Matthias Jakob Schleiden

Matthias Jakob Schleiden (5 April 1804 – 23 June 1881) was a German botanist and co-founder of cell theory, along
with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow.
Born in Hamburg, Schleiden was educated at the University of Jena, then practiced law in Heidelberg, but soon developed
his love for botany into a full-time pursuit. Schleiden preferred to study plant structure under the microscope. While a
professor of botany at the University of Jena, he wrote Contributions to our Knowledge of Phytogenesis (1838), in which
he stated that all parts of the plant organism are composed of cells. Thus, Schleiden and Schwann became the first to
formulate what was then an informal belief as a principle of biology equal in importance to the atomic theory of
chemistry. He also recognized the importance of the cell nucleus, discovered in 1831 by the Scottish botanist Robert
Brown,[1] and sensed its connection with cell division.
Theodor Schwann
Theodor Schwann (7 December 1810 – 11 January 1882) was a German physiologist. His many contributions to biology
include the development of cell theory, the discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, the discovery
and study of pepsin, the discovery of the organic nature of yeast, and the invention of the term metabolism.
Early life
Schwann was born in Neuss. His father was a goldsmith, later a printer. Schwann studied at the
Dreikönigsgymnasium in Cologne, and then at Bonn, where he met physiologist Johannes Peter Müller.
Rudolf Virchow
Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (English: /ˈvɪərkoʊ, ˈfɪərxoʊ/;[1] German: [ˈvɪɐ̯çoː];[2][3] 13 October 1821 – 5 September
1902) was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist, writer, editor, and politician, known
for his advancement of public health. He is known as "the father of modern pathology" because his work helped to
discredit humourism, bringing more science to medicine. He is also known as the founder of social medicine and
veterinary pathology, and to his colleagues, the "Pope of medicine".[4][5][6]
Born and raised in Schievelbein (Świdwin) as an only child of a working-class family, he proved to be a brilliant student.
Dissuaded by his weak voice, he abandoned his initial interest in theology and turned to medicine. With the help of a
special military scholarship, he earned his medical degree from Friedrich-Wilhelms Institute (Humboldt University of
Berlin) under the tutelage of Johannes Peter Müller. He worked at the Charité hospital under Robert Froriep, whom he
eventually succeeded as the prosector.
Camillo Golgi
Camillo Golgi (Italian: [kaˈmillo ˈɡɔldʒi]; 7 July 1843 – 21 January 1926) was an Italian physician and pathologist
known for his works on the central nervous system. He studied medicine at the University of Pavia (where he later spent
most of his professional career) between 1860 and 1868 under the tutelage of Cesare Lombroso. Inspired by pathologist
Giulio Bizzozero, he pursued research in nervous system. His discovery of a staining technique called black reaction
(sometimes called Golgi's method or Golgi's staining in his honour) in 1873 was a major breakthrough in neuroscience.
Several structures and phenomena in anatomy and physiology are named for him, including the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi
tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex. He is recognized as the greatest neuroscientist and biologist of his time.[1]
Golgi and a Spanish biologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal were jointly given the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906
"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system".[
Albert Claude
Albert Claude (24 August 1899 – 22 May 1983) was a Belgian medical doctor and cell biologist who shared the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade. His elementary education
started in a comprehensive primary school at Longlier, his birthplace. He served in the British Intelligence Service during
the First World War, and got imprisoned in concentration camps twice. In recognition of his service, he was granted
enrolment at the University of Liège in Belgium to study medicine without any formal education required for the course.
He earned his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1928. Devoted to medical research, he initially joined German institutes in
Berlin. In 1929 he found an opportunity to join the Rockefeller Institute in New York.
Nehemiah Grew
ehemiah Grew (26 September 1641 – 25 March 1712) was an English plant anatomist and physiologist, known as the
"Father of Plant Anatomy".
Grew was the only son of Obadiah Grew (1607–1688), Nonconformist divine and vicar of St Michaels, Coventry, and was
born in Warwickshire. He graduated at Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1661,[1] and ten years later took the degree of
M.D. at Leiden University, his thesis being Disputatio medico-physica de liquore nervoso. He began observations on the
anatomy of plants in 1664, and in 1670 his essay, The Anatomy of Vegetables begun, was communicated to the Royal
Society by Bishop Wilkins, on whose recommendation he was in the following year elected a fellow. In 1672, when the
essay was published, he settled in London, and soon acquired an extensive practice as a physician. In 1673 he published
his Idea of a Phytological History, which consisted of papers he had communicated to the Royal Society in the preceding
year, and in 1677 he succeeded Henry Oldenburg as secretary of the society. He edited the Philosophical Transactions in
1678-1679, and in 1681 he published by request a descriptive catalogue of the rarities preserved at Gresham College, with
which were printed some papers he had read to the Royal Society on the Comparative Anatomy of Stomachs and Guts.
Thomas Graham (chemist)
Thomas Graham FRS FRSE (20 December 1805[1] – 16 September 1869) was a British chemist who is best-remembered
today for his pioneering work in dialysis and the diffusion of gases. He is regarded as the father of colloid chemistry.
Life
Graham was born in Glasgow, and educated at Glasgow High School. Graham's father was a successful textile
manufacturer, and wanted his son to enter into the Church of Scotland. Instead, defying his father's wishes, Graham
became a student at the University of Glasgow in 1819. There he developed a strong interest in chemistry, studying under
Prof Thomas Thomson (who was strangely impressed and influenced by this young man).[2] He left the University after
receiving his M.A. in 1824.
David Bowie
David Robert Jones (8 January 1947 – 10 January 2016), known professionally as David Bowie (/ˈboʊi/),[2] was an
English singer-songwriter and actor. He was a leading figure in popular music for over five decades, acclaimed by critics
and fellow musicians for his innovative work. His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation, his music
and stagecraft significantly influencing popular music. During his lifetime, his record sales, estimated at 140 million
albums worldwide, made him one of the world's best-selling music artists. In the UK, he was awarded nine platinum
album certifications, eleven gold and eight silver, releasing eleven number-one albums. In the US, he received five
platinum and nine gold certifications. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.
Willem Johan Kolff
Willem Johan "Pim" Kolff (February 14, 1911 - February 11, 2009) was a pioneer of hemodialysis as well as in the field
of artificial organs. Willem is a member of the Kolff family, an old Dutch patrician family. He made his major discoveries
in the field of dialysis for kidney failure during the Second World War. He emigrated in 1950 to the United States, where
he obtained U.S. citizenship in 1955, received a number of awards and widespread recognition for his work.
Impact
Dr. Kolff is considered to be the Father of Artificial Organs, and is regarded as one of the most important physicians of
the 20th century.[3] He obtained more than 12 honorary doctorates at universities all over the world, and more than 120
international awards, among them the Harvey Prize in 1972, AMA Scientific Achievement Award in 1982, Japan Prize in
1986, Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research in 2002, and Russ Prize in 2003. In 1990, Life Magazine
included him in its list of the 100 Most Important Persons of the 20th Century. He was a co-nominee with Dr. William H.
Dobelle for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003. Dr. Robert Jarvik, who worked in Kolff's laboratory at the
University of Utah beginning in 1971, credited Dr. Kolff with inspiring him to develop the first permanent artificial heart.[