow:
. Arter hlvine determined the V1Ilue of X IS the Ibscisu in
St.p 1. Ind selected an operatin, pressor. drop in Step 2. (Yi 'Y;"h-(Yi 'Y;"h
the value 0' the ordlNte. Y. m .. y be determined by the use
ot til. leneralized pressure drop correlation. Lac.te the
I ,
v.,u. of the .bscissa on tllis Chart; move vertic.elly until the
proper pressu,.. drop parameter is contlcted; tllen move
horizontally from this point to tile left hand adae of the
chart .nd read the v.lu. of the ordinate. Make the v.lue
where ttle subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the top Ind bottom of
the column respectively. The equation 0' ~X<.. is anllollOus
to the equation for l\ Yu liven above.
K.a and 1(,.- data .re av.ihlble fOf' most Ibso(1)tion .nd
equal tID this lrouP of ftriables: strippinl operations.. Because ~ data on Ibsorptlon of CO,
with caustic soda solution Ire so COf'nplete for the v.riOYS
C G 2 FlJ 0.1 packlnas. it is not .t III unusual to usath.- dati IS I ratio
y=
f; <R. -f;) inform.bon sourc. 'or desiln with other P.lCkinaS and otller
rwtn th.n tllose for which direct inform.tion exists.
4. Then G -
_ (Y gC(F f(.-
V
PD)0.5
0.1
Distillation "nits ar. aenerally desicned on the baSis 01 HETP
(lleiallt equivalent to a tllearetiul plate). Hundreds of distil·
r.tion experimental studin have ~used us to conclude th .. t
the pro~rtin 0' I system have little 10 do with tile HETP
The valu. of III Vlnlbles is known except for the viSCOSIty vllue, J:Irovided that good distribution is m .. intained Ind til.
0' til. liquid. tile P.lckin, factor F .. nd til. lIS rate G. The packed lbed is operated .ith pressure drops of at least 0.20
I or l'h inch in SIze lor towen over one foot to three fHt .. diffUSIOnal operltion lovemed by lilm rHlstlnces .. t the
(0.3 to 0.9 meten) ,n d,amet~r Ind 2 Of' 3 inch packlnliS inlerllca.
.. ,.. used for tow~n ",," or more fHt (0.9 meters) on dUlm· Once Ih. total bed dep'h has bHn det.rmlned. the deplh of
eter. The desiliner s/'tould select the proper llze of pack,ng. Ind,yldual beds must be eslabllshed. Gen"rally. Indly,du .. 1 b~
Ind therafore the proper packlnl "ctOf' In th,s forst d"pth II held to ei8ht column dllmeten or 20 It ..• !thoul"
cllcul.. tion. under c.rtlln cond,t.ons 30 It. beds .. e permlss,ble.
11
••7....... Date : 2/85
I
Ilj
Il
I]
. j
11
11
ill j
I] 4. HEAT EXCHANGERS
11
II
I
11
11
I! .
Ii
I·-
I
I
I
I
RelllSIOn 0 P,lge No
= BIRMINGHAM WIR~
1 I
External
I I
BWG GAGE
I
I I B WG I THICKNESS
Internal AREA (m 2/m) I
diameter SECTlOr
I I
I
I (in et mm) I
I
I
I
I
I
(mm) diameter
(em)
(em 2 )
J',_ ! External: Internal
I WEIGHT
I (kg/m) I
I I
I 1/2 in I I I I I ."!
1 I (I 2.7 mm)
I
I
I
14 I
16 I
18 I
2.10
1.65
1.24
0.848
0.940
1.021
0.565
0.694
0.819
!
I
0.0399 I
I
I
0.0266
0.0295
0.0321
I 0.600 I
I 0.490 I
I 0.384 I
I
J
I I I I I
I I 3/4 in
I (I9.05 mm)
I
I
I
If
10
12
14
I
I
I
3.40
2.77
2.10
/
1.224
1.351 .~
1.177
1.434
0.0598 I
I
0.0384
0.0424
I 1.436 I
I 1.216 I
I
1
'-//
1.483 >' 1.727\1/ I ./Q.0466 0.963 I
I I 16 I
I I
I
I
I
18 I
I
1.65
1.24
1.575
1.656
1.948 I
2.154
I 0.0495
0.0520
0.774 I
0.597 I
I
I 1 in I 10 I 3.40 1.859 2.714 0.0798 0.0584 2.024 I
I I "(25.4 mm)
I
I
I
I
I
12
14
16
I
I
I
2.77
2.10
1.65
1.986
2.118
2.210
3.098
3.523
3.836
0.0624
0.0665
1.696 I
1.324 I
I 0.0694 1.057 I
I 18 I 1.24 2.291 4.122
I I
I 11/4 in
I 01.75 mm)
I
I
I
10
I
I 3.40 2.494 4.885 0.0997
0.0720
0.0783
0.811 I
I
2.604 I
12 I 2.77
I, I
I
I
I
14
16 I
I 2.10
1.65
2.616
2.743
2.845
5.375
5.909
6.357
0.0822
0.862
0.0894
2.158 I
1.682 I
1.340 I
I I 18 I 1.24 2.921 6.701
I 0.0918 1.024 I
I I
I I 11/2 in
I 08.1 mm)
I
I
I
10
12
I
I
3.40
2.77
3.124
3.251
7.665
8.300
0.1197 0.0981
0.1021
3.185 I
2.634 I
I
I 2.6.
/
TEMPERATURE APPROACH AND PINCH
I 10 % on area is recommended.
Allowable 6 P varies with the total system pressure and the phase of fluid.
I Liquid pressure drops of 0.7 1.0 bar per eXChanger are common. The
equivalent gas drop is about 0.2 to 0.5 bar.
to
I I.
Some eXChangers have low pressure losses and as reb oiler and condenser {tess
than 0.1 bar) especially those in vat:uum system.
1
I
IJ
Ij SHELL AND TUI\E EXCHANGERS
Re. :Slon 0 Page No.
Type A: Used for frequent tube side cleaning due to the ease of dismantling
110 Type B:
the cover.
Cheaper than Type A but the dismantling of the bonnet is more
:IJ Type G & H : Used for low AP ~ 50 mbar as for thermosyphon reboiler.
Vertical baffles are not installed for these types and due to that
IJ Type J:
the length of the shell must pe limited.
Used for high flow or high Ap for Type E and also sometimes on
condensates to avoid the use of vapor belt.
IJ Type K: Used for vapor separation is required ie chiller, some reboilers •.•
c. Rear end, head types
III Types L, M and N : Fixed tube sheet, used for clean fluid on shell side and for
low 6.T < 30 ·C. If ll. T > 30 ·C use other head types or install an expansion
joint on the shell.
I] Type Land N will be used for dirty fluid on tube)side. For th~ other cases the
type M will be used it is the cheapest.
Type P: Generally not used.
I~ 1 Type S: Used very frequently, no restrictions.
Type T: For frequent dismantling, expensive, shell diameter larger than type
I d. Conclusion
The most frequently used types are: I3ES, SEW, AES, BEM, divided flow.
I
1
f'HOC E SS E NGINEE n INC DESIGN MANUAL RevIsion Pago No
11 I"rGURE
c-... ......
I
E
~I I
I] L
·~a
IJ A ONE 'ASS SHEll
flxm TVIESHEET
UICE -A- STATIONAIY HEAD
~I·iuuu--..mm I]
IJ F
I]
WITH lONGITUDINAl IAfflE
r,.::-,;.
~I .....} I] .~
B
G ... N
H
~I +. . i I] p
~
OUT$lDE 'ACKm flOATING HEAD
c
IJ OOU IlE S!'l1T flOW
~I I
.--~-.:::'==:
IJ J
I
I] ~TH
flOATING HEAD
lACKING DEVICE
~"F~
'~\}~}~,
DIVIDED flOW
I) N T T
K
I( ·T·
I'UU THIIOUGH flOATING HfAD
~
1..
KmlE rt'PE ItElOIlfl
!
u
U U-TUIE IUNOlf
~
i
c:r··..r,j
~ I]
o X
~
•
ClOSS flOW I
W
~ OOUHAU T SEALED
flOATlHG TUaUHEET
I
I
I ._-- _., - _. ----'--------~------------____..J
I
I
I
4.5
I
3. DETER MINA TION OF ESTIMATED HEA T TRAN SFER
IAREA
I I
I
,
I
I
ITOA : 1 V.I\LUE I NOTE S: I
I I I
I
I DUTY Q I
I
kcal/h
I
I O.S J( 10
I
I
I
I Indica te temEe rature I
I
I I
I
I
HOT FLUID
Inlet tempe rature T I
I
I °C
I
I
I 3h
I
I
I
tC
I
"
I
I
I I
I Outlet tempe rature T2
I 3/.
I
I
I
°C I
I
W-
I
.,J
...
.!r<' I
I
I
I
COLO FLUID
Inlet tempe rature t I
Outlet tempe rature t2
I
I °C
I
I 18
I
I
I
I
I
I
I °C I 1(; 11°
- ----I I
I T I - t2
I
I
I
°C I
I
?p - l~ :: g I
I
I
---
I
I T2 - tl !~_ \8' ~ 1-
I
I °C I I
I
I
I
LMTD from formul a (I)
I
I °C
I
I 1 . .r
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I I
I t2 - t I
I
I TI - tl
I
I
I
°C
°C
I
I
I
~b - 'f -:.. t
!~ • 11 ; "
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I I I
i
1
I
I
I
TI - T2
p = t2 - tl
I
I
°C I
I
!>/. _ 1! ; q
I
I
I I
I I
I TI - tl
I
I
il-' ~ o.~ I I
I
I R ~ T I - T2
t2 - tl
I
I Ci/i -:..1.11 f'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I I
I NUMB ER OF SHELL S
I F = LMTD correc tion
I
I Fig. 2 -
1
o .".fA
I
I
2 I
I
3 I
I
4 I
I
I
I factor (3) I I oAr I I I
I
I CORR ECTE D LMTD CORR . I
r
I
l.Sr I :t.l.3I
-
l-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I [ I
I HEAT TRAN SFER COEF F. U I kcal/h
I TABLE 3 Page 4.10
r-
I m2°C
I
Aoo Includ ing fouling
factor
I
I I
I HEAT TRAN SFER AREA I
I
I
I A= Q
I U.LMT D CORR
I
I m2
I
Sooo ov
/.00 ,. ~. {.;-
=-'t..2{" 0.11. r::
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I ESTIM ATED TUBE LENG TH I FT(m)
I ESTIM ATED SHELL DIAM I ins(mm )
I I
I
I
1.0 (,.1) :3~ It a rvl ... ~ p;r.\... I
I
I
~ \ ('~qo) 16 t)..vG. : '11 ~uL~ ~ I
I -r
I ESTIM ATED WEIGHT Bundle
I
I
I tonnes
I
I 3.0 I l"c~"VV,(~ "'H_
I
I
I
I
Shell
-- I tonnes I '·0 I e~ L> I
I
Total I tonnes
I
I
I
g.o I
.1_
I
I I
•
IE
TEPIOOPI OIPIE XP/SUR
PROCESS CAlCU lA nON SHEET
£. \ 1.. ?::.t.
('<'(~A""(.(~
I
I
No
8Y I I (HI( I DATE I [ J08 TITlE tJ<An "t f... J08 No I RfV I
,!
I
..--~
ReVISion: 0 Page No .,
_= rl ¥
SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGERS
.... 1
Remark: If the heat exchange curves are not linear the LMTD should be determined step f I ,
by step with the linearisation of the curves and with the ponderation of the
partial LMTD by the partial duty on each linear s~tep.
Q
... Zone 1 , Zone 2 Itc:al/hr
Zone J
Condenaln9
In this case calculate the heat transfer area for each zone, the sum of these areas is the .,
i
surface for the exchanger.
the number of shells should be chosen in order to have 0.8 <F < 1
If F < 0.8 add shells (2 exchangers in service)
With the heat transfer area,. selected tube size, pitch, tubes length it is possible to
determine the number of tubes and with table 1 or 2 hereafter the approximate shell
diameter.
•
I
- PRO CES S ENG INE ERI NG DES
IGN MANUAL
Dat e
:J
:2/8 5
Pag e No
<1."7
FIG URE . 2
I
I
I
, . '._ •• f'.'''~ •• U;C •• A(,
To
(' (
, J
I.
I.
, tho.U p."
LMTD corr ecti on 'act or
1 ...... ... 'II1II_ ...., .., ~.
h. ,- ~ ..l:i
',-" ',-'. 'M 'O-( lM'O '" I'
1.0
Fl ~ .lJ'I-.. ~ ri!l:. ~ fl
~~
~~
~;t~
~
a., ~
~r+'
! tI~.1
.! fi'
Pt. ~~. II
...
c
.~ o.t
.
;\[+= 1\ ~ I\.:.j.l.t. ,,/I. ~o
i~~1 ~o ...
N- ."
-- •
~
I: 0
!
e
0.1
... ...
t-~
0 0
o .
0 0 :0
.
:0
...:0 ...;.. ..
:0
'I
... .. . ~t:
.. h'"
tl
t-. ·tt ..
1\
.. "r,-4 0
~
.;1,' tTl!
.,
. l
Ii ..:- .
i
CL6
l.
Q.j.
O 0.1 0.2 o.l 0.4 Fl-
0..5 0.6 0.1 0., 0.,
, _ Ie-III.".'",. ~. , IC'."C, 1.0
1;,
~
LMT D corr ecti on 'act or
12 d<IT.
i
., ,l1li.1 I p . . . . . .
.. --
',-"
T, - , 1 .-',-'--, "-'1
• e• "'.,.. 'wlt • • • n ••
I
Ii
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUf'V- Revision f'd<Je No
Date 4.d
Fr-:;U?.£ 2.
1.0
m- r
If
o.,
o
o
-.
'#
,IJ 2
0
c
..',.. ...
..• .
'
0 0.1
u
• it
. ..... ...
I] ;;
u
--
0
1 0.7
~
1?I~O
- 0
-
0
0-
0 b
...0 '
·
IJ ..:'
0.6
II 0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.' 0.' 0.6 0.1 0.1 0., to
,.. , .... p.t.,." • • "'ei.ltey
~: IT,
'; :" t.
1 ,h.1l
,---
'1-"
po".,
II - ' ,
lMTD corredion foetor
·&F
1,-11
'1-'1
6 .,
"'.,. PO"'~
'vb.
CMIO.(lMIOIf'l'
11
0.'
o..
11 c
£ 0.' ...
u
o
•
;;
...0 . - • ...
(;
b (,
...
0
..
;..
-...
! 0.7
....•
0.'
I 0.'o 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.' 0.' 0.' 0.7 0.1 0.' 1.0
I
I
I
PROCE SS ENGIN EERIN G DESIGN MANUAL ReVISi on:
TU6U .~ J/.-
SHELL PITCH a I- PITCH 4 1-
., on ,nch~. : NUMBER OF PASS£ S TU8E SIDE
NUM8ER OF PASSES TUSE SIDE
I I
, J2 2' 10 J'
I
}l 11
10 l1 l1 .0
12 12 ,. .0 )4 ~l
,.
I) 1/' " YO &2
11 II'
I' II'
III
IU
ll. 220
..,
12~ II'
."
10.
I~
211
I}O
200
1J1
II)
TAaLE 1
11' 2~ 2~ I
21 II. 1" 2]0 z.. 320 )0' 2"
2J II' )2) }U }O' }U }n no MAXJMU M TUBE.S NUMBER PER SHELL
2) ~01 }'~ }]O
21 ~.,
~'o -n ,,.
"1 'H
n-
'/7
Hl
2' ))1 l16 -.0 6)0 6O) »6
JI .)} 616 )., ,.) 11'
)) ,~o
111
." I" 1)0 '"
»
}1
'2} 112 170 ,., ,"
112
112
'21 '01 110 101. 10H 101~
"
02
102~
1202
101~
1161 11_'
") 1206
1006
lin 112'
-, Ill) IJlO
.. ,
I')' I ~ II 1)67 "17 .. II O~J
1620 D,a I})} IIll 1146
I'"
J1 1911 Ina I'" 2112 211) 20'2
"
6O
12~1
2J1l
221'
Z})6
21" 1)61 2).' 2•• ,
IJ10 2711 2'.' 2'21
r-____________________
TUBES I-
~---------------------II
SHELL PITCH 0 I" 1/. I PITCH 4 I" 1/.
'i ,n ,nch~'1~I-----------------------I~-----------------I
1
NUMBER OF PASSES TUBE SIDE I' NUMBER OF PASSES TUBE.SIO E :
I I I I 2 I
.. ..
1 l
, 20
r i
20
t
16
10 )0 JO 26 J1 }O "
26
12
IJ 1/.
~,
" , I
" 'I .,
I) II" "
II "'2 }I
,.
67
" "
17 II" II) 101 "
102 In
72
127 "
II]
TA8LE 2
I' I'.
21
2) I'.
I'"
I'"
170
201
..,
I)'
."
117
IJI
.,7
170
I"
20,
160
II'
I}O
I"
MAXIMU M nmE.S NUMBER PER SHELL
212 III
2' 101 1'4 222 2'0 211 2)1
21 111 211 Jil J" lJ' )02
2'
JI
J., Jl7 no )~ J76
",
JJ
)'0
0"
J'O
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PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL o
--.
Page No
------ 1
S HE.L L AND TUBE EX C HANGERS
Date 2!e~
4,10
.,1
Tl>.BLE ) , .• ,~", .. I • ) 1>&" 110·2}0
. --I
). ~HL AND TU8E OVERALL HEAT TR~FER
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~u/,.. « » ban) }~O
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I
no . '10
kcal/hrm 2o c x 0.2047 =
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( I Cpo
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I
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I
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. '00
no
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I
~ WEIGHT ESnMA TES
I
1. REFER£NCES AND USEFUl. L1TERAruR£
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C~PI'" I
I
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I
I
--------------------- . j
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RevISion' 0 Page No
AIR COOLERS
,
Date: 2/85 4.13
1. APPLICABILITY
For both the feasibility and preproject study it would generally be required to state the
required duty of the air cooler, the overall dimensions and weight and an estimate of
required fan power.
1
A calculation procedure sufficient for a preliminary estimate is given in section 3.0.
I
2. DESCRIPTION AND GUIDELINE NOTES
Air Cooling offshore is sometimes prohibited due to the modular layout of the platform.
This may require installation of the air cooler too remote from the associated
equipment. Use closed loop water cooling.
Air Cooling is cheaper, simple and flexible when compared to water cooling. The cost and
nuisance of water treating is eliminated if air coolers are used.
In warm climates air cooling will not be as effective as water which will produce a
cooler product stream. Air COOI~~~L~s_~J>pro~O_7~~ as effective as water.
Forced draft pushes the air at lowest available temperature (highest f) hence lower
power requirement.
./. Possibility with forced draft of hot air recirculating into suction of fan thereby reducing
efficiency.
\/ Induced draft gives better air distribution due to lower inlet velocity with less chance of
recirculating of hot air. -~ . "- ,
Induced draft coolers can be easily installed above piperacks or other equipment.
Protection is given by induced draft coolers from effects of rain, wind snow on finned
tubes. Important if fluid in tubes is sensi tive to sudden temp change also freezing at
tubes can OCcur in cold climates or heavy snowfall.
I
RevIsion: 0 Page No. :
It
SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGERS
RevIsion· 0 Page No
AIR COOLERS
• Date. 2/85 4.15
-;
I
I •• i !~
I
OPER:\ TlNG CONDITIONS AND NATURE O~ ~o_'.rin :
Duty
Fluid inlet temperature
IQ= I 1 >( 10 6 kcal/h I I
I Tl = I \00 °C 10
work sheet)
(Based on bare tube area)
I
I NOTES
STEP
- -
I
I. Optimum number of tube
rows for U selected
IN= I E I (curve N° 4) I
2. R = ~t air/lH m
3. Tl - T2/Tl - tl
IR=
I
I
I
0·8
D.~lh °c
I
I
(curve N° 4)
I
4. Y = ~t air/Tl - t 1 IY= I o.~.r I (curve N° 5)
5. CHair = Y x (T I - t 1)
6. Exi t air temp t2 =~tair + t I
I~tair= I
I t2 = I
2. /. 0r-
rkf'
°c
°C I
I I
7. Average differential temp.
.1 tm =.1 tair
R
I
~tm = I
I
30.b °c
I
I
I
8. Bare tube surface A = ~
Ux tm
I
IA=
I
I 31..C m2
I
I I
I I I
; r r· - Co 9. Bare tube area/row Fa=A/N
~ 10. Tube length
I Fa =
IL=
I
I
;.,
l·S
m2
m
I
I 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.5 or 9 m are common
I.
II.
12.
Tubes/row TR = Fa/LxO.08
Cooler width W= TRxO.0635 Iw=
I TR = I
I j.J
'8
m
I
I
(l" 00 tUbing)
I
13.
14.
15.
Total fan power =FaxO.795
Number of fans
Fan diameter
I Fp = I 3 t ·k
I NF = I t..
I FD = I i.r
kW I
m
I
I
max. fan diam = 4.6 m I
16.
17.
Power/fan
Estimated weight
Fp/NF I PF = I \(..1..
IM= I 11 roo
kW I
kg I (including motors)
I
4.88 (36.4X9.35 N)xWxL
No
I
1 I W
i
CHI( DATE J08 No i R£ v I
I
I
- .-
I•. I ;'
I. LlOUID COOLING
LIQUID V[SC0SITY AT TI + T2
2 = cp
2. GAS COOLlNG
MOLECULAR MASS: MW =
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
(Read Curve n° 2) :U::
kcal/h m 2 °C
J. TOTAL CONDENSATION
Tl - T2 = °C
4.1.
WITHOUT Ll2UID AT INLET
U = ~ x Uc =~ x Ug
WGI WGI = kcal/h ni2 °C
#E_
j
AIR COOLERS
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
BY J CHI( J OAT(
I /108 TITLE
No
lOS No
J REV I ;
~
'.-
I
4.1 S
I
4.2. WITH LIQUID AT INLET
2
2
Qc = Q - QL - QG
= kcal/h
I
LIQUID VISCOSITY AT T I + T2
2 = CPg
I
LIQUID HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. UI = ,kcal/h m 2 ·C
(Read curve n° 2)
I 7 AIR COOLERS
HEA T TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
ITEM
No
I
BY I I CHK I I
OATE , JOB TITL£
J08/110
1 R£ V 1
. - ---
- ... - - .. - ... _-- ----- -- ... ~ ~ ,I
I,
PHOCfSS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision: 0 Page No :
I: AIR COOLERS
Date 2/8S 4,20
I U
:1_1
-
600
1---
t----
r-=::: r--- r-
500
r--
1-1 400 to-
r- r-....
t--. r--.... l"'"'- t---.
r--. ""r---...
I HIGH 6P
LOW FQULlNG FACTOR
300
IJ '" -.t
...............
I]
200
LOW 6P
" ~
~~
"'::-..
~~
HIGH FOULING FACTOR
11 100
90
80 ..... "
"'
IJ r-...
..
VISCOSITY Cp
-
I' 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.60.10.8 2 3 4 5 , 7 8 9 10
II U
~
I----"
V - .- ~ r- I I
11 400
V- ~ ~
~
-
~~
I- ~
V-
~
~=10
- I--
lOa
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, ~
I;
~
V ............
200 ./
V
V
V
~
~
I- ------
V/ V V
/ V
I' V
V
L'
I lOa
V /'"
V
L
/
/
I V
PRESSURE BAA ABS.
I
2 ] 4 S , 7 • 9 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70
I
I.
--
-,---.....;~
.',
I .,.
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN ,V1ANUAL
AIR COOLERS
Revision Page No
I: u
!l CU~VE 3. TOTAL CONOENSA nON
I
I soo
700
600 ISOTHERLCAL !
--
I
soo I
I
~
,....
\~ ~ ~
II
11 I 400
Cf:'
'l-
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- I
~
( ..... I---" ~ ,,1
./
~
300
~, ~ ~
I
I: I
200
V
V'I~/
~1.
V ~
11 1 so
1/
.,L~
11 1 2 3 4 S
2
10 20
2
I
30
I
40 SO
I I I
70
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5.58
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(5 rowsl ,
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91.2
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80.8
101.0
89.1
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107.2
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.......,........
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"- IS-i_ 100--4 ,
....
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10· ........ 10-:-) I .).-
0 10 80 90 00 110 IZO lJ· ...... "_)1 «>-. J
0., .... Ho".oo ..'.,,"o
,.-to 1(»-
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'NIU, aulomahC _a" able polen lan' __ ... u ,..,. ~ ..... " ....,.. .... '/~'
• ..... u • ..
---.
·c ......... -..... • ... _ ...... _ ..... _ ......_. __
I
I' PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL RevIsion: I) Page No
I: A I R CooLER:-
I' CUR\'E 4
-
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I , - - - - - - - ,---' -------------------------------'
I
ReVISlcn 0 Page No
AIR COOLERS
1. APPLICABILITY
Under normal circumstances, the design of plate type exchangers would be detailed by a
vendor based on process da ta supplied by the engineer.
For the purpose of this design guide, only a quick description and some characteristics are
given.
For plate exchangers, the size could be estimated if some vendor (ALFA-LAVAL, APV,
VICARB) information are available.
An estimation of the heat transfer area could be done if the heat transfer coefficient is
known using the same formula as for shell and tube heat exchanger with a LMTD correction
factor = 1. The heat transfer coefficient is difficult to estimate; it depends on many factors
as flow rate of different fluids, pressure drop, plate spacing, etc .••
These exchangers consist of stacked corrugated sheets (fins) separated by flat plates and
an outer frame with openings for the inlet and outlet of fluids. This core is immersed in a
liquid salt bath to braze all the separate parts together.
F low in adjacent fluid passages can be cocurrent, counter current, or crossflow and
several fluids can be exchanging heat at the same time .
. In case of the inlet fluid is a two phases flow a drum is required to separate the two
phases in order to have a good distribution.
These plate fin exchangers are used only with clean fluids .
• •
ReVTSlon. 0
I
Page No ..
AIR COOLERS
The eXChanger is easily dismantled for cleaning if required. A good overall heat transfer
coefficient is obtained and small temperature differences can be used. I
The plates can be made from exotic materials such as titanium which are resistant to
corrosion and are used for sea water coolers. They are very compact exchangers and I
occupy a small floor area.
Pressure drops : allowable pressure drops vary according to the total system I
pressure and the service of the fluids.
for sea water - service water: 0.5 to 2 bar (high ~ P increase the overall heat
transfer coefficient),
I
for water-TEG or TEG-TEG the6P could be very low such as 10 to 20 mbar. I
3. REFERENCES AND USEFUL L1TERATUR&-
. Vendors informa tion. .
•
I
I
I
I~
Il , j
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL
p:..,.;TE EXCHA.'iGC:?.5
RevIsion: Page No
I. FICURE I
ILl
I]
o
I' J .j
1-]
I~j
I.
PR.NOPLf OF CONSTRUCTION
I. AawmOly
2. ...... 'oId
l.e....
4. H e _
I • ')0•.
S.Noule
6. WIdUt
7. Sledlin9 "-i9/I'
I
'.I.-V'"
I I
'I
'.~ua~""IIe'
10. Ealeno. .,...,
It. ~"'in9
12. Hee'
"'-,
1'_.'.... ,in
1: 1 '/
Il. Dlslribul;"" lin
14. Side bat
S. End bat
1~11
I
Ii
1
I
II
1!
I
I'
I
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL RevIsion o Page No
PLATE EXCHANGERS
Date 2/H<:.
I
I
DETAILS OF PLATE
I TYPE EXCHANGER
I
I
.P...... ..,.,.11
I
F,.",.
Sile
- l .... ' ' ' l
2940
II.
, 11
-
2SlS
Dim"
II
• 3'
.-
Hell'" H
360S
"
11 '0
Pte ••
capac .. .,
'OO-laS
)SIS 11 61 3'00 '0 2 )6OS 11 10 .ao 26S
-------
I S
40SS
.. as
6860
'3 11
,. al
3c;.0
.070
11 I I ,
'3 4,
)6OS
160S
II
II
10
10
260-)00
11S-400
.. -- - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - : - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - . J
1. APPLICABILITY
Furnaces are used to transfer heat directly to the process fluid and generally have a large
duty and produce high process temperatures.
2. DESCRIPTION
Tubes which are located within the combustion chamber and where heat is
transferred to the process fluid by radia tion
Tubes which are located external to the combusion chamber in a convection zone
which is also lined with refractory.
Burners are normally arranged in rows on two wal1s and are spaced so as to
provide a radiation zone of constant temperature a~d avoid flame
impingement on the tubes. An alternative arrangement is burners located
in the floor of the furnace as shown in Figure I.
The connection bank contains rows of tubes across which the flue gas
leaving the furnace is obliged to pass.
A small negative pressure is maintained to prevent hot gas leakage.
There is a pressure loss in the flue gas system and this has to be made up
.
either by use of a fan discharging to a short stack or by natural bouyancy
creating draft in a tall stacK.
I
RevISion. 0 Page No. :
FURNACES
These furnaces are vertical and contain radiation and convection zones or
solely a radiation zone.
I
The burners are located in the bottom andl the radiation zone tubes can be
I
vertical or helicoidal. The convection bank is located above the radiation
I
zone and contains rows of horizontal tubes.
Generally the stack is vertically above the convection bank with no fan.
I
2.3. BURNERS I
Two types of burner are used in furnaces, induced air or natural draft burners
and forced draft burners. I
2.3.1. Induced air burners
I
These can burn gas or fuel oil simultaneously or independently. Excess air
required is 1.5 % to 20 % for gas and 30 % to 40 % for liquids. If fuel oil is
burned 0.3 kg/kg oil of steam is required (or atom ising.
I
2.3.2. Pressure burners I
The air for pressure burners is supplied by fan. It is therefore capable of
control and the burner can operated with less excess air .5 to 15 %.
I
3. EXCESS AIR
I
Determine the excess air recommended by the burner manufacturer and the type of
burner air system proposed. See § 2.3. I
From this determine the kg of flue gas per kg of fuel fired remembering that air
contains 21 % Vol of oxygen. I
4. STACK GAS TEMPERATURE
5. EFFICIENCY
lOa.!. losses x Hf - Hc
I 100 Hf
I: For a furnace which is all radiant duty the efficiency is of the order of 50 to 55 %.
I· 6. PRESSURE LOSSES
Pressure is lost in :
I~ Burner air regulation J - 15 mm water Ducting variable
Convection bank 5 - 15 mm water Stack variable
I. Pressure is gained by natural buoyancy of hot stack gas.
1 For a system using natural draft burners a low pressure loss is required across the burner and
the furnace operates under negative pressure.
The flue gases should leave the stack at 10 - 20 m/s velocity to ensure safe dispersal.
11 A cabin furnace requires much more floor area than a cylindrical furnace the length can
be as much as 27 m. If the tubes are horizontal then a withdrawal space for tube
replacement will also be required. However for offshore applications the space
With a cabin furnace it is possible to obtain a uniform heat release across the radiation
With a cylindrical furnace it is not possible to obtain a uniform heat above release across
For remote locations in oil field applications water bath fire tube cylindrical heaters are
often used <Consult vendors NATCO, BS &:: B etc ... )
I I St
FURNACES
Date. 2/85 4.30
I
9. ESTIMATION OF SIZE OF CYLINDRICAL FURNACE
I
D = 2 x Qa
11 Din m
H
Qa:;: absorbed heat in 10 6 kcal/h
I ~
H :;:
= D+linm
2.5 D in m util radiation bank
11
IJ
I! CO"V(CflO ..
rONt
[
" , (.Pl.OSIO..
11
000'"
I~
"ADIATION
I: 1000l
I'
IUA"lAS
I
I
I
I
I'
PROCESS ENGINEERI/IilG DESIGN MANUAL Revision:
I~ PageNo:
j
11 Date : 2/K,)
I
II
IJ
11
11
11
,IJ
I: 5. PUMPS
I,
I;
I'
Ii
I~
I
I
I
II
1-..
' ......
' ..........................._ ................_______
·'.r,., ------------.------~----~
Re\llsion. 0 Page No
PUMPS
a Date 2/85 5.1
1.0 APPLICABILITY
For both the feasibility study and a pre-project study the engineer will be required to
evaluate a pump selection and fill in a data sheet with the basic information.
In order to provide the basis of a good cost and layout estimate it is important to understand
the type and number of pumps for the service in consideration, and the associated power
require men ts.
TYPES OF PUMPS
GENERAL USAGE
Plunger pumps : high pressure, heavy duty or contin ous service usage. Suitable for
I
gritty or foreign material. Expensive.
Diaphragm pump: driven parts are sealed from fluid b plastic or rubber diaphragm. No I
seals no leakage. Ideal for toxic or hazardous material Can be pneumatically driven at
slow speeds for delicate fluids.
Triplex pumps: commonly used for TEG circulation.
I
If. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE I
4.1.
4.2.
LUDWIG VOL I
CHAPTER 16
!
I
4.3. CAMPBELL VOL (( CHAPTER 14
I
I
198~ I
4.4. "Centrifugal pumps and system Hydraulics"
Ugor J. Karassik Chem. Engrng Oct 4
I
W. Blackwell . Chern. Eng. Janv. 28 1980
1
I
I
I
I
RevIsion. 0 Page No. :
PUMPS
7
Date: 2/85 5.3
1. FLUID CHARACTERISTICS
2. SUCTION PRESSURE
Line loss: evaluate APline for bends, fittings, etc: flor estimate use
0.1 bar/IOO m.
NPSH available (NPSHA) is evaluated by the engineer. NPSHR required is stated by the
vendor. Always try to provide 0.6 - I m NPSH more than vendor states.
Vapour correction is calculated by substracting the vapour pressure of the fluid being
pumped from the calculated suction pressure. Convert this to m head. For a fluid at
bubble point the vapour pressure = Pop
head (m) = bar x IO.197/SG.
NPSHA = static head - line loss + vapour correction
4. DISCHARGE PRESSURE
5. DIFFERENTIAL HEAD
I
Differential pressure = discharge pressure - suction pressure
D1Off eren to1aI h ead = Differential
S pressure x 10.197
I
pec. gr.
6. FLOWRATE
I
Normal flowrate is maximum long term operating flow (m 3/h)
Design flowrate is normal flowrate + design margin.
I
Design margin :
Note: although the term "horsepower" is still used,power requirements are given in kW for
metric calculations.
I
,/. Hydraulic horsepower = theoretical fluid HP =design flow x Diff. press/36 (kW) I
Brake-horsepower (BHP) = hydraulic HP/ f) P pump efficiency (kW)
Operating load =
electrical input to electric driver at normal pump operating load =
I
BHP/ 'J m motor efficiency kW
Estimated shut off pressure: max suction pressure (design pressure of upstream item
+
-I
head. calculatedat HLL and SCi maxi) + 12096 x normal pump A P
I
I
<I.oa-')rr;",:
,
If ....._-
~I
i 5.5
2,SO~;
iHlL -
I .-
;:: - ~ .04 bOor c..
~LL l
• _. p= I.ul Oc.r~
~er !14 m.
4 '20~:
L_ ei' ' v .... N-
~;"p :.~~.:u \L"-2
.~
II
,
Ij - Line loss
+ vapou r pressu re correc tion
m I
m I
I
t , '2. 7
,-
I
DIFFE RENT IAL PRESS URE
I Suctio n pressu re
11 TOT AL A VAILABLE NPSH
~
I
- .
I I I
I Ii§. Jf~
PROCESS CAlCUL A nON SHEET
ITEM: TRANS ~ER PUMP
SYI:fl~
PUMP No. ? 2.010 AI'?.
