ECG 354

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

LECTURER :NADIA ZALIKHA BT SAIFULLIZAM

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UiTMPG
ROOM : FKA- L6- 73
CONTACT : 07-381 8369 /010 – 2071040
nadia0939@johor.uitm.edu.my
COURSE INFORMATION
 2 hours of lecture per week
 2 hours of laboratory per week
 1 hour of tutorial per week
 No pre-requisite
 EVALUATION
FINAL EXAMINATION 60%
LABORATORY REPORTS 10%
PRACTICAL TEST 1 15%
PRACTICAL TEST 2 15%
TOTAL 100%
Programme Outcomes
PO Programme Outcome Description
PO1 Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering
specialization to wide practical procedures and practices.
PO2 Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using
codified methods of analysis specific to their field of activity.
PO3 Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist with the design of systems,
components or processes to meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health
and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of well-defined problems; locate and search relevant codes and catalogues,
conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO5 Apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools to well-defined
engineering problems, with an awareness of the limitations.
PO6 Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice and solutions to well defined engineering
problems.
PO7 Understand and evaluate the sustainability and impact of engineering technician work in the solution
of well defined engineering problems in societal and environmental contexts.
PO8 Understand and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of technician practice.
PO9 Function effectively as an individual, and as a member in diverse technical teams.
PO10 Communicate effectively on well-defined engineering activities with the engineering community and
with society at large, by being able to comprehend the work of others, document their own work, and
give and receive clear instructions
PO11 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering management principles and apply these
to one’s own work, as a member or leader in a technical team and to manage projects in
multidisciplinary environments
PO12 Recognize the need for, and have the ability to engage in independent updating in the context of
specialized technical knowledge.
Course Outcomes
At the end of this course, students should be able to:
CO Course Outcomes Description

CO1 Explain the development, construction and maintenance of roads and

highways. (C1-C2)

CO2 Analyze simple traffic studies and knowledge in highway geometric design
and traffic control devices by using recommended standards and
specification. (C3-C4)

CO3 Design simple flexible pavement according to ‘JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan)’
method and select the appropriate material used in the construction. (C5-
C6)
CO4 Organize and prepare the standard highway laboratory tests and traffic data
analysis. (P4, A4)
 COURSE OUTCOME – PROGRAMME OUTCOME MATRIX
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 Explain the development,

construction and
√
maintenance of roads and
highways. (C1-C2)
CO2 Analyze simple traffic
studies and knowledge in
√
highway geometric design
and traffic control devices
by using recommended
standards and
specification. (C3-C4)
CO3 Design simple flexible
pavement according to
√
‘JKR Arahan Teknik
(Jalan)’ method and select
the appropriate material
used in the construction.
(C5-C6)
CO4 Organize and prepare the
standard highway
√ √
laboratory tests and traffic
data analysis. (P4, A4)
Course Description
 CHAPTER 1 : Introduction to Highway Engineering
 CHAPTER 2 : Traffic Engineering Studies
 CHAPTER 3 : Road Geometric Design
 CHAPTER 4 : Traffic Control Devices
 CHAPTER 5 : Road Pavement Design
 CHAPTER 6 :Road Construction and Maintenance
 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION TO
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
Content:

1. Development of highway & transportation

in Malaysia
2. Highway classification and administration
3. Feasibility studies and route location
4. Road safety and current issues
 Learning Outcomes
 Describe the process involved in the development and
construction of roads and highway as general as well as in
Malaysia. (CO1,PO1)
 Describe the general aspects of highway classification and
administration. (CO1,PO1)
 Explain the importance of feasibility studies and identify the
route location consideration factors. (CO1,PO1)
 Discuss on way to improve road safety and current issues
(transportation challenges). (CO1,PO1)
Development of Highway Transportation
 Transportation :
Everything involved in moving either the person or
goods from the origin to the destination.

