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-fins kerman
Henryk A. Domansk"
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· .
The Cytology of Soft Tissue Tumours
Monographs in
Clinical Cytology
Vol.16
Series Edjtor
KARGER
The Cytology of
Soft Tissue Tumours
Including contribution by
Akerman. Mdns.
The cytology of soft tissue tumours I MAns Akennan, Henryk A. Domanski; in
collaboration with Andcrs Rydholm, Brigina Carlen.
p.; cm. - (Monogrnphs in clinical cytology; vol. 16)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISDN 3-8055-7594-7
I. Solllissue tumors-Cytodiagnosis. 1. Domanski. Henryk A. II. Title. Ill. Series.
[DNLM: I. Cytological Techniques. 2. Soft Tissue Neoplasms. WD 375 A314c 2003]
RC280.S66A3472oo3
616.99'207582-dc21 2003054510
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Contents
IX Preface
X Acknowledgements
Chapter 1
, Soft Tissue Tumours - Basic Information
Chapter 2
2 Fine Needle Aspiration of Soft Tissue Tumours
2 Surgical Biopsy, Core Needle Biopsy or Fine Needle Aspiration in the Primary Diagnosis
3 Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine Needle Aspimlion Biopsy
4 Pitfalls in the Fine Needle Aspiration of Soft Tissue Tumours
4 Complications of Fine Needle Aspiration of Soft Tissue Tumours
4 Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Procedure
5 Classification of the Cytodiagnosis
6 The Final Evaluation of a Soft Tissue TurnOUT Aspirate
6 Ancillary Diagnostic Methods Supplementing the Cytodiagnosis
Chapt... 3
Chapter -4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
103 Cytological Classification of Soft Tissue Tumours Based on the Principal Pattern
103 Pleomorphic Pattern
103 pindle ell Pattern
103 Myxoid Patt rn
103 mall Round/Ovoid ell Pattern
107 Epithelioid Cell Pattern
109 References
113 Index
VI Contents
Preface
The cytological diagnosis of soft tissue tumours, ba ed core needle biopsy offer a number of advantages when used
on fine needle a pirate , ha been debated and at times dis- in the primary diagnosis of soft tis ue tumour .
couraged except in the diagnosi of lipoma. Soft ti ue The purpo e of thi book i to facilitate the cytological
tumours are relatively rare in spite of the fact that more than evaluation ofF A smear from soft ti sue tumours and ug-
100 benign ubtypes, over 50 variant of arcoma and a gest cytological criteria for a histotype diagnosis. The aim is
number of 'border-line' entities have been described. foremost to describe and illustrate the most common entities
lndi idual cytopathologi tare thu not likely to encounter and tho e rare tumour where cytological feature have been
many of the less common variants of oft tissue tumours described in case-reports and in small series.
during their training and may only occasionally needle them The diagnostic u e of ancillary methods is also discus ed
in their later practice. It ha been trongly recommended and illu trated.
that the primary morphological diagnosis of malignant soft The selection of entities which will be presented, their
tis ue tumours as well as other investigations and treatment diagno tic features and differential diagno tic considerations
hould be performed at multidisciplinary centre. Tn prac- are mainly based on the experience with F in the primary
tice, however, it is not possible to refer all patient with soft diagnosis of soft tissue tumours in patients referred to the
tis ue tumour to a musculo keletal tumour centre for pri- Musculoskeletal Tumour Centre, University Hospital, Lund,
mary work-up. Tumours are usually considered to be u pi- Sweden over a 25-year period. Case from the oft tissue
cious if they are large (>5 cm) or deep-seated (inter-or tumour registry of the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group (a mul-
intramuscular). Till implies that the management of the tidisciplinary association with members from all Nordic
majority of oft ti ue tumour i undertaken in general ho - countrie ) have al 0 been u ed. The illu tration have been
pitals. culled from cases in the file of the Department of Pathology
The use of pedal diagnostic methods has led to greater and Cytology Lund University Hospital, which now contains
accuracy in histopathological diagno i in this tumour group. smears from more than 3,000 soft tissue tumours needled
The u e of ancillary method is al 0, no doubt, nece sary in between 1972 and 2002.
many ca e when fine needle a piration ) and cytodi-
agno i i used in primary diagno i making surgical biopsy
unnece sary. A ha repeatedly been demonstrated in other Mans Akerman
tumour entitie , the u e of F A instead of urgical biop y or HelUykA. Domanski
Preface IX
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. vante Orell, Clinpath Laboratories I would like to thank Drs. Annika Dejmek and Karin
Adelaide, Australia for hi help. Svante Grell i the cientific Lindholm of the Department of Clinical Pathology and
editor for the erie Monograph in CLinical Cytology and hi Cytology ofth Uni er ity Ho pital MA of Malmo, weden,
comments and revision of the text have been invaluable. We for introducing me to the fantastic world of cytology and
thank Dr. Walter Ryd, Division of Cytology, Department Dr. Man Akerman of th Department of Pathology and
of Pathology ahlgren's Hospital, Gothenburg, weden for Cytology, University Hospital Lund, weden, my teacher and
letting u use illustrations of hi ca e of desmoplastic small friend, for sharing his broad experience in aspiration cytology.
round cell tumour and Dr. L nnart Mellblom, D partment of
Pathology and Cytology, Kalmar Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden Henryk A. Domanski
for contributing information regarding hi ca e of 0 sifying
fibromyxoid tumour. We also thank Prof. Frederik Mertens
Department of Clinical Genetic , Univer ity Hospital Lund,
for providing figure 6 and 7.
Man Akerman
HenrykA. Domanski
x Acknowledgement
Chapter 1
The incidence of soft tissue tumours is difficult to estimate, Ewing's sarcoma (ES)/primitive neuroectodermal tumour
especially the ratio of benign to malignant. Benign Ie ion are (P ET) family of tumour, rhabdomyo arcoma and pleo-
u ually estimated to be approximately 100 times more fre- morphic liposarcoma are all high-grade malignant, while
quent than sarcomas. Sarcomas are relatively rare, constituting well-differentiated liposarcoma, paucicellular myxoid
about I% of all malignant tumours. In Sweden, the annual liposarcoma, infantile fibrosarcoma and dermatofibro-
incidence of sarcomas of the locomotor system ha been esti- sarcoma protuberans are low grade. Provided that a A
mated to be 1.4/100000. Age-specific incidence rates clearly mear from a sarcoma i technically satisfactory and moder-
demonstrate that soft ti sue sarcoma of the locomotor sy tern ately cellular it i po sible to grade most sarcomas into low-
b com mor common with increa ing age; in on study their grade or high-grade cat gories.
incidence wa 8.0/100,000 for patient 80 year or older. The diagno tic workup of a oft ti ue tumour before ur-
Generally oft ti ue arcoma is more common in males gery include site, type diagnosis and location in relation to
but gender as well as age-related incidence depends on the the surrounding tissues, especially major nerves and ves els.
hi togenetic type. Magnetic re onance imaging i usually be t for thi evalua-
oft ti ue tumour are u ually cia ified hi tog n tically tion. For patient with arcoma lung radiograph and ome-
and within each group they are divided into benign Ie ion time computed tomography scan are obtained; it is
sarcomas and intermediate or borderlin tumours. impOltant to determine whether metastatic disease is present
In this atlas we u e the classification proposed by in order to plan management.
