THE TAXONOMY ON COMMON FISHERY RESOURCES AT MARANDING,

LALA, LANAO DEL NORTE

ENVIRONMENTAL OFF-CAMPUS REPORT

(Environmental Biology)

Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education

Major in Biology

Genobaten, Liejen P.

Carpentero, Florefe E.

Bagundol, Jamie G.

Torilla, Ian Cris P.

Flores, Jean M.

May 2016
 I. INTRODUCTION

Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans. Seafood

prominently includes fish and shellfish. Shellfish include various species of

molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Historically, sea mammals such as

whales and dolphins have been consumed as food, though that happens to a

lesser extent in modern times. Edible sea plants, such as some seaweeds

and microalgae, are widely eaten as seafood around the world, especially in

Asia (Inman, 2007).

Fish, as both a source of food and as a commercial industry, is an

important resource worldwide. In many diets around the world, especially in

Asia and the Mediterranean region, seafood is an important source of protein.

With the improved transportation and preservation techniques used today,

quality fish and shellfish are more readily available in retail markets and

foodservice operations (Introduction To Fish And Shellfish, 2016).

A fish market is a marketplace used for marketing fish products. It can

be dedicated to wholesale trade between fishermen and fish merchants, or to

the sale of seafood to individual consumers, or to both. Retail fish markets, a

type of wet market, often sell street food as well (Bestor, 2004).

In the Philippines, fish are called “isda”. There are many varieties of

fish. The country's tropical climate and coral reefs make its waters located

near the center of the Coral Triangle among the richest in marine life

anywhere providing a bounty of fresh Philippine seafood and an assortment of

tropical fish. According to some estimates 5% of the world's reef area is in

Philippine waters and the marine fish in the area represent 20% of the total
marine fish in the world ( Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.,

2011).

The use of acceptable market names is essential in the identification of

seafood because of the exceptional number and variety of species

represented by this unique category of foods. The unparalleled diversity in this

category of similar foods means that very few species have just one nationally

recognized, common or usual name that allows consumers to unambiguously

identify a species in the marketplace. When used as the market name, the

group name may properly encompass and adequately identify for consumers

any member of the group, but it does not provide enough information for a

consumer to identify the specific species, if a consumer desires that level of

specificity. The "common name" generally provides that level of specificity and

usually is also an acceptable market name (Fish and Fishery Products

Hazards and Controls Guidance, 2011).

Seafood species can be mislabeled in misleading ways. A 2013 study

by Oceana found that one third of seafood sampled from the United States

was incorrectly labeled. Snapper and tuna were particularly susceptible to

mislabeling, and seafood substitution was the most common type of fraud.

Misbranding may also result in economic fraud, because of the difference in

the market value of different but similar species of fish. Geographical

designations used as part of a market name should truthfully represent the

geographical origin of the species (21 CFR 101.18(c)), or otherwise conform

to the provisions of 21 CFR 101.18(c)(4). Geographical designations are

sometimes part of a species' common or usual name (e.g., Atlantic salmon).

FDA recognizes that these descriptors and those used in some common
names can be truthful and meaningful parts of a food's statement of identity.

Other uses of a geographical descriptor, for example as part of a coined or

fanciful name where the descriptor does not accurately describe the

geographical extent of the source of the species, may be misleading and are

not recommended (Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls

Guidance, 2011).

The global spread of aquaculture may further confound the use of

place of origin labeling, because a species with natural origins in one region of

the world may be aquacultured in another region (e.g., Ictalurus punctatus is

native to North America but is now aquacultured in China. Thus, acceptable

references in a market name to source waters or place of geographical origin

should be used only to describe a species from an exclusive geographical

source or fishery, consistent with the requirements of 21 CFR 101.18(c).

FDA generally does not recommend the use of the common name of

one parent as a market name for a hybrid species (e.g. Morone saxatilis

("Striped Bass") X Morone chrysops ("White Bass") hybrids should not be

marketed solely as "Striped Bass"). If there is no common name developed

by a scientific group for a specific hybrid then the family group name (e.g.,

Bass) should be used as a market name or a name can be coined.

In this paper, the students identified seafood products in the fish

market of Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte. Taxonomic classifications as well

as the distribution of such species were also described.