I IJOII TITlE
II OATE E.)(A Mil'. E 'lOS No.: ;'
I REV 10
Revision o P8<Je No
11
.~
Date 2/8S SJ
11
' " , ( .. I(AI,. HIGH SltlO
1-; •....,(('10",,-
I'U~
ClNrRI'UGAl 'UMI'1o
I
RlCorROCATIHG 'uMrS
"Ulfl-UAGl 'UIUS 1Il00'''''
ilJ
TJlI'llX ry,(
11 '''OCHS 'u..
rs
I Sf AlOU. ltOO R pjo
,
IJ 'IIOCHS ~ ••rs,
\ Sf AGl. 2Il00 II ...
11
11
~IJ 10
\0 50 \00 1000
FLOw I MI/H J
I) ...
FIG .• GE"E8"L ""HGfS OF APPLICATIOH FOR OlffE Ern PUup TVPO
11 EFFICIENCY
............. DOTTED LINE FOR PUMPS WITH Hmt > 61 Iii
11 ~
.
..... ..... ..... .....
10
IJ 70
...... ..... ...- ~I
~
ull
...
i ~
IJ 60
so ~
V" ..
.,.,. ~
.., ••••••
•••••
' " H mt >&1 m .
~. .,.,"
I 40
~
..~.
I
30
~" ..
20
I
I
I "-'.,-----.-~.-~
PUMi'S
Date :?/qc: 5.7
1 FlCURE )
1
E1.ECTRlC·MOTOR.S, RECOMMENDED SIZE", EFFlOENCY!II
0 0.) I II 12 12.) U 7) 10
0.)1 o.n 1-112 7) 7) I'
o.n
1.01
1.00
2.00
2
)
'7
n
n
71 10
10
""
71
10
II I'
""to
7' I'
2.01 '.00 ) &I U I. 7) II
.... U 'I
to
to
20.1
..
.,.,,
2'.2
--
-
2'.1
)'.1
)0
'0 -
I)
I) ..
".1.._1'.'
II.'
II
" .,., ~
,.
to
,..,
"
) .).) '0 10 11.' I'
a- .,.)
n.' -
)2.2
U.2
~
n 11
li
.,.) to.'
12
II
II.)
".) .,to
".) - 17.0 ,..,,.,. ., ,.
17.1 - ' .. 100
12'
I'
..
U .,.,n I'
U to '2
" n.',."
IU -
" ,.
I~ 1)0 70 '2
137 - 112 200 17.) n
II) - 221 2)0 70 ".,
'2.'
10
,." "
I: 221 - 21)
27' - )11
- '07
)17 :1"
)" - ,,,
JOG
))0
'00
,.,. ""
to.'
,)
""
"
II
.,
17 70
to
",.
7J
')0
,.., ",.
91
..
,".)", "" 70
,.'I
," -- ,.,
.10 )00
1 " "
70
'00 10 to
"
(II Applies to totally enclosed mot .... 1 only (i •.,., .,.ploli«> proof)
121 To be used in determination 01 KYA's il desired.
fiGURE 4
DRY WEIGHT ESTIMATE fOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PACKAGE
1
I
I s -,
,. _ _ _~ _, __ .. __ .: __ /...:.. __ ~_.~ _ _
'L - - - -
'~"
~--;
:
I',~r -~-,-~~--~-:",-,,-
:
. I I :!
• :
I·
'
.-
I: I
.: .. ": _ . I .::
1"'"'-1'.---
.. -
1, --.- -
_ I
250
. - ~--.-- ~-- .-.:.-+ --1--1. " 1-- .• - - .
SOO
I I I
750
; . I
1000
-HORSE POWER-4-
kW
1250
I
I ---_ .. --
I
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision : P~e No :
I Data 2/&5
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I; G. DRIVERS
I
I
Ii i
Ij
I:
I:
I
I
I L -______________________~__~----------------~~
I
I PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL R.viljon:
I~ d £ Date
NOTES 2/&5
I' /' l
r, rI ,.J
.~
~ J-) 'J-A..../_/"_~ .1\\ ~j /' . " . ~"., , l ..
I ,• \ , ,
'.,..A.. ( , f r' "'
. " , ,(" ..,.. i\W
Ij
11
11
Ii
11
I]
I!
11
11
II
I jj
Ii !.
I
II
II
II
I t
I
Revision: 0
.t GAS TU RB INE S
Dat e: 2/&5
Pag e No. :
6.1
1. AP PLI CA BlU TY
2. INDUSTRIAL AP PLl CA nO NS
OF GAS TU RB INE S
,
1
The two ma jor ind ust rial app lica
com pre ssio n. The gas turb ine
tion s of gas turb ine driv ers are
s are also use d for liqu id pum
... ) but the se app lica tion s dep end
pow er gen era tion and gas
pin g (cru de oil, wat er inje ctio n,
on the rati o bet wee n pow er gen
era tion and pumping sta tion
cap aci ties .
Dat e: 2/8 5
I
6.2
A ga s tur bin e ca nn
ot sim ply sta rt- up by
fir ing fuel in the co mb
fo r its ga s ex pa ns ion us tio n se ct io n:
po we r af te r co mb us tio n
at ta in a ce rta in sta rti to be ef fe cti ve , the tur
ng sp ee d fir st us ing bin e mu st
a sta rti ng mo tor .
Th er e ar e se ve ra l kin
ds of dr iv er s wh ich ar
e us ed to sta rt the tur
bin es :
el ec tri c mo tor ,
pn eu ma tic ex pa ns ion
tur bin e (a ir or ga s)
di es el en gin e or ga so
lin e mo to r
hy dr au lic ex pa ns ion
tur bin e
hy dr au lic mo tor .
4. OP ER AT IN G AS
PE CT S
Th e po we r is ge ne ra
lly de fin ed in ca tal og
ue s by I.S .O . th at me
an s po we r at :
Te mp er atu re air in
tak e 15 °C
A tm os ph er ic pr es
su re 101.3 kP a (se a lev
el)
No los s co nd iti on on
in tak e an d ex ha us t du
cti ng
No au xi lIa rie s dr iv en
by th e tur bin e (e xc ep
t lub e oil pu mp req uir
ed by the tur bin e its elf
Th e ma in ex ter na l )
cr ite ria for th e pe rfo
rm an ce of a ga s tur
(lo ca tio n, air tem pe bin e ar e: th e sit e co
ra tu re ) los ses on in tak nd iti on s
e an d ex ha us t du cti ng
co nd iti on s ot he r th an ; op era tio n of the ma
de sig n, me ch an ica l po ch ine at
we r to dr iv e au xli lla
rie s.
4.1 . AI R CO ND IT IO NS
Th e co mp re ss io n po
we r re qu ire me nt fo
r th e air inc rea se s
in cr ea se s. Th e co ns eq as the air tem pe ra tu
ue nc e is th at th e av ail re
ab le po we r rec ov ere
de cr ea se s as th e air d fro m the LP tur bin
tem pe ra tu re in cr ea se e
s (+ 1 °C of air ~ 0.8
va lue ). Se e Fi gu re 2 % of po we r: av er ag
e
fo r an ex am ple .
4.2 . LO CA Tl ON
If th e tu rb in e is lo
ca ted ab ov e se a lev
el, th e sit e p~essure
de cr ea se by ab ou t I an d the av ail ab le po
% pe r 100 me tre s ele we r
va tio n. Se e Pi gu re 3.
I
Rev isio n: 0 Page No. :
4
GAS TURBINES
Dat e: 2/&5
I
6.4
4.5 . CO NC LU SIO N
ch affe cte d.
I
Fir st app rox ima te for t am bia
nt > 15° C I
. P site = P iso x 1 x
T.Oi 1 x I
1 +0. 008 {t-1 5) ""1-+O~.O~ l~H
t = am bia nt tem per atu re in °C
I
=
H ele vat ion abo ve sea lev el in me
5. SEL EC TIO N OF GA S TU RB
tre div ide d by 100
I
INE ~.
o to 3 500 kW
en:
20 % J 500 to 15 000 kW
I
upt o 15 000 kW 23%
26 %
rl COMaUST'ON
SYSTEM
b Th. Hot Co M _ EIIIOft4
INI ( - - F... , Co.... H.,. 0A4 il T~'ou9~ '". T"rtIi ...
ou' Mo.. elHft."
III Moet ,lie Ait
Ai, Gou
.. H.,.
11
IJ Simple cycle--single shaft.
FIGURE 1
II COM8USTION
SYSTEM
(I~OU"
,. S'oel
IJ CO"PA(SSOR~========~
Sholl Sp .... \lI!r;'s ,.;,,, loo..
I 1.;, Gou
i. Hit.
FIGURE 3
1 0
]
Po_ loss duo to .ffect of inctoasineJ altitudo (fall in atmospheric pressufO)
aooo
I) 7000 /
V
2500
~
6000 / 2000
I~
III
...
III
...
/
~
~
III
5000 a:
I-
III 1500
0
j
,/'" III
:l
./
I
I-
4000 ~
I-
...
~
00(
3000 V 1000
0
j
I-
I 2000
V
/ ;:
~
00(
500
1000 /
I o V
o 5 10 o
15 10 25 JO
", LOSS OF POWER
I
I
------- ~ ----J . ..~
-- ~-----. ~ ,_ t ... ~ ~
- ~ ,~
-
.~
PERFORMANce-DATA
IN~USTRIAL AIION M~ 'l~
ROLLS. ROYCE INDUSTRIAL AVON
)1
a. .
• ! ::::
....
:
Y~;!,:",~::
~:...:..:
hrb.:':- .. ··..
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-• .d Z
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL
GAS 11.JRaINES
r.
.
- -
Date
Reyision o
: 2/85
Page No
6.7
•-= .:
I H.
_:.
'. c
I
~-- -
~l
:=
·i' :=.
• .r I- '.
'"-
... - ,,:,-.:
I] . I
.'
C
1'.J1 ::
.:c=
-1-
·3:: .
-:1-
,:= TABLE 1
... -
COH.'1ERCIALLY
I] ~
AVAILABLE
GAS TURBINE
..
~::
DRIVERS
1-
I c.
----
:1:
.-."!-
11 ....I; ..
'-
--- r---
•I
...."1- I •
-.---
i:= ---
i":
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1 ii
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II
•.. .,
STEAM TURBINES
Revision:
Date: 2/85
0 Page No.
6.8
1. APPLICABILITY
For either the feasibility study or the pre-project study the engineer may need to estimate
the required steam consumption of a steam turbine. Details of turbines for guidance and
consumptons are detailed in section 2 and 3.
2. DESIGN NOTES
Single stage turbines generally used for small applications, multis tage for larger.
Consider using steam turbines for pump drivers if residual HP/MP steam from larger
drivers (compressors, generators) is available.
1-40 20 750-1500 60
40-250 30 1500-2250 65
250-375 40 2250-UP 70
375-750 50
ELECTRIC MOTORS
RevISion:
Date 2/&5
0
Page No
6.9
I
I
t
I
I
I. APPLICABILITY
I
For both feasibility and pre-project studies the engineer will be required to estimate I
electric loadings for utility consumptions. Fig. 1 details motor efficiencies tor various pump
horsepowers.
I
2. POWER ESTIMA nON
I
· For pumps the driver horsepower is estimated on the pump data sheet.
I
· For respecifying at drivers or checking purposes use Fig. I to rate power.
I
Conditions Rating Capacity Capacity
8HP ~ 1Q n ~ '0 n !QQ.
0
0.-'1
-
-
0.'
0.7' 1-1/2
I II
67
12
7)
12.'
n "
67
7'
&0
&0
&4
o.n ·
1.01
2.01
·
·
1.00
2.00
'.00
2
J
~
n
n
&1
7&
7'J
&3
&0
&0
&.
67
1&
n
&l
&4
&l
&4
&6
&6
I
-- n aI.' u 90
I
6.00 7-1/2 &0
Ii.Ol
&4 '" 9O 91
6.01
&.01
12.1
·
--
&.00
12.0
1'.0
10
D
20
&0
&l
10 "&3
" "&6.'
&6
&4
&4
U
U
91
90
n IJ &6.' &I U
16.1 20.0
" '0
20.1
26.2
-
-
·
26.1
34.&
30
'0
·IJ
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&6.'
U
U.,
&I.'
&l
&6
&4
U
9O.'
&9.'
90
91
,1.'
I
J4.'
'J.6 ·
IIJ.'
.n.2
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60 &4 "
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17.'
n., &2 U., 90
n . .l
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-
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37
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19.'
I'
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II &6.'
19
&9
91
I
&7 .1 · 114 12'
"U "9119.' 90 'J2
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" 9O 'J2
I
11' &6
1.l7 - !lI2 200 91.' 37.' 91 'J2
I&J · 227 2'0 9O 92.' 9.l.' &0 &6 &'J
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9O
90
9O
90
93
91
91
91
I
"-'Ii - ,4, 600 93 9" 910. , 10 && 90
.. I
Not"" (I) Appll'" to tOtally "nclo,,,d motors only (I.e .• eIploslOn prooll
-- (2 ) To be """d In determm .. tlon at KVA's II deSired.
I
I
, PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision: P/tgeNo:
J Date 2/&5
1
'I.
,
J
~I
I
J
~I
·.1 7. COMPRESSORS
,.1
I
I
-I
I
I
I·
I • •
I
I
ReVISion. 0 Page No
COMPRESSORS
7 7
Date: 2/85
7.1
·le APPLICABILITY
For both feasibility and pre-project studies the engineer will be required to evaluate d
compressor selection, discharge temperature, power and complete a data sheet.
To evaluate the discharge temperature and power it is more accurate to use SSI instead of
the manual method presented here.
In order to estimate the basis of cost and layout it is important to understand the type of
compressors for the service in consideration, and the associated power requirements.
The principal types used in the oil and gas processing industries are:
reciproca ting (volumetriC>
centrifugal
rotary (volumetric)
axial
A compressor selection chart is shown in Figure 1.
Reciprocating compressors are widely used iln the oil and gas industry for small
to medium gas flows and high compression ratios. For example:
Instrument and service air compressors
Screw compressors are sometimes used in low flow gas service or for
instrument and service air for installations of small to medium size.
2.2.3. Centrifugal compressors
•
.
.I
RevIsion' 0 Page No
t 7
COMPRESSORS
For centrifugal compressor used in gas and oil extraction industries the discharge
.1
temperature is limited to 170/190 DC.
Normally intercoolers are used to maintain temperatures within the above limits.
:1
2.4. DESIGN MARGINS
..1
If the flow is constant, no margin, but if the flow is coming from a production
separator a 'margin of 10 % is recommended in order to take into account the
possible slugs at the inlet of these production separators.
I
5. WEIGHT AND SIZE
For weight and size we recommend to ask the manufacturer as vend~r catalogues detail
only the size and weight of the compressor itself. As the compressor package also includes
also the seal and lube oil console, control cabinet and sometimes the driver and gear box,
I
the use of vendors catalogues could be misleading in estimating the installed weight. ~'I;
..
Figure 4 could be used for a very preliminary estimation. It is established for the dry
weight of a centrifugal compression package including:
•
I I
I Gas mix ture l (I) (2)
I com pon ent si (3) (4) (5)
mo l. frac MO L WT (6) ll),
TC PC (J) x (2) (8) I (9)
(l) x (3)
I MW K bar a
(l) x (4) I Cp (no te 1) I l l ) x (8)
I I I Rca l/kg mo leO e
I I
I I
I
I I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I ,. ~
::D
I I I 0
I I
()
m
. I I ~
I I m
I I Z
C)
I n
J Z
I .l: m
I '0 rn
t :.<l :n
I :'1
'-~ Z
'.r.
I 0
C)
I -"
'.Il a
m
I Vl.
I I C)
I 2
I !:
~-
I 2
I C
:t>
I r
I
,I a
~
~
:n
~
<
I
III
...
IMW = 0
Tcm ix = Pc mix = I Me p =
:J
I "-J
Not e l:at T ave rag e ......
= TI • T2 ,,,::n ~
SUCTI ON FLOW W
:: 313 OK
:: 5&000 kl!./h
.'\i\ ';'; ::
GAS DENSI TY AT
""_ '_"' ,-r
/,
I
ACTU AL VOL FLOW V = 9400 m)/h
u STEP
SLJCTION = ==,9b kg/m 3
I
NOTES
, J
I T 2 :: T 1(P2) 3 -
PI TJ;T
t T2 ::
::
~z..~,4
150.4
oK
°C
REPEA T STEP 3-4 IF T2 IS
DIFFE RENT FROM ONE
USED IN STEP 3
I
5. DETER MINE Z A VG SUCT
DISCH
ZI
Z2
::
::
0,9&
o,~7
I
AVG Z :: 0,Cj75
NOTES : I
I
IIiJ-. /j/ PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
STE P
NO TES
1. GA S PRO PER TIE S
Tc :: ?.47 oK
Pc :: 43,S bar a
2. AV ERA GE ~ = MC p/M Cp -
- [.99
7i
I
= 1,'La \ J.ssu.TY'o:":' T
' Z ::: • 10 '.- \
I _: I
o'-e:
3. CA LC UL AT E DIS CH AR GE
TEM P
~ -t
T'2. = Tl x ( ~i) -~- T2 = 3£B,4 oK Rep eat 2 - 3 if T2 dif fer s
:: '110.4 ·C from tha t use d in STE P 2
5. DE TER MIN E Z AVG SUC T Zi :: 0.9 7
DIS CH Z2 :: Jig S
AV G Z :: 0,%
6. DE TER MIN E OV ERA LL EFF ICI
EN CY
'lg 1')g = O,C;;~
See Fig 3
I,
7. CA LC UL A TE GA S HO RSE
POW ER
i .-
GH P = Zx Rx Wx '6 x (T2 - Tl)
MW x ~600 x(~ - 1) GH P :: i 54 kW ' R = 8.3 14 kJ/ kgm ole . ·C
8. CA LC UL AT E SHA FT HO RSE
POW ER PS = 193 kW
PS :: GH P/f x T} g
f = 0.9 6 to 0.9 7
9. CA LC UL AT E DR IVE R POW ER
Ele ctri cal Mo tor Po: : lot5 x PS Po = LLL kW
•
lIE REC IPR OC A TIN G
PRO CES S CAl CUL A nON SHE
CO~PRE5SOR
ET
ITEM .
No .
rUH
\( 70? Q
Gfl. : ='OI-1P:~ES:'D'::
8Y ,
\ CHI( l OA TE ! jJOe TITL E :: ",!>, I\I\P LE J08 No
I REV I OJ
I PROCESS ENGINE E RING DESIGN M/~J~Ptlt·
. ·r
Revi\lon : Page No
IJ 50 Date :2/fl') 7
'000
I 'UCI'''OCAT'NQ
CO"'IIEUO"S
fVOlUM( TIIUC)
IJ 100
~I~I
Il ...a::
J
::l
--------------- ----------.,
11 ... 110' .. 11. CO"~II[u()'"
....
a:: IVOLUWnll'CI
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a::
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11 I
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,
Cf .. '"I'UO"L , "OIl
.... 0 aLOWEIIS
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ACTUAL SUCTION FLOW ! .n..,
11 I.M
FIC. I CENERAl RANeES OF AJ>PLICATlQN FOR DIFFERENT CQLlPRESSOR TYPES
11 '.M
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11 . ,•
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'OVI
'A.IU,
'.M eO"""II~ MANUfJAC,U"('U
I
I
I PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIc";N MANUAL
.;-:-it'~i:;:6i '
Hevl\lon (J Page No :
• i Date 7
I 1~~~~-r.-~,,~-.-r.-~r-~-'-.-r'-~rlrI-.-r'-.-r-ro-.-r'-'-~r<-C-''-~~r--r--,-~
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PII£SSUR£ RATIO
,
. I . I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 5 10 15 20 25
I
I
I
I~
1- 1
--- PROCESS ENGINE E RING DESIGN 'MANUAL
Revl~lon :
Data 2/&5
Pltge No .
-
I
:11
':1
IJ
I;
.1
'11
I: ,
8. EXPANDERS
,IJ
.
11
11
II
, •1
I'
I'
EXPANDERS
f
Date· 2/&5
&.1 ·1
I. APPLICABILITY
I
For both the feasibility study and a pre-project study the engineer will be required to fill in I
a process data sheet with the basic information and to estimate the expander horsepower.
The expander efficiency is the ratio of the actual energy removed to the maximum
I
theoretical energy on Figure I
HB-HA I
I
HBI-HA
Generally a value of &0-&5 % can be used for estimation purposes. See Figure 2. I ,
Liquid content at the outlet of the expander varies from 10 to 30 % (we;ght)
Inlet gas must be free of solid particles and water (sometimes C02), ice formation is
prohibited.
I
Maximum horsepower of the manufactured turbo expanders is about 12 000 HP. This
figure should not however be considered as a limit.
I
Turbo expanders can be used in series.
I
Efficiency is affected by the variation of the design flow rate See Figure 3 for an
est ima tion.
I
'-----~---------...I·I
I
r--------.,.----------------_____.-______,-r-__ .~
\"
P.lq" No ' " .
"
EXPANDERS
CAMPBELL VOLUME II
VENDOR DOCUMENTATION
i.e. : ROTOFLOW, MAFl- TRENCH •• ; -
I·:
IJ
II'
-,
Date
RevIsion: Page No :
PRESSURE . FIGURE 1
I
ilJ Tal Ta
Il PA -------
1
LIQUID
11 PHASE
IJ
I]
I ENTHALPY
I Pa Outlet pressure
Tal Outlet theoretical
T a . Outlet temperature
Hal Outlet theoretical enthalpy
Ha Outlet enthalpy
Ii temperature
11 FIGURE 3
11 ESTIMATED PERFORMANCE AS A
FUNCTION OF DESIGN FLOW RATE
>
u
I u
Z
w 100
~
-
I
FIGURE 2 u.. 90
u..
w 8~
V
~
""
-
I- Z
85 2 (!)
84
w
(J
......-- (I)
w
70
I 83
82
81
a:
w
Q"
:>
(J /
~
/' o
u.. 60
o
I- 50
2 j Z
I 80 w
(J 1/
w
79 U
u... a::
78 u... w
w
a. 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 , 20
I
I
I SS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL
ReVISion: P&ge No :
I , Date 2/&5
II'
,-
I
,I;
-,
Ij
1
I;
,
Ii
1
IJ
!
I;
I 9. FLARE SYSTEMS
IJ
IJ
I
1
1
1
I
I
1
I
FLAHE SYSTEM
Date
2/&5 9.1
I. APPLICABILITY
For the feasibility and preproject studies, a detailed design of the flare system is not
needed. Required information for either study will include;
For further more detailed specification and desilgn requirements consult the CFP
DESIGN GUIDE ON FLARES-VENTS-RELIEF AND ~LOWDOWN SYSTEMS.
Relief system includes any pressure relief vklvelrupture disc downstream piping
and liquid separator
Blowdown system includes any depressuring val~e, downstream piping and separator
(normally the pressure relief and depressuring systems utilize
common piping and separator)
Design pressure the pressure used to design i the vesse I and calcu la te the wa 11
thickness (see section 1.0.)
Set pressure • I
the pressure at whIch a safety device is adjusted to open under
I
service conditions. Usually equal to the Design Pressure
This section details how to determine the number and levels of the required flare system for
a feasibility or preproject study and other guidelines.
A system of items of equipment and piping can be p~otected against overpressure most
economically by considering it as a single unit when calculating the relieving capacity
.----------------r----------------------------------------------r--------------,----
----___
I,
p,Jge No.
r
fLARE SYSTE M
Date· 2/85
I
9.2
---~-. In specif ying the design pressu re of the individ ual items and
11
safety valve setting there
are two approa ches
Produ ction separa tors may have a varyin g feed tempe rature
tempe rature s
I
ize the extent of low
tempe rature piping
By segreg ating the flows from high and low pressu re source
s into two separa te flare
system s greate r use of the high pressu re drops can be achiev
severe back pressu res on the low pressu re system s
ed withou t imposi ng I
The molec ular compo sition of some stream s may warran
other stream s. e g moist C02 or H2S is corros ive. It may
t their segreg ation from I
be cheape r to fabric ate a
second smalle r vent system to handle these rather than fabric
in corros ion resista nt mater ial.
ate the entire system
I
I
-- -- -- -- -- -- -. -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -, .- -- -- -- --
-- v- -
RevISIon a
FLA RE SYS TEM
This has alread y been determ ined from the previo us section
.
4.2. TYPE OF TIP + STACK TO BE USED (see sectio n 10 in Flare Design Manua
l)
The choice of stack and tip type-w ill obviou sly be dictat ed
by the locatio n of the
plant under design .
For onshor e plants in remot e areas it is usually suffici ent
to use a remot e vertic al
stack with a conven tional pipefi are tip. The height of the
-~--:::~-
-- ----~- -
- .. --" - --------._- -_.
-
stack will be determ ined
bythe radiati on limita tion on the design ated sterile area
round the stack. For non
occupi ed areas, this figure could be high as 5000 BTU/h .ft 2
(15 700 W/m2) resulti ng
in a short stack height . For cases where high flaring loads
still result in a tall stack,
a furthe r reduct ion in height can be achiev ed by using a
Coand a/lnda ir or simila r
type high pressu re sonic flare tip (see sectio n 10 in FLARE
~-. -_._- - --- DESIGN MANU AL for
discus sion of each tip type).
"1
Offsho re the choice is somew hat more compl ex in choosi
vertic al flare or simila r, or an integr al 45° mount ed boom
ng· betwe en a remot e
flare or even on board
11
vertic al stack. The decisio n betwe en these is more often
than not govern ed by
econom ics, struct ural consid eration s and specif ics pertin
locatio n eg: water depth. Gener ally, howev er sonic flare
ent to each platfo rm Ii
tips are used where
pressu re levels allow (2-5· bars) at the tip entry in order
length s, by reduci ng radiati on levels, and associ ated suppor
to reduce stack/ boom
t structu re weigh ts.
II
4.3. FLARE BOOM - FLARE STACK SIZING
I
,--
,
i
---I~·"-·----·· t~)W~T. ,'
,.
\
Revl'C)li) r'l r)
P.1<JP No " i
l' ~
I
FLAR E') YSTE,l"i
Date 2/&5 9.5
I I
Allowa ble I
I Condi tion Exposu re I
radiati on I
I period I
Btu/h. ft 2 I I
I I
I I
I Areas where person nel may be
I I
1000 I Infinit e I
I loca ted and expect ed to per- I
I form their duties contin uously I
I I
I I I
I I I
I Areas where person nel may be 2000 I minute I
I locate d from which escape is I I
I possib le and shelter is I I
I attaina ble I
I I
I I
I Areas where equipm ent is 3000 I 5 second s
I loca ted and person nel are not I
I norma lly presen t during ope- (Emerg ency I
I ration , but if presen t im- flaring only) I
I media te shelte r is availab le I
I I
I I
I Areas where person nel are not 5000 I 0
I permi tted during operat ion I
I I
I I
I Helide ck 1000 I
I I
The above figures are maxim um allowa ble radiati on
intens ities inclusi ve of solar
radiati on ( 250 BTU/h r ft 2).
a) Pipe flare
Date: 2/&5
I
9.6
I) Identify "weak link" with respect to MABP on safety values. (this should have I
been done when determining the levels of relief). This is the maximum upstream
pressure tolerable in the system.
I·
2) Calculate the ~P across the flare tip for the relief design flow. For sonic type
tips the backpressure will be 2.0 to 5.0 barg depending on load.
For pipe flare tips use: Flare tip 0.5 - 2.0 psi (0.034 - 0.14 bar)
Fluid seal 0.2 - 0.5
I
psi (0.014 - 0.034 bar) I
Molecular seal oj - 1.0
3) Estimate the equivalent length of piping from I the tip to the flare KO drum.
psi (0.034 - 0.07 bar)
I
(Allow generous margins, flare headers are complex and rarely straight).
5)
VELOCITY IN STACK TO 0.85 M AT DESIGN FLq>W.
I
Using the estimated D calculate the ilp from tipl to flare KO drum. The Conison
I
I
. I
I
I
fL
+ ( 39.4
d
+ 2 In I·
Where
2
I = upstream
= downstream
conditions f
L
=
=
lood Y friction factor
e uivalent length m
I
p = pressure bar (a)
u
v
= velocity m/s
d = PIpe id inchs
I
= specific vol m 3 /kg
This calculation requires a degree of trial and err01 as ul =f (PI) I
I
I
I
a 'lilli,
I FLARE SYSTEM
RevIsion Page 1\10 ...
I 7) Once satisfied with the drum-tip line proceed back up the flare header and
calculate the next section of line diameter.
I &) Continue along the headers, adjusting f lowrat~s as necessary if sources disappear,
until the "weak link" criteria has been satisfied.
I
I 9) If the project requires sub headers and laterals can be estimated from the main line
static backpressures calculated above.
I EXAMPLE:
I
I
I
I
I L. lOO""
I p... o· '5
I 4. Size line from tip to drum (L = 150 m) to giveP drum 0,5 barg (say) size line
from drum to point (J) (L = 100 m) to give PI < 1.2 barg.
sourc~ (I) can flow from
I 5. Check that (I) to (3) with pressure drop available.
I
I
I
--~--
~}'-!',j _""' !'Jo .,~
FLARE SYSTEM
NOTE: I)
Laterals - - -> sub headers - - -> headers must increase in diarneter
as the systelo progresses to the tip.
2) Max velocity in a lIne is ,\1 ..\CH 0.7 for short duration reliefs only.
A flare KO drum is provided to drop out and collect the liquid part of the flare vapours In
order to :
separate knock out drums are generally required for each level of flare system
installed i.e. : an HP KO drum, LP KO drum, LLP drum
cold vapour lines (i.e. < aOC) can be introduced immediately upstream of inlet
line to a "warm" drum providing the resultant temperature in the drum does not
call below design. This precludes the need for two independant drums.
Date: 2/85
5.2. 9.9
DRU.\l SIZI.'J,G
Based on the above deSign consideeations the floce KO deum can be sized using the
method outlined in section 2.0. VESSEL DESIGN.
I
For a flare KO drum, the noemal liquid level should be kept in the lowee part of the
drum i.e. , utilise as much space as possible for the vapor-liquid de-entrainment. if a
I
large diameter drum results consider using a split flow arrangement with the exit
nozzles mounted on the head. This will maximise the LID ratio and give a smaller
I
lightee drum. This is especially useful offshore wheee weight
concern.
+ space are a major
I
I
An LSHH will normally be installed in the flare drum to initiate a plant shutdown (or
wellhead shut in offshore).
6.0.
I
RELIEF DEVICE SIZING (For more detail see API 520, 521)
6.1. GENERAL
- Safety valves are either termed balanced or conventional depending upon the
backpressure limitation I )
- Rupture discs are less rObust than an equivalent safety valve and cannot be relied
on to function accurately. It is recommended that rupture discs are avoided
I
6.2.
BACK PRESSURE
I
- Backpressure exists in two forms:
Ii
flowing backpressure is the preSSure on the discharge side of a PSV that is
blowing off to the relief system'
LJQUID RELJEF
•I I
A =
gpm
I
I
~----------------------------------------------~I-
Rt.1V!~) I on o
FLARE') YS TEM
Date -
2/85 9.10
Where:
1\
Effective discharge .lrea, ins2
gpm = Flowrate, u.s. gallons/min
G = Spec.ific gravity at flowing ternperature
Kp = Capacity correction factor due to over pressure (from figure 6.5)
Pd = Relieving pressure minus constant back pressure (PSI)
Kw = Capacity correction factor due to back pressure When balance
be lows value are used (from figure 6.4)
._.
Kv = Viscosity correction factor (from figure 6.3.)
W
A=
Where:
W = Relief flow, lbs/h z = Compressibility factor
T = Inlet vapor temperature, 0 R (l.8 0 K)
C = Coefficient (from figure 6.1, 6.2)
K = Coefficient of discharge (0.975 unless vendor data available)
PI = Upstream pressure, psia. Set pressure x 1.1 for blocked outlet, CV
failure or 1.2 for fire plus 14.7 psia
Kb = Capacity correction factor (fr_()_f"0 figwe 6.6)
M = Molecular weight of the vapour
W
A=
------~------------------------------------------r-------------r_--___~
~~, ~
I
RevIsIOn. a Page No
FLARE .s YSTEM
&
Date: 2/&5
9.11
I..
The following table may be used for estimating the relief valve size based upon
effective discharge areas calculated as in paragraphs 6.3. through 6.6. : the
I
Orifice letter
Nozzle I
Effective Area Normal size
sq. inches DeSignation
I
o
E
0.110
0.196
102
lE2
I
F
0.307
G
H
0.503
1/2 F2*
2G3*
I
0.785
2H3
K
J
1.287
1.838
2J3 or 3J4* I
L 3K4 or 3K6 '~-1
N
M
2.853
3.600
3L4 or 4L6
4M6
I 1
4.340
P
Q
6.379
11.045
4N6
4P6 I
6Q8
R
T
16.000
26.000
6R8 or 6RI0
8Tla
I
*
I
Avoid using 2 1/2 inch outlet flanges (F and G orifices)
**
Avoid using 2 1/2 inch inlet flange (J orifice)
I
I
I
I
I
I o P ')(j" No
FLARE SYSTEM
Date
2/S5 9.12
1
I 7.0. REFERENCES t- LITERATURE
IJ Incl.
G .... ,
10
FaP.,ltn·
holl'
240 26. JO, JU J6I 400
,Or,,",
421
F ahrcftk ... ,
,., ,.,
..
20 460 .91 no nl
H' Z" )IJ )4J JH 40) 4)) 46J 491 ")
40
60
~17
)01
JIO
))0
JU
))41
))7
)10
)IZ
)to
410 440 467 .,J U'
U'
'4Z
'40 ) ,,,
)to
I-1
422 4SO
10 )24 )4' )'S )., 40' 4Jl .60
471
471
."
497
U'
U' ,,,
U7 '60
)).
'.0
JlO
100 U. )60 )7' 41J
120 J" 440 466 '4., JOG U, u,
. "}
"0 110 )11 40) 4H 4)0 490 JlO
'71 SO,
140
160
)61
)70
)91
'0'
4"
~!'
."
....
)
4',
46J
"0 "7
,
JlO
llO
'H
n7
'.0 "
,,,
~60
)II
lI'
1--] 110 )7, US 4)1 •so 470
'17
... !
SOZ
SO • Sl)
"0 H'
,so no
Jl6
..".,
"S ,to
- --
,,,
-
lOll )11 410 ....41
no ),. 4)' 4U 497 UJ SJ7 S7)
4)0 '40
140
160
210
40J
416
.U
4'40
"S
4n
46)
.'0
4,S
4.0
.to
SO!
S07
Sl2
,.7
nz
'n:!6• ,..,.s
'12
SI1
S46
SSO
S60
,.,
S.,
S77
n)
..
"1
S,.
447 • 10
'" ) 60)
11
46' SU. ssa S7) ,to
..
JOO
"0
400
4:2
.....
4))
4n
46'
.'0
4.0
4"
4"
)00
U2
,~O
))0",
H'
,
''0
n. nl ,,,
S., S"
~'6
Sf)
6O!
610
611
SOIl
600
070
4.,
4"
."
H!
..,!
'0
no
,!.
JOt
,.,
U)
'4J
"6
'40
"0
,..
", ." ,,.
'12
"J
,,,
no
610
.. 0
625
6!6
"'6
.00 no ,., ".
610 6U 6)1
'"
,,, .... , U,
n,
I
1.000
1.150
UOO
).6
'74
"7
"7
It\
,U
60'
"0
620
&01
6)0
'97
6:06H
.... '"
640
610
.,.6" 6U
...
661
660
611
.SO 64\'
UI
710
1>10
701
,..
..,
6JO 1!'
..,
64~ U)
U"
1.000
'19
617
647 660
,,,
670 610
."
"2 704
'01
717
7U
1)0 ,.)
7:!1
7"
DOll 670 6~ 101 71. HZ 7.,
,to 7ft! 7H ll)
I
I.oon 691 III 7~) 7IJ 74Z 766
; I) J:!J 7)) 14!
7" 7'0 791
1J1 762 7lJ 71S "S II~
I
I
I
I
I PflOC E SS ENG I N E EH I NG[)[S.IC,\J MANU/\L Revl\lon
I
I
...