Kemp on et al. [I] and Weis and Goldblum [2], re pectively. In an attempt to predict outcome, to determine appropriate
Since knowledge of the hi totype of a sarcoma alone i not treatment and to make compari on between the results of dif-
alway ufficient to predict clinical cour e and choice ofther- ferent centre everal taging y tern have been proposed.
apy a number of grading systems, based on a variety of However, there is no general consen u a to which one to use.
parameters have been uggested and debated. The most fre- Two which are commonly used are the American AJCC/UICC
quent parameter u ed are cellularity, differentiation, cellular system (American Joint Committee/International Union
and nuclear pleomorphism mitotic rate, necrosis and vascu- Against Cancer) which is based on depth, grade and size, and
lar invasion. The number of grades varies; two, three and four the French F CLCC system (French Federation of Cancer
grade hav been propo d. How ver the hi totype in its If enter) ba d on the arne factors but with a more detailed
may indicate tumour grad . For example, the extraskeletal definition of malignancy grade.
Surgical Biopsy, Core Needle Biopsy or Fine needling of oft tissue masses in children in whom a brief gen-
Needle Aspiration in the Primary Diagnosis ral ana thesia may be needed. An evaluation of the a pirate
within 10-15 min after needling i po ible with a rapid haema-
[n the majority of mu culo keletal tumour centres the toxylin-eosin (HE) or Diff-Quik tain. The adequacy of the
definitive diagnosis of soft ti ue tumours, especially u- material can thus be checked while the patient is waiting, and a
p ct d arcoma , is bas d on the histopathological evaluation prelinlinary diagnosi i sometimes po ible. The purpo e of a
of a biop y ample or a core needle biop y with an outer prelinlinary evaluation is 2-fold: it might give important infor-
diam ter of 1.2-1.4 mm. mation on the type of ancillary diagno tic that hould be u ed
Although A with needles having an outer diameter of and the urgeon can inform the patient and sugge t further
0.4-0.8 rom has been a uIDver ally accepted diagno tic investigations or treatment at hislher flrst visit. Since the diag-
method in the definitive diagnosis of various tumour entitie nosis and treatment of soft tis ue sarcoma should preferably be
for many year, objection have been rai ed to FNA in the centralized to multidi ciplinary tumour centres, it i important
primary diagno i of oft ti sue tumours. The main objection as regard referred pati nts that the nece sary information i
has been the postulated inability to a pirate tumour material obtained rapidly and the number of visits are a few a po si-
ufficient for reliable histotype diagnosis with a thin needle. ble. Experience from the Musculo keletal Tumour Centre at the
Due to the numerou subtypes and morphological hetero- niversity Hospital of Lund has hOWD that for patients
geneity among pecific entitie, oft ti u tumour have referred to th centr for tumours suspicious ofmalignancy one
been con idered to pose some ofthe greatest diagnostic chal- vi it was usually ufficient when the tumour proved to be
lenges in surgical pathology and routine light microscopy is benign at the combined evaluation of clinical examination,
often not ufficient for a diagno tic evaluation. Additional fNA diagno i and radiographic examination, if any [3].
diagnostic methods such as histochemistry, immunohisto- ore needle biop y i a1 0 an outpatient procedure, but
chemistry, electron micro copy (EM), D A ploidy analysi a preliminary diagnosis is less feasible than with FNA. F A
and chromo omal analy i and molecular genetic often have also permits sampling of different part of large tumour to
to be applied to reach a reliable diagno is. e aluate tumour heterogeneity, pro iding important informa-
However, article and book chapters on oft tissue tion in, for example, lipomatou tumour.
tumours as a target for FNA began to appear at the beginning A novel diagnostic approach recently tested at our centre is
of the 1980 . The first ca eerie pu bli hed were often mall a combination of fNA and core needle biopsy in selected
and the diagno tic workup was not critically inve tigated. patient referred for FNA. The FNA as well a the core needle
In spite of a negative attitude to FNA among surgeons, biopsy is perform d by the cytologist at the same visit. This
oncologists and pathologists, it has been shown that the same approach combines the advantages of both sampling methods:
advantage which have made F A a fir t-choice diagno tic ampling from different parts of large tumours, a rapid prelim-
approach in breast tumour, thyroid tumour, alivary gland inary report, the po ibility to evaluate the ti sue architecture in
tumour or malignant lymphomas are al 0 applicabl in the the core biop y (often difficult in an F mear) (fig. I a, b).
diagnostic workup of a oft ti sue tumour. In addition material sufficient for various ancillary methods
FNA of a suspected soft tissue tumour is an outpatient pro- such as irnmunohi tochemistry, EM and cytogenetic/molecular
cedure. 0 ane the ia i neces ary. One exception is the genetic analyses [4] i obtained with greater certainty.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine Needle Aspiration but the case eries have been mall and the number of
Biopsy arcomas evaluated often few [5-8]. Only a few large erie
from multidi plinary centres have been publi hed. In a
Several reports of diagnostic accuracy (i.e. differentiation retrospective 20-year study of 517 tumour , 315 benign and
of benign vs. malignant proce s) have been publi hed. 202 arcoma cases of the extremities and trunk from the
Accuracy has been greater than 90% in most publications Mu culoskeletal Tumour Centre, Univer ity Ho pital of
Pitfalls in the Fine Needle Aspiration of Soft Complications of Fine Needle Aspiration of
Tissue Tumours Soft Tissue Tumours
There are three important limitations to F A in the In our experience of F of more than 25 year in the
diagnosis of oft ti sue tumours [11-12]. primary diagnosis of soft tis ue tumours in patients referred
(I) The needle may miss the tumour and a false diagnosis to our Mu culo keletal TWTIour Centre we have ne er expe-
i made on the basi of cell aspirated from the tis ue rienced any severe complication. Patients have, at mo t,
urrounding it. Reactive cellular change in the adipo e tis- complained of tendem s and, in ca es of ubcutaneous
sue may mimick lipo arcoma and p eudomalignant reactive tumours, of haemorrhage. We have not seen a single case of
changes in fibroblasts and myofibroblasts may suggest infection and never experienced clinical signs of sarcoma
a pleomorphic arcoma. Thi diagnostic difficulty most often cell eeding in the needle track. It i to be remembered that
occur when mall, deep-seated, inter- or intramu cular F A i the lea t ti ue-de tructi e in asive diagno tic
tumour are needled. It is important that the per on perform- method.
ing the aspiration has enough experience to be able to evalu-
ate whether the material obtained might be consi tent with
th tumour in que hon (ag , history, site, ize, and palpatory Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Procedure
findings). It i recommended that mall, deep- eated twnours
be needled with ultra ound guidance. Practical Considerations
(2) Insufficient or technically suboptimal material may The aspiration technique is the arne a for other target
result in a false diagnosis or preclude any diagnosis at all. for FNA. We have found that a syringe holder which allows
The temptation of making a diagnosis on quantitatively or aspiration with one hand is es ential for succe s. Needle
qualitatively insufficient material must be resisted. It is wider than 22 gauge (0.7 mm) are very rarely necessary. The
a fact that some tumours are difficult to diagno e by FNA. length of the needle depend on the ite of the tumour. For
Va cular tumour mo t often yield predominantly blood and deep-seated tumours, needle with a tylet are recom-
very few cells and in various tumours rich in dilated vessels mended. The stylet strengthens the needle and prevents cells
the aspirates may be very bloody but contain very few from surrounding ti sue from being included in the mear.
