626635main - Inspace 4 3 Hinkley PDF

Picosatellites and Nanosatellites
at The Aerospace Corporation
In-Space Non-Destructive Inspection Technology Workshop

Feb 29 – Mar 1, 2012
Johnson Space Center
Houston, Tx
David Hinkley and Brian Hardy

The Aerospace Corporation
david.a.hinkley@aero.org
Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved
310-336-5211
© The Aerospace Corporation 2012

2
Outline
• Past Missions and Experience

– MEPSI Satellites
– Aerocube Satellites
– PSSC2
• Autonomous Inspector Technologies

– Imaging Capability
– Attitude Control
– Propulsion System
– De-orbit Capability

3
The Aerospace Corporation Pico and Nanosatellites

4
The Aerospace Corporation Pico and Nanosatellites
AC4
1.2 kg
2010 2012 2014
PSSC2
3.5 kg

5
2011 The Aerospace Corporation’s Picosat Capabilities
• Design, build and operate miniature satellites (< 7 kg)

• Average of 1 flight per year for last 10 years
• Develop custom sensors
• Sun sensor; Earth sensor; RAM sensor; Visible cameras
• Develop custom capabilities
• Cold gas propulsion system; De-orbit capability
• Mature and capable bus
• Robust with redundancies
• Precision short-term tracking (< 1 degree precision)
• High peak-power payloads (30W for 5 minutes in 1U form factor)
• Strong organization
• The Aerospace Corporation is a California nonprofit corporation that
operates a Federally Funded Research and Development Center
dedicated to technical excellence in National Security space.

6
2011 Common 1U Picosatellite Avionics and Sensors
AOS sun
X2
sensors
AOS Freewave P-PCB X 1 earth sensor
µP Radio µP x 6 suite
Drag
WING PCB Freewave +Z
device P-PCB Triax rotation,
accelerations,
magnetics
+X +Y
Optical Wing
beacon
Control Flight GPS Reaction
Computer Computer µP X 3 Wheels

(orthogonal
µP WING PCB µP FCPCB )
GPS1
Solar arrays Torque coils
X3
(orthogonal)
Visible
Solar & Bat IMU ADV X3
cameras
Board #1 µP Radio
µP µP RAM
SBPCB IMU PCB Adv_Radio sensor
Batteries 1 & 2

7
2006 MEPSI* Mission Goal

Launched December 2006
* MEPSI = Micro-Electromechanical-based PICOSAT Satellite Inspector

8
2006 MEPSI Mission Concept

9
2006 MEPSI Mission Hardware

10
2006 MEPSI Propulsion Unit - Design
1x4x4 inches
250 grams
• Cold-gas propulsion
• Fabricated with stereolithography (leakless)
• Designed for use with refrigerant propellant
• Capable of 20 m/s delta-V
• 1x4x4 inches and 250 grams
11
STS-116 (Discovery)

12
2006 MEPSI Mission Results - Photographs

13
2006 MEPSI Mission Results - Propulsion

14
2006 AeroCube-2: 1-day of fame
Launched April 2007; ~1kg, 1U
AeroCube-2 CubeSat
• A picture of the Cal Poly CubeSat CP-4 taken by

AeroCube-2—the first and, so far, only instance of
one CubeSat photographing another.

15
2008 AeroCube-3
Launched May 2009; 1kg, 1U
North Central
180° FOV Mexico
California
Coast
AeroCube-3 CubeSat

16
2008 AeroCube-3 Features
Tether cutting mechanism
Y, B
200’ Tether 180° FOV visible camera
Y
Y-axis reaction Tether reel
wheel
Z X
-Z Triax rotation
Tether cutter rate sensors
(not shown)
57° FOV visible camera Solar cell

B
Sensor A
Sensor B X B B
Triax magnetic
field sensors
(not shown)
Earth sensor
Mylar balloon stowed
under this cover
2-angle Sun sensor

17
2008 AeroCube-3 Technology
High-brightness LED Tether Reel
Inflation Module w/
balloon pressure sensor
Balloon Cover Latch
Tether Cutter 24 inch dia Balloon

AeroCube-3
(1084.4 g)
18
2011 PSSC2 Nanosatellite

Built by Aerospace for STS-135 mission, flown July 20-Dec 7 2011

19
2011 PSSC2 Design

8
• Magnetic torque coils to detumble or
spin-up the spacecraft
• Three orthogonally mounted reaction 5 1
wheels for pointing control 6 2 9