Mobility
Movements – different modes
e.g walking, driving etc
Transportation
Accessibility
Entry and exit
Development of Highway Transportation (con’t)

 Why do we provide and develop road

infrastructure?
• To expedite economy recovery development
• May benefit the surrounding areas -
upgraded to reduce accidents, congestions
• Investment in mode and road infrastructure – to
meet the demands and private transportation
Development of Highway Transportation (con’t)

History of road construction

• The Roman Road

• The Metcalf Road

• The Telford Road

• The Macadam Road

• The Modern Road

Development of Highway Transportation (con’t)
Roman Roads
• Used by horses,
chariot, wagon –
pulled by animals
• Made-up from the
stone blocks placed
closed together
• Quite rough- joints
between boulders.
Roman Roads
Development of Highway Transportation (con’t)
Metcalf Roads
• Insisted on good
drainage and
Gravel foundation or subbase
• carriageway was
Excavated arched – assist surface
Road Material water drainage
• Crossing soft ground,
he introduced a
Large Stone subbase raft of
Foundation
bundled heather
Development of Highway Transportation (con’t)
Telford Roads
 Improved ride ability -
‘sandwich’ smaller stones
Gravel between the boulders
 smaller stones filled voids
between the stone blocks –
Broken Stone
compacted until smooth
surface obtained
 Placing layer of bitumen
 Bituminous layer improve the
Hand Pitched
riding quality.
Stone
Development of Highway Transportation (con’t)
Macadam Roads
Camber

Gravel
• Several layers of compacted stones
• Foundation improvement – removing the topsoil
• Big rocks were laid across the pavement and the void fill
with small stones.
• Sustain higher loading. Comfortable due to smooth
riding.
Development of Highway Transportation (con’t)
Modern Roads
 The Modern Roads
 Divided by flexible (asphalt) pavement and rigid (concrete) pavement.
 Basically retains the same concept, i.e. layered structured granular
materials and impervious smooth surface.
 Can sustain higher loads and provide comfort, smooth riding quality and
traffic safety.
Development of Highway Transportation (con’t)

Pre-Independent Era

 Before independent – walking or animal’s cart and few

motorized car by means of footpath and bullock cart tracks
 Rubber plantation and tin mining increase demand for a
better serviceability of road network – weak laterite
 Planning of road in Malaya – British Administration
• Last decade before
independent – tar road
constructed in cities and
town – Mac Adam

• Animal drawn carts to

mechanical and motorized
vehicles
Development of Highway Transportation (con’t)
Post-Independent Era
 Now, Malaysia has one of the finest systems of road network
system in the world
 Bituminous or concrete road – provide accessibility to
residents (urban or rural)
 Expressway stretching from the north to the south of
peninsular Malaysia (PLUS)
 Federal highway – links between states
Development of Highway Transportation (con’t)
Post-Independent Era
1. North South
Expressway (NSE)
2.New Klang Valley
Expressway (NKVE)
3.Federal Highway
Route 2 (Batu tiga-
Klang)
4.Seremban-Port
Dickson Highway
5. ELITE Highway
6.Linkedua (Malaysia-
Singapore)
7.Butterworth-Kulim
Expressway (BKE)
8.Penang Bridge
 HIGHWAY / ROAD CLASSIFICATION
 Road are divided into two group by area:-

Rural Urban

* Located outside * Used for commuting &

of cities shopping trips
* Serve as links * Serve areas of high
between population centers density land
Rural Road
 Expressway
- divided highway for through traffic
- full access control and grade separation at all
intersection.
- speed limit is 110 km/h

 Highway
- link up directly/indirectly federal capitals, state capitals.
- serve long to intermediate trip lengths
- speed high to medium (not important as expressway)
- smooth traffic with partial access control
Rural Road (con’t)
 Primary road
- major roads within a state
- serve intermediate trip lengths & medium travelling speed
- smooth traffic with partial access control
- link up state capitals, district capitals and major towns

 Secondary road
- major road within district
- serve intermediate trip lengths with partial access
control

 Minor road
- apply to all road other than mentioned earlier
- serve mainly local traffic, short trip lengths, no access control
Rural Road Diagram

Primary Road
Secondary Road
Minor Road
Urban Road
 Expressway
- divided highway for through traffic
- full access control and grade separation at all
intersection.
- speed limit is 110 km/h

 Arterial
- continuous road with partial access for through
traffic within urban area
- Convey traffic from residential area to CBD
- smooth traffic flows and carry large traffic volume
Urban Road (con’t)
 Collector
- Serve as collector or distributor between the arterial and
local road system
- partial access control
- penetrate and serve identifiable neighbourhoods,
commercial areas and industrial areas