tumour cell . Another difficulty i to obtain a ufficient Thorough palpation and e: timation of ize, ite and con i -
number of cells from tumours with an abundant collagenous tency of the tumour is e entia!. Since the surgeon often may
or hyalinized background matrix. Extensive necrosi , cy tic want to determine the point of in ertion of the needle, close
degeneration or haemorrhage can also make diagnostic communication with the urgeon is mandatory. If the
a piration very difficult. In general, however, with adequate urgeon doe not indicate the insertion point, the twnour i
ampling, it i po sible to obtain ufficient material for needled through the vertex. In ca e of u peeted sarcoma the
diagnosis. insertion point can, at the request of the urgeon be tattoed
(3) Mi interpretation of the material is, however, the so that the needle track can be removed at urgery (fig. 2).
main cause of false diagnoses. There are a number of Our policy is to perform at most 5 F A pa se , all through
the arne in ertion point. Due to tumour ti ue heterogeneity, When the treatment include neoadjuvant therapy (radio-
e peciaJly in large tumours, it i important to ample ti ue therapy or chemotherapy followed by urgery the
from differ nt part of tbe tumour. iliagno i mu t equal that of a hi topathological e aluation
The microscopic evaluation hould be based on both wet- a regard illstotype and malignancy grade.
fixed [HE or Papanicolaou (pap)] and air-dried [May- At pre ent neoadju ant therapy i u ed for rhabdomyosar-
Griinwald-Giemsa ( GG) or Diff-Quik] smears. coma, neuroblastoma the extra keletal EwingfP ET family
The wet-fixed material i uperior for e aluation of nuclear of tumour and in om centre elected ca of oft ti ue
detail such a chromatin structure and nucleoli willie the arcoma .
MGG taining giv exceU nt information on cytopla mic On the oth r hand, in ca e of a b nign oft ti u tumour
detail and the background matrix. or reactive soft ti sue Ie ion the surgeon often want to know
the hi totype in order to inform the patient of the two treat-
Cytodiagnosis ment option : ob ervation/follow-up or local excision.
One common objection to F A in the primary diagnosi Ob ervation may be ugge ted in the pseudosarcomatou
of oft ti sue tumour is the uppo ed inability to correctly soft tissue lesions, especially nodular fasciitis and pseudo-
and reliably diagno e the numerou different histotypes in malignant myositi 0 ifican and in case of lipoma or
mear . However the nece ary diagno tic level for a soft neurilemoma and de moid fibromato i . A helling out of
ti ue tumour i determined by the primary treatment envi - the tumour is sufficient treatment for most benign soft tissue
aged in the individual case. First of all the surgeon mu t tumour except de moid fibromato i , willch require more
know whether the tumour in que tion i a true oft ti ue exten ive margin due to i infiltrative growth.
Ie ion/tumour or a oft ti ue meta ta i or a primary oft
tis ue lymphoma. In ca e of arcoma the tandard treatment
in the majority of ca e i primary radical surgery ometime Classification of the Cytodiagnosis
followed by radiotherapy. The type of surgical intervention
d pend mor on the ite ( ubcutan 01lS or d p) ize and tandardiz d reporting i an ad antag both to the urg on
the relation of the arcoma to ve el nerv bundle and and to the cytopathologi 1. At our Mu culo keletal Tumour
perio teum than on the hi totype. Thu a reliable diagno i of Centre w have for many year u ed four main diagno e :
arcoma i sufficient for the surgeon in tho e ca es where benign, sarcoma, other malignancy or inconclusive.
primary radical surgery i the propo ed treatment. lnconclu i e means either that tbe material i in ufficent for
a b
Antibody'
Mu c1e- pecific actin Leiomyosarcoma - 0-90%+
Rhabdomyosarcoma -90%+
mooth mu cle actin ( MA) Leiomyosarcoma -90%+
Desmin Leiomyosarcoma -70-75%+
Rhabdomyosarcoma -9 95%+
D R T -90%+
xtrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumour (some)
Caldesmon Leiomyosarcoma
Myoglobin Rhabdomyosarcoma -40%+
MyoDI Rhabdomyosarcoma >90%+
-100 protein MP T -40-50%+
Round cell liposarcoma -60-70%+
Clear cell sarcoma -80%+
EMC -20-40%+
Synovial sarcoma -30%+
neurilemoma, leiomyo arcoma, solitary fibrous tumour and All antibodi u d in soft ti sue tumour diagno i are
occasionally in the type diagnosis of ynovial sarcoma. 1 is an uitable for formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded ti ue
important diagno tic a et in the pecific diagno i ofangio ar- and well suited for the small tis ue of successful cell block
coma and small round cell arcomas. preparations (fig. 3a-c) (table 2).
We have found Ie on ceU block preparations from aspi- The diagoo tic value of EM is still significant in spite
rates more reliable than on cytocentrifuge preparation . of the vast u of immunostaining. EM in the diagno tic
36
I-t1-----------1 DNA Index: 1.41
Area: 108.4 IL2
f --t
C Cells: 41
::> 2 3 4 5
0 Second peak
u 24
=ai
0
Mass: 0.0 pg.
DNA index: 0.00
Area: 0.0 1L2
•
12 Cells: 0
II 1.1
Field count: 75
Tolal cell count: 120
6 7 8 9 10 11/12
0 8 16 24 32 Cells displayed: 100
DNA mass picograms Cells oft scale: 0
..
11:
__ '.84
0 92
.
1.11
1.11
1.84
1.09
1.39
0
1.35
0
1.<19
0
0.00
0.07
0.00
5.21
0.83
76.67 92
, o.
13 14 15 16 \ 17 18
I
...2.22
3.66
_ _ 2.22
2.22
3.66
4.«
0.00
2.72
0.00
0.00
2.58
0.00
0.00
0.22
0.00
0.00
6.37
0.00
0.00
5.83
0.00
0
7
0
- .--,-- -- ,
17.61 2.72 2.58 0.22 6.37 5.83 7 19 20 21 22 x X
Fig. 5. Image cytometry of a high-grade malignant oft tis ue Fig. 6. FNA of a myxoid liposarcoma processed for karyotyping.
arcoma. Aneuploid cell population. The typical translocation t(12; 16) i marked.
