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General Engineering Data
Resistance Coefficient k, Equivalent Length l/d,
and Flow Coefficient Cv
Pressure loss test data for a wide variety of valves and fittings are Equation 2 may be written in many forms depending upon the units
available from the work of numerous investigators. Extensive studies In which flow conditions are expressed. Some of the more common
in this field have been conducted by Crane Laboratories. However, and useful forms are,
due to the time-consuming and costly nature of such testing, it
hL = 522 Kq4 = 2.59 x 10-3 KQ4
2 2
is virtually impossible to obtain test data for every size and type of
valve and fitting. It is therefore desirable to provide a means of d d
K 2
reliably extrapolating available test information to envelope those ΔP = 1.078 x 10 Kpv = 3.62 dpq
-4 2
4
items which have not been or cannot readily be tested. Commonly K
ΔP = 18 x 10-6 dpQ
2
used concepts for accomplishing this are the “equivalent length L/D”, 4
“resistance coefficient K”, and “flow coefficient Cv”.
ΔP = 28 x 10-8 d4 V
KW 2
( (
be installed.
v2
hL = ƒ DL 2g
Equation 3 An alternate procedure which yields identical results for Equation 2
is to adjust K in proportion to the fourth power of the diameter ratio,
It follows that, and to base values of velocity or diameter on the internal diameter of
K= (ƒ ( L
D
Equation 4
Ka = Kb da
db( (
4
Equation 5
pipe, that will cause the same pressure drop as the obstruction Subscript “a” defines K and d with reference to the internal diameter
under the same flow conditions. Since the resistance coefficient K is of the connecting pipe.
constant for all conditions of flow, the value of L/D for any given valve
Subscript “b” defines K and d with reference to the internal diameter
or fitting must necessarily vary inversely with the change in friction
of the pipe for which the values of K were established, as given in the
factor for different flow conditions.
foregoing list of pipe schedule numbers.
2
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General Engineering Data
Resistance Coefficient k, Equivalent Length l/d,
and Flow Coefficient Cv — cont.
When a piping system contains more than one size of pipe, valves, or By the substitution of appropriate equivalent units in the Darcy equation,
fittings, Equation 5 may be used to express all resistances in terms of one it can be shown that,
size. For this case, subscript “a” relates to the size with reference to which
29.9d2 Equation 6
all resistances are to be expressed, and subscript “b” relates to any other Cv =
size in the system. K
It has been found convenient in some branches of the valve industry,
particularly in connection with control valves, to express the valve Also, the quantity (gpm) of liquids of low viscosity that will flow through
capacity and the valve flow characteristics in terms of the flow the valve can be determined from:
coefficient Cv.
The Cv coefficient of a valve is defined as the flow of water at 60 F, in
gallons per minute, at a pressure drop of one pound per square inch
across the valve.
Q = Cv ΔP ( (
62.4
P
= 7.9 Cv
ΔP
P
Equation 7
hL = 0.0962 ( p(
μLv
d2
Equation 8 When Equation 2 is used to determine the losses in straight pipe, it is
necessary to compute the Reynolds number in order to establish the
friction factor f, to be used to determine the value of the resistance
which is identical to Equation 3 when the value of the friction factor
for laminar flow, f = 64/Re , is factored into it. Laminar flow at Reynolds coefficient K for the pipe in accordance with Equation 4 (K=fL/D).
numbers above 2000
3
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General Engineering Data
Representative Resistance Coefficient K for Valves and Fittings
K is based on use of schedule pipe as listed on page 2.
Pipe Friction Data for Schedule 40 Clean Commercial Steel Pipe with Flow in Zone of Complete Turbulence
Nominal Size 1/2” 3/4” 1” 11/4” 11/2” 2” 21/2” 3” 4” 5 , 6” 8” 10-14” 16-22” 24-36”
Friction Factor (ƒT) .026 .024 .022 .021 .020 .019 .018 .017 .016 .015 .014 .013 .012 .011
0.25
ƒT =
(
Formulas For Calculating K Factor For Valves and Fittings with Reduced Port* [( ] 2
log ε/D
3.7
Formula 1 Formula 6
( K
0.8 sin θ (1 - β2(
( K2 = 14 + Formula 2 + Formula 4
2 K β
K2 = = 14
β 4
β
K1 + 0.5 sin θ (1 - β2( + (1 - β2(
2
2
Formula 2 K2 =
β4
0.5(1 - β2( sin θ
2 K1
K2 = = Formula 7
β 4
β4
Formula 3 K1
K2 = + β (Formula 2 + Formula 4) When θ = 180º
β4
(
2.6 sin θ (1 - β2(
(
[ [
2
K2 =
2 [
K1 + sin θ 0.8 (1 - β2( + 2.6 (1 - β2(
2
[
β4
• Use K furnished by valve or fitting supplier when available
K1 = 100ƒT K1 = 50ƒT
If: b = 1, q = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K1 = 8 ƒT Minimum pipe velocity Minimum pipe velocity
b < 1 and q ⋜ 45° . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K2 = Formula 5 (fps) for full disc lift (fps) for full disc lift
b < 1 and 45° < q ⋜ 180°. . . . . . . . .K2 = Formula 6 = 35√v = 60√v except
U/L listed = 100 √v
α = 5º α = 15º
Sizes 2 to 8” ... K = 40ƒT 120ƒT
if: b = 1...K1 = 150ƒT if: b = 1...K1 = 55ƒT
Sizes 10 to 14” ... K = 30ƒT 90ƒT
All globe and angle valves, Sizes 16 to 48” ... K = 20ƒT 60ƒT
whether reduced seat or throttled, Minimum pipe velocity
80 √v 30 √v
If: b < 1 . . . K2 = Formula 7 (fps) for full disc lift =
5
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General Engineering Data
Representative Resistance Coefficient K for Valves and Fittings
K is based on use of schedule pipe as listed on page 2.