 II. OBJECTIVE

At the end of the exercise, the students shall have:

1. Identify the products in fish markets (e.g. fishes, seaweeds; etc)

2. Describe the distribution of the identified products.

III. MATERIALS

The following were the materials used in this activity:

 Clean Paper Sheet

 Ballpen

 Camera

IV. PROCEDURES

The students had followed certain procedures in the conduct of this study.

1. Preparation of Needed Materials. The students prepared a clean paper

sheet and a ballpen for taking notes (i.e. names of the seafoods). A

camera was also prepared for taking pictures of the fish market

products (e.g. milkfish, tilapia; etc.).

2. Observation. The students went to the fish market in Maranding, Lala,

Lanao del Norte as their destination place for observation. The

students noted varieties of fish market products as they asked the

vendors. They also took some pictures for the documentation of their

report.
3. Analyses. The students research through search engines in the

internet to determine the taxonomic classification of the fish market

products. Descriptions of the products were also included.

V. TERMS

 Fish refers to aquatic vertebrates that have fins for swimming and

gills for breathing. This includes salt- and freshwater varieties.

 Shellfish are aquatic invertebrates with shells or exoskeletons.

There are two subgroups: crustaceans and mollusks.

 Mollusks are characterized by soft bodies with no internal skeleton,

yet most mollusks have hard outer shells. Examples include clams,

oysters, and mussels. Squid and octopus are also mollusks,

although they are known as cephalopods, since they do not have a

hard outer shell.

 Crustaceans have a hard outer skeleton or shell with jointed

appendages. Examples include lobsters, crab and shrimp.

VI. ILLUSTRATIONS

Bangus Tulingan

Figure 1. Bangus Figure 2. Tulingan

Scientific Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Order: Perciformes
Order: Gonorynchiformes
Family: Scombridae
Family: Chanidae
Subfamily: Scombrinae
Genus: Chanos
Tribe: Thunnini
Species: C. chanos
Genus: Thunnus
Binomial name
Species: T. orientalis
Chanos chanos
Binomial name

Thunnus orientalis
 Barilis Bluespotted
Stingray

Figure 3. Barilis Figure 4. Bluespotted Stingray

Kingdom: Animalia Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Class: Chondrichthyes

Order: Perciformes Subclass: Elasmobranchii

Family: Scombridae Order: Myliobatiformes

Tribe: Thunnini Family: Dasyatidae

Genus: Thunnus Genus: Neotrygon

Subgenus: Neothunnus Species: N. kuhlii

Species: T. albacares Binomial name

Binomial name Neotrygon kuhlii

Thunnus albacares
 Tamban Tanigue

Figure 5. Tamban Figure 6. Tanigue

Kingdom: Animalia Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Clupeiformes Order: Perciformes

Family: Clupeidae Family: Scombridae

Genus: Amblygaster Tribe: Scomberomorini

Species: A. sirm Genus: Acanthocybium

Binomial name Species: A. solandri

Amblygaster sirm Binomial name

Acanthocybium solandri
 Galunggong Matambaka

Figure 7 Galunggong Figure 8 Matambaka

Kingdom: Animalia Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes Order: Perciformes

Family: Carangidae Suborder: Percoidei

Genus: Decapterus Superfamily: Percoidea

Species: D. tabl Family: Carangidae

Binomial name Genus: Trachurus

Decapterus tabl Species: T. symmetricus

Binomial name

Trachurus symmetricus
 Squid Crab

Figure 9. Nocus/Squid Figure 10. Crab

Kingdom: Animalia Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Mollusca Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Cephalopoda Subphylum: Crustacea

Order: Teuthida Class: Malacostraca

Family: Loliginidae Order: Decapoda

Genus: Doryteuthis Family: Potamidae

Subgenus: Amerigo Genus: Potamon

Species: D. opalescens Species: P. fluviatile

Binomial name Subspecies: P. f. lanfrancoi

Doryteuthis opalescens Trinomial name

Potamon fluviatile lanfrancoi

 Bilong- Parrot
bilong Fish

Figure 11. Bilong-Bilong Figure 12. Parrot Fish

Kingdom: Animalia Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes Order: Perciformes

Family: Menidae Family: Scaridae

Genus: Mene Genus: Scarus

Species: M. maculata Species: S. psittacus

Binomial name Binomial Name:

Mene maculata Scarus psittacus

 Danggit Balo

Figure 13. Danggit Figure 14. Balo

Kingdom: Animalia Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes Order: Beloniformes

Family: Siganidae Family: Belonidae

Genus: Siganus Genus: Ablennes

Species: S. argenteus Species: A. hians

Binomial name Binomial name

Siganus argenteus Ablennes hians

 Littleneck
Bisugo Clam

Figure 15. Bisugo Figure 16. Little Neck Clam

Kingdom: Animalia Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Actinopterygii Class: Bivalvia

Order: Perciformes Order: Veneroida

Family: Nemipteridae Family: Veneridae

Genus: Nemipterus Genus: Venerupis

Species: N. japonicus Species: V. philippinarum

Binomial name Binomial name

Nemipterus japonicus Venerupis philippinarum

 Mussels Imbao

Figure 17. Mussels Figure 18. Imbao

Kingdom: Animalia Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Mollusca Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorphia Order: Veneroida

Order: Mytiloida Family: Lucinidae

Family: Mytilidae Genus: Anodontia

Subfamily: Mytilinae Species: A. philippiana

Genus: Mytilus Binomial name

Species: M. edulis Anodontia philippiana

Binomial name

Mytilus edulis
 Gozu Lato

Figure 19. Gozu Figure 20. Lato

Kingdom: Plantae Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Chlorophyta Division: Chlorophyta

Class: Bryopsidophyceae Class: Bryopsidophyceae

Order: Bryopsidales Order: Bryopsidales

Family: Codiaceae Family: Caulerpaceae

Genus: Codium Genus: Caulerpa

Species: C. fragile Species: C. lentillifera

Binomial name Binomial name

Codium fragile Caulerpa lentillifera

 VII. DISCUSSIONS

Milkfish (Chanos chanos)

The milkfish has a generally symmetrical and streamlined appearance,

with a sizable forked caudal fin. They can grow to 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in), but are

most often no more than 1 m (39 in) in length. They have no teeth and

generally feed on algae and invertebrates (Froese, et.al., 2015).

They occur in the Indian Ocean and across the Pacific Ocean, tending

to school around coasts and islands with reefs. The young fry live at sea for

two to three weeks and then migrate to mangrove swamps, estuaries, and

sometimes lakes, and return to sea to mature sexually and reproduce

(Froese, et.al., 2015).

Pacific Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus orientalis)

The Pacific bluefin tuna is primarily found in the North Pacific, ranging

from the East Asian coast to the western coast of North America. It is mainly a

pelagic species found in temperate oceans, but it also ranges into the tropics

and more coastal regions. It typically occurs from the surface to 200 m (660

ft), but has been recorded as deep as 550 m (1,800 ft) (Collette, et.al., 2014)

(Froese, et.al., 2011).

It spawns in the northwestern Philippine Sea (e.g., off Honshu, Okinawa

and Taiwan) and in the Sea of Japan. A proportion of these migrate to the

East Pacific and return to the spawning grounds after a few years.It has been

recorded more locally as a visitor to the Southern Hemisphere, including off

Australia, New Zealand, Gulf of Papua and French Polynesia (Collette, et.al.,

2014) (Froese, et.al., 2011).

Yellow Fin Tuna (Thunnus albacares)

The yellowfin tuna is among the larger tuna species, reaching weights

over 180 kg (400 lb), but is significantly smaller than the Atlantic and Pacific

bluefin tunas, which can reach over 450 kg (990 lb), and slightly smaller than

the bigeye tuna and the southern bluefin tuna (Collette, et.al, 2011).

The second dorsal fin and the anal fin, as well as the finlets between

those fins and the tail, are bright yellow, giving this fish its common name. The

second dorsal and anal fins can be very long in mature specimens, reaching

almost as far back as the tail and giving the appearance of sickles or

scimitars. The pectoral fins are also longer than the related bluefin tuna, but

not as long as those of the albacore. The main body is a very dark metallic

blue, changing to silver on the belly, which has about 20 vertical lines

(Collette, et.al, 2011).

Yellowfin tuna are epipelagic fish that inhabit the mixed surface layer of

the ocean above the thermocline. Sonic tracking has found that although

yellowfin tuna, unlike the related bigeye tuna, mostly range in the top 100 m

(330 ft) of the water column and penetrate the thermocline relatively

infrequently, they are capable of diving to considerable depths. An individual

tagged in the Indian Ocean with an archival tag spent 85% of its time in
depths shallower than 75 m (246 ft), but was recorded as having made three

dives to 578, 982, and 1,160 m (3,810 ft) (Collette, et.al, 2011).