 Local street
- basic road networks within a neighbourhoods
- serve direct access to abutting land (tanah bersempadan)
- links to the collector road & short trip lengths
- through traffic should be discouraged
Urban Road Diagram
 Highway Administration

State
Federal
• Constructed with state funds
• Under Federal Road Ordinance
• Maintenance – state gov.
• Linking State Capitals, airport, through state JKR
railway station and ports
• Road within the FELDA land Local Authority
scheme
• City Hall, Municipal or Local Council
• constructed with Federal funds
Kampong (District Office)
Private
• Maintain by private company • Usually earth roads maintained
by district office
 Traffic census

Environmental
Capacity Impact
Assessment

Feasibility
Class of Road Study
Structures

Route Finalizing the

Location Route
Feasibility Study (con’t)
 Traffic Census
- Obtain data on traffic census & growth rate & a study
on accident prone areas from Highway Planning Unit
(HPU)
 Capacity
- A relationship between capacity & the no. of lane, lane
width, & level of service (LOS)
 Class of road
- From traffic census and capacity, the class of road can be
determined from the JKR Manual on Geometric Design
 Route Location
- Propose route locations
 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
- It is necessary to balance benefits from major road
schemes with adverse environmental effects due to their
implementations.
 Structures
- propose structures : bridge, tunnels
Route location
Consideration Factors:

 Topography – terrain FLAT? ROLLING?

MOUNTANIOUS?
 Soil condition
 Environment
 Economy/socioeconomic
 Politic
 History
Route location (con’t)
6- Avoid sudden
2- Flat area rather 1- Avoid changes in sight
crossing distance, especially near
than
waterways junction
mountainous
7- Keep grades and
3- Avoid Example: curvature to
destruction/removal
minimum
man-made culture
8- Avoid ground of
4- Avoid deep cuttings and mining subsidence
expensive tunnel
9- Locate highway on soil
5- Locate near to that need least pavement
sources of pavement thickness above it
material
10- River crossing should be
right angle
Transportation Crashes - Contribution
Factors
• High speeds
• Drowsiness • Faulty brakes
• Drinking • Worn tires
• Using cell
phone
• Unfamiliar • Rain
• Fog
• Snow
• Sharp curves • Ice
• Sight distance • Cross
• Skid resistance wind
• Defects: potholes • Land
• Signboard slide
 Malaysia’s total number of road deaths
Source: Austroads increases every year.
 Road Safety in Malaysia
Multimedia
Road Safety Ops STATIK
Campaign /SIKAP/BERSEPADU
Increase awareness Driver’s offences
and understanding of recorded and
road safety How to improve? summonses were given

Proposed
Amendments To Introduction to
Road Safety Act Defensive Driving
1987 Upgrading quality of
Improve heavier instruction, instructors
penalties on drivers – and training facilities at
including mandatory driving school
jail
Kadar Kompaun
 Tidak Pakai Topi Keledar RM100
 Melebihi Had Laju RM150
 Tak Pakai Talipinggang Keledar RM150
 Tiada Lesen Kend. Motor RM150
 Pandu Guna Alat Komunikasi RM150
 Tidak Pamer "P" Depan/Belakang RM70
 Potong Secara Bahaya-Potong Q RM150
 Memandu Di Lorong Kecemasan RM300
 Kesalahan Lampu Merah RM150
 Halangan Lalulintas RM150
 Tak Boleh Buat Pusing U RM150
 Larang Memotong RM150
Road Safety Campaign
Road Safety in Malaysia (con’t)

Safety helmet &

safety clothing
Proposal to
Safety campaigns at Limit Max
state & district level Speeds of
Motorcyclists
How to improve?
To reduce
Proposal for accidents and
Dedicated
Motorcycle Lane
fatalities
Still under study
Be a policy decision by The Ministry of
for proposed new Transport
highway
AWAS system
Automated Awareness Safety
System, integrates both AES
(Automated Enforcement System)
and Kejara demerit points
system.