F M as well a rCM can be performed on fine needle An unequivocal non-diploid cell population indicates
a pirate . One ad antage with r M i that previou Iy tained arcoma and furthermore a high-grade sarcoma [45] while
a pirate may be de tained, re tained with Feulgen and a diploid or tetraploid hi togram i of no diagno tic value.
analyz d. We ha found D A ploidy analysi of limit d A di advantage with FCM is that false diploid hi tograms
diagnostic value in the evaluation of a soft tissue tumour aspi- may occur [62, 63]. Through comparative FCM and ICM
rate in the differential diagnosis of benignity and malignancy. analy es on the same ti sue specimen it has become evident
that diploid or inconclusive FCM hi tograms in ti ue transcripta e-polymera e chain reaction (RT-PCR; when the
pecimen as well a in aspirate hould be upplemented gene involved in a diagno tic chromo omal aberration, mo t
with ICM to avoid fat ere: ult . often a translocation, are known) are easier to perform on
ytogenetic analysis has emerged as a promising diag- FNA, because the number of cell necessary for these analyses
no tic adjunct in soft tis ue tumour diagno i . Karyotyping, are far Ie than for conventional karyotyping, and dividing
fluore cent in situ hybridization (Fl H) and molecular cell are not n ce ary (fig. 7). The hith rto known diagno tic
genetic analysis can be performed on FNA from muscu- chromosomal aberrations are listed in table 3.
loskel tal tumours [64-68] (fig. 6). FISH or reverse
One reason for a false-positive diagnosis of sarcoma in a with elongated cytoplasmic processes. The nuclei are
soft tis ue tumour a pirate is the mi interpretation of benign, rounded, ovoid or fusiform with regular chromatin and small
reactive cellular changes in benign condition. nucleoli, if any. The cell are een either a di sociated or in
small clusters or runs of loosely attached cells. Stripped
nucl i are not uncommon (fig. ).
Fibrous Tissue Reactive fibroblasts/myofibroblasts show irrespective of
cause, a wide variation in ize and shape. The cells become poly-
ormal fibrobla t myofibrobla t appear in F A am- hedral or triangular, often with rather abundant cytoplasm. They
pies as spindle-shaped cells with slender cytoplasm, often may show angulated cytopla mic extension or cytoplasmic
proce ses. The nuclei vary in size and shape (rounded, ovoid, Adipose Tissue
spindle- haped) and nucleoli may be large and prominent.
Binucleated cell are not uncommon (fig. 9a, b). ormal adipose tis ue i een as mall fragment or clus-
Typical example of the pleomorphic appearance of reac- ters of large cells with abundant univacuolated cytoplasm
tive fibrobla ts/myofibroblasts are seen in the pseudomalig- and small, dark, regular nuclei. A discrete network of thin
nant, benign oft tis ue Ie ion, e pecially in nodular fasciiti capillarie is often ob erved. Di ociated adipocyte are
and proliferative myositis. uncommon.
size and shape. They are rounded, polyhedral, strap-shaped or uniform in size and often harbour a prominent nucleolus. The
tadpole-like. The cytoplasm is den ely eosinophilic in HE and nuclei are typically arranged in row, eccentrically located
dark blue in MGG. The multiple nuclei are moderately large, (fig. lla-c).
Table 4. A ulllluary of benign 'pseudomalignant changes' in aspirated material from fibrous and adipose tissue and striated muscle
Regenerating muscle fibres are mainly found within A A summary of the reactive cytological changes in fibrou
sample from tumour infiltrating striated mu cleo Typical tissue, adipose tissue and striated muscle is pr sented in
example are infantile fibromato is colli and desmoid fibro- table 4.
matosis.
Pleomorphic lipomas may have a myxoid stroma and collagen A variable number of large cells with hyperchromatic
bundles similar to those in spindle cell lipoma are often pres- nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm (HE) both in the back-
ent. Transitional forms between pleomorphic and spindle cell ground and in tissue fragments
lipoma are fairly commOll. The giant cells stain for C034. A variable number of 'floret cells'
Clusters or runs of spindle cells seen in transitional forms
Differential diagnosis
Cytological features of pleomorphic lipoma (fig. 170, b) Well-differentiated liposarcoma (atypical lipomatous
Fragments of mature fat tumour)
• • ••
• • • •
• •
• •
•
•
• •
•
- • •
•
.-
•
• •
•
•
•
- •
•
•
Fig. 16. pindle cell lipoma. a Scattered pindle cell and fTagment
f lIagen-hyaline fibre in a myxoid background with mall fatty
vacuole. MGG. High magnification. b niform population of spin-
die cells with bland nuclei. HE. High magnification. c The collagen-
C ...... ""-.....:3 :;...._....:z"-- -='--_....;..._ hyaline fibre are brightly eo inophilic with HE.lligh magnification.
Cytological features or chondroid lipoma ((Ig. 20a-d) Chondrocyte-like cells sometimes seen in the back-
Variable amount of myxo-chondroid background matrix ground matrix
Clusters or groups of mature large adipocytes mixed with Differential diagnosis
clusters or groups of uni- or rnultivacuolated lipoblast- Myxoid liposarcoma
like cells Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma
Lipoblast-like cells have irregular nuclei of varying sizes.
often lobulated or grooved
• b
,'---- d
Fig. 20. Chondroid lipoma. a Low power vicw of groups of vacuo- background. MGG. High magnificlltion. c Lipoblast-like cells.
lated cells with a partly myxoid. partly fatty background. MOG. Low MOO. High magnification. d Wet-fi....ed smear showing irregular
magnification. b A group of chondroblast-like cells in a myxohyaline nuclei with folded nuclear membranes. HE. High magnification.
Tissue Sarcoma Registry of the Scandinavian Sarcoma Three large groups of liposarcomas arc identified: well-
Group (a multidisciplinary group with members from all differentiated/dedifferentiated, myxoid/round cell, and
Nordic coulitries) liposarcoma was the third moSI common pleomorphic.
sarcoma.
The majority of liposarcomas arc deep-seated, intra- or Well-Differemiated alld Dediffiremiated LiposG/Y:oma
intermuscular, and the most common sites are the extremi- Well-differentiated liposarcoma occurs most commonly
ties, trunk and retroperitoneum. in late adult life (age 60-70). About 75% are intramuscular
Histopathology Comment
There is a predominance of mature fat cells combined The cytological diagnosis of dedifferentiated liposarcoma
with a variable amount of atypical cells with irregular hyper- is based on the presence of mature fat cells and a highly
chromatic nuclei and multi vacuolated lipoblasts. The atypical cellular population. As these tumours are often large
lipoblasts are usually infrequent. The atypical cells are either it is important to collect material from various areas. espe-
situated among the mature fat cells or in fibrotic strands or cially from sites which arc considered non-lipomatous by
trabeculae, and are also commonly seen in the perivaseular radiographic imaging.
tissue or within the vessel walls.
Myxoid/Round Cell Liposarcoma
About 500!o of liposarcomas are diagnosed as myxoidl
Cytologicol feawres ofwelkJifferenrioted liposarcoma (~g.llo-d) round cell liposarcoma. These two variants share the same
A predominance of mature fat cells arranged in clusters cytogenetic abnormality: t( 12; 16)(q 13;p II) with fusion of
or sheets the CHOP gene on chromosome 12 with the TlS gene on
Variable presence of fusiform. rounded or polygonal. large chromosome 16.
atypical cells with irregular hyperchromatic nuclei
Rare multivacuolated lipoblaslS MYXOid Liposarcoma
Variable presence of fragments of fibrous tissue with I-listopathology
atypical cells Myxoid liposarcomas are multilobulated tumours with an
Differential diagnosis abundant myxoid matrix. A plexiform capillary vessel oct-
Upoma work is a typical finding and cellularity is rather low. The
Fat necrosis with lipophages tumour cell population is composed ofboth spindle cells and
,-----:>.