Bluespotted Stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii)

The bluespotted stingray has a flat disc-like rhomboid body up to 47

centimeters (19 in) in diameter and 70 centimeters (28 in) in total length. Their

coloring is a dark green with blue spots with a light white underbelly also

known as countershading. Its snout is very short and broadly angular along

with its angular disc. The rays' bright coloration serves as a warning for its

venomous spines. The ray has a very long tail accommodating two venomous

spines on the base of the tail. The tail is about twice as long as the body of

the ray, and the barbs or spines are two different sizes, one being very large

and the other a medium-sized barb. The bluespotted stingray has bright

yellow eyes that are positioned to allow them a wide angle of view. Since the

gills are located ventrally, the spiracles allow water to reach the gills while

resting or feeding on the benthos. The spiracles are located directly behind

the eyes. The mouth is located on the ventral side of the body, which

promotes the unique foraging technique of stingrays. Rays are normally

solitary individuals but can occur in groups. One unique characteristic of the

bluespotted stingray is that they rarely bury themselves in the sand, only to

hide from predators, unlike the majority of stingrays who bury themselves

regularly to hunt (John G., 2004).

The bluespotted stingray is commonly found in waters of depths about

0–90 meters (0–295 feet), being commonly found in sand and mudflats, but
have also been encountered near rocky coral reefs, and sea grass beds. This

stingray is found in a tropical climate at 29°N- 31°S, and 20°E- 171°W.[6] At

high tide the bluespotted stingray moves into the shallow lagoons and reef

flats.[5] It is found in northern Australia, Kenya, Madagascar, The island of

Mauritius, Somalia, the east coast of South Africa, India. The bluespotted

stingray is in almost the entire continental waters of Asia, including the Sea of

Japan, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Java Sea,

Banda Sea, Celebes Sea, Andaman Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian

Sea (John G., 2004).

Spotted sardinella (Amblygaster sirm)

The Spotted sardinella, (Amblygaster sirm), also known as Northern

pilchard, Spotted pilchard, Spotted sardine, and Trenched sardine, is a reef-

associated marine species of sardinellas in the herring family Clupeidae. It is

one of the three species of genus Amblygaster. It is found in the marine

waters along Indo-West Pacific regions from Mozambique to the

Philippines,and towards north Taiwan and Japan to the far east of Australia

and Fiji. It is a widely captured commercial fish in Sri Lanka, where the fish is

known as "Hurulla" in Sinhala language.

The fish has 13 to 21 dorsal soft rays and 12 to 23 anal soft rays. It

grows up to a maximum length of 27cm. The distinctive feature of spotted

sardinella from other two relatives is the presence of 10 to 20 golden spots

along the flank. The color of spots may change in to black after preservation.

Belly is less rounded and scutes are not prominent. The fish feeds on minute
organisms like copepods, larval bivalves and aquatic gastropods, and

dinoflagellates like Peridinium and Ceratium. The fish is used in tuna fishery

as a live or dead bait (http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxde

tails&id=217439).

Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri)

Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) is a scombrid fish found worldwide in

tropical and subtropical seas. It is best known to sports fishermen, as its

speed and high-quality flesh make it a prize game fish (Froese, 2005).

Its body is elongated and covered with small, scarcely visible scales;

the back is an iridescent blue, while the sides are silvery, with a pattern of

irregular vertical blue bars and have razor sharp teeth. These colors fade

rapidly at death. The mouth is large, and both the upper and lower jaws have

a somewhat sharper appearance than those of king or Spanish mackerel

(Froese, 2005).

Specimens have been recorded at up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) in length, and

weighing up to 83 kg (183 lb). (Froese, 2005) Growth can be rapid. One

specimen tagged at 5 kg (11 lb) grew to 15 kg (33 lb) in one year. Wahoo can

swim up to 60 mph (97 km/h). They are some of the fastest fish in the sea

(Collete B., et.al., 2011).