-~
Date . :,'n',
·
c
'"·
I 0
v
<>
0
"'0
u
·c
E
....
u
e.o
co
0 :3
.:: ....
2, ...
.-
I'
E
"
l
"0
u
c:
2
'§
. · > u
.. .
0
> u
"0
"
;;
·~
!"
.D
(5
c:
0 c:
~
'"~ u
I:
v
....
· ""'
I
C 0 <""\
.i ->(
·
u
0
c:
..c V
u
I
~
~ ..!:!
I
~
3
2"
...·0
I ·
U
I
;
""
\3
· ;
.!CO
1",:)1) • • • ,nl)'O'"
... '!
." 'it
I 2.
.
'it
z
i
I ~
.
J
W
·· ..... - . ,-.. -
I ..
o 0
~
o
. .... - ...
· ... _.... f' ..
.....
.
, -.. -.
- ..... ~
I
I
I --• pnOCESS [NC'I\JEEflING DESIGN M>\NUAL
Date 2 /ti~
P .lgf~ N ()
1.1 .•
I 10
,
I
I
1 I).. III
~ III
I a:
09
~
IL
I
f-""""
1 I I ! I!!
...0
LJ ,/
« oa
LL
z V
...Qu L
I ....a::
a::
0
u
07
I
...-
~ 0.6
I ell
0
U
VI
0.5
>
I x:
•»
0.4
I
~
I 0.3
10 20
j
40 60 100 200 400 1,000 2.000 4,000 10,000 20.000 100,000
R· REYNOLDS NUMBER
/ ).
"a"". '.3- Capacity Correct. on Foctol' 0". 10 ViKosity ,_
I 1.00
110
;..---- f-
I-- r---
... " 100
lO"
..
~
on
~
Q.
>< -
Cl.
,
Cl.
on
N
0.90
I"\.
" "1'\
~
090
0.&0 V
V
t.J
.. Z
0.8S Go
:r:: L
I CI 0
. ...
'"CI
.J ~ 0.&0
" "-'- ...
a: 070
0
V
... 000
/ i
.
ct IZI 0 7:i :-....
I I
>
.i ....
>-
'=V "- i\.. ....
Z
Q 0:i0
I 1:
Q.
070 t.J
II
"
et 0.0
... ......
>-
OJ
t.J
o o.eS
ct
0
U
0.)0
I ..
Cl.
t.J
••
a: oeo
o 5S
0.20
"
0
10V
I
o ~o
0 10 20 )0 .0 SO 0
SACK P~5S~ I PSIC 0 S 10 IS 20 2S 30 )S .0 .S so
0/. ""(oE SACK • 100 O\l£FlPR[SSURE
PFlESsuAE. SET PA(!\.SUAE. PSIC PEFICENT
I
Valvcs operalinl al low ovcrprnsure, lend 10 -challer"; there·
fore. oyerprruurcs of less than 10 percenl should be avoided.
Fig.ure {,.~ -Voriobl~ or (on"anl Back.Pre"ur~ Siling
,flocl or IC. for 15 P~rc~nl Ov~rpr~uur~ on Figure G5 Capacily (orr~clion
faclors Du~· 10 Ov~r.
Balanced Be 110_. Saf~'y.R~li~f Volv~, pr~'~vre for Relief and Saf~ly.R~li~f
I
I
T
I
I --- PHOCESS ENGINEEHING OESICN MANUAL
Date 21f1S
f'Jtjc No
'J. 1 '-
I w
0: 1.00
~~
:::> t ........
V')
w
I ex: w
:::>0:
V')
V') Q 0.90
V')
w ~
~ RPRfS~
/.
o~~
SURf
0: V °0
£,~-?~
I a.. <
~
V
<
m
....
:::>
0.80
J()~,
~S~ I
m 0 S(..
I '?~,
I
I
I--
I--
~ 0.70 ~
~
>-
>- ....
l-
I V V<
c( Q 0·60
Q
< <
u V
,
a
I w
~
0:
R
0.50
a 5 10 15 20 25
I
jo 35 40 45 50
D
0/0 GAGE BACK PRESSURE = BACK PRESSURE. PSIG x 100
NOTE: The above curves represenl a compromise of the values recommended by a number of relief valve manufacturers and may
be used when the m:ake of valve or the actual critic31·now pressure point for the vapor or IllS is unknown. When the make is
I
I
Figure (,'(,,,,-Vorioble or Conslonl Bock.Prenure Sizing Foetor /C. for Balanced Bellows Safety.Relief Valves (Va·
pars and Gases)
I
w
0:
w
0:
::J ex:
II)
II)
w,
::J
1.0
I
- .-
- r--<..:: r.:::::: t-:::::: ~ .
I
I/) Q I-"
V r:> ~ ~
t-- ~ ~- ~- 1 - - ~- t-- t--
II)
w ~
ex: V 0.8
V / " V V fr' ~ ~
0..< V
~m
I k = I I ... /" ~ V
V V lr' ~
VI--
<::J
m 0 0.6
It. V .---- V li~
k =I 3
k = 1.5
I--
~ ~
.....
k : 1.7
I~
I >-r
I--t:
-V
V<
0.4
,
!~
<Q
o <~ ..
I 0.. V ..!.
aW ",N u
0.2
,!
~~ ,
,
II .
I 0
0: 1'-.
/I
::s::
D - a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
o _ B CK PRESSURE, PSIA
yo ABSOLUTE BACK PRESSURE - SET PRESSURE + OVERPRE;SSURE. PSIA X 100 • r X 100
I Figure 6·6~Constont Bock Pressure Sizing Foctor /C •• For Convenli~nal Sofety.Relief Valves (Volpors ond Gases
,
"
I
I
Only)
I •
..
I - .. ,
I
I
~
I
---------------------
~/~:~
APPENDIX A
A.l G.n.r.1
0.1- (11.61)(l0··)ld~t.tI.Jm)~~.I) WIHD--..
(~---.
Th .. Ippendll p,u.nu ""mplCI 01 .he ....0 melhodl
10' IWn, I n.,e IlIck blsed on .he ellecli oll.dillion. 1.'- 0.209
I. - 0.46 meier (in "de di.me.er)
I
L,
The I-a melhodl lie llIe ""mplc" Ipproocll pltsen.ed
,n s.c,,,on • Ind Ihe molt lpecific Ipprolell u"n, For Mach - O.S, .he narc dilme.er is calc:ull.ed .. '01·
BnulloW\ki Ind Sommer', me.hod. Hei",1 and 10-
Ullon should aho be consideled, blsed on ,II
dis,
IoWl:
I.' - 0.897
-:;
pe,,,on ,llhe nlme il "'in,uilhed (ace 4.4.1.4). 4 - O.ts 100. (inlide diame.er) +
I n
::)
A.2 Exlmple 1: Sizing I Fllr. Stick In melric unill, .hi, "Inlillu '0: fT'.
I ~"j
U.lng the Simpl. Approach 4'- 0.08)) I (/')
In Ih .. ,,"mple, .he bllic dill Ire I I loll"",,: The 4 - 0.29 me.er (inlide dilme'er) ( m
2
mlle"al nowinl il hyd,ocarbon upon. The flow n.e,
w. II IOO,CXXl poundl pel hoUI (12.6 kilol,aml pel acc· U.2 CALCULATlOH OF FLA.. E LEHQTl1 I If'
.,
~
ond). The I.ellie molecula, "ci,h. ollhe upon, Itt, 'The h... liberaled, Q, in Bri.i,h .hennal unill pel
If :;.. 2
" I<) I The nowinl .empelllu,e, T, il 760 de"eCl hour (tilOWIIII), II cal",llIed I I loll""" (ace Fi,ul<I ~ m
m
Rankine ()(Xl f) (422 lel.in, (149 c)1. The hea. 01 6A and 6B): ;;. ::J
romb",,"on " 21,SOO Brililh Ihelmal uniu per pound
o• 10' k,loloulu pc' kilo"lm). The ra.io 01 .he
.peClr" heau In Ihe IU, k, " 1.1. The nowin, p,e,",u,e
Q - (IOO,OOl)(2I,SOO)
- 2.1 S )( 10' Bri.ilh .hermll uniu pcl haUl e 2
~
In me.ric uni .. , .hil Uinalll<l '0: '"
II Ihe nile lip il 14 7 poundl pc' sqlllle inch 1bw>III.e .....
~
m
~----~.:..---
(101 ) k,lop'lUh .bw>III.e). The deli,n wind .eloci.y il Q • (l2.6)(~ )C 10')
20 m,leI pe' hou, (29.) leci pc' .. cond) (32.2 kilomc· (/')
·6.l )( 10' kilowllU
'cr\ pe' hou, (.pprol~mllely 1.9 mClell per accond»).
F,am Fi,lIr.. 6.0. and 6B, .he n.me len,.h, L, il 170
-2,
A.2.1 CALCULAnON OF FLARE DI ..... ETER Icel (S2 mc.en) (iCC Fi&uIC .0.·1).
------~----- ~
Thc Mach numbe, is delermined II loliowl (.. e
1..2,3 CALCULATION OF FLA .. E DISTORTlOH F~ A·l--oun.l\alOna] R.'., ___ ~ Sttong-e Flare SIACi. >
S' 3 I. IIcm I) 2
,.-
C...USED BY WIND VELOCITY (SIMPLE
'-
Mach • (1702)(IO"~~ CALCULATlON)
, •• ,.. ~11o".",·1IWMc 111"*' .... ,nc .. I""'.f' COtMJ.hON (0 C ....
>
r
The UPOI now lI'e il dClermined II lollows: ,hal" .. ) .. U • n.t. Nlen
U ))) 9
tOI.) l.topuc..t ..
, ... II ~)I
In meltlc. unlU, Ihl' "Inllll" 10;
Mach· (1I.61)(IO·'~~
Aow - ('~) e::·n G~)
-lll.9 aclllil cubic Icc. pel ICcond
The name dtllOnlon ""wd by .. ind \,.loclI)' i. cllc ... ·
Illed '0110 .... (ICe Fi,u'e 7):
- Ul9 ftci pcr w:c.on~ C
II
In mclnc unlu. Ihu uln,lllu 10. "" <
For Moch • 0 2, Ih. n.. e dllme.cr II caleuilled 11101· In mClric Ullill, .hil "Inlill .. 10: U. Wind 'elocily '"' ~
.1 IOO.CXXl
02· (I 702)(10 ~V(l.'i)(46.I)
JIOJ Aow - (I2.6)(~:;) (Jm The nue .ip nil .doclly, U" mly be delermlned ..
U,· .(O 1<»)'
•
.9.46 IClIIII cubic mc.cn pel second 10110.... (.ee A.3.2 101 .nollle, mc.hod 01 Cllcllillon, - S6 9 meten pcl W'cond
d ' ·2.24 U,):
For Mach· 0 ~.
d • U fcci (i""de dllmClcr) Non: I. , ... "klllllllON 'boote. the wohunc 01 • perlen
,.,................. , Eo'I...... aM .. , _ . _ (60f ..... 14.1
pc' ..vue ilK'" ,bioi".. ) II )79.1 ('UN f.... T\c ...... 01. pcricn
,.,....s.
IN per
Aow
U.- -;;iT 3)) 9
In melnc uni .. , Ihl. lunliliu 10:
U,· .(095)'
4
4 -:;
II
Fo, Mach· 0.2. ·471 'CCI per .. wnd
'.
2
::J
_",i
- - - -, - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - - -
n mctnc until, thn It.nlilin 10: D'-R,I+H· I R' - 45.1 -11(37.4)
946
r~ -o,n 160' • 7&1 + H" ·21.0 mcl."
U, • .(02'1)1 LAy - (0.'3)(") H'I - lj,600 - 6084 DI·R·'.H·I
--4- - 19,516 4a.9'· 21.0' + W'
- 27,6 mClcn H' - 140 Icci
·143.2 melen per .. COM H'I. 239U - n9
A' MlCh·O 2,
LAx - (0,72) (") H - 140 - ~(60) - 1662.2
- 37,4 mClcn -IIOlee' H' - 40.8 me'en
~·~wi·om In me.,ic unils, Ihis .,anslarts 10: H • 40.a - 11(21 6)
A.2.4 CAlCULAnOH 01' REOUIRED FURE ·27 mc'cn
LiZ ·OH STACK HEIOHT
H'·H+~A,
R'·R-~AI
Ly ·0&.1 For IIIe bui. o( Ihe ",levlalionsln Ihls "Clion, relcr rAy. la.2 melt"
,
LAy. (0.35)( 170)
• 59.S Icci
LA.! • (0&.1)(170)
• 144.' rccl
104.4.1.3. Rdcr 10 Fieure A·I (or dimensional relcr.
eneel.
The deli," bui. is U (011ow1: The mClion of hUI
radialed, F, il 0.3. The heallibcUled (sec A.2.2), Q, is
2.15 )( 10' 8ri,illl Ihennal unil. pcr hour (6.3 )( 10'
k il.,...a" I). The muimum allowable radialion, K, II 150
(Sec A.2.J.)
r~ ·44.2 melon
m
Vl
"1:
'CCI (45.1 me'en) from Ihe nlre I .. ek II 2(X)O Bri,ilh D·-R"+H" :/)
'" mefnc unlta, Ihi. tft"SIaIU 10: 'hennal uniu per I\o"r pcr lCIuare fOOl (6,3 kilo_I'1S pcr 48.9'·23 7' + H'I i ~IO'-.o m
1CI".,e me'er). WI. 2391.2 - 561.7
, •• ~~ el,.,. -c. ,'"e., 2
'~(U"." .h~
!!" • .!!.O 156 In equal ion (3) from Section 4, lSIume •• 1.0. Thc - 1829.5
:'
l
0 01'
• i!~'~::~:':.~~.-"c"a.. :;. _I
U, 56 9
dillance Irom 'he name eenlcr 10 IIIe 'llde,le~1
L~ ·0 lS boundary (,hal ii, Ih. objeC1 bein, considered), D, is
H' • 42.8 me'en ,
,
• c... ",,< ... o-.t •• ..c"Io-
.·'11.... ' 0" ,10 -C ..
M
"I'"
..
c: 2
~
L H - 42.8 - 11(18.2) , • o.··O-OO'''·'OOoU--'
~ ~::':.'~::::.:. t"C"
'hen calcula'ed u lo"ows: .~
L~·
·33.7 me'e" •
~ :::
0 85
,ff!& • '''00Il00'.'''' l'ICAl
'.
""'Coo
L D· AI Mach - Q S, His ca!culaled lollOW1:
IS 2
-- . --- .....-
LA,. (0 )5)02) ;::;::
H" - H + I1A, _,a' .. "f" ••..,. .... , .., ...." v-.n, ...... ...avo- ~r:
~I
- 18.2 me'en
• I(O.)KfTIRIO'j
V (4)(3, 14)(200» R' • R - 11A1 ....,.. ........ ,..... ....- --.~.-- '-"
m
, . ,• •~ t.~ ~ ..... "--... ~ :II,.. IiJ"'CII "-'w . . ft ..... \..roIIlos1
LA.! • (0 &.1)(52) • 160.2 feel LA,. 90.1 I... :0-; :/)
.,44.2 mtlCn
In melric unirs, Ihis Innslalca 10:
LAx - 122.4 Iccl
, :J
filii
2
(Se. A.2.3.)
A' Moch - 0 5,
.ffA :;
!!., _ 2'1).0062
U, 4"
D-
- .ft~i~~~·!.~!o:1
R' - 150 - 11(122)
• 89 leel
S
i "j ""11111 I 111111111 1111111 >
2
LiZ- O $}
DI·R·'+H"
160'·89' + H"
JI.
C
>
· .... --..-....•
- 41,9 mele" r
Ly ·o.n Thc phY1ical arranacmcnllllown in Fieure A, I is Ihe
H'I. lj,600 - 7921
- 17 .679
\
0 P
ld~ffitJ" ""11 I: "_,f.OII
~~~~~~
A' Mach - 0.2, 'he narc .,ack hei,hl, H, is ",Icu. I
.I
H· 133 - 11(90) Co>
·90.1 leel laled u lollow.:
• U lee, I ;:; !
rA.r - (o.n)(I70)
·1224 rcc'
H' - H + ~A,
R'-R·~
I" mClric unlta, 'his "ansla,cs '0: ) • - ...... "',-.'oIoCA\ g'"
I""" • _...aGe .. t"U - "ACA\
......".....
H' - H + 116,
l "ulnc unllS, It'll' IranllilCI 10:
U. 89
LA, - 59.5 leci
LA.r - 144.S reel
R'· R - 1141
~A, • 27.6 meren
- ,"' !I "11
"
I
I- PROCESS ENGINEERING OESIGhl MANUAL
RevIsIon: P&geNo:
Date 2/&
I
I
I
I-
I
I
I
I
I 10. PIPES VALVES + FITTINGS
I~
I:
11
I
I
I
I
I
I-
I
ReVISiOn· 0
Page No.
PROCESS AND UTILITY LINE SIZING
iE L
Date
2/85 10.1
1. APPLICABILITY
For a feasibility study a quick estimate of the line size will be required.
For a pre-project study a better estimate of the line size will be required.
The purpose of this guide is to size only the lines in the process unit.
For the both the feasibility and pre-project studies abaques AFTP can be used:
"Pour Ie calcul des pertes de charges des liquides dans les condui tes"
"Pour Ie calcul des pertes de charges des gaz dans les condui tes"
Flare lines, pipeline and riser sizing are not included on this chapter.
See Table I.
See Table 2.
in kg/m3
and V = Vm = ____W-=-_ __
L m/s
.0.3600
t
0i = internal diameter of the line in m.
fm and Vm are respectively the apparent density and velocity of the fluid.
.,..r;,:"::J;;; Revl\lon 0 P.l'),' rJo
I
't. Sa
PROCESS AND UTILITY LINE SIZIN~
For horizontal lines slug and plug flow regimes should i be avoided.
I
For vertical lines slug flow regime should be avoided. I
I
Remark: Flow chart Fig. I and 2 are based on author's experimental results.
I
5. PRESSURE DROP CAlCUlA nONS
I
Re =
pL =
0 V
0i =
=
line internal diameter in mm
fluid density in kg/m)
fe = fluid dynamic viscosity in Cpo I
f
V = ve.Joci ty in m!s
I Re is a dimensionless number
I
b. Determine the relative roughness: See Figure 3 ~ c.,
o
=
I
c. Determine f = friction factor
d. P = f x 100 x -1f:!....~_
: See Figure 4 ~ f =
= ?~~ bar/laO m
I
5.2. TWO PHASE FLUID
""11 l'gx!0.2 2 i
I ;
5.2.!. ':ABAQUE AFTP" for gas could be used with the correction of the line
diameter. Takin as defined in § 4 and the liquid viscosity as the fluid viscosity.
5.2.3. A more detailed method using the Lockhart Martinelli method IS given in
section 11.0 PIPELINES.
6. NOTES
With "ABAQUE AFTP" the correction for the internal diameter must be done and an
estimation of the line thickness could be done with the following formula used mainly for
high pressure.
e = P '/Ie + c
2(SE + PY)
5, E and Yare not always available so the following formular could be used for an
estima tion.
e = _-=-,P0:-e_ + c
K
e = thickness in mm
c = corrosion allowance in mm
P = design pressure in bar g K = 43 for carbon steel and low temperature
carbon steel
~e = external diameter in inch
54 for 3.5 % Ni and stainless steel
For small diameters up to about 10" use the thickness given by the schedule on Table 3.
For !::. P do not forget to take into account the change in elevation for liquid and two
phase flow.
L-______________________________________________________________________~~
TABLE 1
I I I
Pumps suctio n:
I I I I
'-'
n
m
I I I I
Liquid at bubble point or I I (,;")
v,
with dissolv ed gas
0 6 I 10 06 I 0 I 14 I 18 I m
I' I' . . I . I
· Non boiling liquid I . I - Z
><C)
2.3 I
- ;j z
3.5 0.9 1.2 I 1.8 I
I 2.4 I
I I I I OJ., m
Unit lines: I I
~
~r: m
liquid at bubble point or
I I I -.
"
~
~
I 06 I 10 06 10 I ,,1
;","j
I '..<"
Q.I
"tl
Notel : For sea water with line in titaniu m the maxim um veloci ~
ty could increa se by 20 to )0 %. C 'g
.;..
2
~
I
I VAPOR AND STEAM LINES /
MAXIMUM V2
= gas densit(kg/mJ
MAXIMUM
VELOCITY II /j P bar/km
I lI
I V = gas velocity m/s m/s I NORMAL I MAXI I "
:;J
I < I I I '-'
:-:~
I VAPOR LINES P < 20 bar g 6 000 I ) I iI,
I ) ~ P must be considered
(..~
I 20 ( P ( 50 bar g 7 500 I ~1
~r:
CJ
I I ) I -,
I - Discontinuous operation eg: compressor I I ) the corresponding service I ~
-, m
I anti-surge: P ( 50 bar g I 10000 I ) I "C
> ::::;
I 50 < P < 80 bar g I 15 000 I ) I Z
I P > 80 bar g I 25 000 I ) I "
0
I I I ) I r,
I compressor suction I ) To be compatible wi th I 0.25 0.7 I V"l
0.5 1.0
I
I
I
..
;,
-
;.,
-
r
I LonglineL)200m I I 0.15 0.25 I
I I I I
1- 10(P(30barg .ShortlineL(200m I 42 I 1.2 2.3 I 0 :!J
I . Long line L > 200 m I 42 I 0.25 1.0 I ""
1"1>
...'"
<
I I I ~
I I I u;
"';J
0
..::
f'
'"<-
~
...
I
P.l(J" No
r b
PROCESS AND UTILITY LINE SIZING
I
I
I
--- I I
Pfl()CESS ENGINF.Ef~ING DESIGN MANUAL
:' HI )(_~f::;:: ;\::n UTI U',Y
LINt: SIZING
:
'~~
Date :2/W,
P J(Je rJ ()
III .
I
100,000
1 I
....... I
1 . Flow pan.,n. fo'
Fig .....
I I
t'-- """ "-.... ...... r- Of.~"'. flo.
horllontal two·pha •• 110-
lb-;ed on
date 'rom I". '1"
I '-
I' -l
I
Annuler fI,.
end 4" pipe).
O. Baker. all end Gu Jou',
.~
lIIan Flo. Bu''', ., fro •• fl •• ne/. Nov. 10. 1958. P 158)
"
,
10.000 .......
~ ;./ :\.
.............. ~ -..... ,/
.~
By :--.
" r--..
S,,.IIII .. fl ..
" ~
SI•• fI..
""-
-- "
1,000
r-.,:- :--..
~~
1000.1 0.4o.6OJLO Z 4 6 810 2 4 6 8100 Z 4 6 81,000 Z 4 , BIO,ooo
0.2
Slit
BX = 210.7
-wG
-
wl (~o.s
DL 0.166
, (:0.") . See P.l L 3
I BY =
7.102 WG
A VOL J( O(r
Ii, -<
•
10.0
y~
'<.'" A
'V' 1'0
<~ 3 4 ~
I ~
p.- I 6.ANNULAR
0.1 I
I 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000 0
I
1
I PHOCESS EN(;INEEHINC; IJESI(;N M~_ flCVl\lOfl
f 'j
Date : .o/B" 10",
I
Figure 3 - Relative roughness of pipe
I
Pipe Diameter, in Feet-D
.~
~
.1 ...L 1 .4 .5.6 ·Il • J
• l ~ ~ ~J}O I ~ 25
.OS
....., .04 roo.
IJ .03
~02
"' "- ~
f'I
i'
1'\
"' "-
~
~ '"'r-. "~
,~
.0 1""
~
" ..... ~ ,
I] .om "-"" :'lo.
'.DOG
.005
,"' .......
I'\.~
..... ~
I' ,
..... t--
"V
T~
~o
L
" f"'\. I'
:004 ...:'lo.
_"'\.
" I"
~
0" .. t: t:
JXl3
"-" ~ --""-
~ £'.1" I t
wOOD
TAV~
I"
~
I" .":y,. t-
"I~
I .00 1
~r-
'"
~~ ,"'", ~
~~ ~I"\. I'.
.. I'.~ ~,
::.0008 I.'lo.
-",:,,}I"l. -"" "",II
"
,
~ .0006 ~ ~, }o, . . . I,
~I·o~'"
B .00)5
':.0004
I"
" '\....~~~ I" I'\.
~
>
.0003
C'o
,,~C',
'-'. L~~ ,
,
~ "'~f'..
"'"
~('
u
a:: '''< "( f"0\,. I"\. .:s;..'
.000 2
'1'(> (>0 '''o~ ... 1'\ ~J
(>
"~ . ~..0c-
'"
"'}o, . . . ~j\
·0
f' . . . 1' r.....
I'.
~~ '" I'~
... "I"
~.... ~
.000 1
.OOOOS
,!XX)()
'. ~
1"0
~ ~.,
.:'lo.I"~,,!1I
~(' -,;e,).,
6l"\.
.(0))5 ~
" I'
~~~
~.• ~
'\.
,
~,."'~ .
I
•(XX)().C t - - - - 0•
' .... "o\C ~'~ r-...
.~'\. ~
.CXXlO3 "'"~e ~
l~ ~ r--..
.()(XX) 2
~c;' '" t\. ~
I",
I I" t'("
~
~
~
I
•()(XX) 1
.00000 8 "" t'
.'
1~,,-
I
~
.000006 LL~J
.DOOOO S I
2 J 4 S 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 I q 100 200 JOO
I Pipe DI.amelel. in Inches - d
I
I
I.
PROt"E~'78fEnING DESIG N MANU AL Revi1io n: (' Page No :
PROCF: SS MW UTILIT Y
LINE SI7.HJ G
Date : 2/RS 10.9
.-
.. ...
>- '"
..
c: -I~
!!"f.
~~
a::
•
IS -a
C> .,..... ~
C> c;§ 8 8 8 g§~
.. § § § I
I'
~~~~~-+~~~~~~~~++~~~~~-r~~I~'r
+~~ .... 8
I, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Hr~~~~Vffi~~~
I -...
..
...
Ie:
~ ! liJ
-
:z: IJ J ;:.
--... --.•
u
I- I-~ ::»
0 ~I·~
L- ~L- c ~
.; rr II
...- z:...
u
% .D
L- ~w '"::»... E
,I· •c
::»
0-
I II
....
:=0
'0
"0
..
w c:
...
>-
11
0- u
!
... a::
;JI
0
u -0
.-..
:::::
I' r1
II) ~
...-
....
I:
.:.
-..
I -...
'"
I ....
C!>
I -
q ~
.,.
q .-
q
~
q Ie
q ~ q
~ ~
•
~I~
co _
--.
I ".,::.
.~ "i:
0
I
nIh' UI."'1t:N:. : '/I I :~ 'V",
KH I KH
INS KH! \CH \CH KH
I \f Alf~ \fA IES \UONC
KH KH
~HI
,
!. 10.1'
10
I.Z-
1O 10 '0 10 , 100 110 I .. 0 I '" KH :
I
)Q ou ~o .oou 10 Sf A 't ~
164 ou 100
I 1.1 , I 1.-1 , 1.7) i 1.' I
,~ 11.1l 1.61 I.ll 1.01 I 1.1' 1.07 ,
,1. 11.16 1.11 1.)1 1.10 I 0
! 1.11
,
I 1.10
!-
I II. It 1.11 0
1.77 0
1.7) I
I ,.Tt , 1.71 I. ))
,
I
, ,,7
,!. 1,.,7 1.11 1.17 1,1 7
I. " I 1.1'_1 7.11
I- )).)1 1.71 , I. "
I. )I '.11 I
'.Jl 1.11 t.J) ! '.~
If"
". " 1.77
!
Ilfr 1.17
I." '01'
'. " 1.16 .,1) '.70
".1' 1.61 1,01 7. ,.
I 1.61 1.01 10.10
lO.n
r 1.17
'.tI '.J' '.71 l.tI J."
1,- 71.02 1.04 1.16 7 ,01 ',Il I,U 1.01
11.01
",01
I- ".fO 1.04 '.to 7,61 11.10 7 ,01 1I,1t
..
J o"
',01 ',10
~ 11,11
17.1l
,- 1",10 1.00
'," f,ll 11.70 11,,7 ',II f,ll ".OJ
,- 161 .17 l.tO 7.11 10.tI .,.11
.-
10"
1" .01
17),Ot
1,71 ',Jl 7.0- .... 10, II 12.70 .,.011 11.1' 1O.U
",1'
ll,OI
7,11
7,0';'.11
10,"
fl,70
II,"
n.ll
',11 6.Jl 7.'0 ',II n.70 11,01 ",It 11,'1 ",'0 21.1 7 7.07 l.aj,.17 fl,10
f-
Ir )1I,lt t,l1 6," '.)& 10,11 ",II 17 ,tl 11,'1 ZI,oo lI,l1 n,ll I,ll I"ll fl.l0
I'''Q()
''','' '.)1 1." '.11 11,10 II,K ".01 ll,'O I U,f7 1I,7l
".71 ',ll fl.70
""00 -06," ',JJ '.ll )0.'_
1." n.1O I~.'" 11,"
"." 16,10 )1." '.ll fl.l0
11"00 ')7,10 " )J 7." 11.10 1',1 1 ",Z- 11.00 II, )1 ".11 ".07 ...., '.11 fl,'O
10"00 )07.n
'. " f,n 11.70 II.~ lO,ll ".If )1.71 11.10 ".' , ".10 ',11 11.70
1'-00 ,Ot," ',J) ',n It,17 17 •• ' n.lo )0.'. " , lo l .. ··,l ll • l7 ".71 ',ll fl.,a
lO"OO "I.n 7 .tl n.70 ",11
I
Notes : II For .chedul e 10
II
21 The (oll<Nl nq di...,..,..t ecs
<
14- are not used normall
y
are not ComtN:>n : I/S- , liS- ,
)) For 00 1 1/4- • 2 1/2-.
>
)0- line diamete
rs increas e .n 2- incre~nts
) 1/2-. ~-
._-- ----- - --
I
o
~
Page No
PIPING CLASS
I. APPLICABILITY
The purpose of this chapter is to determine the piping class used as shown on a PID line
when the piping material class document does not exist. This is generally the case for
feasibility and pre-project studies.
Example:
B 01 I
Series 150 •..•••..•• : .•••••••••••. Carbon steel
I
The tables below give the letters and numbers to be used for numbering piping
classes. I
2.2. LETTERS representing the series of the class
I
~ .~
oI to 20
21 to 45
46 to 70
Carbon steels (ordinary, galvanized, normalized, etc ... )
Alloy steels
Stainless steels
•I
71" to 85
&6 to 99
Special alloys (Monel, Hastelloy, etc •.. )
Other materials (Cast-iron, copper, copper alloy, etc ... )
I
Glass
Plastic, cement-asbestos fiber, etc ... I
I
I
.. ,
j
1
"-*=1 Hev l\lon
0 p,)g" No
:'.t.~...
•
l
PIP ING CLA SS
Dat e
2/8 5 10. 12
;
I
SELECTION OF TYPES Of VALVES
RevisIon. 0
Page No. I
7
Date: 2/85 IO.l)
1. APPLICABILIT Y
The purpose of this chapter is to deterrnine the types of valves used for designation on the
PID.
valves are used for two mains functions, isolation and control.
The following is only a guide line for selection of types of valves which must follow the
piping material class document when it exists.
2. BLOCK VALVES
flare system: upstream and downstream of PSV, rupture disc, flare line if
required.
Plug valves have the same ~se as reduced bore ball valves when used for high pressure
(600#). Plug valves can be assimilated to reduced ball valves, Generally, plug valves
are the smaller and lighter of the two.
I
• -~,!
Date 2/85
10.lil
Gate valves can be used as ball valves except for downstream of pig launCher and
upstream of pig receivers. The vertical physical space required by a gate valve is
greater than a ball valve.
Tight shut off for ball or plug valves is superior to that of a gate.
For hydrocarbon service with solid particles presentor as wing valves on well
heads.
On water lines for service, utility or sea water, generally for diameters larger
than 2".
3. CONTROL VALVES
On water networks
Throttling a t compressor suction
Page No
P THROUGH VAL VES AND FITTINGS
7 ?t
Date: 2/85 10. I 5
I. APPUCAHIUTY
The purpose of this chapter is to calculate precisely the pressure drop in a piping network.
This may be required for either study phase for situations where 6 P is a critical
consideration. For most projects however calculation of process line
required.
II Ps wil not be
I
2.
The pressure drop calculations are based on a summation K method.
P THROUGH VALVES
I
2. J. VALVES OPEN I
I
I
TYPE GATE GLOBE PLUG COCK CHECK
VALVE VALVE NAUNE I VALVE
K 0.15 I
P = K pV
t
5 O. I I
I
2.4
I
P in kg/cm2
1.962xl0 5
t1 P in kg/cm 2
.t
J.l. ELBOWS
f
V :
fluid density in kg/m 3
fluid velocity in m/s
.6 P = K pV
l.962xl0 5 I
K values for elbows.
RID l.5 3 I-
I
90 0
0.17 .. 2.36 f 0.12 .. 4.72 f
5
0.09 .. 7.87 f
I
I
I
I 1
45 0
0.11 .. l.18 f I
0.08 .. 2.36 f
--+-
1 s.
J"r"- - \ 1 0
~l
f,
k ,. k. '( 1 - !~)
..
... ~
\h;" -<11
[1-(<;0)l
s. J
f. r,;,\-; ... h.~... 1«. ... j'!l.,
"~U''i S I(
cr"
liD"
0 10
20 30 4() 60
100 14() 180
O,02S O,SO 0,47 0.4S
0,43 0,41 O,4() 0.42
O,OSO O.SO 0,45 0,41 O,4S O,SO
0,36 0,33 0,30 0.3S
0.075 O,SO 0.42 0,35 0,42 0.50
0.30 0.26 0.23 0,30
0.10 0,50 0.]9 0.32 0.40 O,SO
0,25 0,22 0.18 0.27
O.IS 0,50 0.37 0,38 0.50
10.27 0,20 0,16 O,IS 0,25
0,60 0,.50 0,27 0,37 O,SO
~.18 0,13 0.11 10.12 0.23 0,36
0,.50
I(·k • (1-5,
'i.. )
J<'
",'D.
• .... .... ......... ....
'b
'-'
-
1.-•
.....
.....
t
..... """ .....
.. , ....
....
e.•• ....
I.JO
I.JO
.....
Ul
U4
1,11
1,1,
.."
1,11
....
.... ........ ....
1,11
'0.•
..u ....
....,
1,11
1,11
1,11
...,
U.
.....
..,. "" .....
" ...,.
U. ..
1,11
U,
....
. ..
U.
..
I ..,
e.- u.
"'OJ ...,. ..... ,....
.... ....
..... .... .....
U.
..... .....
-
U1
.....
..... ....
UOI
U4
UI
UI
....
1,11 1,1,
...... .... ....
UI
'.J' ..... "'U ....
....
U. lUI
I..JO
..... ....
- I.JO
UI
....
UI
....
1,1,
1,11
1,1,
....
1,11 1,11
Ul
1,1, 1,1,
UI
U4
UI
....
I.JO U4
I.JO UI I.JO
I..JO
I.JO I.JO
I.JO
I.JO
VI UI
UI ....
I.JO I.JO
I.JO
-1 K.
cS'd./'I.
y. s. ~ S~
k=
~---
- - -----------
I
-,
,
7. L s·
PROCESS Ei>JCI,'JEEHING DESIGN '\1ANU/\l
I
,,i
~.,
Date
I:
I'
~''''I S, • '51. > S.
a, ':I, _ ".,s.
q.
I
%y- I
I,
I
I 1
I
I
I
0.) l ...v.r,\
- b<-.. " ..\" k-s. A.
[1.(%: · ~t- 2 G- ~)] i
~/s.. 0- 0-'1. O-'!I-o ... O-E.