if: if:
K = 420 ƒT K = 75 ƒT
b = 1. . .K1 = 400 ƒT b = 1. . .K1 = 200 ƒT
Minimum pipe velocity Minimum pipe velocity
b < 1 . . .K2 = Formula 7 b < 1 . . .K2 = Formula 7 (fps) for full disc lift (fps) for full disc lift
Minimum pipe velocity Minimum pipe velocity = 15 √v = 35 √v
(fps) for full disc lift (fps) for full disc lift
= 55 b2 √v = 75 b2 √v Ball Valves
If: b = 1, q = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K1 = 3 ƒT
b < 1 and q ⋜ 45° . . . . . . . . . . . . . .K2 = Formula 5
b < 1 and 45° < q ⋜ 180°. . . . . . . . .K2 = Formula 6
if: if:
b = 1. . .K1 = 300 ƒT b = 1. . .K1 = 350 ƒT Butterfly Valves
b < 1 . . .K2 = Formula 7 b < 1 . . .K2 = Formula 7
Minimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift
= 60 b2√v
Diaphragm Valves
if: if:
b = 1. . .K1 = 55 ƒT b = 1. . .K1 = 55 ƒT
b < 1 . . .K2 = Formula 7 b < 1 . . .K2 = Formula 7
Minimum pipe velocity (fps) for full disc lift
Weir: Straight Through
= 140 b2 √v
b = 1. . .K1 = 149 ƒT b = 1. . .K1 = 39 ƒT
6
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General Engineering Data
Representative Resistance Coefficient K for Valves and Fittings
K is based on use of schedule pipe as listed on page 2.
K = 30ƒT K = 16ƒT
90º 60ƒT
K = 50ƒT
7
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Nomenclature
α = cross sectional area of pipe or orifice, or P = pressure, in pounds per square inch b = ratio of small to large diameter in
flow area in valve, in square inches gauge orifices and nozzles, and contractions
or enlargements in pipes
Cv = flow coefficient for valves: expresses flow Q = rate of flow, in gallons per minute
rate in gallons per minute of 60 F water Δ = differential between two points
with 1.0 psi pressure drop across valve q = rate of flow, in cubic feet per second at
flowing conditions p = weight density of fluid, pounds
D = internal diameter of pipe, in feet per cubic ft
q’ = rate of flow, in cubic feet per second at
d = internal diameter of pipe, in inches standard conditions (14.7 psia and 60F) p’ = density of fluid grams per cubic
centimeter
ƒT = friction factor in zone of complete S = specific gravity of liquids at specified
turbulence temperature relative to water at standard θ = angle of convergence or divergence in
temperature (60 F) enlargements or contractions in pipes
g = acceleration of gravity = 32.2 feet per
second per second Sg = specific gravity of a gas relative to air =
the ratio of the molecular weight of the
H = total head, in feet of fluid gas to that of air Subscripts for Diameter
h = static pressure head existing at a point, in T = absolute temperature, in degrees Rankine ( I ) . . . defines smaller diameter
feet of fluid (460 + t) ( 2 ) . . . defines larger diameter
hL = loss of static pressure head due to fluid t = temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit
flow, in feet of fluid Subscripts for Fluid Property
V = specific volume of fluid, in cubic feet per ( I ) . . . defines inlet (upstream) condition
K = resistance coefficient or velocity head loss pound
in the formula, hL = KV2/2g ( 2 ) . . . defines outlet (downstream) condition
v = mean velocity of flow, in feet per second
L = length of pipe, in feet
W = rate of flow, in pounds per hour
L/D = equivalent length of a resistance to flow,
in pipe diameters
NU-SEC8-BU-EN-LT-CN-2013_08
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