The wahoo may be distinguished from the related Atlantic king

mackerel and from the Indo-Pacific narrow-barred Spanish mackerel by a fold

of skin, which covers the mandible when its mouth is closed. In contrast, the
mandible of the king mackerel is always visible as is also the case for the

smaller Spanish mackerel and Cero mackerel. The teeth of the wahoo are

similar to those of king mackerel, but shorter and more closely set together

(Collete B., et.al., 2011).

The barracuda is sometimes confused with mackerel and wahoo, but is

easy to distinguish from the latter two species. Barracuda have prominent

scales, larger, dagger-like teeth, and lack the caudal keels and blade-like

(forked) tail characteristic of the scombrid (mackerel) (Collete B., et.al., 2011).

Roughear Scad (Decapterus tabl)

Decapterus tabl is a schooling species found in mid-water or near

bottom usually at depths of about 150 to 220 m. It reaches a maximum size of

up to 48 cm fork length (FL), but commonly attains 35 cm FL. It feeds on

smaller planktonic invertebrates, primarily copepods (Smith-Vaniz 2002). Its

age at first maturation is two years and spawning in the East China Sea

occurs from May-July (Ohshimo et al. 2014).

Decapterus tabl is circumglobally distributed in tropical and sub-tropical

waters (Ohshimo et al. 2014). It is known in the Indo-Pacific from along East

Africa from Kenya to South Africa including Madagascar, Thailand, Indonesia,

the Philippines, Australia, the Ryukyu Archipelago and southern part of

Kyushu (Kishida 1974), and the Hawaiian Islands. In the western Atlantic it is

known from North Carolina south along the U.S., Bermuda, the Bahamas, in

the Gulf of Mexico from the Florida Keys north to Louisiana, in the Caribbean
Sea from Hispaniola, St. Croix, and along Central and South America from

Mexico (Cancun), Nicaragua, and Colombia to Uruguay. In the eastern

Atlantic it is known from Ascension and St. Helena Islands (Smith-Vaniz 2002,

Wirtz et al. 2014, R. Robertson pers. comm. 2014). Its depth range is 0-220 m

(Figueiredo et al. 2002).

Pacific Jack Mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus)

The Pacific jack mackerel is distributed through the eastern Pacific

Ocean from Alaska in the north, south to the western North American

seaboard to the Baja California peninsula in the Gulf of California It has been

reported as far south as the Galápagos Islands, but at these latitudes it would

be sympatric with T. murphyi, possibly resulting in confusion of the two

species. Pacific jack mackerel occur in both pelagic and inshore

environments, often venturing up to 600 miles offshore and to known depths

of 400 m. In more coastal environments, they are known to inhabit bays and

very shallow waters (Froese, 2008).

The Pacific jack mackerel is very similar to all other members of

Trachurus and a number of other carangid genera, having an elongated,

slightly compressed body with both the dorsal and ventral profiles of the body

having the same degree of curvature. It is a medium- to large-sized fish,

growing to a maximum known length of 81 cm (32 in), although more common

at below 55 cm. The two separate dorsal fins are composed of eight spines

and one spine followed by 31 to 35 soft rays, respectively. The anal fin is

composed of two spines anteriorly detached followed by one spine connected

to 26 to 30 soft rays. In some larger individuals, the last few rays at the

posterior of the soft dorsal and anal fins are almost entirely separate from the

rest of the fin, forming finlets. The caudal fin is strongly forked, typical

amongst the Carangidae, while the ventral fin consists of one spine and five

soft rays. The pectoral fin terminates before the front of the anal fin, having 22

to 24 rays in total. The lateral line dips strongly after the pectoral fin, having

50 to 53 scales on the upper section and 43 to 52 keeled scutes posteriorly.

The species' teeth are minute, with a patch of teeth on the tongue in a narrow

club-shaped strip. There are 24 vertebrae in total (Froese, 2008).

Pacific jack mackerel are metallic blue to olive-green dorsally, becoming

more silvery ventrally, before transitioning to a white belly. The top of the head

and area near eye is quite dark with a dark spot on the upper rear of the gill

cover. The fins are mostly hyaline to dusky, although caudal fin may be yellow

to reddish (Froese, 2008).

