How the process of natural history of disease??

1. Stage of exposure
Here a contact Refers to an association between a susceptible host and a reservoir of infection,
the which creates an opportunity for the infectious agents to enter the host.
In the stage of exposure, the susceptible host has come into close contact with the infectious
agent, but it has not yet entered the host's body cells. Examples of an exposed host include:
• a person who shakes hands with someone Suffering from a common cold
• a child living in the same room as an adult with tuberculosis
• a person eating Contaminated Contaminated food or drinking water.

2. Stage of infection
At this stage the infectious agent has entered the host's body and has begun Multiplying. The
entry and multiplication of an infectious agent inside the host is known as the stage of
infection. For instance, a person who has eaten food Contaminated with Salmonella typhii (the
bacteria that cause typhoid fever) is said to be exposed; if the bacteria enter the cells lining the
intestines and start Multiplying, the person is said to be infected.
At this stage there are no clinical manifestations of the disease, a term referring to the typical
symptoms and signs of that illness. Symptoms are the complaints the patient can tell you about
(e.g. headache, vomiting, dizziness). Signs are the features that would only be detected by a
trained health worker (e.g. high temperature, fast pulse rate, enlargement of organs in the
abdomen).

3. Stage of infectious disease

At this stage the clinical manifestations of the disease are present in the infected host. For
example, a person infected with Plasmodium falciparum, who has fever, vomiting and
headache, is in the stage of infectious disease - in this case, malaria. The time interval between
the onset (start) of infection and the first appearance of clinical manifestations of a disease is
called the incubation period. For the caused by the Plasmodium falciparum malaria, the
incubation period ranges from 7 to 14 days.
Remember that not all infected hosts may develop the disease, and Among Reviews those who
do, the severity of the illness may Differ, Depending on the level of immunity of the host and
the type of infectious agent. Infected hosts who have clinical manifestations of the disease are
called active cases. Individuals who are infected, but who do not have clinical manifestations,
are called carriers. Carriers and active cases can both transmit the infection to others.

To the which stage in the natural history of a disease communicable do a. active cases and b.
carriers belong?
a.Carriers are in the stage of infection, as they do not have clinical manifestations of the
disease.
b.Active cases are in the stage of infectious disease, as they have the manifestations.
Depending on the time course of a disease and how long the clinical manifestations persist,
communicable diseases can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute diseases are characterized
by rapid onset and short duration of illness. For instance, starts Suddenly and diarrhea that lasts
less than 14 days is an acute Diarrhoeal disease. Chronic diseases are characterized by
prolonged duration of illness; for example, a chronic disease Diarrhoeal lasts more than 14
days.

4. Stage of outcome

At this stage the disease may result in recovery, disability or death of the patient. For example,
a child who fully recovers from a Diarrhoeal disease, or is Paralyzed from poliomyelitis, or dies
from malaria, is in the stage of outcome.
In the next study session you will learn how communicable diseases are classified, and about
the main types of prevention and control measures.

What is the five levels of prevention ?

 health promotion (serving to further general health and well-being),

 specific protection (measures applicable to a particular disease or group of diseases in
order to intercept the causes before they involve man). Secondary prevention consisted
of
 early recognition and prompt treatment (with the objectives of preventing spread to
others if the disease is communicable, complications or sequelae, and prolonged
disability). Tertiary prevention consisted of
  disability limitation (prevention or delaying of the consequences of clinically advanced
disease), and
 rehabilitation (aiming at prevention of complete disability after anatomic and
physiologic changes are stabilized).

(a) promosi kesehatan (melayani untuk kesehatan umum lebih lanjut dan
kesejahteraan), dan (b) perlindungan khusus (langkah-langkah yang
berlaku untuk penyakit tertentu atau sekelompok penyakit untuk mencegat
penyebab sebelum mereka melibatkan manusia). pencegahan sekunder
terdiri dari (c) pengakuan awal dan pengobatan yang tepat (dengan tujuan
mencegah menyebar ke orang lain jika penyakit ini menular, komplikasi
atau gejala sisa, dan cacat berkepanjangan). Pencegahan tersier terdiri
dari (d) pembatasan cacat (pencegahan atau menunda konsekuensi dari
penyakit klinis lanjutan), dan (e) rehabilitasi (bertujuan pencegahan
kecacatan lengkap setelah perubahan anatomi dan fisiologi yang stabil).