7
• Earth horizon sensor for nadir 7
+Z 4
-Y
sensing 3
• Magnetometers to provide full three-

axis knowledge of orientation
-X
• Sun sensors to orient various faces
to the sun to perform solar cell
experiments
• Demonstrated closed-loop, 3-axis
attitude control based on sun,
earth, and magnetic field sensors
Reaction Wheel Block
20

21
2011 AeroCube-4
To be Launched Fall 2012; three 1kg, 1U CubeSats
Functionality (new in bold)

Radio1 (915 MHz, 1 W)
Radio2 (915 MHz, 1 W)
GPS
Deployable panels
Non-inflatable deorbit device
3 cameras (1600x1200)
3X Reaction wheel
3X Torque coils
Redundant architecture
On-orbit software reprogrammability
Lithium Ion batteries (2 x 18650)
Magnet field sensors
Earth and sun sensors
High fidelity 3-axis rate gyro
Closed-Loop Attitude Control based on IMU
Capable of < 1 degree of pointing precision

22
2007, 2011 Deorbit Capabilities

• Developed to meet FCC 25-year deorbit requirements
– Orbits above ~700 km in altitude require assistance
to deorbit within requirement
• AeroCubes 2 & 3 contained balloons
– Difficult to inflate
• AeroCube 4 possesses a mechanically deployed,
parachute-like, deorbit device
AC3 Balloon Deployment

Shows balloon inflation difficulties
AeroCube-4 Drag device shown next

to a CubeSat
Balloon
AeroCube-3 Fill Tube

Deorbit subsystem

23
Conclusion
• Over the past 13 years The Aerospace Corporation had developed

and flown many of the enabling technologies for an Autonomous
PicoSatellite Inspector
– High resolution imagery
– 3-axis attitude control
– Cold-gas propulsion system
– Deorbit device
– Robust and flight proven satellite bus architecture
All trademarks, trade names, and service marks are the property of their respective owners.”

24
Backup Slides

25
PSSC2 Deployment from

Atlantis (STS-135)
Image Courtesy of NASA

26

27

PSSC-2 photograph of the Earth
Preparation for SRM firing
28
Wide angle lens
Copyright 2011
The Aerospace Corporation

29
2011 PSSC2 Earth imaging Capability
• Series of images taken

while nadir pointing
Satellite Orbit Trajectory Earth daylight / cloud image

30
Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory

31
Earth imaging

32
Earth imaging

33
Earth imaging

34
Earth imaging

35
Earth imaging

36
Earth imaging

37
Earth imaging

38
Earth imaging

39
Earth imaging

40
Earth imaging

41
Earth imaging

42
Earth imaging

43
Earth imaging

44
Earth imaging

45
Earth imaging

46
Earth imaging

47
Earth imaging

48
Earth imaging

49
Earth imaging

50
Earth imaging

51
Earth imaging

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Picosatellites and Nanosatellites

at The Aerospace Corporation

In-Space Non-Destructive Inspection Technology Workshop

David Hinkley and Brian Hardy

© The Aerospace Corporation 2012

• Past Missions and Experience

• Autonomous Inspector Technologies

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

2010 2012 2014

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

2011 The Aerospace Corporation’s Picosat Capabilities

• Design, build and operate miniature satellites (< 7 kg)

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

2011 Common 1U Picosatellite Avionics and Sensors

Computer Computer µP X 3 Wheels

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

2006 MEPSI* Mission Goal

* MEPSI = Micro-Electromechanical-based PICOSAT Satellite Inspector

2006 MEPSI Mission Concept

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

2006 MEPSI Mission Hardware

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

2006 MEPSI Propulsion Unit - Design

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

2006 MEPSI Mission Results - Photographs

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

2006 MEPSI Mission Results - Propulsion

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

• A picture of the Cal Poly CubeSat CP-4 taken by

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

57° FOV visible camera Solar cell

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

High-brightness LED Tether Reel

Balloon Cover Latch

Tether Cutter 24 inch dia Balloon

2011 PSSC2 Nanosatellite

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

2011 PSSC2 Design

wheels for pointing control 6 2 9

• Magnetometers to provide full three-

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

Functionality (new in bold)

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

2007, 2011 Deorbit Capabilities

AC3 Balloon Deployment

AeroCube-4 Drag device shown next

AeroCube-3 Fill Tube

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

• Over the past 13 years The Aerospace Corporation had developed

– 3-axis attitude control

– Cold-gas propulsion system

– Robust and flight proven satellite bus architecture

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

PSSC2 Deployment from

Image Courtesy of NASA

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved

2011 PSSC2 Earth imaging Capability

• Series of images taken