Fig. 22. Wcll-difTCTCnlialcd liposarcoma (atypical lipomatous magnification. c Multivacuolatcd lipoblasls may be presenl but are
d
lumour). a Scallered large cells with hyperchromatic nuclei within a not necessary for the diagnosis. MGG. High magnification.
fragment of mature adipose tissue. HE. Low magnification. b The d Multinucleated noret cells may also be present in well-differentiated
atypical cells often have irregular, hyperchromatic nuclei. HE. High liposarcoma. HE. High magnification.
"
....
...., ,." . ---
oO.
. . .••' . "
I" - ; ...
°
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'3 ...." ••• i • •
• ""'.- ••~.II\" ,••
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~.,
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o .... .
I
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u'll· ..
+ t ' ·'t.~~
··
~,
._~
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'
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-
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.1..",....
"
4~
'"
-
,
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,-
.
."..... "J'
-..."
~
..
-
il"
110'
.....
•
..
. . • ' ..
:_ • • ": " • • 1:_
'
• b
Fig. 21. Myxoid liposarcoma. a Low power view showing the typi-
cal appearance of myxoid liposarcoma. MGG. Low magnification.
b Another low power view stained with HE. Note that the myxoid
background is less evident. Low magnil1cation. c This high pQY.'er
viC\\' shows a capillary network. muhivacuolatcd lipoblasls and
rounded tumour cells embedded in myxoid matrix. MGG. High
magnification.
myxoid background. The vessel fragments in myxofibrosar- Myxoid matrix and capillary network less conspicuous
coma are found in the background matrix and are non- than in myxoid liposarcoma
branching coarse fragments. Rounded tumour cells with scanty cytoplasm and
rounded nuclei with irregular chromatin
Round cell Liposarcoma Atypical lipoblam
Histopathology Mitoses may be found
Pure round cell Iiposllrcoma or foci of round cell liposar- Differential diagnosis
coma in myxoid liposarcoma arc composed of sheets of Other types of round cell sarcoma infiltrating adipose
rounded cells with scanty cytoplasm and rounded, atypical tissue
nuclei oOen with nucleoli. The myxoid background is lcss evi· Soft tissue metastasis of renal carcinoma
dent or absent. Atypical lipoblasts are present among the
tumour cells but may be difficult to identify. Comment
True round cell liposarcomas are rare. Most are com-
posed of both typical myxoid liposarcoma tissue and highly
Cytological features of round cell liposarcoma (fig. 240, h} cellular areas as described above. [n histopathology the
Variable proportions of dispersed tumour cells and highly terms paucicellular and cellular myxoid liposarcoma,
cellular tumour fragments respectively, have been proposed instead of myxoid and
Stripped nuclei common round cells. The metastatic potential is increased if 25% or
Cytological features o(pleomorphic liposarcoma (fig. 250, b) Variable presence of tumour cells with multiple hyaline
Dispersed cells and cell clusters cytoplasmic droplets
Necrosis commonly seen in fragments Differential diagnosis
Pleomorphic tumour cells. including multinucleated giant Pleomorphic high-grade sarcoma of another lineage
tumour cells
Variable presence of highly atypical uni- or multinucleated
lipoblasts
I- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Benign lipomalOIlS II/mow
Cytological features Notes
I- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - '
Myxoid liposarcoma
Cytological features
If infiltrating striated muscle. regenerating multinucleated mixture of collagen fragments and fibroblasts, differential
muscle fibres (,muscle giant cells') diagnosis of the spindle cell tumours noted above is difficult.
Differential diagnosis Smears of a desmoid with myxoid matrix may be mistaken
Nodular fasciitis for nodular fasciitis but the cell population of desmoids is
Deep-seated leiomyoma less pleomorphic than that of nodular fasciitis, and the gan-
Low-grade fibrosarcoma glion cell-like cells arc not present. Ie is of limited help; pos-
Low-grade malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour itive staining for 5-100 prolCin or widespread desmin
(MPNST) positivity excludes desmoid.
Monophasic fibrous synovial sarcoma
Solitwy Fibrous Tumour
Comment Solitary fibrous tumour may occur in almost any sile of
Abundant collagenous matrix may make needling diffi- the body besides the pleura.
cult; the yield may be poor in spite of vigorous aspiration. Those of soft tissue mosl often occur in adults as a deep-
If the yield is poor and does not include the characteristic seated mass.
Fig. 27. Proliferative myositis. Uni- or binuc1catcd cells with (arrow). MGG. Medium magnification. b, < The eell population
abundant cytoplasm and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli consists of fibroblasts with spindle-shaped or ovoid nuclei. A mod-
predominate in proliferative myositis. MGG. High magnification. erate anisokaryosis is nOt uncommon. MGG, HE. High
Fig. 28. Dcsmoid fibromatosis. a A characteristic feature is the magnification.
association of fibroblasts wilh collagenous stromal fragments
,L -l
d
Fig. 29. Solitary fibrous tumour. a A cell-tight three-dimensional HE and MGG. High magnification. d Positive CD)4 staining.
frogment surrounded by dispersed cells. HE. Low magnification. Cell block preparation. Medium magnification.
b, c The constituent cells arc spindle-shaped with bland nuclei.
, .....
Fig.lO. Elastofibroma. aA hypoccllular smear of spindly, fibroblast-
;,-.--_.....
magnification. c. d Thc diagnostic fcature ofclastofibroma is the pres-
like cells, dominated by clastic fibres. MGG. Low magnification. cncc of fragmcnts of serrated clastic fibres. MGG, at timcs appearing
b The fibroblast-like cells have uniform bland nuclei. HE. Medium in the smears as cog-wheel-like Siructures. HE. High magnification.
Comment Histopathology
The cytological diagnosis of elastofibroma is difficult. The pattern is fascicular, the fascicles of cells are often
The main diagnostic feature is the presence of degenerate arranged in a herringbone-like pattern. The tumour cells arc
clastic fibres. fibroblasl-Iikc, exhibiting variable nuclear atypia. The
stroma is variably fibrous.
Malignant Tumours
Cytological (eatures o( adult fibrosarcoma
Adult FiblVsarcoma Uniform population of spindle cells, both dispersed and
Adult fibrosarcoma is al present considered as a rare arranged in clusters or fascicular structures
tumour and a diagnosis of exclusion. It is a deep-sealed Stripped nuclei not uncommon
tumour of elderly adults and the limbs arc the mOsl frequent Spindle-shaped ceUs with fusiform nudei and elongated
sites. The majority of sarcomas formerly diagnosed as cytoplasm
fibrosarcoma are today classified either as monophasic
synovial sarcoma or MPNST.
Fibrous Hamartoma ofInfallc)' The spindle cells are uniform with bland nuclei
Fibrous hamartoma of infancy is very rare after the age of Differentiol diagnosis
2 years and typically presents as a subcutaneous mass in the Infantile fibrosarcoma
upper arm or around the shoulder.