Opalescent Inshore Squid (Doryteuthis opalescens)

The opalescent inshore squid is a small squid (mantle length (ML) up to

190 mm) in the family Loliginidae. It is a myopsid squid, which is the near

shore group and that means that they have corneas over their eyes. The

species lives in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Mexico's Baja California

peninsula to Alaska, United States, and as an inshore squid it can be found

with a range of 200 miles (320 km) off the shore (Vecchione, et.al. 2005).
 Adult Doryteuthis opalescens can reach a total size of 28 cm. Males

are typically larger with a mantle length of 13-19 cm, while females are 12-18

cm in mantle length. The mantle of D. opalescens is not fused to the head and

its body is 4 to 5 times longer than it is wide, with fins equal in both length and

width. This squid has 8 arms with 2 longer tentacles ending in tentacular clubs

equipped with suckers at their ends. The tentacular clubs are narrow with 4

rows of suckers and 2 large rows in the center of the tentacular club bordered

by outer rows of smaller suckers. The 8 arms have only 2 rows of alternating

suckers running down their length. In male D. opalescens, the left ventral arm

is specialized or “hectocotylized” for spermatophore transfer during mating.

The eyes of D. opalescens are covered with a non-perforated membrane

known as a cornea which is a signature of myopsid squid. The color of D.

opalescens can range from white to brown, with the animals able to change

their color shades using chromatophores depending on mood and for

camouflage. They are normally a bluish-white to mottled brown and gold, and

they change to dark red or brown when excited, frightened or feeding

(Vecchione, et.al. 2005).

Maltese Freshwater Crab (Potamon fluviatile lanfrancoi)

The Maltese freshwater crab (known as the Qabru in Maltese) is a

decapod (a crustacean with 10 legs). It can grow up to 80 millimetres (3 in) in

width. It is greenish-grey with some occasional orange-yellow patches, and an

overall purple hue on the legs (Sciberras, A. & Sciberras, J., 2010).
 The Maltese freshwater crab is found where fresh water / running water

is present throughout the year although it does live near pools and springs

too. It is found in Imtaħleb, Baħrija, Għajn Żejtuna in Mellieħa and San Martin

in Malta and in Lunzjata Valley in Gozo (Sciberras, A. & Sciberras, J., 2010).

When threatened, the crab takes shelter by hiding under rocks or

stones in the water and among vegetation, or by entering the burrows it digs.

These burrows are dug in mud or clay and can be more than 50 cm deep.

Part of the burrow is normally flooded (Sciberras, A. & Sciberras, J., 2010).

Mene (Mene maculate)

Mene maculata, the Moonfish, is the only extant member of the genus

Mene and of the family Menidae. The body is highly compressed laterally and

very deep vertically. The ventral profile is steep, with a sharp ventral edge.

The caudal (tail) fin is deeply forked. The mouth is small and protrusible. The

body is silvery below and blue-green on the back, with three to four rows of

dark gray spots on the upper side. The first two rays of the pelvic fin are

greatly elongated, forming a prominent backward-pointing process on the

underside of the fish (Froese, 2013).

The Moonfish is native to the Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea and

Persian Gulf, and in the western Pacific where they can be found near the

bottom in brackish and marine waters in the vicinity of reefs. They occur at

depths of from 50 to 200 metres (160 to 660 ft). This species can reach a
length of 30 centimetres (12 in) TL. It is a commercially important species,

being easy to dry without having to be salted (Froese, 2013).

Parrot Fish

Parrotfish are a large group of marine species inhabiting shallow

coastal waters in tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world. Their

largest species richness in the Indo-Pacific. They are found in coral reefs,

rocky coasts, and seagrass beds, and play a significant role in bioerosion

(Sepkoski, J., 2002).

Scarus is a genus of parrotfish. With at least 52 currently recognised

extant species, it is by far the largest genus in this group. The vast majority

are found at reefs in the Indo-Pacific, but a small number of species are found

in the warmer parts of the eastern Pacific, and the western and eastern

Atlantic. Most are very colourful, and have strikingly different initial (males and

females) and terminal (males only) phases. Most species have a maximum

length between 30 and 50 cm (12 and 20 in), but the rainbow parrotfish

(Scarus guacamaia) reaches 1.2 m (3.9 ft) (Sepkoski, J., 2002).

Streamlined Spinefoot Rabbitfish (Siganus argenteus)

The streamlined spinefoot, Siganus argenteus, is a species of

rabbitfish. It grows to 20 to 40 cm long, and lives in shallow areas of the Indo-

Pacific, typically ranging from 2 to 40 m deep. Like all rabbitfish, it has

venomous spines on most of its fins.