I
I I
O-'i}' 1-0
A 1.·0 O:lS 0--;' 0- (,5 0-,
k, ('5S"~ -(~f
I
I :
I
I
I,
I
"---.. -------,..,- - - - - , -
---
,
I
I
l'fl()CE:~;:; f '~(;I,'Jfff!I:~(; () E;,/(;,'~ M /\NU/\l
H"IIn'()rl I
-----"--"l,jr~
P,If)!! No
i (j " '- '," . :&,: '.: ~ '.. •\ : : r
,:..' r .: -:' : : ~: :: .
Date .. '1,1
1('. :"
).~~
r
If a
> S.
~.
¢o '"
- V.
s.
¢.
:>1..
So
• S.
: 5.
.
~~,p.
0 {. 0(
0(
<. ~o
~ 'lo .
1\ ~ A,
[1 .(~:) 2.
- 2 ~
-
\/1
'I.
Go:,
OLl
. Pl .1
1) 0(. '10
~o
A
.. 1 c., '1Z-
-II. ~ o·B
K . A
[O'~ .(~:r ] A :
0'" '", "tv. '> o·'a
------- - - --
I
7 ,-- --1 3 7
Date 1: . 1 .,
I
Resistance Coefficient. K
'---i;.. The reSIHance coefficIent IS calculated by the formula:
I
K= ,_L_
--
"'9<
.-
6-
So,.
r
l-
Friction Factor (~
J'I(100ft
fonOl(11
0190
OllS
016S
01S(]
-..
"'Po S.,.
10-
16-
lr
f'<1IQn
f..,,,,(!)
OilS
all)
0111
I
)CT _OliO
r 0"0 l'- 0101
10" 01 IS )6- 010S
Il" 0110 4(1"
1.- 010<
OIlS or
16-
lr
011) .,- 010)
0101
-- -
' .. 0110
10"
1l"
0111
-
0116
-
Table 1·3
Calculated Values of LID for Full Opening
Cameron Ball Valves in Full ~pen Position
I
"0_
SI ••
·
I
I
'......,.
)<0
110
111
'$0'0 AMSf
-..., ...
-
'CD
110
19\
''''''''0
It,
- - r 1tI-
'"
110
lOOIO AH1I
--...
-~
110
1'1 -
40Gte ~~_
''aftg. ---.-.0..,
------
-
~--
r-,~
......
a.oaID
1.0-+-,..,-- -
"'' '$1:
....., -
WetCI..o
I
••
1>1 - -
In
I ..
1.10 101
hI
110
I"
us
10.
---1 - - , -
III I ..
-I ..
- - 1
I
'0 1'0 It. 1.10
..
'1 1(11 ,..-1-
1111 II.
III
1111 1.61 IlJ
t-1:i1
JlS
J '0
110
In
I, IQ) '97
.n I." '"
'97
uo
J.• ,
I'. ~-
'" 110 I ..
...."... "-
.n
... II. In 100
) II It, II. I .. II. ,
1'1 1.10 10\
III 111 I." I."
I
I.C 1.>1
,.n I.
III
'41
'40 .' ...,
I.C '"
'41
1.16
UJ
I."
I",
I ..
I"
'97
I,
II
'10
'" -- '"
II.
'
-;-;;- -- .. '40
."
, '.
I ..
101 ."
."
110
III
.' "
. .'"--.'.. -
II. I .. , I.
'14 , I.
..
10
I n
''''
,.," '41 101 I- -;-;0-
".
.,.
, I,
I< '" , ' '
--. '" III
''
..
l}t
~-1 - -
.....
1----
11
.,
.. '"
- "- - --,-,.-
10
'" -
,'".,
".
' ..
-
'.,
..,
,,,
,
'"
-- ~.
'"- t-
-'w
,.,
' .. II)
'"
I ..
'.'
..,...-- -~- - "'IIi'
'II
1)0
II<
-1-. - - .
'"
- 111
""ilI- '
'
I--- ,'.. - -
I
'.
'n
.
40
".
-
07,- '"-
t - - ,.,
'" 1111
""- t- 7h"'
101 'II
III
-,.,- -
'It
-
I
1',
L
'I]
-~
- '17
"'
-- -
""-- '- -
III
-
''-0_
..",..,.,
..., ....,
'<Il
• <XI --
,-:,.-., ;~"'1--'~~OGj'QA~;M
'Gl
,.,
\,.
IGl
\"
-·W
,,.
•• '
'11
.\1
-
I.,
,,..
.\1
--
I
'.
-/ .
I~
1111
,..,
1 ..
1 ..
.~
-'0
1 to
, ••
1.,
.111
\0.
\ CI)
.CD
JlO
) JD
)/
-------
,., J'I
1ft
))1
1\1
, ..
,..
...
I
10'"
I
I
I
I
I H f~\lI\ I ( ) f l P . hit} iJ()
I 7
. \ i' : Ii:" " ..... :..
Dale 'i·',
I Table 1·5
Calculated Values of LID for
I Reduced Opening Cameron Boll Valves
in Full Open Position
I "" ... ,_. '),ItO ANt.!
,_. ---_.
- - - -.
-.,...
)OOtO AHt.!
- -;;-..,-;;,
-- . . -
.00'0 AMII
- - - - 6OOIO-~~---
---_ .
)0 . .
'"
We"'''' --
---
I
h) 100
<I'
... ,
•• J II) IH II' "1 10'
"0
'" -..-.- -....--
'" 111 '))
.- I)' 91'
I.,
10.1
11.10
61)
III
101
II,
.. I
1'0
1)1
-
II.
1)& )).
-- -
II' -
110
-
III
lU
"I
"I
1'1
"1
)00'
) ..
701- ~.--
"1
191
1'1
, •• 11
, •• 1'
'1,1,
III
1\0 .
,,\
'1 •
\. ..
"1
.", "'
U • ...•••
"0 I,.
'"". 'Il
'1'
"0
'1'
n.,.
JO."
hal]
II.
'10
'0'
, .\
'll
'11
'01
U,
-
'10
".
'll
~I-
'll
'll
'01 ..'",
'11
II.
."
".
'to
"1--
.0'
'"
'91
f---
tit~
'0'
'" -
..
1'.1' "I 'oJ 'oJ
I~
10 t1
11.1.
,..It
ft)
'" '"
'II
'0 to
"1
- - I--. '"
tJ, 'n
-'n
'II 10 "
'
--
'II
, l)
.. ....,..
n.lO I.) III I .. III tl' III I" I.
It.,,
}fo.l1 I"
,
1/1
'IU... In ')) I" It) 1/'
.
<I." ""
"" I." • \ I) ....' ..
n·
I"
-1i)D- -- -f---
In
'\16
I"
~-
1\.
'
·1.~
'"
11\ , )1 '1\ It)
",'1
... n" n'l n.) lHl nil nIJ n .. nil
'.
-
".
""'II
... 00
)1))\
'"
)1)60
'001
llUl
'02
-
)1)60
••
'001
)1)11
'001
- '.
» ..
'ot)
-
)I)"
10 It
- -- ---
)1)60
••
'0'\
'-... '-
v_
--'-
9OOto AHV tSOO to AHII ANSI--
so,.
......""
''''''0.
,"
_eld.or •
...
loa '10
....,
..tde<l
"I . wetd..a
')1)
...)."
\.11 .It "1
"l
'" ·n
I
'0)
'll
"1
'0
-;;-;-
II)
-- \1'
"'1
'hlO
)1)0
lit
lOt
'61 1"
)I),
" I
~-I-- r-~- r- -
1'·11 '1' 'H
... t.
"' II/
I
I Table 1·6
Calculated Values of LID for
r
!
-
."
1\.1
-
n.
JOG .... """ _......
-
,,,
'\.1 '- -
.u
'OOIO._~.
~
-
...
.., '-... -
-...
.d
10.
MOlD AHSI
..,
lID
.It
'10-- --- _,0 .-----
-- tI\
-
10' 161
--
,., t~
' •• 11 '1' ')0 0'
I II."
JO.I,
n.I,
'11
lIO
lto
"'
'\1
---f---
lIO
III
.\1
lIO
II)
."
---
)to
~:".'" 1r:-
,.,J
-~
I"
.. 1
C-j
It,
001
.- , - -.. ..
h.lQ 1\. l" JIO )1)\ 11'
I-- ".n
)).1' - - -
".
.. I
"0 I ••
]
110
-.. -
\ ., 1. .
-;;,- -. I t
111
f--- '" ,
I -_.
".)1) I .. I .. 1Il lU
'-~
)I), J. . 191
--- - -
v_..,.
r----,.-
. 10 ••
)..
' •• 10
,-......... ..,.",,,
Welded
....,,
III
-
,~
III
• ..,.aI _
-
.,
'l~
!-- .~~
1-
w~..,
' •• 11
---------------
I
I - -----------,-- - -- - - - - --------------------------------------'
I
.u CONTROL VALVE SIZINC
ReVISion
Date:
0
2/&'.>
P.l(]C No
10.21
I. APPLICABILITY
The purpose of this chapter is to give Some formulae to estimate the size ~nd the number of
control valves installed for one given service, and to estimate the capability of the control
valves in case of revamping. The final sizing should be done by instrurnent people.
These are determined principally by the design of the valve trim. The three fundamental
characteristics available are quick opening, linear, and equal percentage.
2.1. QUICK OPENING
As the name implies, this type provides a large opening as the plug is first lifted from
the seat with lesser flow increase as the stem opens further. The most common
application if for simple on-off control with no throttling of flow required.
2.2. LINEAR
Linear trim provides equal increases in stem travel. Thus the flow rate is linear with
plug position throughout its travel.
Provides equal percentage increases In rate of flow for equal incrernents of stem
travel. The characteristics provide a very small opening for plug travel near the seat
and very large increase toward the fully open position. As a result, a wide
rangeabili ty of flow rate is achieved.
For an estimation only it iscommon practice to select a valve in which the valve opening
-1
at maximum flow is smaller than or equal to 95 per cent.
For normal flow the valve opening should be at least 60 per cent while for minimum
flow, if applicable, the opening should be larger than 10 per cent. If the minimum flow is -l
close to or smaller than 10 per cent, a smaller valve should be installed in parallel with
the main valve.
For a flow rate the valve opening depends on the valve characteristics and it is given by
vendor in their catalogue.
4. FORMULAE
The valve area is characterized by the coefficient Cv (except for FISHER which use Cg for
the gas (see hereafter).
--4.- The Cv coefficient is the number of U.S. gallons of water flowing during one minute
through a res triction and the pressure drop through this restriction is 1 PSI.
The following formulae are simplified and to be used only for an estimation of the Cv. Some
corrections may be necessary for the installation of reducers around the control valve. If so,
the formulae given by manufacturers in their catalogues will be used for a better Cv
calculation.
'~I
! o f>,l'jt' No
CONTROL VAL VE SIZINC,
D,lle· 2/&5 10.22
4 • 1. LI \) Ij ID
-,
1
C v = 1. 16 Q j_---'sg'-'--_
PI - P2
Cv = 1.16 Q j __s......g_
CI Ps
GAS
I
Cv =l / G.T. Z I Cv = Q -IG.T. Z'
295 (PI - P2) (PI + P2)
I 257CfPl
I
I
Cv = 47.2 W I Cv = _5_4....;..5_W
_ _ __
Cv = 72.4 \V
j(PI - P2) (p I + P2) ,
I
I
I
Cv = 83.7 W I
Cf PI
I
I
SUPER HEATED STEAM
I
Cv= 72.4(1 +0.00126Tos)W
ICPI - P2) (PI + P2)'
I
I
I
Cv = 83.7 (1 +
Cf PI
0.00126 Tos) W
I
Cg, PI, P2, Q same definition and unit as § 4.1.
G
I
= relative density (air = 1.0)
T = upstream gas temperature oK = 273 + °C
Z = upstream compressibili ty factor
W = steam weight in t/h
Tos = steam superheat in °C
IJ REF
P THR()tJCII V,\LVES ANI) FITTINCS
Ii Cv:= ~
CI
CI = valve coefficient (given by catalogue)
I
w
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I Cg=
0.4583 d PI sin [~/ PI - P2 ]
CI PI deg.
I w
d
=
=
gas flow rate in kg/h
gas density at upstream conditions in kg/m)
I PI =
P2 =
upstream pressure in bar (a)
downstream pressure in bar (a)
I Vendors documentations
GPSA chapter 2
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
---
--
I: Date 2/&)
I
11
11
I:
I:
-,
I;
Ii
I 11. PI PELI NES
1
I'
I' I
Ii
I'
I
I
I
I~
1-
Rev's'on 0
PJge No.
PII'ELINES
DJte
2/&5 11.1
I. APPLICABILITY
Foe bo th reo,1 bl I I ty o"d pcepcojec t ""dies, ~!LJ'lpe hne Il p a"d t; T calcu I,,, 1o", will
- --- ---~--
normally be perfvrmed using PETITE or RESEAU. It may be necessary however to rnakc an
estimate by hand. Details are given below on how to prOCeed on this.
There exist many methods of calculating .Qp for gas transmission lines. Some of these
are:
.American Gas Association Formula
Weymouth
Panhandle 'A' and 'B'
Darcy
Colebrook
(;:)
1.07881 2.6182
d E
x x
=
Where PI
P2
= Upstream pressure
bar (a) =
= Downstream pressure
bar (a)
G = Specific gravity of gas
Ts = Base temperature
Ps K (273 K or 298 K)
= Base pressure
T bara(I.OI325 bar)
= Gas flowing temp
K
Lm = Pipeline length
q km
= Flowrate at Ts, Ps base
d m 3/d (at Ts, Ps)
= PIPELiNE DIAMETER
cm
Z = A verage gas compressibili ty
E = Efficiency (0.92 for a clean line)
The formula does not take into account the pipeline profile which, if
Significant, can be added to the .6 P calculated if required.
2
P = 6.254 F
-----
f D5
,\1 bar/km
M = Mass flow
kg/h F = Moody friction factor
f = Density
kg/m3 E = Absolute roughness
D = line id cm
cm
6p (see page I?~~_and 10.9)
= pressure drop
bar/km
= viscosity cp
I
R.'\lls.!)n
PIPELINES
Date:
I
2/&5 11.2
I
Re = 35.36& x ,VI F = o4/Re for Re < 2'j ~jG
I
x D 3/2] I! 12
with: A {2.457 In
F =[(S/Re)12 + I/(A.B)
16
for Re > 2000
I
-----~------j
(7/Re)·9
B = 075JO/Re)16
+ (0.27 E/D) I
.. BE CAREFUL when using friction factor charts as confusion arises I
between MOODY F and FANNING F'
F' = 1/4 F
2. Calculate ~PG
J. Calculate 6PL
I
4. Calculate { 6PL/6 PG)I/2
11.1
(;/\5
II
STEI'
---
----------,I I NOTES
I
I 1. DETERMINE FLOW REGIME T I
I I I I
I [3x = 210.3 -WI x JDlxD.Ex VIIIJ/ :)<1.62>
--- ----- = / /
I Wg 01 2 /3
I St I I
I I
I
I
I
I
[3Y= 7.087 x W
AxU)lxDg fI I
I
= ~ ' 1 Iq I
I
I
I
I I
I REGIME FROM [3AKER CHAR T I I
I
,
I
I
blS;>r.:'Sfi) I
I
St"f. p0.J<- 10·1 I
I
I 2. CALCULATE LlP I I
gas I I
I I I
I Re = I I
35.368 x WfL
I Re = -Lo: 10 c I
I Vg x D I I
I I I
I I
I Friction factor Uv1oody) I I
I I F = 0.011. I s~~ -·01"" r 10.:,
I t' G I
I LlpG = I I
I
6.254 x f x Wg2
III PG =o-~Kbar/km I
Dg x D)
I I
I I I
I I I
I I
I 3. CALCULATE fj PUQ I I
I I I
I I
I Re = 35.368 x WI I I
I I Re = 18' I ~ 0 I
VI x D
I I
I I I
I I f = ()-olC I
I I
I 6,PL =6.254 x f x Wl2 I I
I I 6 P L =.oofbar/km I
Dl x [}5
I I
I I I
I I I
I ---- ---~~.-~----
----------
i l ..~
~---------~-------
----------1-----
I
------.-
I --~I----------------
BUBBLE
I
I
I
I (aX b )
!l~,ZJ 2<;0.l~
. . . '.& _ O.lt) d
b • 0.)') -o,oon d US" d • .<f m~.
I
I
,-.. I
I I
I WS .1
:.1
I I
I
I
STRATIF IED
I
I
I
I
D~QO
,",5'&
X
I
I
I
I
I
I
SLUG
PLUG
I
I
I
112Q ~O.&D
"S°·
1-2l.l~ X D, ! } }
I
I
,
,I
I I "S .17
-- -
I - - I
I- - - - - - - - - - - -- FLOW TYPE: :: WAVE
I ..1
"AVE
I I H •• " L . 4
I -
: In FH .. 0.2111 In H. - J.99J
I I WG "..G
/). PZH:::
I !A P 2h • ~. ts4 FH "C
2
I/'CD} 'oM1 fu... .1
I .J
I I I
I
I 8. CALC ULAT E PH FACT OR FOR VERT ICAL SECTI ON
bar/km
I .
I I I
I
VERTICA L
SECTION
I FRN •
I
I XD
I
rC.t V2 /D
. U
0.19 (Xl <FRNIO. '
V in m/s. D in c.l-h
\
I
L}.PHv ::: 1.$'10
I I Uk X • X in Disp<:rk< i flow equ. 10 K"I PH verI.
I I I
I
I
r D
\
I l I'. '
-
I
7 I
I
I wi I I
TWO PHASE PIPEL INES
P CALC ULA nON
ITEM
No .
PIHELlNES
Date. 2/35 1l.5
3. TEMPERATURE PROFILE
For detailed and accurate .6 T and t.p calculations in 2 phase lines buried, subsea or in air
the program P[P[T[ should be used. The hand calculation method presented on pages 11.6,
11.7 is accurate to within 10 % for both gas and liquid lines. The procedure is easily adapted
to a small programmable calculator and increases in reliability the greater the number of
seg men ts used.
For long pipelines assuming isothermal flow can result in overdesign in pipeline size and
6p.
If the pipeline is constant with regard to material, insulation and burial depth along its
route a fixed thermal conductivity (k) can be assumed.
For gas pipelines the internal film resistivity is negligible _ ignore it.
For all steel pipelines the resistivity of the metal is also negligible.
Snlall pipelines « 20") have a large heat flow compared to the specific heat of the
flowing medium. Consequently the gas will reach ground/sea temp in a relatively short
length. For large pipelines the converse is true and a long distance is requ;.-ed to reach
ambient.
For oil and small gas pipelines the asymptotic temperature Ta is that of the surrounding
medium. For large diameter gas lines, Ta depends largely on the Joule-Thompson effect.
The attached calculation sheet can be used for hot lines in cold surroundings or vice
versa.
For subsea pipelines, epoxy wrapped, concrete coated resting on the bed an overall heat
transfer coeH of U = 10 - 15 kcal/hm 2o C is a good estimate for calculation purposes.
I
h Cov erin g \1ed iurn :
1 1.6
I
--:-', ? ~' >- ,__________ 3 ...-.
Tg Tern per .) turc
I
o ,~
L
Tot al pip elin e len gth
No of seg men ts
m =
= t
:';)& 00
Vol um etri c flow n J /h
Den sity (av) kg/ rnJ =
I
Len gth per seg me nt =
m = 100 0Q M Mas s flow
/::,.y
D
Tot al ele va tion cha nge
Pip elin e dia me ter
Pip elin e dia me ter
.. m = ~ 10;)
ins = 30
kg/ h =
Cp Spe cifi c hea t kca l/kg °C = I
m = o.l6 L
I
h Bur ial dep th to cen tre m = I.t" l GAS FLOW
PI Inle t pre ssu re bar a = /.0 Vol um etri c flow
P2 Exi t pre ssu re m 3/d (std ): ~D
I
bar a = ~ 0 Mo lecu lar ma ss
O<l( .)
6P Tot al pip elin e bar = 10 = 1t1
Tl Init ial Tem per atu re M Mas s flow rate kg/I) =10( !I,r
°C = t. 'i Cp Spe cifi c hea t kca l/kg OC = 0.(
I
J FLU ID JOU LE TH OM SON CO
EFF ICI EN T = r( °F/IOOO psi
(see fig. I, pag e 11.&) ( x 0.00 805 ) =o.L loC /bar
- -- --'
I
I
I
I
STE P
- - I
I
I
I
VALUE
I
I
I
NOTES
I
I
I
I
I l. Cal cul ate hea t tran sfe r fac tor !
I
I
I
x = 2h/ D
s = 2kl T/ln [x .. (x 2 - 1)1]
s I
I
I x = 3.: n
I
I Cov erin g
I Soi l
k
kca lTh mC
1.49
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
s = ~ kca l/hm OC I Air
I Wa ter
0.02 2
0.50&
I San d dry 0.30
I San d wet 1.49
I
I
I I
I
I
I 2. Cal cul ate hea t flow rati o eer uni
I len gth
t
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I a I
I I
I
I I
I a :: s/M Cp (liq uid or gas ) -(
I a =If]<tlo 'TI- I
I
I
I I
I
I I
I
I 3. Cal cul ate As:z::metotic tem eer
I
I
atu reT a I
Ta :Tg - (J AP + ~ y/jC p)/a L I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I Ta ::-' \ °C I L is seg me nt len gth
I I
I I
I I
I
I j = 426 .5 kg. m
I kca l
I
I
I I I
I
I 4. Cal cul ate dow nstr eam tem e
I
I
I
T2 =(T l - Ta) e- aL + Ta
T2 I
I
I
I T2 :/'I· I.°C
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I Rep eat step s 3 + 4 for eac h seg me
I See she et 2 for step wis e spr ead shent
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.'l
I et I I
7
I I
PROCESS CAl CUl A nON SHE
I
I I
ET She et I of 2
~
BU RIE D PIP ELI NE 6. T CA LC UL A TlO N ITEM
-
--
I
f l I CHK I OA TE l I J08 TITlE ;,,,,AMf',L
No
1108 No
I 'lEV !
I
I
I 1.7
.
I I I I I I I I I I
I SEGMENT N° I LENGTH I ELEVATION I PI I Tl I Ta I T2 I P2 I i
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I m I +m I bar a I °C I °C I °C I bar a I I
-
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I I I / I I I I I I
I I I \ C 00 U --+- 100 I r' 0
I L. ~ I .. II I f., I. /1 I ~S I I
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1 I I I 1 1 I I 1
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1 1 1 1 I 1 I I I
1 5 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1
I 1 1 1 I I 1 I I
1 6 I 1 1 1 I 1 I I
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I 7 I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I 8 I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I 9 I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I 10 I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
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•
...
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET Sheet 2 of 2
BY 1 I CHI( I OAT< I
! IIOB TITlE C?(I\r1?(£..
JOB No. I REV I
I)
PIPELINES
4.3.
,
KA TZ HANDBOOK OF GAS ENGINEERING chapter 7
4.5.
"E redict buried 1
4.6.
"Two hase ~ P Com uted" R. Soliman
H drocarbon Processin A ril 19&4 ·1
k kcal/h.m. °C 1
Soil 1.19
1
concrete 0.65 1.19
Wet soil
Ground --> air
1.49
2.9&
sand (dry)
sand (wet)
0.30
1.49
I
Ground
Steel
Epoxy coating
--> water 29.&
3&.7
0.67
Air
Water
0.022
0.510
I1
"0"1<.
Specific heats.
I~
._-- .......... -- '" 2 ,
I.
§ IQ
~
~ IQ
,I,:f 1
I
6CM".
I 711
eo
S i
1.00
0.10
131M<.
I1 I
50 • 0.80
~
2Oo-Ir. 1- 0.711
t J
, 30 0.80
I
-'-
2D
0 JDQ 4QJ
600
""--'. -
aoo, coo '.200' 4QJ.
---~
100'.100 2. coo
.. --
00..
0.50
o.~
0 2DO
4QJ aoo
-
100 •. 000. ~'. OQO 1.100 I -*XI l..Cao
"'--. 00..
1
RevIsion o Paye No
DEll Y[)RA TION
Glycol foams in the presence of light hydrocarbons. This can be minimised by good feed
prescrubbing and addi tion of anti-foam agents.
Actual gas exit dew points are usually 10-15 OF (5.5 _ 8°C) above the theoretical
equilibrum dew point. Take this into account when setting the specification.
The number of trays (or packing height) is usually small (4 trays) an excess of either IS
always provided in the design. Recommended efficiencies are 25 % for bubble caps 33
1/3 % for valve trays. Use 24" tray spacing.
To prevent hydrocarbon condensa tion in the glycol feed maintain the inlet tempera ture
at 10-15 OF (5.5 - 8°C) above the gas exit.
Regenerator still column should run at 220 OF (104°C) at top to prevent loss of glycol
but maximise water rejection.
Glycol circulation rates should be between 2-4 gall/It) H20 removed (3 is a good
number).
An exact sizing of a TEG unit will normally be performed by the vendor on request. The
CFP inhouse program "GLYCOL" also exists for estimating vessel sizes, circulation rates
and utility consumptions. These are based on data from the BS+B design guide. The
following hand method can be used however to estimate the required size:
L Determine water content of inlet gas to contactor at required temp and pressure Fig. 7
Ibs/MMSCF, kg/MMm3.
3. Repeat calculation for exit gas using required exit dew point (add 10 OF contingency).
Calcula te dew point depression ° F, ° C.
6. '--',e
Fig. 3 to determine required TEG concentration. %
';e Fig. 4. to determine required stripping gas rate
9. Evaluate contactor height (see section 2 vessels) include integral KO pot in base of
tower. Hence estimate weight of contactor.
In order to prevent hydrate formation in gas transmission lines the product is normally
I
dehydrated in a TEG or mole sieve unit as defined irll previous sections. On some occasions
however (wellhead to plant) this is not possible due to the location of the Source. If the
I
minimum pipeline temperature is below the hydrate point the inhibition of water is required.
This is acheived by injection of inhibitors to depress the hydrate and freezing points. I
Common inhibitors are methanol, DEG, TEG. Recovery of inhibitors at the receiving
plant is normal, the liquid being then recycled. ECQnomics of methanol recovery are not
favourable.
I
Methanol is adequate for any temperature. DEG not good below _ 100C due to viscosity I
limitations. Above - 10 °C better as lower vaporisation losses.
Solid bed dehydration is used when lower residual water concentrations are required than
the over achieved by glycol units. This is generally around the _ 40°C mark or 1 ppm
!
residual water. Solid bed dehydration can be used for less !stringent design requirements
providing the cost is competitive when compared to TEG.
NOTES:
L.'lG facilit ~s always used molecular sieve dehydration to acheive I ppm H20 or less.
Beds can be severely degredated by heavy oils, amines, glycols corrosion inhibitors,
salts and liquids. It is essential to have a good feed filter or scrubber prior to entering
the dessicant bed.
Gas flow through the bed is generally downwards. Regeneration gas flows upwards. This
ensures the water is stripped from the media without havi?g to pass all the way through
the bed.
Figures 8 and 9 show a typical molecular sieve arrangemerh.
Regeneration temperature is usually 175°C - 230 0c. Too high temp destroys the
media, too low results in poor regeneration.
I
~________________~________________________________________~__o_a_l__
e ___:_:_,/_,_~s~_____1_1____~1 II
PER CEN r G.UCOL 8Y W(tG.n
Dr)' ~os I
•
O"f
Wa'~r olf
II
Mai"
li,,~
~
gas
TABLE
SUltiAAT ~ I.DVAKTACl:S AS!) DISADVAlfTACl:S _ USOUTIOII LIQUIDS
LIQUID A.DV AHT AC l:S
DlSA.DVAHTACES
Calc 1... CIllor 14. O' ... p
Kak."p ... 11
r.. ..hlfl . .wlth oU.
Corrod • • • leer: colye lcally
Lov dev polar: depre •• toa
IfJdro.cD ,ufld. fora. prec.lpLc:at ••
Lttlal_ ClIlor u. KJ,b c.pActty for VaCtr
Ex ...... 1"..
Low cocco.loa rate
lapurh1e. la ca..erc1al ,rad •• ca", ••
..
ICot hydroly.od oooUy a
corroalOll.
D.v polat d.pro.oloo 22-16 C
10-lD perc_t 11£\ .~v CO}. H2S _ad """cer
60 .... 5 'ercn, DlC Cr .. ter cArry 0 •• 1' Ch.a • .,leb tr 1. th,.lca.
.t....lt&QcO".ly.
S-IO '.rceat Waeer Clycol tcd1olc., fo..1D. ceDdea.c I ••
01 . . lGa.
Oc.hydcec.a .1>4 puc It l.a
ODe opc.raCloG.
,.. la
, ..
,!Ycol.
L1a1Ud for praeclcal purpo ••• to .our
d.bydretloQ.
At h1ab r ...... c.tlon c . . peraturll.
DII.cted
cocco. loa 1• • ,robl ...
D.w polAe "epra •• loea 10 1La1eed .aod 1 •••
t""a with trloth,I ... ,I,eol.
Dlach,l . . . Clyeol Stoble
Do .. aot oolldll, to coaceoc.raClI'd C.CICY ovac .r ... Cac c.h.ao ,,1ch c.rlllChyllloe
-o1"c. tOil.
Sc.abl. 1..0 pce •• ac. of
aQ,"
.""ltur.
01>4 COz at ....... 1
operac. 11lC tc.p.r. Cuc •••
,lycol.
Noe ov. . . . 9) p.ceaa.t .01"c. lOll
obe. ' •• 4 c •• U,.
-,
o.v po lac lIfapca .aloo 1••• ehaa 'Itch
trteeta,le.a ,l,eol
b.
I
atlbly hydro.coplc
Hl.h u.ltLel eo.t
I
C.rry o .... c 10 . . . 11
..-
Tc lilthyleoe Clyeol Do .. DOt .olldlt, la
eooe.oeraCed Kl,h lattLe I coat
.ohlt toQ..
s.:.b 1« In ~rc •• nc« or «",I tloU'. tahlblc.. (a..lA, (Bld«acy 10 pr •• ance
ot lI,ht hy4rocarboa liquid •.
o.Y'lIn aDd CO2 at Doraa 1 D.-
opcr.( Inl r:~pcrac" ..... (041.101 ale.Gt ."at Io.ct lara
b • • dd~.
KI,hly hYlro.coptc
£...'1,. r~Ie-D.r.C.d to 99
eeat 1I01uc ton.
C.r r,. O"'«r
pcr - I
t • . . 11
H"h dt'1W ~IQ( dept ••• loo
I
I
I r----------------------'r-----------------------~----------------------------T---------
I~
Date
I
I ,~
f
1
FIGURE )
MINIMUM TEG
~
CONCENTRATION
•
I
o
L
.
•
o
I
I
I
I
Eqvlllbrlua (ainl.ua) vatar 4~ polnt
-,..,.,
I HoaGeraph for •• u . . uftC 1.1\0 .ffect . f Itl'appa". Cu • • aC'U~ ~n4 "boahr tc.p.r.t .... n 1fT" TtG. IN UAH CLYCOL SoOUJT10lll
,.rforaance of • TEe "p"."t"- u.it.
I
Oft 0\.
91.0 , •. s H.O 9I.S
I
I
I ,11 97\
o
9'.0 .... !» •• 0
'nc
I
1fT I" llQi C T 0 UA'-""'C nil. .,:>U •• t:1
I
I ----- - - - - , - , - - -.. -----.----------
----,---------~-
----
H"II'-"Oll .,
I~
f "'jl'
Date ,~/I"" I, •
11 ;1.:< +- .·4fe-.~bc-tHY+Rfci;~)~"'
I; '80
1\
11
I' III
0(
I
i:~~!~~·~~il~'~!~,i~~~li~~i~~i~,~~~~~ii~~~~;~~~~,~
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~.:qm igl ;~;, ~i(: ~,,:
~~ l;~~ i~·~U ~j: ~~I. ~~~'~,~~~~:ill %;;~ ~n ~~ :!~~~ ~~~ ~t~ :i;i~: ~~ ~~~~ij:~ ~~;~~ ;~~,!~~~~i~~ l;~~;'
90 ;)11 i~!;{ :iii 'f:rLl~l.;:lJjif.i:~; ::'!~ ::;: i~: :::: y. g:::::- :iii :::: '::; i!E:@ ::'iN! !!!!~ltilli
~!::1§ti lillIAn!! ,!::fS:!If E :iii if"
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:;::llt¥ ;!··tG!Hi. ;:~~ 1~~U/lfI;:=§;:';r!~!ijE ijl:~ :.:.:,
~iil llif :,:: ~ !~:J :i~lll. ::,,1/.11 !'!! ~:: fIfI ,g; ::~ ti!: -::: i~i [; ~~ :iii =2 :::lm jL
7, iff! Ig:r:=: iI ~~i!ifl ~I:;~'t· ,~ ~~g i;i! ~n~
~;;~ ::-i!~ ;::: fl.! ~~'r-§Iil~ ::~ ';:; ~ ..:::Iii~ ~~!'V::fjI~ :'~: ~~; ~I~ Z 'iii U.M /~ti!L.
80 lift m::::;~iil .::F/W:fl:!1I If" ,·::m!:::
·v: 11':::: HI ...!~;-i: iii! :li, :Hllil1/1!r,;= 'ilt~..~~
~~:~
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:'::I~ .;~ HII.~ftift.::: ,if, t;;!
;:;-;~~:'SlUHBI~ !!I: :7::~
>
I§ thl ~!g >~~~~I ;·;r,Ii!ll~~ilW.~ ~J~ ~~: :;::~il <VHW d~ ;;~irr!! :~':0 i~ ~ ::;imll::l : :;:.~
liH! ill. ;:" iill -:: ::;;:!IY,.:= ;i~ lEg :::: illl.-:; "';' III :.'=lAIffL -:;:I~ITI!: ,:;:: 'IIIW,!~' ~::lmllH!W~\or"'~ ~ ;:!i l~;
;ill:lli.I[!:·~ :II :;:: ,;:Inl!, -\AIr ;;;i 11,1 :.=:: ,ii:
,... U~!·::;: ;:II' ,.; 'H ''' ....
;::: .0:: .. ': :':: if-I [!:.~~. j I'It:;"; :,; I;:' .-:,. Ii-,II,·' .. I./' ,,,,'
I ,.. :-: ~r::- I'
11111
. ':r:;:::r.il ;'1. :. ;_": i.'Il'~ .. I. ~I
,.k: i,HI.".'.·
'-IIII' '1;1\ ilmF:~ "::I'~gnil" .... , .....
'0 HH'
.. '. s: 1/1 . 1f~1jfi-.r tibr,=tiliil
-'Flirt:· l'l'~'""I' 't1J~;I'~"1 : ;:;;u.x
,::. :..:;::j "
illr,~[ili! ~fr" I I:
:==(HL
. :., "'::';, .11110';; .·lilll ""r::"U11I~
:::: ,ill !!:',
100 JOO
[f-;"' 1 O;"t--.li' ''''-' ;.,.~, r:;·o:::.III.:
.. ··t'=·I~.!: ..:.;1",,"'
E .... .:;'" .:,
,..,-.•• tJj IUE;< llh....- .. -Iw;F·lI i-";'·· ." 21~~
.. 1. ... ,-
)00 "00 ~OO 600 '700 800 800 1000 "00 1100 1)00 '''00 I~OO '.00 1700 1800 1000 1000
FLOW'N G PRESSU RE PSIG
FIG 5 SIZING OF ABSOR BERS
I
I
- - - - - - - - ----------
11 D.lle
f IGUHl 6
o TRAVSOR PACKING R(QUlllED fQR GLYCOL DlHVDHATOIl~
I~
~
a: I ' ,
tJ
Z _~ -~rt--r ___-CURVES FOR REOUIREO -
, OEW POINT OEPRESSION
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bOOO
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i al"'affill .. ,dfOCJtIlJoA ,If tim,
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,l'ItlffC',,,,,
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''''''''" ,.II lI'f1"I.'"