Histopathology
Cytologicol features of ftbrous hamartoma of infancy mg. 330, b) Fascicles of tightly packed fibroblasts with slight nuclear
Mixture of mature adipose tissue and clusters or runs of atypia and oftcn numerous mitoses. Myxoid stroma and
spindly cells areas of round cells as well as a haemangiopcricytoma-likc
More or less abundant tufts of myxoid background sub- vascular pattern may be seen. Lymphocytic infiltrates and
stance haemorrhages and foci of necrosis may be found.
Infantile fibrosarcoma is rarely described in the cytologi- The cellular population is uniform, nuclei bland with slight
cal literature. We have needled one case, a large tumour in the atypia
lower leg. Mitoses
Differen6al diagnosis
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Cytolagical (eatures a(in(ontile pbrosorcamo ((Jg. 340, b) Childhood fibromatosis
Rich yield Fibrous hamartoma of infancy
Clusters, runs or fascicular fragments of three-
dimensional tightly packed spindle cells
Comment
In our limited experience the spindle cell population is mixture of round and spindle cells may be mistaken
very similar in FNA smears of fibrous hamartoma and of for rhabdomyosarcoma. Ie and EM are helpful in this
infantile fibrosarcoma. Infantile fibrosarcoma showing a differential diagnosis.
Fibrohistiocytic Tumours
Some of the variants of fibrohistiocytic tumours are the tendon sheath is part of the soft tissue tumour spectrum in
most common objects of FNA. Myxofibrosarcoma and every FNA clinic and some cases of dcnnatofibrosarcoma
'malignant fibrous histiocytoma' arc the most frequent protuberans are also biopsied.
sarcomas referred for FNA, localized giant cell tumour of
Fig.36. Dcrmatofibro5aTwma protubenm$. a Spindle cells forming present. MGG. LQw magnification. c, d The tumour cclls exhibit mild
three-dimensional, cell-tight fascicles. HE. Low magnification. pleomorphism, bland nuclear chromalin and small nucleoli. HE,
b Stripped nuclei and a cytoplasmic background substance are often MGG. High magnification.
Myxofib/Vsarcoma (Myxoid 'Type ofMFH) cellular areas. Tumour cells with vacuolated cytoplasm are
The typical clinical presentation of myxofibrosarcoma is also found (pseudolipoblasts).
that of a subcutaneous tumour. Myxofibrosarcoma occurs The appearance of myxofibrosarcoma in smears has been
most commonly in the limbs of elderly patients (60-80 years reported in two series [28, 29),
of age) [86].
Some cells have a vacuolated cytoplasm or contain fasditis, no or only individual fragments of coarse vessels are
droplets of mucoid material (blue-violet in MGG) found in the myxoid background, while myxofibrosarcoma
Marked nuclear pleomorphism in high-grade tumours frequently exhibits curved courser vessel fragments best
Fragments of curved vessels present in the myxoid back- observed in pancicellular areas.
ground; few vessels in relation to cell clusters or aggre- Ie is of limited value. 5-100 protein positivity in
gates lipoblast-like cells is a feature of myxoid liposarcoma.
Differential diagnosis The tumour cells in myxofibrosarcoma are focally aetin
Intramuscular myxoma positive and consistently vimentin positive.
Nodular fascjjris
Myxoid liposarcoma
Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma Smooth Muscle Tumours
•
,
.
.'
.,
,
•
•
•
, ...._-----_....._- ........1_... = ......
Fig. 38. My:<ofibrosarcoma, low and high grade. a Cell clusters and
dispersed cells in a myxold background. MGG. Low magnification.
b Mildly atypical spindle cells from a low-grade tumour. MGG. High
magnification. c Cellular atypia is obvious in this high-grade tumour.
.......;:.--_• ........._-_......._.........
HE. High magnil1c3lion. d, e Irrespective of grade. curved vessel
fragments in the myxoid background arc an important diagnostic
sign. HE. High magnification.
that the cytopathologist correctly diagnoses an angiomyoma cylindroma, as the cellular features of these lesions are not
as a benign tumour and excludes nodular fasciitis since most present in angiomyoma. Glomus tumours typically are sub-
cases of nodular fasciitis regress and therefore only a wait- ungual and composed of rounded cells. Neurilemoma is the
and-sec strategy is adopted. As regards the other benign enti- most difficult pitfall as neurilemoma as well as angiomyoma
ties in the differential diagnoses, surgical intervention, if any, are painful at needling and the cellular composition of the
is the same. If smears are cellular or moderately cellular it two entities is similar. Ifmaterial can be saved for IC, staining
is possible to exclude granular cell tumour and cutaneous for desmin and 5-100 is helpful.
, .... _-------------
Fig. 41. Leiomyosarcoma, fascicular pattern. a Fascicular frag- nuclei. HE. High magnification. cNuclci in 'tandem position'. HE.
ments of cohesive cells. Note the few dispersed large cells in the High magnification. d Nuclei in 'tandem position'. ThinPrep
background. MGG. Low magnification. b Moderately pleomor- preparation. Pap. High magnification.
phic elongated blunt-ended, cigar-shaped or truncated (arrows)
pleomorphism with the presence of multinucleated tumour Magenta-coloured or blue background matrix in cellular
giant cells, admixture ofosteoclast-like giant cells and necrosis. aggregates and fascicles
In FNA smears three different patterns arc present: pre- Cytoplasmic borde~ indistinct in aggregates and fascicles
dominantly fascicular, predominantly pleomorphic and Moderately pleomorphic elongated nuclei of which many
fascicular/pleomorphic. One series of the cytological- are blunt-ended, cigar-shaped and truncated; nuclei in'tan-
histological correlation of leiomyosarcoma has been dem pOSition'
published [30]. Often coa~e nuclear chromatin, nucleoli may be prominent
Variable presence of dispersed cells, often with large
hyperchromatic. degenerate stripped nuclei
Cytological (eatures of leiomyosarcoma. predomjnonrJy fascicular Differential diagnosis
pattern (fil!. 4 1a-d) Deep leiomyoma
Very variable yield; sarcomas with hyaline degeneration Neurilemoma (especially ancient neurilemoma)
difficult to aspirate Desmoid fibromatosis
Fascicular fragments and cellular aggregates of cohesive cells MPNST
the three main 'classic' subtypes: embryonal, alveolar and sidered prognostically unfavourable. Pure pleomorphic
pleomorphic. rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive sarcoma in adults.
The NCI and ICR classifications stress that embryonal
rhabdomyosarcoma (all variants) belong to a prognostically Emblyonaf Rhabdomyosarcoma
favourable group while the alveolar type, including all rhab· Close to 50% of all rhabdomyosarcoma are embryonal,
domyosarcomas showing an alveolar pattern focally, are con- most common in children below the age of 10. The most
45.
Cyro/ogical feawres of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma panel. The large atypical rhabdomyoblast.like cells are often,
mg. 460. b) at least focally, myoglobin positive.