 It has a blue body with a silvery underside, with dark-brown markings,

mostly spots and curved lines; it has 13 venomous dorsal spines, seven anal

spines, and silvery-yellow irises. Brown markings become more prominent

when it is scared, and its fins will become rigid and erect. It has fine scales on

the cheeks and gills; the midline of its thorax is without scales

(http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Siganus-argenteus.html).

Flat Needlefish (Ablennes hians)

The flat needlefish (Ablennes hians) the only known member of the

genus Ablennes, is a marine fish of the family Belonidae. Flat needlefish are

considered gamefish, frequently caught with the help of artificial lights,[1] but

are not often eaten because of their green-colored flesh (Froese, 2009).

Although they have no spine, they do have several soft rays. There are

23-26 rays on the dorsal fin and 24-28 on the anal. They have 86-93

vertebrae. Dorsally, flat needlefish are blueish, white ventrally, with dark

blotches and 12-14 vertical bars in the middle of the body. Flat needlefish

have an elongated body, with scythe-shaped pectoral, and anal fins. They

also have a dark lobe on the posterior part of their dorsal fins. The longest

recorded flat needlefish measured 140 cm long, Measurements for flat

needlifish body length do not include caudal fin and head because the fish's

long jaws are often broken off. The largest recorded weight for a flat

needlefish was 4.8kg (Froese, 2009).

 Flat needlefish are found worldwide in tropical and temperate seas. In

the Eastern Atlantic, they are known from Cape Verde and Dakar to

Moçamedes in Angola. In the western Atlantic they are known from

Chesapeake Bay south to Brazil.They are found throughout the Indian Ocean,

and in the western Pacific from the southern islands of Japan to Australia[8]

and Tuvalu (Froese, 2009).

Flat needlefish usually live in neritic ocean waters near islands, estuaries,

and near coastal rivers where they feed on smaller fish and occasionally

gather in large schools (Froese, 2009).

Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus japonicas)

Nemipterus japonicus, commonly known as the Japanese threadfin

bream, is a marine fish native to the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The species

now also occurs in the Mediterranean, having invaded as a Lessepsian

migrant through the Suez Canal (Froese, 2015).

It is very abundant in coastal waters, found on mud or sand bottoms,

usually in schools. It feeds mainly on small fishes, crustaceans, mollusks

(mainly cephalopods), polychaetes and echinoderms. Marketed mainly fresh,

but also frozen, steamed, dried-salted, dry-smoked, fermented or made into

fish balls and fish meal (Froese, 2015).

Little Neck Clam (Venerupis philippinarum

 Venerupis philippinarum is an edible species of saltwater clam, a

marine bivalve mollusk in the family Veneridae, the Venus clams. The shell of

Venerupis philippinarum is elongate, oval, and sculptured with radiating ribs

(Morris, 1980). It grows to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) across and 3.5 cm (1.4 in) in width.

The color is highly variable: it is commonly grayish, greenish, brownish, yellow

or buff with distinct dark or light colored, with triangular mottled markings that

begin at the umbo and disperse outwards. The true color can be distorted by

dark gray staining, caused by anoxic mud. The foot of live specimens is an

orange color.

This species is native from southern Siberia to China. It was introduced

to the West Coast of North America with oyster spat from Japan and now

occurs from the British Columbia Coast to the Central Coast of California and

Marina del Rey. It lives from the mid to low intertidal zone in bays and

estuaries, in mud, sandy mud and cobble, buried 2–4 cm (0.79–1.57 in) below

the surface. Common in the Philippines, hence its species name (Carlton,

J.T., 2007).

Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis)

The blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), also known as the common mussel,

is a medium-sized edible marine bivalve mollusc in the family Mytilidae, the

mussels. Blue mussels are subject to commercial use and intensive

aquaculture (Borsa, P., et.al., 2012).

 Blue mussels are boreo-temperate invertebrates that live in intertidal

areas attached to rocks and other hard substrates by strong (and somewhat

elastic) thread-like structures called byssal threads, secreted by byssal glands

located in the foot of the mussel (Borsa, P., et.al., 2012).

The shape of the shell is triangular and elongate with rounded edges.

