Biology 1 Lecture 7

Concept 1: Descriptive (Taxonomic)

Eukarya
Domain
Eukaryotes

Species Korarchaeotes

Domain Archaea
Euryarchaeotes

Crenarchaeotes

LUCA Nanoarchaeotes

Proteobacteria

Domain Bacteria
Chlamydias

Spirochetes

Cyanobacteria

Gram-positive
bacteria

What is a species? Concept 1: Descriptive (Taxonomic)

Concept 1: Descriptive (Taxonomic) Concept 1: Descriptive (Taxonomic) Concept 1: Descriptive (Taxonomic)

• species has evolutionary integrity

• species descended from a common ancestor

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Biology 1 Lecture 7

Concept 2: Morphological Concept 3: Phylogenetic Concept 3: Phylogenetic

• species is morphologically distinct from other • based on the concept of monophyletic group
groups
• most practiced by taxonomists=morphospecies • defines a species as the smallest monophyletic
group on an evolutionary tree

• monophyletic group: taxa group that contains

all the descendants of a single common
ancestor

Asclepias

Arius manillensis Arius dispar

A clade is a group of species that includes an Some terms
ancestral species and all its descendants
Phylogeny- history of the evolution of a species or
A A A group (note: line of descent and
B Group I B B
C C C relationships!)
D D D
E E Group II E Group III
F F F Phylogenetic “tree”- a diagram showing inferred
G G G
evolutionary relationships
(a) Monophyletic (b) Paraphyletic (c) Polyphyletic group
group (clade) group among species

Santos BS, Quilang JP. 2012. Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Arius manillensis and
Arius dispar (Siluriformes: Ariidae) Populations in Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Philippine
Journal of Science 14(1): 1 – 11.

Concept 3: Phylogenetic
Marine Mammals--not strictly marine

Polar Bear Short Beaked Common Dolphin

Ursus maritimus Delphinus delphis

ORDER ORDER ORDER

CETACEA SIRENIA CARNIVORA

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Biology 1 Lecture 7

Two Patterns of Speciation

? Some unknowns
Anagenesis is the
accumulation of
changes associated
with the
transformation of one
species into another.

Cladogenesis,
branching
evolution, is the
budding of one or
more new species
from a parent
species.

Concept 3: Phylogenetic ? difficult to test breeding

“a species is a single lineage of ancestor-

descendant populations that maintains its identity
from other such lineages and that it has its own
evolutionary tendencies and historical fate”

Wiley, 1981
• deer in Florida and Wisconsin

Concept 4: Biological Species ? Concept 5: Ecological Species

• Some species look • defines a species by its ecological role

and behave
• occupancy of an ecological niche
differently
• Can interbreed and
have viable, fertile
offspring
• Examples:
• interbreeding and production of viable, coyotes, wolves
fertile offspring

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Biology 1 Lecture 7

Concept 5: Ecological Species Same or Different Species? Temporal Isolation

Eastern spotted skunk Western spotted skunk

Eastern meadowlark Western meadowlark (Spilogale putorius) (Spilogale gracilis)
(Sturnella magna) (Sturnella neglecta)
- Late winter breeding - Late summer breeding
Behavioral Isolation

Concept 5: Ecological Species Geographic Isolation Gametic Isolation

Ecological Niche is the functional role of an

organism in the ecosystem.

defined by biotic and abiotic interactions

Concept 5: Ecological Species Habitat Isolation Gametic Isolation

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Biology 1 Lecture 7

Reproductive Barrier Modes of Speciation

Speciation: Obstacles for Gene Flow
Allopatric speciation
- among populations
living in two different
ranges or territories;
geographic isolation
leads to reproductive
isolation

geographic isolation ecological isolation temporal isolation Sympatric speciation

species living in the same
or overlapping ranges
adapt to different
Bradybaena with shells spiraling in opposite directions ecological niches

2005-2006
behavioral isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation

Reproductive Barriers Between Species Reproductive Barrier

• Male donkey x
• Prezygotic barriers Female horse
Mule
• Postzygotic barriers • Mules:
– Healthy (viable)
– Sterile.

Reproductive Barrier Reproductive Barrier Peripatric Speciation

• offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile

Satin Bowerbird McGregor’s Bowerbird

Hybrid cultivated rice plants with

stunted offspring (center)

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Biology 1 Lecture 7

Note

Photos and illustrations came from featured papers herein as

well as from different references and sources (unless sources
are directly cited). Credits to authors of presentations for
Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. and UP-IB faculty, especially Dr.
Quilang for the slides.
Other credits:
• ×
www. adapaproject.org-720 643-Search by image
• ×
www.researchgate.net-476 559-Search by image
• Smithsonian National Zoo @ nationalzoo.si.edu (coyote and wolf); Pam Wolfe (dog)
• www.darkgovernment.com
• ngm.nationalgeographic.com

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