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',·,....,.,,,<t0tl0, 'rmo." 01
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'a Baste Character l,,,: lc s Of 110 lecu lar Sieve,,_
, • " l.-t'tl"fI,"C 'NoS Ind
"""( _ _ 'f"'O'l,1I
I
I ~--------~ ~LAII.
I
IN '"
ADSORPTION REGENEIIATION 0
~
...
a::
STANO IIY
A.II
...
COO\'EII
'"'"
"a::
I WATER
I COOLING
I F.\.TEII
HEATEA
~---------------------L--------------------------------7_--~~o .. y
~-II-E-C--Y-C-L-,-N-G-------------------------------------------------------------------------
d RECYCL£OCAS
CAS
I
I
·--~--T--- - -------------------------------.---------
1. APPLICABILITY
Generally natwal gas, or assocldted gas CorH,lin acid cornpiOnents, rnainly clri)on ril<)'<:i<j,:
( C0 2) hydroge~ sulfide (COS), carbon disulfIde ( CS 2) and mercaptans.
A detailed sizing method is beyond the scope of this sectiion, but can be found In the
referenced Ii terature is required.
2. UNIT
I
The specification of treated gas can be given in grains/lOO SdF for H2 S or sulfur content
In this type of process, the chemical solvent absorbes the acid components present
in the feed gas by chemical reaction and releases them by heating at low pressure.
low stability at high temperature (heating is needed to extract the absorbed acid
gases) with generation of highly corrosive products by decomposition.
,\ilEA solution was the first solvent used and is still widely used. Generally a
15 % weight solution is utilized.
a) Advantages
I
I
- high reactivity
low solvent cost
good chemical stability
publicly available (no licensing fees)
b) Disadvantages
,I: I
irreversible degradation into corrosion products by sulfur components.
such as COS, CS2
- general use: MEA can be utilized for gases containing from 60 ppm to
,
15 % volume acid gases without COS, CS2, mercaptans and with acid
gas partial pressure up to 100 PSIA currently maximum capacity for a
I
MEA unit is around 250 XI06 SCFD.
CA<) ')I,l,'EETENINC
b) Disadvantages
c) Fields of utilization
The DEA process is used to treat gases containing H2 5 , C02 and also
COS, CS20 R5H (up to a total acid gas content of 20 % volume)
5
H2 content of the treated gas lower than the normal specification
requirements (4 ppm volume) can be acheived. The C02 content of the
treated gas can be as low as to lOa ppm volume. Performance of the
process depends on the C02/H25 ratio in the feed gas.
d) Improved processes
The process licensor claims to gIve in one step, for gases containing
o t03 5 % of H 2 5 and 0 to 35 % of C02, a treated gas rna tChing the
rT10st stringent H2S s~eciflCation (4 pprn by volurne).
r------ ______, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
I
g')\lI',:()r'"
CAS SWEE1TNINC
O.)le
I
2/35 12.13
I
3.1.3. DIGL YCOLAMINE (DGA) PHOCESS (FLUOR ECONAMI;-..JE)
I
The DGA process has a limited number of units cOfnpared with \IE:\ and
DEA.
I
Although in the public domaine, the process was developed by FLUOR and is
refered to as the FLUOR ECONAMINE process advantages and disadvantages
to compare with ,V1EA are:
I
a) Advantages
I ,
- low solution circulation rate due to the c.oncentration (same absorption
capacity as MEA)
- low utili ties consumption
I
- very low pour point (-40°F) - Plants in cold climate areas
b) Disadvantages
I
- needs cooling of the solution during the absorption phase I
- high solubility hydrocarbons and aromatics are dissolved
- high solvent cost. I
!
c) Criteria of selection
Like MEA, DGA reacts both with C02 and CS2 and a reclaimer is
I
required. The process is applicable to gases with acid gas content from
1.5 to 30 96 volume and C02/H2S ratios between 300/1 and 0.1/1 at
operating pressures above 15 PSIG.
I
3.1.4. DIPA PROCESS I
This process has been developed by SHELL under the ADIP trademark name.
It is characterized by the selective absorption of H2 S in presence of C02'
I
3.1.5. MDEA PROCESS
I
As with DIPA, MDEA is characterized by its selectivity for H2 S in presence
of C02'
I
MDEA processes are proposed by process licensors:
SNEA (D) I
UNION CARBIDE: UCARSOL
I
I
I
,-----~- .- .. _---
-----.--------------------------------~-----------,-----~- " !,">j,':
r)
Cr\') ')WITTlNINC
a
Date 2/&5 12.14
The main characteristic of the process i~ that the absorber and the
regenerator operate at the same temperature (lIO/I15 0 C)
a) ,'\dvantages
b) Disadvantages
c) Fields of utilization
I
Applicable mainly on gas with high C02 cpntent. Low H2 absorption
, S
makes it difficult to achieve specification of!4- ppm volume.
!
Carbon steel generally utilized in the cfuemical absorption units.
Regenerator can have a strainless steel cladding and trays. Reboiler tubes
can be stainless, but still subject to c')rros10~. \1one! is :in alternative by
costly, copper alloys shall be avoided.
Rt)·.tt\.l )" ()
Generally solutions treating gas with high C02/H2S ratio will be more
corrosive.
When the C02/H2S ratio is high, stainless steel will be preferred for the
following equipment: amine/amine exchanger tubes, expansion value
internals, regenerator trays and reboiler tubes.
In this type of process, the solvent extracts the acid components by simple physical
contact and releases them by simple expansion at low pressure.
High pressure and low temperature favour the physical absorption. Table 2 lists the
advantages and disadvantages of physical solvents. These processes are applicable
especially in the case of high acid gas partial pressure (above 5 bars also).
Not suitable for sweetening at low or medium pressure (to bars abs) gases containing
large amount of heavy hydrocarbons. Can be considered for a selective absorption.
Can be used as primary treatment. For absorbers water wash can be achieved
by addition of trays in the top section. ,
Because of its low efficiency, water wash should be used mainly on gases with I
a large amount of H2S. Corrosion problems for this process should be
considered carefully.
I
3.2.2. SELEXOL PROCESS (see figure 4)
I
developed by NORTON CHEMICAL PROCESS can be applied to gases
with large acid gas content.
treated gas specification can reach 0,02 % C02 and I pp~ H2 S. When
I
used to absorb selectively H2S or C02 it can also dehydrate.
3.3.1. SULFINOL
there is no multipurpose process for gas sweetening, each case is specific and shall be
I
studied accordingly
final selection is done on the basis of economical criteria from short list of processes
which seem appropriate to satisfy the treated gas specifications
I
I
I
I
I
I CAS SWEETEN INC
P.lYC No
I chemical processes are characterized by their abili ty to absorb acid gases with a low
influence of the gas pressure. They require a large heat quantity for regeneration
4.4. S
I I
Among the chemical processes, only MDEA and DIpA seem to be adapted for this
service.
I (I)
Natural gas production transmission and processing
F. W. COLE, D.L. KATZ, L.S. REID, C.H. HINTON
I (2)
Gas condi tioning and processing (volume 4) gas and liquid sweeterting by
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I Date I.·
I FIGURE
MEA PROCESS
I Fl"Ow OIAGRAM
1 00-.1 to .et.,
.. o:s.-.t 16 •• ,
#'
r- r-
FIL TER
Bl.ANI(ET
REFLUX
C"'S Tu",;
..... 'NE
COOLER
AWI"E
SURGE STIl.L
TANK
I REFLUX PV .. P
I SOUR
-_
FLASH CAS
FL"'SH T"'NI(
I
RECl. ... I .. ER
I
I
I
I
I
',',' ~ 1
[)ol I I.'
p"",4' P'~\\II(f"
E .o'h~'m.1 (,h~m".II
PI""OVANT "Cf~
I
I "OVANTAGE~
TABLE
PHYSIC"l SOL VENT~
2
['IIS~DVANT"Gn
ReduCe"d corrOSion Co",p.ared "'Ith Not \UI t,.t1 tOt (as .:at medIUm
chemIcal p(OCeHe~ r limlnes) prenvrf" f dHocldted ~as)
dilution
I ACID
GAS
SWEET
I LEAN
SOLN.
I •• '0-.(.
I SOUR
COOL
GAS
I ~TEAM
I _SPLIT STREI\M
.'1MIN[ PJH!C[SS
I --------------------------~
I
f'flOCESS lNGINI LfllN(~ [)E~;'(;~~ r.'.\NUJ\L R ev/\/on l
.,
I Date 1 ..~ . ~) !
I -,
I
-tll.V.
-.cCUWUl" '0.
l(AIif
SOL lot ",OI-I.lU.,
'·.ffOAI
I
I HOT CARBONATE PROCESS
FIGURE 3
I
RESIDUE GAS
I HZS 6 AIR
I FUEL
ABSORBER GAS
I INLET GAS
STRIPPER
I COMPRESSOR
Aln
RECYCLE
I
SOLVENT VENT
FIGURE 4
Z
ANO HIGH HZ!"
I
I
I
- - - - - - - - - - - .... .. -, - - - - - I .J ~ ••. ,_••..• .J 1..--.- ~
FI9U~ f,
...!'I L!U!'UlYL_~_~J9RL!!.9.!!.f.~Q"...f~~
FIGURE 5 _CQ"~~~~-"l U!!Q_~91
- ---- " ' , ' (II. '''IAl 'Ainu'" IN 'HI 'liD CI.' IIUI.,
",1. ,.."TIAl .... (Bu'" ..... THI ' ( ( 0 GAS. IIl1t i .1
1,000
1,000
800 f--
800) .
600 :;
600) ~
-,
400
IEl.(IOl ~HYSICAL SOL YI N TI
400I ....
~"YSICAl P"OClIUI "-
SUl"NOl I I
~.
200 r - - ,.S'SDLYAHT
UPAICLV
200I
,
'N (A ..C)(" :-~
100
80 10 I V
8I Vi
60
6I
V ++-,
V'II
40
~.OC£Ull
4 I
' I .,
IIOU. AOIP. IUL"NOL AOIP.II,A PHH'CAL I I'
I .'- ' i ~
]0 _ .
10
I
I
I ./
2I
..J I
V
Gf"" ~t--
q ...
.." •
.'- I'
!
It-
I'
I
.'
-.
L
-.'-
8 I
%~~ I
- I-- - _.-
v.: ,)" ~
0°~"O
_ _ AW'".(S VITIIIOCO"( tot)'
IT R( 1'0110 ......
~"<;I I
ff"'--
•
....,,- I
/
",+"
I
C
Co
r: ~
.." V
..
~i'O'
la(HOAO 1----- t-- ...
~
~
~'(IAOCO.(
V
III '"oeOI(( M S
I
IT~("O"O 4011'
I I I ,
WOEA
I
001 0,02 004 0.06 0.1 a2 0.4 0.60.81.0 2 4 6 8 10.0
0.1 a1 0,4 060.81.0 6 8 10 0 20 00
--;
"1' PARTIAL ""(SSUIIII IN THE ..... COUCT 1,,1')
"1' P"""Al ",,'uu., ,. . fHI PAOOUC' " •• ,1
-.
,-
--------------------- ' . .J
FIGURE 7 PLGURE 8
l!.f.fTENIN(; PBOCEHU FOR GAS i"H TfNINC PROCESSES FOR CAS
CONT AININ(; C;O,..QNLY INO N,II CONTAINING CO, ~ ,t
11,0000 1,00 I
II 800 I I 80 ) "'::
'.1 CO) • • 1111"'(1 . , CO,
600 60 I
:::::
40 I .,.,
400 ;,~
~"~I,bAL
PM"ICAL
tOl HTI :./l
't(
• AWIJrillf 10~ V['N Tl
~H'IICAL IOLVENTS fCO ..... , .. ( ~HYSIC"'1.. SOt..V(NTS ..,.,
I·
I
200 20 'f--
S.. lA·Of.
I . , CO,' • .,'''fl
IUOOL ?i
z
z
100 :.~
/ 80 l/j
ao ~
60
. , CO, 'HYl'CAL IOLVENTS V 60 I
L
. , CO, 0[. IULF, .. OL., .. U'CAL SOLVE .. TS VI Z
/ / ~
40 V 40 I V ! :J
m
CO~
-
..V
I
/.I
: :./l
I
I -,
~
., DEl IUl"HDL I
. , CO, .w'NE
20 20I I Z
k1~~
4·
~ L}~>l
....
4·
I
I
:::
;-
10
V4··
."
...' 10
8 V4"·"
...... z
,-
~
>
VnO>l." l/n . . .
8 r
O~
6
lhO~"
6
4
t£o~ .
~ ...'+.. ....'-to" 0
V V
~
w
"''''H( (wI A,
O(A SUI..'IHOL ~
..
<
2 2
-
I
0.1 0.2 O.~
lL •
0.60.81.0 2 6 a 10.0 20 .0 60 SO 100
1
0.1 0.2 04 0.6
V
1.0 '2 4
'--'-
6 8 100
-
10 40 60 80100.
I"
:::
PUHlAl P'IIE: SSU"( OF CO, IN PIltOOUCT C,"" AC,D CAS PARTIA.l,. PR(UURE 'H PRODuCT "'1')
-u
'.
Z
o
2
Date. 2/85 12.24
I. APPLICABILITY
For both feasibility and pre-project studies, the engineer will be required to select a
process scheme (i.e. : choice between cold frac and refrigeration system) to estimate the
power, utilities, weight of this package.
2. DESCRIPTION
The description is based on simple cycle. A refrigeration cycle is based on the exchange
between a hot source and a cold source. The cold source is a refrigerant, the air or the
water, the hot source is the gas to be refrigerated. (see figs I, IA)
During the discharge of the cryogenic refrigerant, a mixed phase is generated (vapor and
liquid). Only the liquid phase participates in the cooling dUity. The vapor phase being
compressed from low pressure to the high pressure without participation at the
refrigerated duty.
This pressure will be finalized with the compressor manufacture but for an estimation
take:
I
I
I
I
I
I
REFRIGERt\ nON
Step 3 I
Determine refrigerant circulation through the condenser = m
Step 6 Check the pinch in the condenser and the cold source flowrate (if not
acceptable select a new t2 and Pd and repeat. the calculation).
Step 7 Size drums evaporator and condenser (see vessels and shell and tube
exchanger chap ter 5).
1
REFRIGEI~ATION
RevIsion o Page No
I'
r-------------~------------------------------ ______~Date
____• 2/&5__~~1~2~.2~7~~1
~~
7. SELECTION OF MATERIAL 1
The material selection to be made carefully. We recommend to take the temperature
corresponding at the vapor pressure at the atmosphere pressure (i.e.: for propane it is
recommended to select the low temperature killed carbon steel).
9.2. Applied process design for chemical and petrochemical plants volume 3 by Ernest E.
LUDWIG
1
9.3. Chemical Engineers Handbook by Robert H. PERRY/CECIL M. CHILTON
1
1
I
I
I
I -----_ .. _-
Dale
I REFRIGERATION CYCLE
FIGURE 1
I
(V)
RAW
GAS - - : - - - - - - - - f - ' TO COLO SEPARATOR
EVAPORATOR
(.101 )
(L +VI (LI
REFRIGERATION WATER
t2
td P2
COMPRESSOR
(HPI ACCUMULATOR
(LI
FIGURE 1.A
PRESSURE
CRITICAL POINT
tl t2
P2 ---~--------~~-------=-------k------~
(.1Q2'
CONDENSER td
I
I
I I .1 01
EVAPORATOR
..
H3 Hl H2 ENTHALPY
I
I
I
I
I~
7
I- REFRIGERATION CYCLE WITH
Date 1 ...
ECONOMISER
I FIGURE 2
T 1 r-------, T2
11 ~------~~ ~~---------
11
te ECONOMISER
pe
P1
te pe
COMPRESSOR
(HP)
td
SUCTION
DRUM
T,
CONDENSER I
(602)
ACC4MULATOR
. FIGURE 2.A
, PRESSURE
I~
P2 --- --
I (602)
I te
td
I
I (601)
I te
I
I H3 H5 Hl H2 H4
I
ENTHALPY (H)
Hd
I
Table 1 COMPARISON OF COMMON REFRIGERANTS
£va pord tor
Temp. °e _62 oC -57°C -51°C -40 0 C -34°C
-46°C -29°C -23 0 e -18 0 e -12 0 e _6 0 e _loe 40 e 10°C 15°C
Evaporator Al11!'On Ia 0.3825 0.5286 0.716 0.958 1.26
Prenur e Propylene 0.496 0.655 0.861 1.63 2.095 2.65 3.31 4. 11 5.03 6.15 7.41
in Bars 1.11 1.43 1. 79 2.21 2.69 3.31 4.00 4.82 5.68
Propane 0.3825 0.513 0.674 0.868 6.62 7.79 9.03
1.12 1. 41 . 1. 76 2.16 2.63 3.20 3.86 4.64 5.51 6.485
Freon 12 0.198 0.274 0.369 0.491 0.641 0.B27 1.05 7.58
1. 32 1.64 2.02 2.46 2.97 3.56 4.23 4.99
eondensed LIquId Temperature 35°C; Condenser Pressu re
Ammonia 35.58; Propylene 14.61; Propane 12.20; Freon 12In Bars '"::
:::J
8.. 48 :::;
kgm refrIge rant AlTJOOnld 0.206 0.204 0.202 0.200 0.199 0.197 0.196 0.195 0.193 0.192 0.191
, .
per minute Propylene 0.939 0.913 0.889 0.871 0.848 0.830 0.812 0.191 0.190 "'"
per ton of Propane 0.990 0.958 0.925 0.8~ 0.875 0.853 0.830 0.807 0.798 0.780 0.767 0.753 0.739 0.726 0.712 0.699 :/l
r efrlger a tlon Freon 12 2.35 0.789 0.776 0.756 0.739 0.721 0.708 0.694
,.,.,
2.28 2.22 2.16 2.11 2.05 2.00 1. 96 1. 91 1.87 2
1.84 1. 79 1. 76 1. 73 I. 70 ~
:;;
~
Brake horsepower Amronla 4.31 . 3.74 "':
per ton of 3.23 2.80 2.41 2.08 1. 78 1. 50 1. 26 1. 03 0.835 :::J 2
Propyl ene 5.00 4.47 3.96 3.51 3.10 2.69 0.648 0.483 m
refrige ration Propane 2.35 2.06 1. 74 1. 46 1. 20 1.00 0.830 0.647 0.485.
o.
,...,
4.98 4.39 3.87 3 ;43 3'.03 2.67 2.32 2.03 1. 75
Freon 12 5.70 4.98 4.33 1.49 1. 24 1.01 0.800 0.622 0.458 :::::
3.79 3.31 2.86 2.47 2.14 1.83 1. 55' 1. 30 1.05 S·
0.848 0.668 0.490 2
Kilowatt per AlTJOOn i a 3.22 2.79
ton of 2.41 2.09 1.80 1. S5 1. 33 1.12 0.940 0.768 0.623 ::J
Propylene 3.73 3.33 2.95 2.62 2.31 2.01 0.483 0.360 .~
.."
refrige ration 1. 75 1. 54 1. 30 1.09 0.895 0.746 0.619 0.483
Propane 3.72 3.27 2.89 0.362
Freon 12 4.25 3.72 3.23
2.56
2.83
2.26 1. 99
2.47 2.13
1. 73 1. 51 1. 31 1.11 0.925 0.753 0.597 0.464 0.342
'
-,A
2
Condensed liquid Temperature 52 0 e; Condenser Pressu re In Bars: ~
Ammonia 20.88; Propylene 21.64; Propclrl~ 17.92; Freon 12 12.68 :>
2
kgm re fr i gerant AlITT()n Ia 0.223 0.221
~
:>
per minute 0.219 0.217 0.215 0.213 0.211 0.210 0.209 0.207 0.206
Propylene 1. 21 1.17 1.13 1.10 1.07 1. 03 0.205 0.204 r
per ton of 1. 01 0.980 0.957 0.934 0.912 0.894 0.875 0.857 0.844
Propane 1.30 1.24 1.19 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.04 1. 01
refrige ration Freon 12 2.91 0.980 0.953 0.925 0.903 0.880 0.857 0.8)5
2.81 2.71 2.63 2.54 2.47 2.40 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.01 I. 96 0
~
Brake horsepower Arrrnonia 5.68 4.96
per ton of Propyl ene 7.49
4.38 3.81 3.33 2.92 2.54 2.19 1.90 1. 63 1. 38 1.16 0.952
I't
"
~
i :' . J I
Tabl. 1-
COMPARATIVE OA TA OF REFR IG£RAlHS
1
I
RefrIgerant Number
(ARI Oesigndtion) F -11 F -12 f -2'l F-II 3 F -114 F -SOO
Chemical formula CCll '-
CCI2fZ (HC I F2 CCIZF- C2CI/ 4 73.8t C(12' i
Molecular Wt
80llin9 pt. ta 1. 013 bus. °c
131. J8
23.1
120.93
- 29.8
86.48
40.8
CCIF2
181.39
41.6
110.93
3.6
26.2t CH)CH 2
99.29
-]].]
I.
Critical temp. °c
Critical pressure. bars
I
Cp of vapor ta 160C. 1.013 bars .300
.146 .149 .156 .171
Cv of vapor ta 160(. 1. 013 bars .lJO .127 .145 .151
Ratio CplC v • K (300(.1.013 bars) I 1.11 1. )4 1.18 1.12 1.09 l.lJ
RH io of Spec i fie hea ts
I iquid. 460C
vapor, Cp .400C sat. press.
Odor
2.04 1. 55 2.14 1. 47 I. 59 1.17
I
Ethere. I. 'same same same same same
Vi scos i ty centipoises)
odorless when
mixed wlair
I
Sat. liquid 35°C .3893 .2463 .2253 .5845 .3420 .2150
41°C
Vapor [iI 1.013 bars -IOOC
4()OC
looC
.3123
.0101
.0103
.0105
.2395
.0118
.0119
.0121
.2207
.0120
.0122
.0124
.5472
.0097
.0098
.0100
.3272
.0108
.0109
.2100
1
.Olll
Thenna I Conductivity k
Ii
I
I
I
I
--
,
PROCESS ENGINEEHING DESIGN MANUAL Re\ll\lon . Page No :
i ' "1· ,{\'. ~~.;.i ~
Date 2/&5
11
11
,
I,
Ii
1
Ii
13. UTI LI Tl ES
I
1-
I
1
1
I
I
I --
I
.-----------,-----------------------------.----------,------,
1 I
UTILITIES
I a Date 2/85 1).1
I. APPLICABILITY
For both feasibility and pre-project studies the ef"\gineer will be required to make .:in
estimate of utility requirements both in consumptions ~1nd equipment required_
I
This section details a few guidelines and notes on the fbi lowing utilities:
1 WATER TREATMENT
UTILITY AND INSTRUMENT AIR
INERT GAS GENERA TORS
W,A. TER S YSTE,'vIS
FUELS
2. WATER TREATMENT
The following details the common used effluent water treatment equipment given in order
of effluent quality:
! , Usually the first line of clean up. Simply a settling tank with a top skimmer to remove
any floating oil or debris and a bottom skimmer to remove sludge.
Effluent quality around 150 microns globules and 150 ppm oil.
Large bulky items, cannot be used offshore. Either circular or rectangular in design.
Tilted Plate Se arator (TPS) Corru ated Plate lnterce tor (CPO
0
Uses plate packs, usually at 45 mounted in a tank and relies on gravity settling between
oil + water within the spaces between the plates.
Can have problems with high solids content if upstream settling tank is not installed.
- TPS units are usually used as the first treatment stage offshore.
Flotation units
Uses induced or dissolved- air flotation to remove any residual solids/oil in the effluent.
Works in reverse to a gravity settler (small air bubbles trap debris and float to top of
tank).
I
P,lq.· Nu
UTILITIES
Date' 2/85
I
13.2
I
Effluent quality better than 40 ppm. Vendors usually guarantee < 30 ppm.
Can be used both offshore and onshore. Usually installed downstream of a TPS unit or
I
A P I separator.
Usually not required for effluent water treatment unless very low residual solids
I
content enforced by local effluent standards.
More commonly used for water re-injection where high quality, low solids level is
I
required. Can achieve 1-2 ppm in certain beds, 10-15 ppm is more common.
Units are generally compact but heavy due to media bed weight.
I
Good pre-filtration is required to prevent fouling up of main bed units.
E f f luen t standards
I
Listed below are maximum residual oil content in effluent wat'er for dumping to sea: 1
NORTH SEA
INDONESIA + MIDDLE EAST
40 ppm
30 ppm I
CHINA 20 ppm
LOCAL ESTUAR Y (river) 5 ppm (European standard) I·
Process drains, produced water, deck (site) drains (see figure 1)
Produced water may need degassing before treatment. If the amount of dissolved gas is
I
small it may be possible to handle it in the TPS unit.
Deck or site drains normally flow to a separate sump tank before de-oiling. If the deck
I
drainage is small or produced water flow is small, both streams can be c.ombined
through one TPS unit. I
Process drains are normally manually initiated and pass directly to the return oil slop
tank. These drains are generally water free. 1
Always try to use gravity feed between units. Pumping can cause emulsions and make
oil-water separation harder. Similarly avoid fast flowing lines and turbulent pipe
I
arrangements.
I
~,.
I
I
- - - - - - -...-.. -.-.. --.--------,~-----_ _ _ r - -_ __
UTIUT1ES Page No
F oc genec aJ instcu ,nen t and util i ty aic, Co'npcessoc 1isch acge acound 9 bac is adequa teo
ConsUmption, use 0.6 SC/m (0.0 17m31m in) loc eac~ aic pilot (~ Valve)
(jnstcument aie) 0.& sclm (0.022 m3lmin) loc vaJve Positionec
generally I mJ/h per valve unit will do as first estirr!ate.
Add 25% to compressor capacity for design.
I
All plan ts shou Jd ha ve J 00% ins tcu men t aie s tandb y c <lpac it y.
U til i t Y and instcu men t ai c Can be sup p Ji ed I com 'ame compcessoc oc sepac a te ones
depending On capacity requirement.
Instcument aic mUst be dcied beloce use. Oew Point 0/ aic is dependant on minimum aic
. as
tempecatuce in Jocation 0/ unit. Genecally dessicant bed dciees ace used giving dew points
low as -600C.
~ot
Size aic ceceivecs to give JO-J5 minutes 01 instcumentaie assuming the compcessoc goes
down. this
during Pcessuce in the instcument aic ceceivee shouJd
period. laU beJow 80 psig (5.5 bac g)
Foc Jong aic tcansmission headecs in coJd climates intemjediate KQ puts may be cequiced.
An estimate 01 compcessoc and dCyee weights and P<Jwee ~ce given in /iguce 3.
Inen gas is cequiced in all pJants loc pucging and inee<jng 0/ equipmen,. Foc small
cequicements "'2 bottJes can be used in cacks. This howevec, is not leasible loc lacge units
and so gas geneeatoes mUst be supplied. The main types 01 gerieeatoc in use ace .
Focbepucging
to purged pucposes esti'nate capaCity based on 3 times the voJume 01 the IMgest
in one hour. ~e"el
I
UTILITIES
Date
2/85
I
13.4
I
Cryogenic distillation is used only for large volume requirements, specifically LNG
plants. Not used offshore. I
Gas combustion produces a N2. C02 mixture for inerting and purging purposes. ,'Jot used
much these days except for onshore large volumes.
I
Pressure swing absorbtion is the must common used method for N2 generation. Skid
mounted units are sometimes supplied with dedicated air compressor, or can use
I
existing plant air compressor for supply. Air consumption is 4 -5 times inert gas
production rate, residual 02 in gas is 1-2%-3%.
I
Details and weights of cornmon units are given in figures 4 and 5.
I
5. WATER SYSTEMS
Seawater I
Used for cooling purposes both onshore and offshore. Can also be used as wash water,
sanitation water and feed to potable water units.
Seawater is also used for fire water systems but is usuaJly a separate system. The
seawater cooling circuit is normally connected to the fire water ring for emergency
supply only.
Always coarse filter the seawater before Circulating to the plant. This removes any
debris or marine life.
Treat with chlorine at 1-2 ppm concentration - maintain a residual CL - level in the
water exit at 0.3-0.5 ppm.
Seawater exit temperatures to outfall canals or drain caissons should not be above 400C
to prevent corrosion.
Once through water systems are preferr~d for small cooling duties with only 3-4
eXChangers. For large duties and number of units where the cost of corrosion proofing is
prohibitive consider using a closed loop cooling medium system. Common used is
25% TEG in water.
IJTlLlTll~
?7
~------------__-L____________________________________________~______________
Date. 2/&'> ~_________
13.5 i
Pot.1ble 'w'ater, I
I
Depending on loea tion of plant potable water can be made in si tu or supplied by t.:mh:er
[or storage, or taken directly from a mains supply.
For onshore plants most common method of water supply is evaporative distillation.
Problem with these units is size and weight are high and residual TDS (Total Dissolved
Solids) is 5-10 ppm. This results is a bland distilled water which is not pleasant to drink.
Increasingly popular now are Reverse Osmosis units (RO) which are lighter and need less
maintenance than evaporative units. Water quality is 400-500 TDS (World Health
Organization TDS for drinking water is 500-1000) operating costs of RO units is
1.5 times that of evaporative distillation.
"'tost common unit offshore at present is the VC unit which is very reliable and easy to
operate. Unit operates at 100°C and is more susceptible to corrosion.
RO units are relatively new, operate at ambient temperature and has few mechanical
parts for servicing. Average membrane life is J years.
Consumption
estimate on 50-60 gallons per day per man (0.2 m J )
Storage
allow 10-15 days for offshore units
10 days for onshore remote areas
Potable water can be dosed with hypochlorite at 0.4-0.5 ppm to inhibit bacterial growth.
Waste water and sewage
Before discharging to river, sea, or underground sewage + waste water must be treated
to meet local health regulations prevalent in the area.
Limits are imposed on BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen
Demand), coliform bacteria Count and TDS.
Diesel
I
Used for emergency generators, pump motors and air compressors, cranes, and
alternative fuel for turbines.
I
For emergency equipment provide individual day tanks sized on providing fuel for 24 hr I
operation.
Main diesel tank (for feed to day tanks) should hold 10-12 days supply. This is dependant I
on location of plant and normal supply periods.
~as
any gas driven motors.
supply to turbines to
I
10 microns (generaJly turbine manufacturer wiJl state quality required and may include
his own filters) - do not rely on this and provide separate treatment anyway.
I
Maintain FG temperature at least DOC above dew point. Minimum temperature of gas
to be 5°C.
Common supply pressures are 15-20 bar (some jet engines need 35 bar).
•I
Size fuel gas supply on maximum design duty of all users operating. Allow + 10%
margin.
I
FG used for flare purge and pilots, etc., does not need to be filtered to 10 microns _ use
gas straight off scrubber overheads.
I
I
I
r----------~----
-~--------------
--- _ _r_------~-- __
Date
I "1 1
Proce ss water and deck drain water treatm ent
Gas 10
PCV To....... com",1Iat .
hdt
Ct ....... _ (011)
lev
W.I .. oeg...-
or M)Uf • • r.,.
S\nI)pet
.
o ,,,-
,
0.0. "'.", including ,_
..... ,.,/Yfash down .,. ••
(May bo IrUled IItouQII
ooI-"~I'" tnl ...oepIO<)
II
'I
.I__ __-:-~
F'e
Comp resse d Air Syste m
..
To .-.,
~
Con-4><euon
(250 psIg)
I
PHOCE SS (NCIN [[flIN( ; DESIC N MI\NU I\L HcvlSlo n
Date' .'/fl"
I
11. "
FIGURE)
ESTIMAT E OF .... EIGHT ANOPO .... ER FOR INSTRUM
ENT AIR UNITS
I
I
100
...
0
m
~
:J>
I
I
n
0
"~ Z
II>
C
...
~
0
so z
I
I
CAPACIT Y Nml'h IO'C .. I b ... 1
I
5 •• 11 ,I.nb
Latz. ,1....
-tl
rnITJ i
I
I
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Da..-.,..., •• 4 .~ir:hb
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,t...,.. "......
I
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1\"
L I ..... HI" .... , ...... C\a) '.1 W .. c,hl n.~ La W 1 H(m, V'CIIP" (\,_ O .....j ... II 1.•• ooao
01l.l\ JI J .•• I.' • II nG I.t.'.l.' .• 100 60., •• 16 )QQQ
0"·"11" to 11
"
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1200
1100
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I
Layout plan
1 Au c.omprcuO f
2 AncrCDOlu
I
) Burrc-r \fCUr'
4 Ad,orbcr
S ""OOU(I butTtf
6 "id(,I"ICCI
.('nd I
--------------------~.------~------
--------------------~ I
I
- -,
- ------------- --- - ~.. . ~ ,- . .J ~
l'flnt1r" trlll.ond"ir hrr"tt" r"~cr\\ ,rC',,"wlt ,,.4,,('1 nf'- and ,Pt(, fnfrt'
r. 'IUU1 mtn,.f Lindt I)\\'1\' ,hnl'
1
I II 4S
2 SO 20 6S ~
Z
~
01 :Po I lJ'I OS SO 2.S 60 )6 ~
6 10 D\\'N90 I 61 }O IS 42 ::;
Proull pres lure baI H
2
OS
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90
100
))
4.
liS
120
••
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10
.-J
~,~
Z
""
~
, , OWN 110 I no So4 160 71
•c wI
, 0, ,esidual eDDI.DI
ill p.oduCl
~
l..&rK. ,lUll; Rudy·(or-opcf'liloo planu
Millimal iAIulIaliOD ......l.
I.om tuoclion·",nc4 wuu,
:J
Z
r- c
:; OJ Vol""
-
G"l
M
~
Type
dcsiP\ltion
._-_.-
M.J..LC4~
mnlcet
in produc1
N->produCl
P.oduCl
qlUnlll)'
"'i,1b
PIClIUI"-~.1...b&L __
Po"'er
consumption
apprOI. ''\\'
N, produ" prCllure 6 bll
Produa
qlUl\lI~
m;,1b
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approl ,,,.,'
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I
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110
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IH
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190
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..
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H
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1&
21
C
V
r
so Tb( pc:,{Of"DlWCZ r'I\UU luted ue musure.d II 1O·C a.i.r ICmpCrllun, ~ w humld11llnd I b&J pnuan
"th. IhoJl. Th. prt>duc1 nilJo,cn h.u I d ••· po.nl o( -SO'C " .lmoq>h.n, pre .. ure and wnturu <J() ppm
I art>on d,ol/d. Ai "'cU Ai I IClldual portion o( I'll< ..... U
'Po
Th. hi", nuib~.!)' of OWN pl.nll .n,bluthcm 10 b4 'eDnOm,c.&l11 op.ra •• ~" p.n lo,d up 10 6CA of en
10 p.oduc1 qUlllli!),. In ,dd.\lon 10 thc ,undlrd unill ""c4. cullomllcd Ov.'}j planu un be ,uprl,cd bucd on
cullom .. IpcCl(,al.ons (or produCI qlUnliliu. lupply prcllufCllnd produc1 un.u
P.OUII p.eslurc bll
"0
poj •., . . . . t .. ~ .... IU\fJ"I'o, "" I .~"'. I"' "W.
..... ,I}.,.,•.
~
QD ProduCI no'" } .;J
[0 Spec (Dttf)' Icqul,cmfnl under duia:n conditions Z
Po P,oal\ prCHUfC
r - - - - - - - - - T -_ _ _ _ _ _ .. _ .-----.-.--------r-----__-,-____--.
PROCESS ENGii-.JtERING DESIGN MANUAL
RevIsion:
Plt<JeNo.
Dat8 2/85
FUNCTION
I
This program provides capability for the calculation of gas sweetening processes using a
single amine (MEA or DEA). It also determines the main equipment characteristics of the
unit for preliminary studies. I
OUTPUTS
RANGE OF APPLICATION
I
The temperature of the rich amine entering into the stripper is 190 F.