The shell is smooth with a sculpturing of fine concentric growth lines but no

radiating ribs. The shells of this species are purple, blue or sometimes brown

in color, occasionally with radial stripes. The outer surface of the shell is

covered by the periostracum which as eroded, exposes the colored prismatic

calcitic layer. Blue Mussels are semi-sessile, having the ability to detach and

reattach to a surface allowing the mollusk to reposition itself relative to the

water position (Borsa, P., et.al., 2012).

Systematically blue mussels consist of a group of (at least) three

closely related taxa of mussels, known as the Mytilus edulis complex.

Collectively they occupy both coasts of the North Atlantic (including the

Mediterranean) and of the North Pacific in temperate to polar waters, as well

as coasts of similar nature in the Southern Hemisphere (Borsa, P., et.al.,

2012).

Imbao (Anodontia philippiana)

The chalky buttercup grows to a maximum length of 10 centimetres

(3.9 in). Both the exterior and interior are white. It is very similar in

appearance to the closely related buttercup lucine (Anodontia alba) which

occupies the same range as it in the Caribbean area. The chalky buttercup

can be distinguished by the fact that the interior of the valves are white rather

than yellow and that the scars formed by the anterior adductor muscles slope

at an angle of 30° to the pallial line (Sweat, L. H., 2010).

The chalky buttercup is found in both the Caribbean area and in the

tropical Indo-Pacific. It is one of a number of bivalve species to be found in the

oxygen-depleted sediments among mangroves (Glover E., et.al., 2008).

Dead man’s Finger (Codium fragile)

Codium fragile, known commonly as green sea fingers, dead man's

fingers, felty fingers, forked felt-alga, stag seaweed, sponge seaweed, green

sponge, green fleece, and oyster thief, is a species of seaweed in the family

Codiaceae. It originates in the Pacific Ocean near Japan and has become an

invasive species on the coasts of the Northern Atlantic Ocean (Guiry, M. D,

2013).

This siphonous green alga is dark green in color. It appears as a fuzzy

patch of tubular fingers. These formations hang down from rocks during low

tide, hence the nickname "dead man's fingers". The "fingers" are branches up

to a centimeter wide and sometimes over 30 centimeters long (Guiry, M. D,

2013).
 Lato (Caulerpa lentillifera)

Caulerpa lentillifera is one of the favored species of edible Caulerpa

due to its soft and succulent texture. They are also known as sea grapes or

green caviar. C. lentillifera is farmed in the Philippines, where it is locally

called ar-arosep, lato, arosep or ar-arosip (as variant names), latok in the

Malaysian state of Sabah, and in Okinawa where the plant is eaten fresh

(Dawes, 1998).

The pond cultivation of C. lentillifera has been very successful on

Mactan Island, Cebu, in the central Philippines, with markets in Cebu and

Manila. About 400 ha of ponds are under cultivation, producing 12–15 tonnes

of fresh seaweed per hectare per year. C. lentillifera is also eaten in Okinawa,

where it is known as umi-budō (海ぶどう?), meaning "sea grapes" (Dawes,

1998).

C. lentillifera is usually eaten raw with vinegar, as a snack or in a salad.

In the Philippines, after being washed in clean water, it is usually eaten raw as

a salad, mixed with chopped raw onions and fresh tomatoes, and dressed

with a blend of fish sauce or fish paste (locally called bagoong) and vinegar. It

is known to be rich in iodine (Dawes, 1998).

 VIII. CONCLUSION

It is a difficult task in any country to obtain an accurate list of the

vernacular names of its fishes. This difficulty has become almost insuperable

in the Philippines because of the 40 languages and more than 80 dialects in

current usage. In general, names of fishes in the Philippines are more or less

localized, sometimes being confined to a single town or barrio. Scientific

names were used to identify and classify variety of species to prevent

confusion of mislabeled products especially to canned and/or processed

seafood. With this, people could have a common identification to species

across different places.

IX. REFERENCES

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. PMID 22226163

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Carlton, J. T. (2007). The light and smith manual intertidal invertebrates from
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Mora, A., Viera Hazin, F. H., Hinton, M., Juan Jorda, M., Minte Vera,
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http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=217439
DOCUMENTARY

PICTURES

OF THE

OFF-CAMPUS

ACTIVITY
PART I
PART II
PART III