Dispersed cells and cell clusters
Marked cellular and nuclear pleomorphism
Atypical spindle cells. large atypical rhabdomyoblast-like Tumours of Peripheral Nerves
cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm (HE). multi-
nucleated tumour cells Among the various benign tumours and lesions of
Differential diagnosis peripheral nerves, neurilemoma (schwannoma) is the most
Other types of pleomorphic sarcoma common in FNA-filcs. Neurofibromas arc occasionally
biopsied, especially in patients with von Recklinghausen's
Comment disease and growing tumours which are referred with a ques-
Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma and pleomorphic tion of malignant transformation. There arc individual reports
leiomyosarcoma may exhibit Quite a similar cytomorphology ofFNA ofthe rare pcrincurioma, whilc case reports and a fcw
in smears. As dcsmin is positive in both tumours, specific series of granular cell tumour have been published. MPNST
skeletal muscle markers such as monoclonal myoglobin, are infrequently subjected to FNA, and many of those
MyoDl andlor myogenin should be included in the antibody needled are associated with von Recklinghausen's disease.
47e 47f
Cytological features of granular cell tumour (fsg. 50a-c) Nuclei are mainly small, rounded, with finely granular
Individual cells and cells in cohesive clusters chromatin and small nucleoli
Stripped nuclei and cytoplasmic granular background A number of cells with larger nuclei with coarse chro-
commonly seen matin and large nucleoli is present in almost every case
Preserved cells are rounded. polygonal or spindly with Differential diagnosis
abundant granular cytoplasm Hibernoma
Preserved cells have indistinct cytoplasmic borders Adult rhabdomyoma
Alveolar soft part sarcoma
•
•-
.;"'
~., : "'s;,....
. .. ~
.(~, "#~ •• ...-
"'f;'· ~. ~
. . . ....!--~.... ~
~."
f ;-." .~
'""
.. ..
.... '- - .....,.·_-"'OL__----' b
,"-....1_... d
Fig.52. MPNST. a A group of loosely cohesive. modCT31cly atypical c Variable nuclear pleomorphism. HE. High magnification. d Nuclei
cells with a fibrillary background. HE. Low magnification. b Spindle- in MPNST may have rounded ends similar 10 leiomyosarcoma. MGG.
shaped cells Wilh elongated nuclei wilh pointed ends or comma- High magnification.
shaped. Note fibrillary background. HE. Medium magnification.
criteria for diagnosis are lacking or incomplete in most types. Paucicellular smears
Many variants have so far not been described and for others Small runs or groups of spindly cells in variable, often low
only individual case reports have been published. numbers
Of the benign varieties, haemangioma (subcutaneous and Intact cells have elongated nuclei with pointed ends and
intramuscular) is the one most often referred for FNA. It has thin cytoplasmic processes
been suggested that cytological criteria for a confident diag- Variable presence of histiocytes, including siderophages
nosis of hacmangiorna may be present in smears [97] but in Variable presence of fragments of adipose tissue with or
our experience, a suggested diagnosis of hacmangioma is in without vessel fragments
the majority of cases an exclusion diagnosis supplemented Differential diagnosis
by clinical and radiographic findings. Any benign soft tissue tumour, which is richly vascularized
and predominantly composed of spindle cells
Benign adipose tumours
Cytological (eatures o(haemangioma (fig. 53a, b)
Haemorrhagic aspirates: the syringe may partially fill with
blood, even without aspiration
or in the retroperitoneum. They are uncommon but are two patterns may coexist in some tumours. The epithelioid
important differential diagnostic considerations versus other population is composed of round cells of varying sizes with
mesenchymal tumours in those sites. eosinophilic cytoplasm and rounded nuclei. Cytoplasmic
vacuolation may be seen; at times cells resembling signet
Histopathology ring cells arc observed. The epithelioid eclls are mostly
GISTs have a very variable morphology but usually one arranged in groups or nests in a collagenous or myxoid
of two patterns dominate: spindle cell and epithelioid. The stroma. The spindle cell population consists of fusifonTI cells
Fig. 58. Exlragastroinlcstinal stromal tumour, spindle cell lype. High magnification. c The spindle-shaped nuclei may be di ffieult to
a Under low power magnification there are both cellular tissue distinguish from smooth muscle cell nuclei. HE, oiL d Positive stain-
fragments and dispersed cells. HE. Low magnification. b Nuclei arc ing with CDI17 is necessary to confirm the diagnosis of extragas-
spindle-shaped. ovoid or comma-shaped with bland chromatin. MGG. trointcstinal stromal tumour. CD 117 on een block preparation.
Cells often arranged in an Indian file pattern or in small Precursor lymphoma/acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
moulded clusters Wilms' tumour
Variable presence of rosette-like structures with a central
fibrillary core Comment
Tumour cells have irregular, hyperchromatic nuclei and In a study of 19 neuroblastomas from our files, we found
unl- or bipolar cytoplasm with slender processes the most common combination of cytological fea/urcs to be
Cells often have anastomosing cytoplasmic processes neuropil, moulded clusters and anastomosing thin cytoplas-
Depending on the degree of differentiation there is a vari- mic processes (46]. Rosettes and cytoplasmic processes are
able presence of triangular or polyhedral ganglion cell-like absent or rare in undifferentiated or poorly differentiated
cells with abundant cytoplasm and rounded nudeolated neuroblastoma.
eccentric nuclei IC and EM are helpful in the diagnosis. NSE staining may
Differential diagnosis be focally positive and chromogranin and synaptophysin
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma negative in undifferentiated neuroblastoma.
ES/PNET family of tumours
___ ~d
<
Fig. 60. Neuroblastoma. a A highly cellular smear of clustered and magnification. c A typical roselte-like structure with central neuropil.
dispersed cells. Note rosette-like structure (arrow). MGG. Low HE. Medium magnification. d The tumour cells often have thin cyto-
magnification. b Neuroblastoma cells in smears arc often arranged in plasmic processes, connecting one cell to another. MGG. High mag-
an Indian file pattern and/or in moulded clusters. MGG. High nification.
Cytological features of conventional ES (fig. 620. b) Cytological (eawres of peripheral neuroectodennal tumour (fig. 64)
Highly cellular yield as a rule Similar pattern as in atypical ES but numerous cells with
Cells both clustered and dispersed cytoplasmic processes
Stripped nuclei and cytoplasmic background common Large light cell minority
Double cell population: large cells with abundant fragile Rosette-like structures
cytoplasm with vacuoles or clear spaces and rounded Differential diagnosis
bland nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli (large. light cells); Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
small cells with irregular dark nuclei and scanty cytoplasm Neuroblastoma
(small, dark cells); the dark cells are often arranged in Precursor lymphoma/acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
small moulded groups within the cell clusters Poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma
Cytological features of atypical ES (fig. 63) Desmoplastic small round cell tumour
Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism more marked than in
conventional ES Comment
Typical large light cells less numerous than in conven- Smears from conventional ES arc very similar in all cases.
tional ES Pleomorphism is more marked in PNET, and the cells may be
Some cells with thin cytoplasmic processes more neuroblastoma-like. The distinction between conven-
Rosette-like structures with more or less evident fibril- tional ES, atypical ES and PNET is not of decisive clinical
lary centre importance as in most centres all varictes arc treated alike.