The bottom temperature of the stripper is 240 F.
I
The default pressure of the reflux dr-urn is 20 psia.
Steam saturated temperature is supposed to be 250 F.
I
2. BRILL I and II : Pressure drop profile in gas and liquid pipes I
FUNCTION
BRILL I I
The program predicts pressure gradients and liquid holqup occuring during the simultaneous
flow of gas and liquid in pipes; I
BRILL II
This program is specially assigned to calculate the transport capacity in the case of a
mixture of two gases.
I
RANGE OF APPLICATION I
These programs were written for the FRIGG pipeline. However, they can be used for other
lines, specially for gas with condensate. I
REMARKS
Date - 2/&5
14.2
3. FLASH: [qlJilibrium cakulations
PROCESSI.'JG
The program is based around the Peng Robinson equation of state and the API (modified
Lee-Kessler) corresponding states method for thermal properties.
REMARK
This program is not as robust as large commercially available batch simulators such as
PROCESS, but it is very quick, cheap and easy to use.
Answers are instantaneous.
The program is self documented.
FUNCTION
GPSA method.
RANGE OR APPLICATION
The number of stages is fixed or calculated (for a compression rate). It is possible to input
non-standard components.
FUNCTION
The gas is countercurrent dehydrated in the absorber using a triethylene glycol solution
which is then regenerated by stripping in a packed column.
Gas input pressure into the absorber must be between 200 and 2000 PSIA.
Gas input temperature into the absorber must be between 40 and 160 F.
Gas dewpoint temperature must be ) _ 40 F.
L
..
I
,~
Oil flowrate can vary from 3000 to 300 000 BOPD. The program is specially adapted for
compact platforms (drilling, quarters, production) but can also be used for production
platform only.
The accuracy of the weight and cost estimations is respectively about ~ 15 96 and ~ 20 %.
FUNCTION I I
This program uses the HANLEY equation to calculate' density, thermal conductivity and
viscosity of hydrocarbons and hydracarbon mixtures. I
.J
INPUTS
The program will handle a 20 component mixture. Library data is available for C 1 thru' C 17'
I
Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide and Water. Pseudo components can be defined
in the input file: if they are used, thermal conductivity will ~ be calculated. I
•
A data file is required. For each pseudo component, the following properties are needed.
critical pressure, atm
Acentric factor
critical volume, cm 3/g-mole Molecular weight
critical temperature, Kelvin Normal Boiliryg Point, Kelvin.
This empirical equation is believed to be the best correlation currently available for
estimating liquid and vapour densities at pressures above 100 atm.
Vapour densities calculated using this method are believed to accurate up to 6S0 atm.
•I
The viscosity correlation is very accurate for the vapour phase, but not as reliable for
liquids. The best available method is probably the Chung-lee-Starting equation, with an
average deviation of 24 96. I
The thermal conductivity correlation is included for completeness, but its accuracy has not
been assessed.
I
L-____________________________________________________________________________ ~~
.1
I
ReVISiOn 0
COMPUTEI? PROGRAMS
• Date·
2/&5 14.4
The L1BPROD library encloses FORTRAN subroutines for calculating various properties.
FUNCTION
Subroutine ASTM :
stock tank oil viscosity at a certain temperature by the ASTM
correlation.
Subroutine CALSIG :
Gas-oil surface tension by the BAKER and SWERDLOFF
correlation
Subroutine CHE W :
Oil viscosity by the CHEW and CONNAL Y correlation
Subroutine LEE:
Gas viscosity by the LEE-ET -AL correlation
Subroutine RSOUPB: Solution Gas Oil ratio by the STANDING AND LASATER
correlation
Subroutine ZED:
Gas compressibility factor by the STANDING and KATZ
correlation
The "MASBAL" program generates mass and energy balance tables, in conjunction with the
SSI program, according to the user's specifications.
The program uses the output of SSI program and generates mass and energy balance tables
which can readily go into a report.
PROCESSING
The tables can be generated either in Metric or in English dimensional units system as it
may be the casein the SSI program.
The classification of components defined in the SSI program can be reduced for mass and
energy balance tables (components up to C20 for ssr program can be c1assi fied up to C 10+
in mass balance).
Printout of enthalpy is optional.
The stream composition can be expressed in the four different ways molal flow rate,
molal percentage, mass fJow rate, mass percentage.
Ea.~h table contains g streams maxirnum.
I
RevIsIon a Page No
COMPUTER PROGI~AMS
FUNCTION
I
Calcula tion of pressure lossses for steady flow in dry gas pipes.
PROCESSING I
MONOAGA uses the AGA method which is based on the general equation for compressible
fluid in pipes, whatever their profile may be. I
OUTPUTS
RANGE OF APPLICATION I
This program can also be used to predict the behaviour of gas with very low condensate
contents (less than 50 cm3/Sm3).
The profile of the ground can be flat or otherwise.
The temperature profile can be fixed.
I
11. PEPITE : Pressure drop and temperature profiles in gas and liquid pipes
FUNCTION
I: ,
This program calculates the profile of pressure, temperature and hold-up liquid along pipes
carrying single or two-phase fluids.
I
PROCESSING
I
This program uses the most efficient correlations which exist at the present time for single
or two-phase flow, whether the ground be flat or otherwise. I
Pressure losses for two-phase flow are based on the research work carried out in BOUSSENS.
The calculations methods used are commented in the note "Two-phase flow in pipelines"
written by Mr lAGIERE, and included in the 1982 Surface Seminar.
I
OUTPUTS
I
The p,og,am can deWmine, at any point of a pipeline, the p<essu<e, the temp.,.tu,", the
flow pattern, the liquid content and the other hydrodynamic characteristics.
I
I
I
I
r----------------r---------------____________________________ r -____________, -________~
1
i RevIsIon 0 Page No
COMPUTER PROGRAMS
£ tus
• Date: 2/85 14.6
RANGE OF APPLICATION
The many tests run under various conditions show that PEPITE IS definitely better than
other models.
The good resul ts are obtained by PEPITE 80 to 90 % of the time, whereas tradi tional
models only provide acceptable results 50 % of the time.
The least effective results obtained by PEPITE are those for steep uphill slopes.
This drawback is on the point of being solved. On a whole, the accuracy of the calculations
1
is in line with that of the accuracy of the measurernents themselves.
REMARKS
In addition to pressure and temperature calculations the PEPITE program will define the
flow pattern.
The user can do ten different calculations with a single run.
1
1
The results can be either summarized or detailed, on request.
Either starting on finishing conditions can be given as inputs for the PEPITE program.
FUNCTION
Calculation of the pressure losses and liquid content of the pipes, for condensate gas, oil
,
. and gas, oil gas and water flows in horizontal, slight slope pipes .
I
I
.J
INPUTS
-1, Temperature profile or average temperature.
Physical properties of the fluid.
Line profile.
Some physical properties can be predicted with correlation~ included in the program.
PROCESSING
The PETREL program offers several calculations methods corresponding to different fields
of application.
OUTPUTS
Anyone of the following parameters can be calculated:
inlet pressure line length
outlet pressure
GENERAL
FUNCTION
This program calculates pressure drop and temperature profiles using the results of the
process program.
11
PROCESSING
Fluid physical properties needed in the PEPITE program are interpolated into tables
generated by PROCESS program.
INPUTS
RANGE OF APPLICATiON
Pressure must be included between I and 7 250 PSIA I
I
I
I
I
I
I;'
11 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
Revl~lon 0 Page No
INPUTS
III viscosi ty versus temperature at different shear rates (,for non-Newtonian flow)
yield strength versus temperature
IJ OUTPUTS
11 Radiation level calculations for an oriented pipe flare or a Coanda flare :tip.
INPUTS
I: PROCESSING
I OUTPUTS
Flame profile
REMARKS
I The method used (API RP 521) has been extended to three dimensions and any flare tip
or ien ta tion.
I l
I
11
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUf'\L Revision: P&<Je No :
Il ~
~ Date :2/&5
il-~
I
;IJ
11
1
II
1
IJ
IJ1
'11
I:
15. DATA
11
IJ
I!
II
Ii
I
I
I
I
I;
1-'.' I
DA T A SECTION
R('I/I~lon . 0 Page No
II-- s
• Date: 2/85 15.1
I PAGE
2 General data
11,_J 3-9 Conversion tables
10
I.'l
PSEUDO CRITICALS AND OIL PROPERTIES
11 -14 Physical properties of hydrocarbons
15 Figs. 1-3 Compressibility factors of natural gas
16 4 Pseudo critical pressure VS. M W
11 17
18
5
6
7
Critical constants for gases and fluids
Critical temperature VS. normal boiling point
Characterised boiling points of petroleum Fractions
1 &
IJ 19
20 10
Molecular mass, BP, and densi ties of fractions
DENSITY
Relative density of petroleum fractions VS T
1-1 21
22
23
11 Relative density of petroleum fractions VS MABP
VISCOSITY
12 Viscosi ties of hydrocarbon gases
24 13 Viscosities of hydrocarbon liquids
llj 25 ASTM viscosity chart
26 VAPOUR PRESSURES
14
27 15
28 16
29 17
30
31 1&
32
--, 33
19
IJ 34
20
21
35
IJ 22 I
Thermal conductivity of natural gases
23 Thermal conductivity ratio for gases
24 Thermal conductivity of hydrocarbon liquids
36
'1 1 37
38
25
26
LA TENT HEATS OF VAPORISA TlON
Latent heats of various liquids
Latent heats of hydrocarbons
39 27 Heat of combusion of liquid petroleum fractions
I 40
41
42
28
29
SURFACE TENSIONS - MISCELLANEOUS
Surface tensions of hydrocarbons
Dew points of natural gases
43 30
I 44
31
32
Solubility of natural gas in water and brine
Solubility of methane in water
Solubility of natural gas in water
33 Solubility of water in hydrocarbons
45
I 46
34
35
36
Temperature drops for expanding g~s
Temperature dr~ps for expanding gt s
Physical propertIes of gas treating chemicals
47 Physical properties of water
I 48 Physical properties of air
I
.1
PROCE SS ENC;IN EEflIN G DESIG N MANU AL
Revisio n Page No
'••...
ba' I~f.' .- -- O.OfJ 10 Ib _01
-01
(
kg/c_ r I••• , 008418. Ib ... 01
·R
"v
hp· h
I 9839
o 000180 ~
(
' 0008JI4 )
'••.
~Pa ...
Ib mol Ib ... 0/
·R
a'''' It' o no 2. Ib ",01
IIW·h 0000 381 00
Ib ~ol h·lb I 3-) J
......kG
i., h' 11 830
Ib ""01
~ h' 33 •. 98 1_0/
Ib ",01 'R Ib/;'" It' 10.JJ7
l ,ovl. 8) .. 3
Ib
Ib
"'0'
,,",0'
••
(
Ib/h' h'
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I )4l.)
Ib ,"01 (
a'''' 1.1/ ••
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( ~PO ",I
\"'0'
8.ll.3
... '
( boo - OOfll4l
.~ SI, I ",01. i, eq""j"olen ' ",of.; the
10 , ..... Q'" "'~.<vlor mo .. of CQI'bo,,·12 . fo, •• omp' •. " 12 o/mot
G= 141.5
131.5 + O~grees A_PJ.
For liquids ht!aui~r than waur: °C = 5/9 (0 F - 32)
, -,
145 OF = 9/5 (OC) + 32
D~gT~~1I Baum~ = 145 - G.
K = °C + 273_15 = 5/9 R
G= H5 OR =OF + 459.67 - 1.8 K
145 - D~gT~~s Baumt
G = Specific Gravity = ratio of th~ w~ight of a giv~n SI ~U3 a"" Mu/liplla llon Faclon:
volum~ of oil at 60° Fahrenh eit to th~ w~ight of the sam~
volum~ of water at 60° Fahr~nheil Pmix Symbol
10" Ie,. T
To determin~ the reaultin g cravity by mixing oils of dif· 10' Ii,a G
fer~nt gravitie s: loe mc:p M
10" kilo k
-. mdl + ndz 10" hedo
~
~ 0= 10'
b
dcr:a
o= D~n.ity
. m+n
or Specific Gravity of mixtur~
10-'
10-"
dcci
da
d
centi c
m = Volum~
proporti on of oil of dl d~naity 10-' milli ID
n = Volume proporti on of oil of d, d~naity 10-' micro II
dl =
Specific Gravity or d~aity of moil 10-' nano D
=
d:z Specific Gravity or denaity of n oil 10-11 pico p
10-" femto f
USEFUl. NOTES
11r" alto
•
1
Ri Individual , ... constAnt • R/mol .... t of , ...
DATA :;ECT I ON
I,
- I
Date 2/f.lS 15 - 3
VOLUME
I'
'II h ~I .... t
,
em
~
I
, I,' II 01 (U S.I 9-1 IU.S I 9-1 IU K I bbl
"' In
I
m
",.~,( lAC" , .6)11 Ill. I ,.., . " . " . . . 'HI Iii .... II., I
'"
, \ 1.'OlH ,.. ~ ~"I I } . t ," 4; l.,..OOJ f 0) 16(')1 '.N I tI) , oJU II,,) I ...
I .,
'til"" 1n'''''~1 111 '.":11 •....., I ' UI , ,,\1\ Of.& t
I
"'}Q f . on fi I'M til) ( • fll "If,
I
loot 1JI)'~t: "14 I t;rtt,ulf '(11 I "80
"' I '"' t
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,,, I.JHO'J'>11
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I
bot" •• le,I, 1.~If" .. 11 E tI· '~'./)( -f~ '.\11'0111) E • '" ·J./O"l •• ,) f. • Ul ~., ,• .,.3 ( . '.1 ' .. )/h . . . , f . II) .,1OflOOO ( • fl' )4't111lOf '01 ,
MASS
MASSE
kg
k, , , Ib 01 .on hho'"
! .on 110"'11
kilo,nmme 1 1.000 000 E+Ol 1,000 000 E-03 2.204 622 E+<lO 3,527 397 E +-01 1.102311 E-OJ 9.842064 E-04
;
... mme 1,000 000 E -OJ 1 1.000 000 E -06 2.204 622 E-OJ 3.527 ~97 E -02 1.102311 E-06 9.B42064 E-01
I
,
10nne mhriqut 1.000 000 E ~3 1.000 000 E -H)6 1 2.204 621 E ~3 3.521 391 E .H)4 1.101311 E+OO '!I.B42 064 E -01
I~
po .. nd hvoirl 4.535924 E -01 4.535924 E-Hl2 4,535 924 E -04 1 1.6°OFE~1 5. ()()() 000 E -()4 4.464 186 E-()4
ounu (."oirl 2.B34 952 E -02 2.B34 952 E-Hll 2.834 952 E -OS 6.250 000 E -02 1
I
I
3.1 25 ()()() E -OS 2.190 178 E -05
I·
Ihorl ton IU.s.'
(2000 Ibml
I·
(2240 Ibm' 1016047 E-H)6 1.016047 E ~OO 2.140 ()()() E ~J ) 5M 000 E +{)4 I 1 Xl ()()() E ~ 00 I
I
I
- ------ '-- --- --- -- -
-.
• .C'1f"
.n : II I,'
met, . arre 1 1,000 000 E K>4 1,000 000 E -01 7,411 os.a E-()4 I 5500 0J E ~J 1,01 6 J91 E HJI
c.nt'~I~ atrr 1,00 0 000 E-()4 I 1,000 000 E -06 7,47 1 05-4 E08 1.5SO 003 E -01 101 6 J91 E -03
ore 1,00 0 000 E Hl~ 1.000 000 E t{)6 1 2.411 05-4 E -O~ 1.55 0003 E ~5 1.01 6 J91 E +OJ
len 4.04 6856 E +<IJ ".04 6856 E ~7 4.()46 856 E +01 1 6.27 2 6J9 E +<J6 4.J5 6 000 E +04
IqUI " inch 6.45 1 600 E-{)4 6.45 1600 E +<lO 6.45 1600 E-Q 6 1.594 225E -07 1
6.94 4444 E -OJ
1 IqUI " foot 9.29 0 J04 E -{)2 9.29 O)()4 E +<I~ 9.29 0 J()4 E -()4
J 2.295 684 E -05 1.44 0000 E +02 I
J
LEN GT H
LON GUE UR m n
em jJ
m A In ("1 Itl'l mile
centi metr e 1.00 0 000 E -{)2 I 1.000000E~ 1.00 0 000 E +08 3.9J 7008 E -01 3.28 0840 E -02 6.21 3 712 E-0
6!
i .ngstriim 1.000 000 E-IO 1.000 000 E -08 1.000 000 E-04
! 1 J.937 008 E-09 3.28 0840 E -10 6.21 371 2E-1
4
I
i ineh (pauc e) 2.5-4 0000 E-0 2 2.540000E~ 2.5-4 0ooo E+04
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DAT,; SEC,l')~J
RevisIo n
Date
()
2/85
Page No
15 - 5 1
VOLU METR IC FLOW
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pound IMr. albic toot 1.6018-4 6 EMI 1.6018-4 6 E ~2 5.78703 7 E-04 I 1.336 806 E-Ol I
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PHOCESS ENGINEEHING OC;IC~J MANUAL Hl!lIlSlon Pa'll! No
VISCOSITY (KinematIc)
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pnOCESS ENGINEEnlNG DESIGN MANUAL RevIsion ~)
Page No .
OAT,; SECTrO:,
Date 2/B5 15 - 8
SPECIFIC HEA T CAPACITY
---~---- -----.-.---~~~~-------~-
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1 -' DA T A SECTION
Date:
1 2/&5 15.10
1
IIJ PSEUOO-CRITICALS AND OIL PROPERTIES
IJ'1 Definitions:
'-I-V t--)
Ii True vapour pressure : - actual vapour pressure of a crude oil at the actual
temperature of the fluid.
Molal average boiling point : - equal to the sum of the mole fraction of each
.... Volume average boiling point: VASP : - average temperature at which the ASTM
I 10 %, 30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 90 % volumes boil.
I! Mean average boiling point: MABP : - the slope of the ASTM distillation curve is used
to correct the VABP to give MASP. See Fig. 7
I' Cubic average boiling point: CABP : - another corrected form of VASP.
j
I K = CABP
sg sg af 60/60
CABP in oR
I This issued as a characterisation factor when defining crude oils. It is required for
various other data evaluations.
I
I
I
I
----- _. -
-II
No
I s.... NOI. No -
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF HYDROCARBONS(27)
I 2 )
....
~
-D
.E . -....
u
D Cl.
.u
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NO Comoound c
Cl. , C
, Cl.
M
..
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0
u.. ~
0
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Cl.
0
>
1 MeU,.ne CH. 1604) -161521281 )5000.1 -182.41d 4604 19055 000611
2 EI"."" C 1 H. :.J.070 -8858 (6000 I -182.8cr' 4880 :lOS 43 0.00492
) Proo.ne CJH a 44 091 -42.07 1341 -18768" 4 249 369.82 0004 60
4 n-8ura"" C 4 H ID 58.124 -0.49 )77 -138.36 3797 425.16 0004 J9
5 hoourane C 4 H ID 58.124 -11.81 528 -159.60 )648 408.13 0004 52
6 "..pen.ane C,H Il 12.151 36.06 115.66 -129.73 3369. 469.6 0.004 21
7 hopenlane C,H I1 12.151 27.84 151.3 -159.90 3381 460.39 0.004 24
8 Neopenrar\4 C,H l1 72.151 9.SO 269 -16.55 3199 433.75 0.004 20
9 ,,·He •• ne C.H I • 86.178 68.74 37.28 -95.32 3012. S07.4 0.004 29
10 2-Methylpenrane C.H I4 86. I 78 60.26 SO.68 -153.66 3010. 497.45 0_004 26
11
12
3-M"thylpenllne
Nt'Oh ••• ne
C.H I •
C.H I4
86.178
86.178
63.27
49.73
45.73
73.41
-
-99.870
3124
3081.
504.4
488.73
0.004
0.004
26
17
13 2.)·0.melhylbulane C.H I4 86.178 57.98 55.34 -128.54 3127 499.93 0.004 15
14 n-Hecnane C,H .. 100205 98.42 12.34 -90.582 2736 540.2 0.004 3 I
15 2Merhylhe •• n" C,H I • 100 205 90.05 17.22 -118.27 2734. 530_31 0004 20
16 3-M"rhylhe •• "" C,H 16 100205 91.85 16.16 -- 2814 535.19 0.004 03
17 3-E rhyl""nta"" C,H .. 100.205 93.48 15.27 -118.60 2891 540.57 0.004 15
18 2.2-0.merhylpenta"" C,H I • 100.205 79.19 26.32 -12381 2773 520.44 0004 15
19 2.4-0imerhylpenllne C,H I • 100.205 80.49 24.84 -119.24 2737 519.73 0.004 17
20 3.3-0imelhylpe"tane C,H 16 100205 86.06 20.93 -134.46 2945 536.34 0.004 13
21 T,;pta"" C,H I • 100.205 80.88 25.40 -24.91 2954 531.1 I 0.00397
22 ;'.Qctane C,H I , 114.232 125.67 4.143 -56.76 2486 568.76 0.004 31
23 Oi.wbutyl C,H I , 114.232 laul 8417 -91.200 2486 549.99 0.004 22
24 hooctane C,H .. '14.232 99.24 12.96 -107.38 2568 543.89 0.004 10
25 n-Nonane C,H1D 128.259 lSO.82 1.40 -53.49 2288. 594.56 0.004 27 I
26 n.~"" CloHU 142.286 174.16 0.4732 -29.64 2099. 617.4 0.004 24
27 Cyclopentane C,H IO 70.135 49.25 73.97 -93.866 4 S02. 511.6 0.00371
28 Merh ylcyd open line C.H IJ 84.162 71.81 33.85 -142.46 3785. 532.13 0.00379
29 Cyclohe.ane C.H 1J 84.162 80.73 24.63 6.554 4074. 553.5 0.00368
JO MethylcyclQhe une Ct.H.!. 98.189 100.93 12.213 -126.59 3472. 572.12 0.00375
31 Ethene (Ethylenel
32 Propene (Propylene)
CJH.
C)H.
28.054
42.01)1
-103.77(291 -- -161U5" 5041 282.35 0.004 67
-47.72 1596. -185.25" 4600. 364.85 0.004 30
33 1·8utane (8utyle",,) C.H, 56.108 -6.23 451.9 -185.3S" 4 023. 419.53 0.004 28
34 ci,·2·Butene C 4 H, 56.108 3.72 337.6 -138.911 4220. 435.58 0.004 17
35 r",ns·2·Burene C 4 H, 56.108 0.88 365.8 -105.55' 4047. 428.63 0.004 24
36 lsabulane C4 H, 56.108 -6.91 452.3 -140.35 3999. 417.90 0.004 26
37 I-Pentene CsHIO 10.135 29.96 141.65 -165.22 3529. 464.78 0.004 22
38 1.2·8utadiene C.H, 54.002 10.85 269. -136.19 (4 S02.1 (444.1 (0.004 OSI
J9 1.J-Butadiene CcH, 54.092 -4.41 434. -108.91 43JO. 425. 0.004 09
40 ISOPrene C,H, 68.119 34.07 123.77 -145.95 138SO.1 (484.1 (0.004 061
41 Acetylene CJH J 26.038 -84.~ -80.s" 6139. JOB.JJ 0.004 34
42 Benzene C,H. 78.114 80.09 2438 553p 4898. 562.16 0.00328
43 Toluene C,H, 92.141 110.63 7.895 -94.991 II 106 591.80 0.00343
44 Elhylbenzene C,H IO 106.168 136.20 2.87 -94.975 3609 617.20 0.00353
45 o·Xylene C,H IO 106.168 144.43 2.05 -25.18 3734. 630.33 0.00348
46 m.Xylene C,H IO 106.168 139.12 2.53 -47.81 3536. 617.05 0.00354
47 p·Xyl"ne C,H IO 106.168 138.36 265 13.26 3511 616.23 0.00356
I 48 Slyrene
49 ISOO'opylbenzene
SO Methyl alcohol
51 Ethyl alCOhol
C,H a
C,H l1
CH.O
CI H • O
104.152
120.195
32.042
46.069
145.14
152.41
64.54
78.29
1.85
1.47
35.43
-3061
-96.035
-97.68
3999.
3209.
8096
647.6'
631.1
512.64
. 0.00338
0.00357
0.00368
0.00362
II
17.70 -114.1 6 J83 513.92
52 Caroo" mono_ode
53 C.rbon dto_tde
CO
COl
28.010
44.010
-191.49
:.. 78.51'
--
-- -205.0"
_56.57 d
3499(33) 132.92(331 0.00332(33)
0002 141J3)
1382 D31 J04.19IJ31
54 Hyd,OQen wll.de HIS 34.076 -60.31 2881 -855:J<f 9005 373.5 000287
55 Sullur d.oude SOl 64.059 -10.02 6308 -75484 7894. 430.8 0.00190
56 A.mmon,. NH) 17 031 -3333(301 1513 _1114 4 11280 405.6 0004 25
51 A" "11. 0 1 28.964 -194.2(2) -- - 3171121 1324(2) 000323131
I 58 Hy(j(OQe n
59 O.VQen
60 N,rr<;>oen
61 ehlorln.
HI
0]
N]
Cr.
2016
31999
28013
70.906
-25287"
-182.962·
-195.801311
-3403 I 134
--
--
--
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-218801
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- 101 cr'
1 291
5081
3 J99
7 711
33.2
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126 I
417.
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000229
000322
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62 WeI ... H.O 18.015 100.00· 1317 000 22 118 6473 0003 18
- -
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63 Heflum He 4003 -268 931321 ]]751)21 521321 0014 )6(311
64 Hyd'OQf!n chlorIde HCI J6461 -8500
.. - 6 )04 ·114 18 d 8 J09 . )24 1 000222
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1 M~than~ JJ936 37694 - S09 86 9S4 50 150
2 Ethane 60 395 66032 51.586/1 18456" 489.36 1.21404/1 1610 29 1]0 ·05' • 1 fjI.f
3 Prooane 86456 93.972 SO 008/1 25394/1 42513 121905" 23 86 2 1 95 97 I • I B'.r
•5 n·8u(an~
Isobula~
112.384
112.031
121 179
121.426
49.158/1
49.044/1
2811&"
27621"
38526
366.40
1332 92/1
-
31.02
31.02
18
18
84
84
89 fjI
91.6
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6 ,,-Penta~ 138 380 149.654 48.667 30709 357.22 1.360 24 38.18 1.4 8.3 62.61 61.7 1
7 Isopentane 138.044 149.319 48 579 30333 342.20 1.35658 38.18 1.4 (831 903 92.3
I Neopentane 137.465 148.739 48427' 28896/1 315.34 1.345 38.18 1.4 (8.31 80.2 855
9 n·He.ane 164.402 177.556 48.344 32091 334.81 1.377 46 4534 12 7.1 26.0 248
10 2·Methylpentane 164.075 177.229 48.273 31749 322.52 1.374 17 45.34 12 (7.71 73.5 13.4
II 3·Methylpenta~ 164.188 177.341 48.300 32303 325.82 1.379 18 4534 11 21 (7.71 74.3 745
12 NeOhe ••ne 163.683 176.836 48.191 31512 30524 1.371 57 45.34 12 (771 934 91.8
13 2.3·0ImeU\ylburane 164.025 177.179 48.269 32157 316.50 1.377 59 45.34 (121 (771 94.3 -0.3'
14 n·HeOla~ 190 398 205.431 48.104 33095 316.33 1.390 17 52.50 1.0 70 0.0 00
15 2·Methylhe.ane 190099 205.132 48.051 32809 306.06 1.38743 52.50 (1.01 (701 46.4 42.4
16 3·Methylheune 190 243 205.276 48082 33249 307.27 1.391 19 52.50 (1.01 (7.01 55.8 52.0
17 3·Elhylpenrane 190327 205.359 48.101 33796 308.94 1.39594 52.50 (\.01 (701 69.3 650
18 2.2·0,merhylpenra ne 189630 204662 47.964 32520 291.03 1.38475 5250 (1 01 (7.01 956 92.8
19 2.4·0,methyloenlane 189.803 204.836 48.000 32501 294.41 1.38408 5250 (\.01 (701 83.8 83.1
20 3.3·0imethylpenrane 189885 204.918 48.019 33488 295.87 1.3\1342 52.50 (1.01 (101 86.6 80.8
(1.0) (7.01
21 Trootane 189.690 204.722 47.982 33 319 288.90 1.39196 52.50 +0.1' +1.8' I
22 " .octane 216.374 233.286 47.919 33865 30126 1.39981 59.65 096
-- \
I· 23
24
25
26
27
O,isoburyl
Isoocrane
n·Nonane
,,·Oecane
Cyclopentane
215 797
215.732
242.398
268396
131.114
232.709
232.644
261.189
289.066
140.509
47.832
47.843
47.783
47.670
46.955
33372
33 299
34 485
34985
35 225
285.69
271.44
288.82
276.06
389.20
1.39488
1.39392
1.40773
1.414 11
1.409 27
59.65
59.65
66.81
73.97
35.79
«098)
10
0.87'
0.78'
(1.41 -
2.9
2.6
551
100
--
84gi
552
100
--
--
+0.1'
I
t
28 Methylcvclopenrane 156.757 168.032 46.825 35 278 345.51 1.41240 42.95 11.2) 8.35 80.0 91.3
29 Cyclohe.ane 156034 167.308 46.606 36497 355.95 1.42892 42.95 1.3 7.8 77.2 830
30 Methylcyclohe.ane 181.567 194.720 46.525 35997 317.03 1.42566 SO.11 1.2 - 71.1 74.8
31 Ethene IElhylene) 55.942 59.700 - 482.77 14.32 2.7 34.0 75.6 +()·~r
,
Propene (Propylene I - 437.68 -- 21.48 2.0 10.0 ~.2
J2
33
34
1-8utene (Butylene)
ci.·2·Butene
81.482
107.475
107.191
87.119
114.991
114.707
48.081-
47.927' 30055"
28916" 390.60
416.10
--
-- 28.63
28.63
1.6
(1.6)
9.3
--
84.9.
80.a'
83.5
97.4
100
35 r'.M·2·Butene .106.957 114.473 47.a4~ 29184" 405.56 -- 28.63 (1.6) -
-- - --
36 I.obute~ 106 755 114.271 47.769" 28685/1 394.18 -- 28.63
35.79
(1.61
1.4 8.7
- --
909
37 I.Penrene 47.788 30852 359.25 1.37461 77.1
133465 142.860
47i:~ -- (12.1 - --
11 J8 1 .2·Butadiene 104.118 109.755 31 21Q11 (449.6) 26.25 (2.01
39 1.3·Butadiene 101.917 107.555 46. 29 242" (418.7'
(385.2)
-- 26.25
33.41
2.0
11.5)
11.5
-- 81.0-- 99 1 --
40 Isoorene 127.330 134.846 46.408 31836 1.42536
41
42
Acetylene
Benzene
53.098
134.055
54.978
139.692
--
41.843
--
36998
--
393.32 1.504 32
-- 11.93
35.79
2.5
1.~
80.
7.9'
-- --
+2.8'
--
43 Toluene 159.534 167.050 42.4SO 37000 360.14 1.499 73 42.95 1.~ 7.1' +0.3' +5.8'
44 Ethylbenzene 185.555 194.9SO 43.014 37478 334.98 1.49856 SO.11 0.99' 6.7' 97.9 +0.8'
45
46
a·Xylene
m.Xyle~
185092
185020
194.487
194.415
42.900
42.891
37935
37245
346.80
342.47
I.S0795
1.499 80
SO.11
SO.11
1.1'
1.1'
6.4'
6.4'
100.
+2.8'
--
+40'
47 p.Xylene I 85.0SO 194.445 42.901 37122 338.92 1.49839 SO.11 1.1' 6.61 +1 2' +3?'
48 Styrene 180 290 187.806 42.213 38439 (351.23' 1.54969 47.72 1.1 6.1 +0:2' >+3
49 hooropylbenlene 211.328 222.603 43.410 37591 31225 1.49400 57.27 0.88' 6.5' 99.3 -2 If
SO
51
Merhyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
28.601
54.062
32.360
59.699
22.685
29.707
18057
23513
107597
840.54
1.330 28
1.36345
7.16
14.32
6.72(5)
3.28(5'
36.SO
18.95
-- --
--
52 Carbon mono.ode 11.959 11.959 -- -- 215.70 1.000 36
-- 2.39 12.SO(5)
-430(51 45.SO
-
74.20 - --
--
53 Cart>on dio.ode 0 0 -- -- 573.27" 1.000 49 -
-- --
1- 54
55
HydrOQen sulfide
Sulfur dio.ode
56 Ammonia
57 Air
21.912
--
17.301
-- -12.091
23.791
--
20.121
--
--
-
--
--
--
--
--
548.01
387.74
1366.
214.
1.00061
1.000 62
1.000 36
--
7.16
--
3.58
--
-
15.50(51
-400(51
-
21.00
- -
-
--
--
--
58 Hvdrogen 10230 - -- 4SO.4 1.000 13 239 74.20 - --
-- -- - -- - - - - --
I 59 O·voen 213. 1 ()()() 27
-- -- -- -- 204 1()()() 28 - -- -- - --
I~
N'trOQe'n
62
ChIO(II~e
Wille, 0
-- 1.879
--
0
--0 288.0
2257.
lJB18'
I J3347
--
- -- -
-
-
--
- (
63 Helium -- - -- -- - I .()()() 03 --
-
-- -- - -
64 Hy(jrOQen chlortde -- - - 431.5 1 ()()() 42 - -
I I
I I
1
I
PflO CES S ENG INE Efll NG DESIGr~ ;";'ANUAL Rev IsIO n: .) Pag e No
.......................
Dat e 2/H ) IS - I5
IJ'-1
I,]
1',-1
I
1-
C .... ~f' • • ,
FI G_
. . . . li',. f ....... , f.,. ,., ... .,,,,,o, ... h~ric.
".f' ........ "' ...
I
I
I
I •• , L--' --,i-
I:
L..-: .
.
I '_L _:_ .' __ "_'-" :'
~
..J~:--,H-'~,t~;- lH::I
i H~~.:i:~;LL::~:.:L:~!'!
...
I ....... ....... -. '0
.
~H:j~:;ti:;hd:d~::""':-'--':i:--< ';
.~
__ ......._.
••l .~ •• ,
I
I,
l-J PROCESS ENGINEEHING DESIGN I'ANUAl Page No :
I ]000
~P!H ±
I
Ad.pled 'tOm- ·'N'IUfl. G,lalln • • nd In, VolllIl.
Hydtoc.rbonS.R by Btown, Kltz. OtHtrllll .• nd Aloe n , t"'!
. ~
-It , GPA, '\loe J±
II.J
6)00
f-l'
f~
~1I
0 0 0
~. [i" • o~
6000
.0
~ !N~ II
li H-
Il 0
~
·
)}OO
,~ ~ lui,
]tt cii
1w.'
,
........ deft .. " .f
o~+
I~..,.d
" tt tt
I
~ o.
· ~
+ r+' ~-
1'1 Q.
"0
v
:.000
'H\-
~
_1'>.
• f}OO
1_1 ·
">
.L
4()()()
,
IJ1 ]}OO
0
'.I
0 0,..
0" 0_
111 )000
HOO
''''
'~
}O _
10 30 60 10 80 100
I ·~H~HH~rr~ctEtt~~-----F~IG. 5----!:-~~~~~~a.~~
111 " .. udocrilicol pr.p."i •••f "OlUrO'~ 'A... ~
I,'-1 '~~
. .....
"'~
11 lOCI +!-+:'
I -1 H::t Et
I- 110
l.i . IT
±
~
160
f
I •
.