What Factors involved in the transmission of communicable diseases

the infectious agent, the reservoir, the route of exit, the mode of transmission, the route of entry
and the susceptible host.

Direct modes of transmission

Direct transmission refers to the transfer of an infectious agent from an infected host to a new
host, without the need for intermediates such as air, food, water or other animals. Direct modes
of transmission can occur in two main ways:
Person to person: The infectious agent is spread by direct contact between people through
touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse or direct projection of respiratory droplets
into another person’s nose or mouth during coughing, sneezing or talking. A familiar
example is the transmission of HIV from an infected person to others through sexual
intercourse.
Transplacental transmission: This refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from a
pregnant woman to her fetus through the placenta. An example is mother-to-child
transmission (MTCT) of HIV.
Indirect modes of transmission
Indirect transmission is when infectious agents are transmitted to new hosts through
intermediates such as air, food, water, objects or substances in the environment, or other animals.
Indirect transmission has three subtypes:
 Airborne transmission: The infectious agent may be transmitted in dried secretions from the
respiratory tract, which can remain suspended in the air for some time. For example, the
infectious agent causing tuberculosis can enter a new host through airborne transmission.
Vehicle-borne transmission: A vehicle is any non-living substance or object that can be
contaminated by an infectious agent, which then transmits it to a new host.
Contamination refers to the presence of an infectious agent in or on the vehicle.
Vector-borne transmission: A vector is an organism, usually an arthropod, which transmits
an infectious agent to a new host. Arthropods which act as vectors include houseflies,
mosquitoes, lice and ticks.

mode langsung penularan

transmisi langsung mengacu pada transfer agen infeksius dari host yang
terinfeksi ke host baru, tanpa perlu intermediet seperti udara, makanan, air
atau hewan lainnya. mode langsung penularan dapat terjadi dalam dua
cara utama:
• Orang ke orang: Agen infeksius menyebar melalui kontak langsung
antara orang melalui sentuhan, menggigit, mencium, hubungan seksual
atau proyeksi langsung dari tetesan pernapasan ke dalam hidung atau
mulut orang lain selama batuk, bersin atau berbicara. Contoh akrab adalah
penularan HIV dari orang yang terinfeksi ke orang lain melalui hubungan
seksual.
• transmisi transplasental: ini mengacu pada transmisi agen infeksi dari ibu
hamil ke janinnya melalui plasenta. Contohnya adalah penularan dari ibu
ke anak (MTCT) dari HIV.

mode tidak langsung penularan

transmisi tidak langsung adalah ketika agen infeksius ditransmisikan ke

host baru melalui intermediet seperti udara, makanan, air, benda atau zat
dalam lingkungan, atau hewan lainnya. transmisi tidak langsung memiliki
tiga subtipe:
• transmisi Airborne: Agen infeksius dapat ditransmisikan dalam sekresi
kering dari saluran pernapasan, yang bisa tetap melayang di udara untuk
beberapa waktu. Misalnya, infeksi agen penyebab tuberkulosis dapat
memasukkan host baru melalui transmisi udara.
• transmisi kendaraan-ditanggung: Sebuah kendaraan adalah substansi
non-hidup atau objek yang dapat terkontaminasi oleh agen infeksi, yang
kemudian mengirimkan ke host baru. Kontaminasi mengacu pada
keberadaan agen infeksius di dalam atau di kendaraan.
• transmisi Vector-borne: Sebuah vektor adalah organisme, biasanya
arthropoda, yang mentransmisikan agen infeksi ke host baru. Arthropoda
yang bertindak sebagai vektor termasuk lalat rumah, nyamuk, kutu dan
kutu.