Focuses on two particular

offences for now – speeding
and running of red lights
Road Safety Audit (RSA)
 Road Safety Audit may be defined as the
formal examination of the planning,
design and construction of road project,
and of the characteristics and operation
of an existing road by independent and
qualified examiners to identify any
potentially unsafe feature or operational
arrangement that may adversely effect
the safety of any road user
Objectives of RSA??
 Identify potential safety hazards on new road projects, at the
appropriate stage, so that they can be eliminated or otherwise
treated to mitigate their adverse effects, at minimum cost
 Identify hazardous features of an existing road so that they
can be eliminated or otherwise treated before they become
accident prone locations.
 To ensure that the safety requirements of all road users are
explicitly consider in the planning design, construction and
operation of road projects.
Stages of RSA
STAGE 1 :
Feasibility &
Planning stage

STAGE 5 : RSA Of STAGE 2 : Draft

An Existing Road (Preliminary
Design Stage)

STAGE 3 :
STAGE 4 : The Pre
Detailed Design
Opening Stage
Stage
Standard application to Malaysian
Roads
Higher design speeds for roads those provide
long distance travel
Lower design speeds for roads those serve local
traffic, where the effect of speed is less
significant
Higher standard for roads with heavier traffic
Design Speed (RURAL)
Design Speed (URBAN)
In Malaysia, design standards for roads are classified into 7
groups for urban & rural categories.
The reason why road design standards in Malaysia need to be
standardized particularly with their geometric design features
are as follows:

To provide a uniformity in the design of roads

based on the performance requirements

To provide consistent, safe and reliable road

facilities for traffic movement

To provide a guide for less subjective decisions on

road design
Design Standards
R6/U6 :
 Highest geometric design
 serve long trips with high speed of travelling, comfort and safety.
 divided carriageway and with full access control
 Rural and Urban Expressway

R5/U5:
 serve long to intermediate trip lengths with high to median travelling
speeds.
 with partial access control,
 Highway, Primary Road and Arterial
R4/U4:
 medium geometric standard
 serve intermediate trip lengths with medium travelling speeds.
 Partial access control
 Primary Road, Secondary Road, Minor Arterial and Major collector

R3/U3:
 low geometric standard and serves mainly local traffic.
 There is partial or no access control.
 Secondary Road, Collector or Major Local Streets
R2/U2:
 the lowest geometric standard for two way flow.
 It is applied only to local traffic with low volumes of commercial traffic.
 Minor Roads and Local Streets

R1/U1:
 very low geometric standard and is applied to very low traffic where the
chances of two way flow is low.

R1a :
 Applied to local access to restricted areas such as access to microwave
stations and security areas.

U1a :
 Applied to local access to low cost housing areas.
The design standards used for various
categories of roads:
Agencies Involved in Highway & Traffic
 JKR (The Public Works Department)
- Implementation of development projects (federal road, state
road, bridge & airport)
- make sure all roads are in a good condition & safety

 JPJ (The Road Transport Department)

- increase road safety through observation of motorized vehicles &
drivers
- implement the Road Transport Act 1987
- Update the road tax system

 LLM (Malaysia Highway Authority)

- plan, design, construct & maintain highway links &
facilities.
- collect the toll & other payment which are related.
Benefits of Highway Privatization
 Reduce government financial burden
 Cost saving due innovation in const.
techniques
 Users enjoy – improved standard of service &
greater accessibility
 Earlier implementation and completion of
highway project
 Create more job opportunity
Roadway Ideal Conditions
Lane width 3.6 m
Clearance 1.8 m
Free-flow speed of 100 km/h
No No Passing Zone on two-lane highway
No parking near the curb
Level terrain
No pedestrians
Only passenger cars in the traffic stream (no heavy vehicles)
Transportation System Challenges
 Transportation system exists to meet perceived social and
economic needs.

 As the transportation system itself evolves, situations arise as a

problem – serve as challenges to the transportation engineering
profession.

 These challenges are

1. Managing congestion – by demand or supply measures
2. Improving safety – traffic accidents concern
3. Providing equal access – poor, elderly, and physically handicapped
4. Protecting the environment – EIA
5. Incorporating new technology – ITS
6. Securing financial resources - funding
Current Issue on transportation problem
 Serious urban traffic congestion
 Highway-related crashes
- Nearly 1.3 million people die in road crashes
each year, on average 3,287 deaths a day.
 Delay
 Parking difficulties
 Pollution
– noise and air (CO,NO, hydrocarbons)
 Unreliable Public Transportation
END of CHAPTER 1