':
l '0
tti
.:
I 17 0
§li
8T~~
illf:k
I ]00
ilifJg
~
~:ill:i11±t
I " o0 t::!i1:!±:!.i' o. •
c. ..................... ,._. 'I
I
I
PHOCE SS ENGIN EERIN G DESIG N MANU J\L Re\ll~.on : Page No
,I, -,
I·
1-
I~
1-
1
I
I
I J 80 t-+-+JI''':-'-¥+--F++-+--+-++---i..-+----4--'-_+__
I
500
Normal bo.ling pain!. ·C
I
I
1-1 I'nOCESS ENGINEEfllNG DE~IGN Mi\NUAL ReVISIon p",]O No
I C
:0
0 )',
." .,
~
~
,I I
c
6
. _. . _
0
~
<;
<
u~_,._._
c
11
0
~
,
g
I
~
c
g -0
·
~
·-
11 E
,
~
!?
10
I 0
~
·
"
!?
c
10
7
g
'I J ·
(;
U .00
I
,11
1'1
I
. '1
I:
I:
I
I
I
I
200 400
Mean average bOdtng POint. 0 C
I
o Page No
[)A T A SECTION
Date:
2/85 15. I~
DENSITY
VAPOUR DENSITY
V =ZRT
P
P I psia bara
!=~
ZRT T OR oK
R 10.73 0.08314
I Ibs/ft3 kg/m3
~IQUID DENSITY
rhe density of a multi component mixture can be calculated using the summation of the
:omponent densities:
Wi = mass component
fi = density component
quid densities for hydrocarbon mixtures can be estimated using. Figures 1'), 11 in this section .
•
.
I
Rel/ISlon o Page No I
DA T A SECTION
Date: 2/85 15. I~
I
DENSITY
I
VAPOUR DENSITY
I
I
Vapour densities or molar volumes can be calculated from the equation:
I
V =ZRT
P
P I psia bara
I
!= MZ~': T oR oK
R 10.73 I 0.08314 I
I Ibs/ft3 I kg/m3
I
LIQUID DENSITY I
The density of a multi component mixture can be calculated using the: summation of the
component densities:
I
Wi = mass component
1
fi =density component
I
liquid densities for hydrocarbon mixtures can be estimated usingJ Figures 10, LI in this section.
I
I
I- .. I
l
I
I
I~
---~
-_. _.-----
! 11
I,
-- DAT,\
FIG.
/H')
10
IS - 20
10
---- - -
r-- t-... ~
i"- r-- r-- I---r---
r-. I
11
----- -
-
i"- r- r-- --r-- I- r--
b
r-- r---
.....
----- r-
t-...
t--,
---t--.
r- r--.. r-- b-.
--- --- i"- ......
t
---
~
09
11 b
r-- r- ..........
i"- --r- t--, ---- I-b-.,. -------~
~(J r-r-..... --i"- ___
........ ...... ---- r---. r--
.........
r---- r--.., ........
r- .......... -----r- .....
i"- t-..,
li"
........ ... O(
...... r--....
r- ---
__
........
........ ~ :--.
.......... r---......
.........
..........
............. ',00
11 r---......
r-- r-
---
-----r- r-- ........
......
......
r--
Co"" ~
........ 0""................
I-~"'O'i-"d ::--.., r- r--......
........ "",i, . . . r-.
r- .......... ~8:--. :- :--
I- r- .......... . . . . . . r- r--.... ........ 1-....., .........:~o, r---.. r- r--.... ~ IS.
r- I-- .....
0.8
r- :--..... .......... . . . . r-c---.. . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . I- . . . r- ~4 r-r--
11
C
-......;...
...... or-
r-......
r- r---- . . .I---r--.., . . . ~
--
I-
'IJ · ," "" --
'- ........... ............
............
......
. . . . . . r--....
r--...
..........................................
r---..
........
I---~ ~
........
r-
1.
r-...- i"'-....
l-
r- '. b-~
.......... .......... . . . . .......... r-.. . . . . 1'- -....... ......... I'-- ............
........... b.. r--
;--....
-
~
o 07 .......
Q.
'-... .......... r--.., 0 ~ r--...... I"-., ............ ~
!
E
"'- i'- .......... o -.......,
~O .......... ......... r---... i'---~ . . . . I'-- r-.. i'-- b-., ~:---..... I'-- r--.... ..........
r-
0
... "'- i'- i'- :---.... '-... ......... b-., .......... t---.. i"--r-- ~b.
........ ........
Il! .
c
i'- " "'- i'- " i"-- ........ ........
--'R~ ~
r--.... t-..... r--..... .......
i"-- ....." .......... r-..... '"
..~
'0
"
i'- ~ ....... t'-.. """ r'-. ...... i'--.
.........
........
-.......,
'-...1"-.,
.........
..........
i'- .......
r---....
r---.... .......
r-.......
~ r-...- r-....... ........ "-
........ .......
~
Il: .2 0.6
• i'.~
, """" "'- ........... . . . i'- i"-- """ i'--- 0 I'-, r---.... "'
III ""
t--.
...... ,"'" ...........
'1-' O.S
"" "
t'-..
"
"- ~
~
f',," r........
~"" r--...
," ~
""
"'- ~ "~
""
~6
~t'h.
'"
"-
",
........... b-,.
0
0
'" ......
"'-
.........
"-
!'- .......
"'-
r-.....
"
~o> ~ ~~ "~
'"
.........
" '"
""- '-. "'-
K "'- ,"'-
'" '" 0
O~'"
"-
~ "'- ......... "r----..
1·\ "r\.
"'- ~a.
'" "" '"~
~
:
.......
1\
0.4 '" '\ '\
""
" f"\
",
~~
0'
'\, OJ
t?",s " \
0"
'\
1,\
'\
'\
l'.
~
r........
~
:--....
"- "'-,
"-
" r-.....
l\ \
r\'{,~ \ \
0 :\
I' i
I,
I.
, - - - - .-"
Ii
.----------.--------~
21
I 15 -
1 FIG. 11
IJ l.OS
I] 450
an oil ..... ilh rd. den. at 15°C
and 101.325 k Pa(abs) of 0 R6. and
Kw II.OQ).
has a reI. den, of 0.636 '00
100
1 al 7500 kPa(abs)(9
II Kw
(Mean avg. B.P.. °C + 273.151 X 1.81,··1
=~~~~~~~~~--~~~--~-
r 0.95
II l50
0.9!
0.90
IJ ..
u
'
300
090
Ii ,
.
0
a.
E
..
: -"
_ c
LJ
0.85
!:
,! 250
o
: ·0
Q. .
C
11 c
:{
~.:
C»
0.80
'"..
..'"
.~
0
1 200
II Q.
Q.
,I>
,.
,~
0.75
Q.
11 ISO
.
Q.
,0
Q~\,
0~1> "
0.70
11 100
o
0.'"
0.1'1
065
I) 50 0.60
Ii o
0.S5
0.50
0.·5
0 .• 0
1
lenotr. and Schweppe. P.'roleum R.f,ner. 1958
I
I
I
o
I DA TA SECTION
Page No
:1 Date:
2/85 15.U
VISCOSITY
I UNITS:
Saybolt universal
I ,
Saybolt furol
Redwood Engler
conversion charts are sited in literature
Ii VAPOUR VISCOSITY
1
Use figure 12 in this section or
II Calculate using:
i)
fW1 ~
Zp.: d~ ~
Z '(1" 'I'M . . .;
Y'""' = mixture viscosity
f; = component viscosity
d:
= component mol.wt
= component mol.frac
I A-:
(9.~ ~ o.ot. t1.uJ) T I.r
accuracy.:. 5 %
(lo<t
I -t'l\MW1""'t") \ot.
-1
e> ~ ~.r + '\rC + 0.01 Nw
I: (' = Mw. P
cRT
II
1
LIQUID VISCOSITY
The viscosity of crude oils with an API> 30 0 (sg = 0.88) can be estimated using:
I where 38
I
2.05
54 1.83
I 71
&&
104
1.55
1.30
1.08
1
1 .----------,.---_._------------ -_. ------,-- - -- _._---,----
I
11
Il ...
~
Ii1
'0
Q.
...
C
v
11
I ,
I
IJ I V. I';" III I!
0.0101"1 I.Hil i 1111. ', ...
1111
o 100 200 lOO 400 500
I j
' .. Ttm·~rotu(t.
lal
dtq f'
II
11
I ..
'0
....
...
.':
c ~~
c..
11 u
- -
u
.~ 0_020
.::;:..
v
I 0.015
I
I lOO
Temptru1urt. drq F r rmptro lurt. dell F
lei Idl
I FIG. 12. Vi,co,i'. 01 "Olu.ol QO'~'. 10J 0.6 g'o.,'" Ibl 01 0'0'", (el 080'0"" Idl 10 g.a •• ,. 11-~1.1
I
---------------- - ---' >---, --l '--' ----.J
.... l1li'-
l ___ . J
-
Viscosities 01 hydrocarbon liquids
HII,H
lHH
...."Tl
SOURCE: C"I
1. A.P.1. Research PrOlect 44
2. Swill et ai, AIChE Journal 6. No J, Sept 1960 ~
~~~
~
oe -l 2
01 • "'0 ~ m
06 "qi Vl
m
rrl :::J
05 ()
04 -l 2
~ C)
t:::t 0
Q.'" 03 z o
m
E (/l
,.. C)
02
2
'"0<J .'1.
~
>'" """0 >
~/1 2
."'. .+"'f';'C, C
"'" .
TI)"""-'
•. C~ >
r
\~ ..,c--; ,;'
I~
?'~"
C''' ,
I - o..
.?
;)1 .,.:n
'.r 0
!ll.
.'",. ~.
(') ;)
003 .::; ('\ :l
n :) .-; t
~m0 .
~~d
(') N
'-. -:.
(D
Oleftns ar. approximately 15'110 less "SCOus
than Ihe corr.sponding normal paralt,n hydrocarbons
tmu:ttt
H
11; l
520
Vl
l1\ ~
Qj
·240 ·200 ·160 ·120 -80 -40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280· 320 360 400 440 480 .,.
10
(\) Z
Temperature .• C
~ o
I r---- ----- ----. ,. . . . . . ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
,
- - -- ,- ---- ---- ---- -
lJATl\ SE::CTIO N 25
I Date 2/8':> IS -
I
11~1 ~()JQ
I 700
--1
1,1 f-:-;- ~: : ; I : ' , '
at:"':':::'::
'
I
,
j SOOhT~~~:::'
~ 'I ; , .•.. ,
.'
.~H+ h-' ~-- ....
, ,
: ...... ',
11 'OO~
~ .....
"" c::::L:.:!.::
~
.... FfT= -
• '. _'. ; ., ' ,
.....
-I' .. -
1 l~ :::,::: :::
'-,: :": : : : : :
I j
11'1
Q)
<."
Itl'
.:.c Ii' "
.-+-- .','; 1
I U --r-.! .f- _,'I t
~++~~++~~
I -I
!-r¥.: :t-~;(I~4+4l-l+.;.i"~.~1
I
11'1
!
,J '> ~~-W~~'''''I~'~:
u
2
~
,
"'
, , "
t.,
E II
I ~
"'c '"
I ,
,TPrll ll
II I
j
~
, :
I J,
"
'I
.
I
,
""
"
,~ti 'i.:
.....
i ,: ';;
!"T . ,,-!
I I
II
I :
I
~ !i
IL I
: :
~
I I
I I! i I" ,
=:~ J-,= ~, :::' ~ 10-1· 0.9
Ii '~f1+
+"E.: -
Ii'" .-.• ~
0.
IJ
1.1 a 1()() 200
tempe rature -F
I
~STM VISCOSITV CHRRT
I
I ------------------------~------~
'---------------------------------------
I
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'- - low-temperature vapor prellures lor light hydrocarbons
Temperature, 0 C
10000- 200 -190 -180 -170 -160 -ISO 125 100 -75 50 25 o so 00
8000 0 ~ CrotoC~'
pOlnl - - -
1000Ll
800C
6000 ~ • Tripi. pOlnl 6000
5000 ~ .... Ellended Deyond clltocal 5000
4000 ~ Source: See Fig. 16-22 4000
3000 3000
2000
lQ 2000
ofl.,~o.\6·
~ ~~
~fI
..\\IO~ <"ofl
~
1000 7 ""L~
~~flflE
1000
800 ofl!2
600
~. .~ r
~
800
600 "
::::l
a
500 500 n
m
400
.fI. tl~ ~I:: f)
400
?j;
300 .,..,,,, 300
m
200 200 2
'"
D 0
p
C)
) ./ ./ 100 '"ro -l
p
2
m
-;;;-'00
D 8)
6, )
80 Cl.
J(
v.t'1 m
::::l
10 60
50 ~ ()
2
Q. 5 )
40
-l
CJ
)
-"
) .fI
" '"'" 0
~ J ~ 30
'"' m
:l ) ~ _~~~
.fI
r~
~ 20
a. (/)
Cl
'"'" 0
~
~
a.
./ ~ a.
I";
>
2
!:
o 10
II 0
• 1/ / ~~~~ll2 10
eo >
2
-~l ~=~l
Q.
~ 60 ,~) I;: 60 C
>
"',~ .,i"
50 5 C,
..:/' 40
r
40 .... ,4'j.-
E "
q,e ,'r. I. "
~
) 0
30
If.) 0 ::l
~f-~,() ~ ~ t::~:: -'"
..Q ... 20 Co>
20
I-- ':,0,
t"
I ;\1
.,' • I: ."
...""<
"7 0
10 J-",. if"Jtt::ttti::tt:t: 10 c;') :l
oe ; I ~ 08
"
N
06 ~ ~f 06
os .&> '-
0;
~ c
w~~ ;~! -
05 o· V1
()4
~ ~ it 03
03 LJ\
02 ~ r
c ;
C
0;> "
Co>
..0
a.
f\.) 2
o1
200
h ·190
__
-180 -170
/
-160 -150
I
-125
1
-100 -75
r~
-50 -25 o .0
01
100
0" 0
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - -
,- . r~>.-J
Temperature. • C
10000 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 22~ 250 275
8000 6000
6000
4000 4000
)000 )000
2000 2000
1000
800
600
800
600
"
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m
400 400 CIl
)00 CIl
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III 200 III c:; CJ
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to nl ....l 2
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80 80 a.. Vl
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...
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2. Oil, T ... II o/. J CEO 1111711
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0
I
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I
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I FIG. 16
TRUE VAPOUR PRESSURES OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND CRUDE OIL
I
I
- -._---- - - - - - , - - -
,I J ~ .,! t74--t-ff--tt'
'0000 t":;:f IS, -~
)0000 Iniliol lemperolure, • C
'''.,
HI+H--h":f-n-tt-t-'
'J 4000ooo00L-'+1T_~-::93::-,!;- .....7 2~'-·T·'_-:~I-",Ttt-"y'-I.. t---~·m/+_:·/--t-'.-tju'i_·--_1,I
j .....j ,
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~ H1;1 V,.~v. lI IJJ-:rj· Il(- - _90,Y.
L ~': ~~lIVv' - r~J'1 '~ .
1'-1 ... ,I
.0
.
11....
'J /
;
IS
I
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.. 10000
:;
0.
8000 -, -,"-
7000 f-15
4S .... -
50
-=::-
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J....-r-' i--'f./ r
L..-r- :d: L ~
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::
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!!
8000
7000
6000 n
4S .
«0
,...-,-
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L./ ,.....
"- "-
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oL.. ,
i
I
.. 6000 r-10 ,.- I f--' ,__ I, ' I C 15' - I V, V ft..
c 5000
I '000
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t--25 ~
. "'12 ~ -Mi-l-t-+-lH . -,I ".,.
r:-t-:~r--_:2G='~-tI=_::::?-I~..-1V.r-.J':Y'SI'..-+
~ '1
I<....
.. t-i~.. ++t--+I-t-H
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I SOOOI-++I_;o.:l0'-t"--=_1 ____ ~
~ .A' c2
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, :20 C~vr f-
Joool~~~~~1--b~Ti~ri-rtii------t-;
I-d IC"~ . I- "_ ! .
~-~~~1~::~:~--~~_~~j/_-T-~-~t~II1-";'_"'T;iht----_'_'_'~!'__~~' 2OOO~'+4~r-~~-~~;__~~_/_I(_-+-"r~r-~:1-'+-t--T~____-__~L=
~,
I
!
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~ I J/ " i --;. r-+ .... 'AdaPI~ 10 il Dy G~' r-_"'1--i...-r--._-, / / I I'" - Adapled lO'SI Dy GPSA
il ~J
I
I
1000 ...
~l'
1/,-_,--~:-::--=-:~I-1...~::::-'--1...
/5
I..J.....,;,
I
1000 2000
!
3000
'Or'9'~llrom
l.-:,I::-:!:-:=::'_""'-=-=I::-::---='~
....
SOOO 1a000
0 l Katz
20000 JO (
loooL1.LJ-E,/:-'"_ _-==
,l 1000 2000
l:--:;;;i~_lLI
JOOO
~.5000
~i~,O_"L9'..Ln~al;;I:;;;0:;;-m_O_l-:K:;;a;,;;ll-;;:;;:
Final pressure IrPa Cabs)
10000 20000
Final pressure. kPa (abs)
I
Permissible expansion of a 0.6 relative density
,I 70000
60000
natural gas without hydrate formation
!
;
I I I.·
,
.~ ~
i
\ \ \\
,
-~
~ :' , ,
,
50000
.. - ,1-1 -1 i-If::
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~
I 40000
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i
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i
,/.
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i j.,. ~ L 1,1
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IJ ..
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65;
&0 1
551
SO,
I
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bd:::: ~ ~ vV" ~/// /i
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~ 10000 40 . I- ~ V ,...... Vv ,.,
~ 900Q 15 .....
:;) 8000 i'=:'0' ~ V k::
:: 7000 ;..... /
II r--2S· .-r' /
0. 6000 ?
2O~ j.- r- ~
I ;. ;.': ,";
:~U ~~H
!',
:1': &;
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~5000
'c 4000
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lS! ,L-V ,../
- _. - - , , . _I. ,. p,::-. -
.:--
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. --
-.-.
i~~~ ~i~~ ~::! ~~
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, ,-V' I':"
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j 2000 ,===,_s . :
:
-I~,
7
1500
,/
/
II . I II
,. /
I I
I.111
Ada pled 10 51 by GP5A
I remoe .. eture. ·C
1000 ~
1000 12000
I
,
I
30004000
Final pressure, kPa (abs)
I 1
6000
0'19 In • 1 from 0 L Katz
10000
I
20000
I I
I
I
I,
Il DA T A SECTION
RevIsion: o Page No.
'11 Date:
2/85 15.30
I; SPECIFIC HEATS
IJ UNITS: BTU/lb of
1 BTU/lb of =
11
4.19 kJ/kg 0C
kJ/kg °C 1 BTU/lb ° F = 1 cal/g °C
IJ VAPOUR MIXTURES
Il CpO can be corrected for pressure if Pr and Tr are known using Figure
II K = ratio of specific heats.£e this should also be corrected for pressure if required.
LIQUID MIXTURES
Cv
IJ Calculate using
. -}
1 -200 o
SP(ClrlC Ho.r
200
T( .... P(}I"TVAt OECAE[S
.000
rA.H'l[~ElT
&00 I()(X)
or
~ VA.PQAS
.90
-+++1
r~
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;:; IlL- iT.=; ~
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1
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to'
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A
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1
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n
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rr
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tm II ~ ~ll! ~il fl. t1
~
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200
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T(M'CRATi,«.
400
OCGA££S rN1R.E:.NHCIT
600 eoo lOOO
I
I FIG_ 18 SPECIFIC HEAT OF HYDROCARBON VAPOURS AT 1 ATM (NOTE UNITS ARE
BTU/LB/oF)
I
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I
I PROCESS ENGINEEfllNG DESIGN MANUAL Revision: ,) Page No .
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DATA SECTIO:J
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oOrT~---.----.-----,-----.------r------'
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FIG. 20
Appr •• I. . . . . . p.clflc h.ol (Opoclly roll ••
• f hydr.corb.n Va •••
~O~~~~~---1--+---~----r-----r------;
)5~-----'~~\+~~----~----~------t-----~
25~----4------~--~~~r-~~------t-----~
20~-----4------~------~~~~~~~t-----~
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I .. __ ..... _..... ----.--------------------.-------.------.
1'-] RevIsion o Page No
1 -, DA T A SECTION
Date:
1 2/&5 15.3.1.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
I
il UNITS: BTU/lb of I BTU/lb of = 1.4&& kcal/m.h.oC
1-1
VAPOUR MIXTURES
I Low pressure thermal conductivities of pure gasd and vapours can be estimated
using:
11
'II j
accuracy .:. & % k
f -
- BTU/h.ft°F
Ib/h.ft
Cp - BTU/lb of
1
I LIQUIDS
I See Perry of Kern for details of metals, earths and building materials.
I
I L-____________ ~~------ _____________________________________
I
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I ENGINEErII~~C Rp.Ylslon : ,
r.
PROCESS [) ESIGN Mf'NUfll Page No
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I
11 DA T A SECTION
o Page No
'I' Date:
2/85 15.36
1-1 kcaJ/kg
Ii
I) accuracy.:: 20 %
)..: 1,. Tb caJ/gmole
Tb =boiling point oK
IJ For relief valve calculations use 50 BTU/lb if actual Yt.ht is not known.
IJ
11
II
IJ
I~
It
I
I
I
I
r--------~------------ ----- - - - - - -------
PROCESS ENGINEEIUNG DESIGN MANUAL ,)
Rcvl\lon Page No
II D,'T,' SECTION
Date 2/85 IS - 3t
D
OF ·C
1800
1700 LIQUID
, RANGE
·C 'e ., ·C x y PRECISION 10~
"OO~
1 SOO
lJOO
100 Act' It C Acul
ACt' to'"
HI
lU
100·100
100·100
5.'
r.O
II.'
10.l
10
~1
l.'
I000-:::l SOO
a .. t.n. ( ... 1
Bul~.
IU 40· '0
70-.200
1.'
1.'
II.'
11.7
IS
..,
900 a .... ". (04'.1 IH '5-175 1.4 12.1
,..
a .. I,1 .lc ...... 1 ("'1 "7 17ChlOO 1.0 '.1
800 aul,1 .IC ...... I (04'01 165 ,SO-.200 1.7
a .. t,1 • Ic ..... 01 ~'O , .7 20
700 B.. I,I .Ic ..... ol (... c\ lIS 17~'O '.1 I.)
B.. I,I .Ic""ol (.1.", llS ,04-.200 1.' '.5
C •• _ dlo ..... U 'C).loo 1.1 II.'
600 C •• _ dl ... III ... 271 '4C).11$ 1.5 n.7
C.,bOft I.lrac ...... , ...
,., ,ChlOO
,.
21l 1.1 17.1
Clllorl_ 'OO-lOG '.5 14.5 30
SOO CIIIOIOf_ 25. '1$-.215 1.1 15.7
Olc"loroe .. ,I.". «I., lQ ~OO '.4 n.J 20
01 .... 1",1 ami". 115-.200 4.J 1.1
nl 19
400 Olp ... ",1
Olpho",1
,C). II
ll-'SO
l.l
1.1
lS.l
15.1 18 1 I I I I I I I r--.-. I- 40
Olp".",1 ,50-,00 0.1 12.1
Olp".",1 •• Id. 511 5Chl'0 J.l 15.S
17
300
OI ..... "'I.al ... 14~00 '.2 14.5 16 1 J I I I ~ SO
E"'_ 410 10·nO •• 0 '.1
E""I .Ic""ol 2., lC).140 1.1 7.0 lS -
E""I .lcoh.1
E""I_I_ ,., 140-1 SO
nD-ll0
4.7
1.'
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•• 0
14 60
IS0·.110 •• 1
200
E""I dllorlde
E""I ....
E ..'I ....
'".- ,C). SO
sia-ns
1.0
4.0
12.2
1.1
0.1
13
12
70
BO
180 E .. ,I .....
E .. ,I • ."..
," U-UO
uC).zeO
J.l
1.1
1207
1207 y11 90
160 F.oOft " (CCI-F\ 'n ~2S0 J .. 17.J 10 100
F •• Oft U CCCI-F) 111 IC).ISO J.' 17.2
60 F.o ... 11 CCHCI-FI ,n lO-ZlO 1.1 15••
9
F •• Oft U CCHCII II 5C).t&0 •• 0 15.1 B
120 F ..... III CCCI-FCC'F) 214 4G-lSO 1.5 !l.r
CO F .. Oft 114 CCCI-FCCIFI 145 450200 1.5 n.7 7
100
H.pl._ C~) 251 ,D-l'O 1.4 I1.S
61 1'1 I I L,5O
H....... C~'
.,
ZH SW40
,C). to
1.4 !l.l
..,
"el"'ene 5.1 I.) 5
go 30 MeI",1 .lcoh.1 1. lC).140 1.J S.l
MeI .. ,1 ac"".1 '4D-l.0 1.1 C
BO MeI .. ,1 amI_
".111,1 eIIl.,I'"
157
141
l00·Z00
1&-110
4.1
2.1
'.5
tt.l
31 1 I I I] ~ 200
70 5 2 0 ".1",1 ell I.. I... 11C).120 s.2 11.2 2
".1.. ,1 , ...... ,.
Il10'11,1_ eIIl .., ...
lI4
2,.
15~2S0
,sD-lSO
'.1
,.0
11.J
12.7 1 ~ I I I I I l- 250
60 HIIr ...... 1... X &. Z5 1.2 '.2 0
HIIr ...... Id. 25-US 5.1 U.l • 1 2 3 • 5 • 7 • • ,. ~ 3 ••
SO OcI_C""
P."I .... C~I
ZM
'IF
1&-100
15-250
J.O
'.J
Il.'
12.7
X . )50
P."ta ... C-4 DO' 1M ,Q.lOO
..,
1.2 1%.7
40
P.op-
P'o",1 .lc_1 C.\
Pr09J1 .lc_1 C"-'
M
214
U&
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2W70
150-250
20'
1.5 ..,
11.0
1.1 400
30
P,.ldl_
Suit .. 41 .. 1...
T.I ......
T'lc....... "'r'-
144
'M
12,
IF,
U,
nW50
,~
'~OO
uWOI
LJ
,
201
1.1
. 12.5
120'
13.7
tS.1
450
500
SSO
• .tor 1WSS 1.' '.0 600
-
700
BOO
20
1B
Eumpl. : Pour I' •• u • t~C. 'c - t = 275-
800
-:-.dH20 538 keell kg
DATA SECTION
Date : 2/85 I IS -38
I
I
I]
.. ~
I'
I' (,)
-
~
. .J
<
I) I ~.....
0
- 7
I: I ~:::>
0
I: I ~u.
0
....
I <
UJ
J:
I
I
I I: 01 : I ! I I ! II I' , I I I I ! ! I, I' I I I ) ''l , I I I I I " '" I , , UID
I
I LA TENT HEAT OF VAPOURI5A TlON OF
HYDROCARBONS FIG. 26
I
1
I
I
I
'- '
1I PROCE SS ENGIN EERIN G DESIG N MANU AL Revisio n: 0 Page No :
DATA SECTION
I SPECIFI c,; GRAVIT Y
60/60 0 F
Date : 2/85 IS" - 39
I
1.10 1.00 .GO .80 _70
19,000
'I 20,toO
Ii 18,800
10,000
I 18,600
II
I '" -.- -- 18,400
•
I
..J
..... CD
~ '8,400 ..J
.....
• 18,200 ~
I: E
.
0
.-
CD'
Z
0
i .-
18,000 ~
I ,~
u
~
CD
:E
0
u
11
0
...
~
~
0
.-
.
W
J: 17,800 c
I&J
I: tit X
~ .-
• W
Z
1 1
,
'8,100 17,600
I 1',400
7,400
I 1',200
17,200
I 1',000
HEAT S OF COMBUSTION OF liQUI D FIG.
- ----- - --_ .. -- ._. ", ,
I 17,100 1':::/::q::;;r?I:3k=':i~!i;PE
PETR OLEU M FRA': TlONS ! FROM MAXWELL DATA
0fiC HYDRO CAR80N S, 19~, 0 VAN NASTRA NO CO"
INC,
r::== =
17,000
16,900
- I() 0 10 20 ~ 40 '0
I
60 70
API GRAVITY
I
I r - - = - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - -...- - . - , - - - - r_ __
I a
-
RevIsion· Page No
DA T A SECTION
I
Date: 2/85 J 5.~o
I
SURFACE TENSIONS
I
11
I; UNITS: Dynes/em
N/m
1 dyne/em = 10- 3 N/m
cr ~ [~ .
I.
Ie.. - f"]
1 t'\"" (I. .J.
source : baker
accuracy: .!: 10 %
I P = Parachor = 18.07 + 2.946 MW for paraffins with MW < 100
1 = 278 + 2.3.5 (MW - 100) for paraffins with MW > 100
1
1
I
I
I
I
I PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision 0 Page No
!
I DATA SECTION
Date 2/85 I~ -41
;1 JO
Ad.O'... Ie 51 ... <inA. 0..............
O. ,-, M _ _ • ~. ~" .... T... ~...
I:f±i±
~
. .~
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DATA SECTIO~l
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1 Date : 2/85 15 -
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Physical prop erti es of gas 'rea ,lng
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.... .. .... .. . 1048.19 10".1~
170." 269 133.1 9 280
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...• , , •... .... 10.5 221 2049
Critic al cons tanh 28 22.04 270 2~2
-12.5 042
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, ••.. • , .•.. 3273 2~d
350 3772 3170
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•. , •••• ••.• .•• , 1011 0403 109
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.... .... .... . . 10sa @ 15.6 ·C 999 .30· C
$pocolic h.o. copocity. kJ/(k g·oq 1.0119 1.0919 (30/ 20'e , 1031 @ U'C
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510 @ 101.3 ~Po 430 (II (1)
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III
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93
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r.mp .,o'u ro. 'C .... .... .. , •. 4661 330~ l>
' •••• •••. •.• , .•.. '. • 312 2590C
O.nl ity II ~O·C. kg/m ' ...• •... 40B 04042 .5790 1956 r
..• '.. •••. •... ..•. ..•• • 04104 .5045
R.lo,i •• d.n., ty. 20'C /20'C .... 1113 1116 240
.... •• ,... .... .... .... . 1123 12046
1.1155 1.1184 1265 190
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2.3\1 0.79 17
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0.197 II 37.B·C 0.21 5 o·
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. 20'C 35.7 .20· C IIOJ II 101 l kPa
47.9 " 20'C 60.0 " 20'C .....,
10.3 @ 30'C 06 @ 'O'C
6.1 @ 50'C '-
CP
c
2.5 @ 100' C V1
I.~ @ 150' C
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.... ..• , •... . , .. , ...• 1.4316 0.97 @ 200' C
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NOT (: I mPo· I • I un.i poil l
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1.459 5
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.HI
.Dt
.J".SO$
.•S.lIN 1
_
I 1.200
1.400
1.800
401\ • .%0
4.!!f;: 4.35: • .54
4.•• ; 4.55. ....
I
442
• -;'7
4.r.
I
4.116, 4.92
5.00
5.~
!
S 16 I 5.4-4 S 72
:i.24 I 5.50 5 77
UI I 55';' . 5.S.
5~ i 5.5J : 5.!iIO
For the .J)«i.fic heala 01 other 1D&t.eri.u .. a fWlctioD
1,Il00
!.ooo
4.10
5.10
413
I 4iS I
I 4.13
4.r.
5.00
5.10
5.11
5.27 I
541 5.10 . 5.9.
of ,be pr_ure, lee "!DUrDatioDaI Critical Tabl_." Yol.
6. PP- U-83. See r....
3-11 MeS 3-14.
I 2,SOO
3.000
3.sao
•.000
805;
1.12 e.l. I
7.82; 6.76'
I a..:u :'.J.4.
5.s:; 5~
5...
UJ
5.l1i
5.10
41.116
6.65 6.U
551.
5.11 ~
•.08;
• .38 :
5.M , S.r.
5.111 , 1.1)6 • e.19
8.12 ; US : 643
1 .•2 '.C3· e.6.1
~ e.o.
I 5.000
8.000
1.000
I
: 9.85
11I.l5
: 1263
'.49: 7..55
11.411>'
10.•&;
II»
1.16
7.90
9.17 I 8.11
i 1.99 :
1.86.
1.26
I
'.119
1.52
'.03
'
'.11. 0:
I •.
1.43: 1.80
7.82 & 10
1.000
i
: 14..56 11.94'IO.l8! I.e
12.~: 1I.O!1 j 10.11 I
UII &.se 1.311. 1152
I
11.000 16.09 11.46 '.07 UJ. a.90
The compositioo of dry air is ramrbbly COIIStaDt an O'V'Cl' the c10be and throu&b-
out the entire tropospbcR. The proponioos by Il0l_ of the various COCDpODeDts
are IiY'CII below (alter A. P. PIDeth. 1939. 19S2).
I NI
01
Ar
n0()9
20,"
0-9J
CH.
Kt
HI
2<))( lCt-'"
I )( ICt-'"
5 )( I~'
-<X>. O~J NIO 5 )( I~'
I Ne
He
J.I)( let-'
',2)( 10--'
Xe
RA
9 )( I~·
6 )( l~··
.~ - - - - -1A41114wui&1~
I
I
---.----.~.-".,.,-, ..•. ~"-'--~i
Date 2/&5
I~!
Date:
0
2/&5
I Page No
16.0
I
I.J
I EQUIPMENT CALCULATION SHEETS
I
I AIR COOLER
SHELL AND TUBE EX<i=HANGER
I PUMP I
I:
\
I'
,i
I:
I
I
I
1
I
I
r--- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- .:. ::.-~.:~,
I.
I I
I SEGM ENT N° I LENG TH I
ELEVA TION I PI Tl Ta T2 I P2
I
m I
+ m I bar a I °C °C °C I bar a
I I
10
I
I
I
I
,
,
.1
I
I
I
I
I
!
I
SI33HS VIva SS3JO~cl 'LT
I
I
j
L
I .
I
I
I I
I
I
I
C.'gll 911ro I
oN d6ild
UO'SI"'d~
l'tnN'tfW N!)rS30 !)Nl~ 3 3N r !)NJ ::;~:!,>vO:' d
..
~----_ _.-
,
'---i,.: ".;',
~- ..... ~.
--.
- -,--
I
I
-
I --~---!
I '"
I
I
I,
I
I
I
I
I
I ~,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
:1
I
I
1_________________________
1
I
I
6. Wall thickness
I
DESIGi\l PRESSURE P= barg Max stress C5 = 1220 bar
Ii CORROSION ALLOWANCE C =
mm S5 = 1000 bar
S=
I' Joint efficiency E =
= PxD +C
I: t
2SE-1.2P = mm
1-1 t =
L =
mm
m
Shell weight
Head weight
= kg
1..
= kg
I) D= m (t x D x 20)
TOT AL WEIGHT = kg
I'
I
I
I
I PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
I 0= HLl
required instead of baffle
· Indicate on sketch
if mesh required
III
HIL r--- · Heads: 2 : 1 elliptical
hS Ihem ispherical
lIL _, h J hl h2
h4
hS/ • -1-&'1
I .. i B i., 1
EQUIPEMENT No :
DESCRIPTION:
@
I 0eer a ting data:
Oper a ting pressure bar a :
CONDENSATE Flowrate
I Operating temperature ·C :
fC Density T,P
kg/h
kg/m3
=
=
QI Vol flow T,P m3/min =
I GAS MW
--
Mass flowr ate kg/h =
fC Viscosity cp =
Density T,P kg/m3 :
I Qg Vol flow m3/h :
WATER CUT
fW
Flowrate
Density T,P
kg/h
kg/m3 :
:
3. Liguid-liguid settling
I Oil in water
mm/min mm/min
I Water in oil
mm/min mm/min
I
I
I CALCULATION FOR HORIZONTAL
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
ITEM
Sheet 1 of 4
3 PHASE SEPARATOR
I
No. ,
BY T J CHK 1 DATE I I JOI nru 1011 No
, liE.. i
I
I
I
I 4. ,\iozzle sizing: veloci ty limits (1I1/s) :: Inlet: 7 -13, Gas outlet 15-30, Liquid outlet 1-3
I (+ [0 %)
2. Gas outlet:
;1 3. HC outlet:
4. Water outlet: .
I 5. Vessel sizing
For trial I use tres oil (HLL-LLL) = 4 min
I OIL SECTION
I TRIAL 2 3 I 4
I
I I
I
I Selected hID
Calculated (Qg/Vm)
Av as % AT (Fig. 3)
Av m2
I
I
I
I
I
Total area At m2
I I
I Liquid area AI m2
I
I
I
I
I
Calcula ted 0 mm I
Selected 0 I I
I LID (3 - 4)
D mm
J
I
I
I
I
I
Flowpath length L I I I
mm
I T an/T an leng th
HLL height
L' mm I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
hI mm
Volume at HLL I I I
I LLL height
Volume at LLL
h2
m3
mm
m3
I
I
I
I
I
I
Surge volume (HLL - LLL) I I I
m3 I
I Calculated tres min
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I
I Notes or comments: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I a) tan-tan length L' = L + 1 t x (01 + 02) mm - Ignore if D < 1.2 m
I
I
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
I CALCULA TION FOR HORIZONTAL
Sheet 2 of 4
----------------------------;
ITEM:
No ..
I
I
I ---.
I
'I WATER SECTION
Trial 1 B = 2/3 x L = mm (rounded)
I TRIAL I I 2 I 3 4 I
I Total liquid vol flowrate
Qw + QI m3/min I
I
I I
I
I
I
Baffle distance B
I
mm I
Liquid area at HLL AI
I
m2 I
Horizontal vel at HLL VI
I
mm/min I I
Ut water (step 3) mm/min I I
I Vertical fall from HLL
=BxUt/V1
HLL - vertical fall
mm
mm
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I Liquid area at LLL
Horizontal vel at LLL
AI
V2
m2
mm/min
I
I
I
I
I
Ut water (step 3) mm/min I I
I Vertical fall from LLL
= B x Ut/V2 mm I
I
I I
I
Selected baffle height h3
I
mm I I
I Selected HIL level
(adjust h3 and B if necessary)
h4 mm I
I
I I
I
'I Check oil rise:
Horizontal vel at LLL
Ut oil (step 3)
V2
I
mm/min I
mm/min I
Vertical rise within dist B I
I = B x Ut/V2
= max. outlet height
mm I
I I
I
I I
h5 selected L1L level
I h6 selected outlet height
mm
mm
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I ql water vol at HIL (upto baffle)
m3
I I-
I
I
I
I
~ 11
#IE CALCULA TlON FOR HORIZONTAL
3 PHASE SEPARATOR
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
ITEM.
No_:
Sheet 3 of 4
I
-
'"
I
I
I
I 6. Wall thickness
t = PxD.C = mm
2SE-l.2P
I t
L=
= mm
m
Shell weight =
Head weight =
kg
kg
J..
I D= m (t x D x 20)
TOT AL WEIGHT = kg
I
I
I
I CALCULA TlON FOR HORIZONTAL
Sheet 4 of 4
J PHASE SEPARATOR
I
I
I ~----------------------------------------------------------------------~
I OPERA TING DA T A
I GAS LIQUID
I FLOWING TEMP
PIPELINE DIAMETER D cm
·C =
PIPELINE LENGTH L m =
=
A m2 6. h =
I INTERNAL AREA = Vertical change m
I STEP I NOTES
BY: 7.087XWf =
I Ax(DlxDg t
I 2. CALCULATE aPgas
I Re = 3.5.368 x Wg
Vg x D
Re:
I 3. CALCULATE ApI IQ
I Re: 3.5.368 x WI
VI x D
Re:
I
I PROCESS CALCULATI N SHEET Sheet 1 of 2
, tl P CALCULA nON
108 TITlE E JLA, r\ Pt. L
-
•
I
I
I I
'1 4. AVERAGE VELOCITY
I) X = ( L\PL
llPG
)t I
I X =
I
I
I-l 6. CALCULATE LOADING FACTOR WS
I
I
I
i WS = WI x 0.205 I WS=
I
I
A I
I
. I FLOW TYPE =
TYPE Of' FLO., I PH
I DISPERSED
I (up E."". 0.""1 In X • O.o.U7~ if - o.ooo,.~ ~J)
PH =
b
ANNULAR WC ) •• '.1 - 0-1'1 d
'I BUBBLE
It • O..)a) - " _ l d UK d .$ m<.
., STRATIFI£O
'''~ x
I SLUC
"s
II20rd
.,S
CUU
I PLUC
WAVE
~---
2l.l f{ XD,I"
.,S II
I H • • WI.. AlL I
- ----
In FH • 0.2111 In H. - 1.")
FLOW TYPE = WAVE
I -,--
11 I .,e:; .... c
!t.'2tI • C. ts4 .FH WC Z "cO' ~/-tu..
bar/km
I SECTION
I
I xD •
I
l- X.
0.1' (X) (FRN)o.,U
I Horizontal
Vertical
PH
PHv=
= PG = bar/km
bar/km
=( =
I TOTAL P P2H xL + P2v x h)/lOOO bar
AP CALCULAnON
I
No .
I
-
I ... --- - -- -. -----------
'\I
i 'h
I
I Dj SJ
Coveri ng\1ed iurn :
Tg Tempe rature °C
k Therm . condo kcal/h m·C
=
=
I, ?
<. ---.-. - ._-- L .,
I II, ?l.
-
DATA
- LIQUID FLOW
Total pipelin e length m Volum etric flow m 3/h
No of segme nts
= =
= Densit y (av) kg/m J =
L Length per segme nt
I !J.y
0
Total elevat ion chang e
Pipelin e diame ter
m =
+m =
ins =
M Mass flow kg/h
Cp Specif ic heat kcal/k goC
=
=
Pipelin e diame ter m =
I
\
PI
h Burial depth to centre
Inlet pressu re
m =
bara =
GAS FLOW
I I --
STEP
I VALUE
I NOTES
I
I !
I
1. Calcu late heat transf er factor
x = 2h/D
s II
I x =
I
I Covering k I
kcaUh mC I
I Soil 1.49 I
I s = 2k /In( x + (x 2 - otJ I s = kcal/h m·C I Air 0.022 I
II I
I
I
I
I
I
Water
Sand dry
0.508
0.30
I
I
,1 I I I Sand wet 1.49
I
I: I 2. Calcu late heat flow ratio eer unit
length a
1 I' I
I
!
a= s/Mcp (liquid or gas)
I I
Ta =Tg- (J6p +6y/jC p)/aL
I
Ta = ·C L is segme nt length
I j :: 426.5 kg.m I
I I I kcal
T2 =(Tl - Ta)e-a L + Ta T2 = °C
1 I
I Repea t steps 3 + 4 for each segme nt
I
I
I
I
I
I
I See sheet 2 for stepwi se spread sheet I I I
I I I I I
JL
·~:t··
Sheet 1 of 2
I
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
BURIE D PIPEL INE 6 T CALC ULA nON ITEM.
No, :
1IY1 1 CHK I I I Joe TITLE JoeNo I I
-
OATE
REV
OP ER A TlN G CO ND ITIO NS
STE P
NOTES
1. GA S PRO PER TIE S
Tc =
Pc =
2. AV ERA GE ~ = MC p/M Cp - 1.99
3. CA LC UL A TE DlS CH AR GE
TEM P
l-1
T2 = Tl x ( ~~ ) -~- OK
T2 = Rep eat 2 - 3 if T2 diff ers
= ·C from tha t use d in STE P 2
5. DE TER MIN E Z AVG SUC T Zl =
DIS CH ZZ
AVG
=
Z =
6. DE TER MIN E OV ERA LL EFF
ICI EN CY
'lg ")g = See Fig 3
7 . CA LC UL AT E GA S HO RSE POW
ER
GH P = ZxR x Wx l x (T2 - T 1) GH P =
M W x 3600 x r& - 1) kW R =8.31 4 kJ/ kgm ole :C
8. CA LC UL A TE SHA FT HO RSE POW
ER PS = kW
PS =GH P/f x '1g
f = 0.9 6 to 0.9 7
<3 • CA LC UL AT E DR IVE R POW ER
Ele ctri cal Mo tor Po = 1.15 x PS Po = kW
No. :
I
TRA Y CALCULA nON SHEET
I
Columrn item: Name:
I
Tray number:
,\lumber of passes: I
Po = bar a
--
kmol/h Tc
oK
Pc
bara
I d15
I kg/m 3
I
HYDROCARBON: I ------
LIQUID I I
VAPOUR
TOTAL I
-------
Compressibility factor Z I
Reduced temperature Tr
Reduced Pressure Pr I
=
Tr = -10 + 273
Tc
= Po
Pr = - =
Pc
'I
From charts Figure 1,2 or 3
page 15-15
Z = I
Vapour densi tx I
Dv = 12.03 x MW x P
Z x <to + 273)
= 12.03 x I
=---- = kg/m 3 I
Vapour actual rate
I
Cv = kg/h = =
Dv
I
PROCESS CALCULA TlON SHEET
to ITEM
Sheet 1 of 4
I
No
I
I
2. LIQUID FROM TRA Y
TS = = mm "TRAY SPACING"
0L - Oy = kg/m3
VO dsgo = m 3/h/m 2 From figure 2 Page 3.10
System factor K 1 = from table 1 Page 3.9
VO dsg = VD dsgo x KI = m J /h/m 2
TS = mm
CAF 0 = from (Fig.3) on page 3.10
System factor K2 = from (Table 1) page 3.9
CAF = CAF 0 x K2 = x =
= x =
TRA Y COLUMNS
No
8Y I I CHI( I DATE 1 I JOB Tlru J08 No ! REV I
I
I
3.2. COLU,\\;\l HEIGHT ESTI.\\t\ TlON
Tl
I
I
" I
I
T,.nlilion
I
Tl
TRA Y COLUMNS ..
ITEM
No
I
108 fill E 108 ~o
I
I
I
I
I c. H3:
I H3=hl+h2
hi = tray spacing x 2 = mm
h6 = hold up time
F or production flowing to :
I a furnace
another unit
10
5
h6 = mm h7 = mm h8 = mm
I I
~h2=: mm
I H3 =h1 + h2 = mm
I Selected H~ = mm
-------
I!
TOT AL COLUMN HEIGHT =Hl + H2 + H3 = mm
I
I
I
I
I PROCESS CALCULA TlON SHEET
ITEM
Sheet 4 of 4
No .
I
I
I
I
CALCULA TlON SHEET FOR VERTICAL TWO PHASE SEPARATOR
I
I EQUIPMENT W
Mesh pad Yes Estimate Vs using Figure 1 and 500 micron curve
11 No If P < 50 bar and f < 0.0 I uSe Fig. I and 150 microns
If P > 50 bar or f > 0.01 use calculation for Vs
ill
1. Vapour-liquid settling velocity: from Fig I/calculated It Vs = m/s
C = Vs = m/s
* Delete as applicable
Ii
2. Derating % = 85 maximum velocity Vm = m/s
SELECTED DIAMETER = mm
I 4. Required liquid hold-up times
~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _P_R_O_C_E_S_S~CA_l_C_U_l_ATT_:~_(N_M_S_H_E_ET_____ Sheet
I .....
.
I
I
I I
!
1
6. Height calculation
I Y
.I.
" = rnrn I
I
h3 :160 % 0 or 800
= mm
hl = mm
I--~ "1-
h4 : 400 mm + d/2 : d = inlet nozz 0 = mm
hoC h5 : From step 4 or 290 mm = mm
IIL\ h6 : From step 4 or 3jo
I
mm = mm
hS
IIU.
h7 : From step 4 or 150 mm = mm
h8 : 150 mm tor bottom LC
__ NT-L
'"'6
300 mm for side L.C = mm
LLL I
I tmin = 0/800 + C
= mm
=
I t
L =
mm
m
Shell weight =
Head weight =
kg
kg
0= m (t x rfx 20)
I TOT AL WEIGHT = kg
I
I VERTICAL VAPOUR-LIQUID SEPARATOR ~o
PROCESS CALCULA ION SHEET
TEM:
Sheet 2 of 2
I LLL
I
I: Head type elliptical/hemispherical * EQUIPMENT N° :
Indicate on sketch if demister mesh required DESCRIPTION :
I * Delete as applicable
Operating data:
I Operating pressure bara =
I Operating temperature °C =
I * Delete as applicable
c =
I
I PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
AL ITEM
Sheet I of 3
NO.
I
I
I
I
I 4. Nozzle sizing: velo.ity limits (m/s) = Inlet: 7-13, Gas outlet: 15-30, liquid ol!tlet 1-3
I: Gas outlet
Liquid outlet
=
=
m3/s
m3/s
Nozzle ID =
Nozzle ID =
" Actual vel = m/s
" Actual vel = m/s
I 5. Drum sizing
I TRIAL 2 J
I 4 I
I I
I Selected hiD
Vapour area Av m2
I
I
I
I
I
I
% Total area (Fig. 3)
I I
I Total area
Liquid area
At
Al
m2
m2
I
I
I
I
Calculated drum 0 I I
mm
I -:.
Selected drum 0
L/D (3 - 4)
D mm
I
I
I
I
I
I
)
I I
I Flowpath length
Tan/Tan length
L
L'
mm
mm
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I HLL height
Volume at HLL
LLL height
mm
m3
I
I
I
I
I
mm I
Volume at LLL I
I Surge volume (HLL - LLL)
m)
m3
I
I
I
I
I
Calculated tres min
I
I I
I NOTES:
I
I
I
I
I I
I SELECTED DRUM: DIAMETER' mnlt x mm tan/tan
I I
a)
I Tan/tan length L' = L + It x 0i + It 02
(ignore this correction if D < 1.2 m and use L for volume cales. For trial I use L
and ignore heads).
I b) If VOL HLL is less than required surge increase D, L or hID or reduce tres (by
inspection).
2 P EPARATOR No.
I
I
Duty
i \~ = kcal/h
Fluid inlet temperature I Tl =
Fluid outlet temperature I T2 = °C IFLUID6Tf=TI_T2= ~C
F iuid inlet pressure Ip = bar abs I
Air ambiant temperature I t1 = °C I INLET LlTi = TI - tl =
Overall heat transfer coefL lu= 2
kcal/h m °C I
(See Table 2 and/or attached
work sheet)
(Based on bare tube area)
NOTES
STEP
ITEM
No
I
I
1. LIQUID COOLING
I
LIQUID VISCOSITY AT Tl +
2
T2 = Cp
I
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT: U = kcal/h m 2 °C
(Read curve n° 1)
I
2. GAS COOLING
MOLECULAR MASS: M W =
I
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT : U =
(Read curve n° 2)
kcal/h m 2 °C
I
3. TOT AL CONDENSATION
Tl - T2 =
I
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT: U =
(Read curve n° 3)
kcal/h m 2 ·C
I
4. PARTIAL CONDENSATION
=
kg/h
kg/h
I
outlet liq flowrate WL2 = kg/h
I
T1 - T2 =
GAS MOLECULAR WEIGHT AT T I + T2 =
2
'I
HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Uc
(Read curve nO 3)
= kcal/h m 2 °C
I
HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Ug = kcal/h m 2 °C
(Read curve nO 2)
I
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. I
U = WL2 x Uc
WGI
= WG2 x Ug
WGI
= kcal/h m 2 ·C I
SELECTED GLOBAL HEAT
TRANSFER COEFF. : U = kcal/h m 2 °C I
Curves"refer to POM Chptr. 4.
I
liE
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
.. 7
AIR COOLERS ..
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
ITEM
NO
------------------
I
I
L 8Y I I CHI( I DATE I I '08 TITLE lOB No REV I
I
I
4.2. WITH LIQUID. AT INLET
Qc = Q - QL - QG = kcal/h
U= Q U = kcal/h m 2 °C
2!:+2S!.+~
UI U g Uc
• AIR COOLERS
.. ITE ~-A
Tl - tl
·C
·C
I
Tl - T2
p = t2- tl
°C I
~I
Tl - tl I
R = Tl - T2
I t2 - tl
NUMBER OF SHELLS
F = LMTD correction Fig. 2
1 I
I
2
I
3 I
I
4
II
factor (3) I I
I I
CORRECTED LMTD CORR.
I
I
I
I
:
I I
HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. U kcal/h I Including fouling
TABLE 3 Page 4.10
.. ITEM:
No
loaNo
. 1 REII I
I
I
,I
I
Indicate pressure, elevations and system sketch
PUMP TYPE:
FLUID PUMPED: Liquid:
Speed:
Pumping temperature T: °C
Vapor pressure at T Viscosity at P, T : cP
: bara Specific gravity
Density at P, T : ( re L c.on.d.)
: kg/m3 Normal flow Q a.t P, T
Specific gravity at P, T : : m3/h
Design margin : %
Design flow at p. T (I) : m3/h
I I I
SUCTION PRESSURE I I
I DISCHARGE PRESSURE I I
I I I
Min. Origin Pressure: baral I Delivery pressure I
+ Static head at LLL bara I I
: m I Static head
(m x sg x 0.09&1) bar I I
bar! D. P control valve(s)
- tJ.. P suction line bar I I
bar! 6. P exchanger(s) bar I I
I 6 P orifice(s) bar I
PUMP SUCTION PRESSURE I toP
I
bar I I
I ~P line loss bar I
Other
I
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD bar I I
I I
Static head at LLL m TOT DISCHARGE PRESS bara I I
- Line loss m I
+ vapour pressure correction m I
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE I
I
TOT AL A VAILABLE NPSH m Suction pressure bara I
Discharge pressure bara I
MAXIMUM SUCTION PRESSURE I
Pump A P bar l~)
Vessel PSV setting m
baral
Static head at HLL bar!
I POWER REQUIREMENTS
net bara I
I Brake Horse-eower = (l)x(2) k W 0)
MAXIMUM DISCHARGE PRESSURE
I (Fig 2 for 1');> 36 r:Jp
Max. suction pressure
I I
baral I Estimated motor size
Normal pump to P x 120 % kW 1(4)
bar! I
I I I
Design operating load (4)/~mkW I (S)
net bar a I I (Fig 3 for ~m)
I I I
I I
I I I
,.
I Estimated weight kg I I
I
---- ----- I
-- I
.
PROCESS CAlCUlA TlON SHEET
J/ilii.
I
~ PUMP
ITEM
No
I I C I OA rE I 1 J08
i
I
OPER.4. TlNG C00l[) [TlON S I
SUCT ION PRESSURE PI
DISCH ARGE PRESSURE P2
=
=
bar a
bar a PRESSURE RATIO P2/P 1 = I
SUCT ION TE.'v1P. Tl = °C
.1
GHP :: Z x R x W x ~ x (T2 - T 1)
M W x 3600 x (lC - 1)
GHP :: kW R:: 8.314 kJ/kg MOLE .·C .1
7. CALC SHAF T HORSEPOWER
NOTE S :
I
I
..
BY J I CHI( I
,
CENT RIFUG AL OR AXIAL
DATE 1
COMPRESSOR
I JOB TITlE
PROCESS CALCU LATION SHEET
.. ITEM
No.
JOB No , REV I
I
I
I
I
I PROCESS DA T A SHEETS
ReVISIOn f) Page No.
I
I AIR COOLER
EXCHANGER
PUMP
I COMPRESSOR
TRA YED COLUMN
I PACKED COLUMN
FURNACE
FILTER
I VESSEL
I
I':. SUMMARIES OF EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS
COLUMNS
I~ PUMPS
HEA T EXCHANGERS
I'; COMPRESSORS - TURBO-EXPANDERS
AIR COOLERS
I' DRUMS
FURNACES
Ii,
I
I
I
Ii
I
I
l P .. .,~
I
I
~ ..
TE PI DDPI
Job :
S~rvic~
PROCESS DATA SHEET
AIR-COOLER
I
[
Unit
It~m :
TUM a.rvlc~ :
I ",2 I m2 If Toi.1 de v, loped aurlaer :
I m' j m2
I 2 CHARACTERISTICS
3
I
TUBE SIDE Temp.r.lu" Inial ·C
II •7
Liquid
Vapo,
kg'"
kglll .
Oanall), d 15·/C·C
LIquid vlaco'all), cp
I I
10
11
Hon-<onden •• bl ..
Cond,n . . d fluId
kg'"
kglll
59_cllle ha.1
LalanI ha.1 01 vaporl~allon
kcal/kg ·C
kcall kg
.,.,
Condan.ad .I_m kg/ll Allow.ble pra.aure drotJ
I 13 AIR SIDE
1. Air .,.Ioelt)' flt/a Temperalure Inlat ·C
'"
I 17 Total he.t •• cttat'l,..cl kc.11 h
11 H •• t •• ~ _ftlclat'lt w"h ...p.ct to tulia .urfac. Irc8II h'1l 2·C
I 11
20
.... t •• ch.nge _'flclent w..h ...p.ct to tot.1 .e... loped .url.ce
II.T.O. I
k.ca1l .. m20 C
·C
1
Ii Z1
I 24 Oa .Ig" temper.ture
TUBE MATERIAL
·C
I 25
26
NOTES:
27
I 28
211
10
I J1
32
13
I J4
35
a6
I J7
31
REVISION
d.te
, 0 1 2 3 4
'1 by
I 40 Checked
I
I
I .,
-
.s
-
PROCESS DATA SHEET
EXCHANGEfl
I
l p" q~
I TEP/DDPi
Job:
Service
I' Unit
l"tm
SI.u I Type I' Seiling
I 2
J
Surl. p., unit
I Sheila per unit
PERFORMANCE DAtA
I 1 Surl.ce per .hell
II 4
5
II
Fluid clrcul.t.d
kg/h
Shell 'Id~
:
I
Tube .ide
I
!
12 St •• m cond.n .. d k9 /h
13 Gnlvlty·llquld 15°/ 4·C In: 0'1: In : out:
14 VI.coaUy·llquld cp In : ou, : In: out:
I 15
,.
16
17
M.W. v.pora
Sl»eclflc MaHlquld.
Latent Mat 0' vaporization
kcal/k,·C
keal/k,
In: ol!l:
I
!no out·
MI.
12 p,.nure drop ber do.lgn : al ow: d •• lvn : allow:
10 23
24
25
Fovlln1l ro.llt.nc.
"_t •• chanood
Tran.'" nit.
1. ~cal/ h mil-C
Ileal! h
~cal/" ..;toe
I ""0 correct.d
I ~EAN
·C
·C
I 26
I 28
30
31
o-I,n tempenturo
Tuba.
ShaU
-C
I11III
111ft!
N' 0.0.:
1.1. :
BWG:
Tlckn ... :
lMIatII : Pltc:tl:
I 13
14
35
Chann.1
Tuba I"H' •• Statlon.ry :
BaW. croat T),p, :
Ch'nnel cover :
FICNltlng :
Thlckn ... : Sp.clng : mm
36 Baffl. long Type: Thlckn... : SpacIng: mm
I 37
3.
38
Tube aupport.
Galk.tl
Conn.ctlon •• h.1I In: S.rl •• :
Thlc:tn." :
TI!ICknn. :
Out:
Spacing:
Sorl •• :
rnm
mm
chann.1 In:
I
40 S.rl •• : Sorl .. :
41 Co,rollon allowanc. Ih.1I SId. mm mm
42 Code r.qulromenl. T.m. class :
43 Weight .ach .h.1I Bundle Full of wale, kg
I
44 NOTES:
I 45
46
47
I 411
4i NOTE: Indlule .ft.r •• ch pa" wheth.r .tre •• r.II .... d (SR) .nd whethe, nldlog,.phed ( x R)
I, 50
51
52
REVISION
date
by
0 1 2 ! 3 4
~
5.J Checked !
I
I
l
I Ai
.1!1::J
PROCESS DATA SHEET
Pa9r
-- PUMP
I -
TEP/OOP/
Job:
I Unit
Service
I Item
I 2 Fluid circulated
FLUID HANDLED
4 VI.co.lty at P.T. cp
5 Vapor pre •• ure at .T. bar a I
I
I
• OPERATING CONDITIONS
I I
10
. Capacity
DI.cll.". pr ... ur.
m3/11
bar II
11 S41ctlon p ..... ure bar II
I 12
13
01 "erentlal pre •• ure
Net differential h ..d
bar II
m
14 NPSH available m
I ,.
15 Hydraulic hCH'Mpower kW
PUMP
I 17
1.
Type
0..1,,, capacity ",3/11
i
11 Efficiency %
I
I
I
2'0 Malt. brake 1I«.epower kW
21 Spud tlmn
22 Material.
I DRIVER
I
24 Type
I 25
21
Ratln,
S9 .. d
kW
tI",n
27 Op.raUng load kWh
I 21
~LI _____
Connected load kW
s~p_ar_e____________________~______~__________________________________ --J
I 30 REMARKS
31
-
I 32
33
J4
I 35
36
37
I J.
]8
44 i
I ., REVISION .0 1 2 I 3 c
C2 date
.3 by I
I cot Checked
I
I
I
iM
,..
PROC ESS DATA SHEE T
COM PRE SSO R
1
P"9"
I 7
6
8
--
I 10
9
Suction t~mp~ralur~
°C
11 Capaci ty Mass 1
kq/h
I 12
13
Mol~cular Mass
K yalu~ CDI Cy
14 D~nsity (suction P T.J kg/m3
I 15
16
Compr~ssibilily factor
I.J 17
1£
Capaci ty OOC, 1 A Ta
Capaci ty (suction P. T.J
Nm3/h
m3/h
19 Suction pr~ssur~
1
I~
bar 9
20 Disch arg~ pr~ s sur~ bar Q
21 Compr~ssion ratio
I -,
22
:3 Typ~
COMP RESS OR
l4 Number
I 25
26
!)~siqn capacit y
Efficien cy
Nm3/h
% -: ... -
'-
---
- --- --
I'
27 Max, brake hot$~power kW I
28 Speed t/mn
29 Materia ls
I 30
31 Type
DRIVE R
32 Rating
kW
I 33
34
Operati ng load
Connec ted load
kWh
kW
35 Spe~d
t/mn I
I 36 REMAR KS.
I,
37
I 38
39
~o
I 41
~2
43 .
n[VISIO f<,;
dall'
0 1 2 J '-I
I ~4
45
bV
CIo(lke d
I
I
I iii
... ! PA 0 C E S S 0 A T ASH E E T
TRA YEO COL UMN
l P0l9~
3 ,".leM ~llmel.,
I 4
5
TrlY .Plclllil
Tray type
1ft'"
&
I
Tolll II"mber o. tray.
7
TRA Y CHAR ACTE RIST ICS
•
I
Trl, lOCI lion
II HumlNr o. flow PIIIII
10 H"mber o. traya
11
I
Tray apeclftll Iftm
12 ~rell"re·· IMr
13 LI~"I~ tlftlPera tura ·C
14
I
Vapor tempera lure ·C
15 Rail (In II... , k,11I
1& a: R.te (In _In, kIftOl/lI
0
17 0- Rale ('n wolllllle) •••
I 1.
111
«
> lIolecul ar .eltllt
Denalt ,'"
al/lI
kg/lftl
I
20 Rile (III lIa .. , k,1 II
21
22
-
C
:::l
Rile (1ft Volum e)"·
Oenltt y···
.3/11
a q/m3
23 - Surflce tlftllOft
I 24
25
...I
F_I", te,,4enc ,
Pre .."re .rop 1I ..ltallo...
qrre/crn
IMIr
26 Tray _tertal
I 27
2.
Tray thick" ...
-
I 1II
30
HOTES : (IIIlftlmulW rail ~"lred, ,..._ 'or replacin g tra,. unuul condltlo nl, ItC.)
11
I J2
33
·4
.
I ... 5
lS
7
I ~.
311
I ••
42
HOTES : •
• •
Advl .. If 11111 II I •• c .. "m lower
'MI,.te nelhe, IlIlolule or lJ8uge prallu,e
• •• Al . . rallft, condltlo nl
I 44 REVISI ON 0 • 1 2 3 4
.,
40; dale
by ,
I Checke d
I
I
.m-_! l
..
Pagl."
I 'M
PROCESS DATA SHEET
PACKED COLUMN
I TEP/DDP/
Job
S~rvic~ •
1Uno!
I lI~m
I 2 Ell.llng low.r : y •• or no
COLUMN CHARACTERISTICS
:1 3
4
S
In.lde dlamel.r
Packlnll type
Packlnll dlam.'.r
mm
"""
I
6 Halllht of peeklnll nvn
7 Humber of bed.
I PACKING CHARACTERISTICS
I II
10
Location
Hum.ro of Md.
11 mm
I
H.llilht of bed
12 Pr•• aure ... bill
13 LIquid f.ed t.mperetur. ·C
14 ·C
I
Vep« r..4 t.mpereture
.\
15 Ret. (In mau) klllh
16 a: Re'. (In Il101 .. ) kInOl/ ..
17
a Re .. (In yolume)··· In3lh
Q.
I 11
19
~
>. Moleculer •• lliIht
D.n.lI, * •• k,/1I\3
20 Rat. (In mau) klllh
I 21
22
-
C
~
Ret. (In YOlume)···
Den.lt, •••
11131 h
k" n3
23
0
Surfeee tenalon lI,nel em
I 24
25
...I
Foamln, tendenc,
Pre •• ure drop IIM".tlon. bIIr
I 26 REMARQUES:
27
I 21
29
30
I 31
32
33
..
I 34
35
36
I 37
31
19
I 40
41
42
NOTES:
·• • Adyl.e If thl. I. a vacuum Icwer
'ndlcat. whether ab.olute or lIauge pressure
• • • AI oparatlng condition.
I 4l
44
45
REVISION
date
0 1 2 3 4
by
I I
~ C"~ck~d I
I
I
l Pagr
I II!J
.-
PRO CESS DATA SHEE T
FURNACE
I TEP/O DP/
Job:
Service :
I Unil :
1 Item;
I 2 Abso,~d h.. t 106 Keel/ h
I
3 Mn .• lIo •• ble hul lIu. ,03 Keel/h I
4
OPER ATING COND ITlQN S
I I
5
UNITS
INLET OUTLET
I 7
•
Temper. lure
~r.aaure
·C
"r II
10
• Fluid 1
I 11
12
Tolel fluId
LIquId
V."or
kll/h
k,III
klllh
I 13
14
15 ~
It....
Non~ndena.bl ..
v...rlzed •• 'gIIt
k,lh
k,/II
,
'I
I
11
17
LIquId . . . lty Ue/C·C
LIquId wlecoalt y
.
CIt
11 LIquId KUOP
.. i,
I
11 ..... vapor .nd non-con d.nHbl ..
20 V.por KUOP 1
21
CONS TRUC TION
I 22
23
Deal", pre. . ure
""o.ab l. pre .. ure drop
It.r II
laar
I
24 Tuba _tarlal - radiation zone
25 conwac:tlon Eone
2t5 Fuel
I· I
27 NOTES : I
2.
I 2.
30
31
I 32
13
34
I 35
31
37
I 31
38
40
I 41
~
REVISI ON
dllte
0 / 1
2 I
3 4
I,
by
I ...
43
Checke d
I
I
l Pag~
..
i
I ""
TEP/DDP/
.Type
Job:
S~r\lic~ .
FILTER
I
.r
I
Unit :
II~," :
I 2 FILTERED
N~mber
FLUID
I 3
4
5
Nature of fluid
F I Itralion temperature
Specific gravity d 15/4
·C
I
6 Specific gravity a T
7 Viscosity. T P cp
8 Fruzing point
Nature of impurities
I 9
10 OPERATING CONDITIONS
I
b.rj!
I ~::~~ ::::~?~"i"
11
m3 /h
I I
12
13 i'
".1. ressure dro bar
I 14
15 DESIGN CONDITIONS
I
16
17
Oe,ign temperature
Oni gn pressure I ·C
bar g I
18 MATERIAL
I 19
:~!r elemen! support
I
20
21 F liter cloth
I 22 Corrosion .IIowance mm
I 23
24
REMARKS
25
I 26
27
28
I 29
30
31
I 32
33
34
I 35
36
37
I 38
39
40
I 41
42
REVISION
date
0 1 2 3 4
43 by
I 44 Ch~ck~d
I
I
I
I
I •
I
I-
I
I
I !
I
I
I -
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I
CHARAC TERISTICS UNITS
I r--
IT EIo! N°
---"--- -
-- --
NUWBER
I 1
I SERVICE
TYPE
""" i
'"«>-
I
I
NUMBER BO T TOUI MIDDLEI TOP I
cr
~
CONOITIOHI
PRESSURE
·C
I DESIGN PREIaURE
TE~RATURE
-.
CONDITIONS ·C
I NOTES: (Skelch)
I !
!
I
I
I
I
!
!
I
I
I
'I
I
I
I
TEP/DOPI
... _a
z-a
I
REVISION
EQVIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS
COLUMNS
I
!
SUMMA~Y
NUW8ER
I I
I JERVICE
I
I
0
0 1&1
FLUID CIRCULA TED
:; ..J
0
..J Z
I
IL
~ SPECIFIC GRAVITY AT 50· F kll' .,3
~
1\ ~
is
z
0
TEMPERATURE
'pRESSURE
eC
"'r a
U
II ~
~
u
SPECIFIC GRAYITY
.YISCOSITY
kll/lftl
cPo
L
:I J.
1\
tit
NPSH AYAILABLE
•
DESIGN FLOW RA TE ",3,,,, .
I ·DISCHARGE PRESSURE bar a
I
I
.DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE bar
I MATERIAL
I
,TYPE
I ,PUMP EFFICIENCY
OPERA'
'"
I
LOAD kW
.TYPE
J)RIYER
I NOTES:
CONNECTED LOAD kW
I
I
I REVISION
I
I
---
ITEP
REV
IOATE
. PROCESS
JOB Ne
EOUIPMENT CHARACTERfSTICS Su'MMARY
J
PUMPS
ORAWING Ne ,
1 SHEET Ne
I
I
PROCE SS ENG IN E E RING DESIGN MANUAL Revl\lon . Page No .
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
CHARACTER"ncs UNITS
I ITEW N°
T
NUYBER
I I
1 1
I SERVICE
I
I
I FLUID SHELL SIDE
I
I CIRCULATED
HEA T EXCHANGED
TUllE SIDE
tel
..../11
I L.IL 'J.D.
TYPE
·C
II:
~
I z
~
%
U
NUlllaeR OF s..LU
LanD CORRECTED ·C
)(
I
III
.....
~
%
OVERALL HEAT TMHlFIR RA TE
1IceC,.
J.rc
-.
UTIMA TED AREA .,2
I OPERATING ~u.HlE
I
1
CONDITIONS TBIPERA TURE ·c
I III
Q
;;
'"
II
DESIGN
CONDITIONS
PREIlUftE
TEMPERATURE
....
·C
...
:::I
I MATERIAL
TYPE
CORROIaOH .....
I
ALLOWANCE
OPERATING PRESSURE ~r •
I III
Q
•
..J
CONDITIONS
DESIGN
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
·C
bar •
:
•
i
I
..
..J
I
III CONDITIONS TEMPERATURE
% ·C !
TYPE
MATERIAL
CORROSIOtf
I NOTES:
ALLOWANCE mm
:
!
l,
i I
I REVISION . 1 i
I
• f-- -
--- --- ~- -----
I .!..E..P.I 00 P /
EOUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS SUMMARY
SHEET Ne
I
I
I
CHARACTERISTICS U~'TS
I f--- -
ITE .. ~.
-
I
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NOTES:
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EOUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS SUMMARY
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TEP/DDPI
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1
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I NUWBER I
1
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1
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HUYBER
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-
I
I
I REVISION
I iii
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=-
TEP/OOP/
CATE JOB N·
EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS SUMMARY
I
AIR
DRAWING N·
COOLERS
1 SHEET N·