63 _ ....... 64
Fig. 62. ES/PNET family oftumoufS. Conventional ES. a A cell- Fig. 63. ES/PNET family of tumours. Atypical ES. The cellular and
rich smear of uniform small rounded cells with rounded nuclei. nuclear pleomorphism is more marked than in eonvelllional E$.
HE. Low magnification. b The two diagnostically important cell MGG. High magnification.
types are shown in this field: large light cells (long arrow) and Fig. 64. E$/PNET family of tumours. Rosette-like Structure in
small dark cells (ShOTI arrow), best visualized in MGG. MGG. PNET; structures likc this may also be present in atypical ES. HE.
High magnification. High magnificlllion.
The presence of a double cell population has also been breakpoints is another method, well suited for FNA material
described in histological sections. Although (he 'small dark [66]. II has to be remembered, however, that rearrangemeIllS
cells' are regarded as degcnemtc cells by most investigators, this oflhe EWS gene also occur in desmoplasic small round cell
feature is an important diagnostic sign in cytological material. tumour (DSRCT), clear ce\\ sarcoma and myxoid liposar-
Ie and EM arc both valuable adjunctive diagnostic meth- coma. The two latter tumours present no differential diag-
ods (fig. 4a, b, 65). CD99 should not be used as a single anti- nostic problems as their cytology is quite different from that
body as it is not specific for the ES/PNET family (table 2). of ES/PNET, but DSRCT may be a diagnostic pitfall in
The cytogenetic/molecular genetic analysis is, in our opin- rctroperitonal tumours, especially when the yield is poor and
ion, the most important ancillary method. The presence of the typical double cell population is absent.
t(ll;22)(q24;qI2) and/or the fusion transcript between FISH should be supplemented with IC in the differential
the EWS/FLII genes indicate that the tumour in question diagnosis between ESIPNET and DSRCT. Due to the poly-
belongs to the ES/PNET family. FISH of the common EWS phenotypic immunoexpression in DSRCT eytokeratins,
EMA, desmin and NSE should be part of the antibody panel adolescents. The most frequent site is the legs, less frequently
besides CD99. CD99 has been reported to be focally positive the pelvis, retroperitoneum and arms. Most tumours arc deep·
in DSRCT. seated. Radiographic examination may reveal calcified areas.
In our experience the combined use of electron-microscopic
examination and molecular genetic analysis gives the optimal Histopathology
diagnostic information. FNA samples are more suitable for Extraskcletal osteosarcoma is a pleomorphic sarcoma
PCR and FISH than for conventional karyotyping [64, 66]. resembling the pleomorphic sarcoma of the MFH type. The
clue to the diagnosis is the presence of osteoid produced
Osseous Tumours by the tumour cells. The osteoid is usually seen as narrow
bands in a lace-like pallern encircling the tumour
Osteosarcoma ofSoft Tisslle cells. Extraskcletal osteosarcoma may contain areas of neo·
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is a rare sarcoma in middle- plastic cartilage or the tumour cells may be mainly spindle-
aged and old adults. It is extremely rare in children and shaped resembling fibroblastic conventional osteosarcoma.
Benign and Borderline Tumours Individual, scattered vessel fragments may be seen in the
background
intramuscular Myxoma Dispersed cells as well as small cellular aggregates or
Tntramu cular myxoma i a benign, relati ely rare oft clusters
ti ue tumour probably derived from modified fibrobla t , Tumour cells have elongated ovoid or rounded uniform,
which produce gluco aminoglycan forming hyaluronic acid bland nuclei and long slender cytoplasmic processes
but par e collagen. Although the tumour i infrequently Scattered large rounded, polyhedral or triangular cells
needled, it is of interest to the cytologist as it can easily be with abundant vacuolated cytoplasm and rounded para-
mi taken for 10 -grade my oid arcoma of ariou typ . central nuclei often found, corresponding to the
Tntramu cular myxoma i een in adult , mo t commonly macrophage-like cells in histological sections
between the age of 40 and 70. Typical ite are the thigh Variable presence of large multinucleated atrophiC muscle
houlder region and upper arm. Clinically it pre ent a a fibres ('muscle giant cells')
deep- eated, fairly circum cribed, firm to fluctuant mobile Differential diagnosis
rna s. The intramuscular myxoma i a benign tumour with an Myxoid neurilemoma
extremely low recurrence rate after urgery. Deep-seated nodular fasciitis
Ganglion
Hi topathology Myxoid liposarcoma
It i a paucicellular tumour which has an abundant myx- Low-grade myxofibrosarcoma
oid, poorly vascularized troma. Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma
The tumour cell have characteri tically lender long cyto- Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma
pia mic proce ses and bland nuclei. Elongated cell a well
a triangular cell are found. Macrophage with abundant omment
vacuolated cytoplasm are often found among the tumour Important cytological feature typical of intramu cular
cell . The myxoma often infiltrate the urrounding triated myxoma are a myxoid background poor in vessels, and bland
mu cle, and myxoma cell and atrophic mu cle fibre are cell with long thin cytopla mic proce e. The paucity of
intermingled in the border zone. The A appearance of ve el or ve el fragment peak again t myxoid liposar-
intramu cular myxoma ha been de cribed in indi idual ca e coma and myxofibrosarcoma.
report and in one erie [24]. The unjform cell ith long cytopla mic proce e are not
typical offa ciiti , neurilemoma, ganglion or myxofibro ar-
coma. The vacuolated cell may re emble lipobla t but their
Cytological features of intramuscular myxoma (ftg. 67a-c) nuclei are not calloped.
Aspirates consist of droplets of colourless, stringy. glue- Ancillary diagnostic method are of Httle value in the
like fluid diffi rential diagno i .
Prominent myxoid background matrix (best visualized in Tn 1998 iel en et al. [116] ugge ted the term cellular
MGG) myxoma for ca e of intramu cular myxoma with areas
of increased cellularity and hyperva cularity. Another term tumour, most commonly found in the extremities, although it
propo ed for the e Ie ion is 'myxoid Ie ion with potential ha appeared in other site uch as the trunk and the head and
for recurrence' [1]. neck region. The clinical behaviour is in most ca es that of a
We found uch ca e in our F A material (fig. 68a, b). benign tumour. However, rare ca es have hown metastatic
They are difficult to distinguish from low-grade myxo- potential and in 1995 Kilpatrick et a1. [119] reported
fibrosarcoma and low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma due to 6 tumours, which they con idered 'atypical or malignant. The
the pre ence of cellular areas in the smears and of ve el hi togen i of os ifying fibromyxoid tumour (OFMT) i
fragments like those typical of myxofibrosarcoma. The debated, but schwannian differentiation has been suggested.
FNA findings in one such Ie ion have been reported [117].
nother myxoma variant, which may be a diagno tic pitfall, Histopathology
is the juxta-articular myxoma. These tumours arise in the The typical OFMT is a well-circumscribed multilobated
vicinity of the large joints and at histological examination tumour with a fibrous cap ule. It i compo ed of rather uni-
re emble classic intramu cular myxoma. The main diff- form rounded, ovoid or pindle- hap d cell within a troma,
rential diagno i in the cytological praxis is a ganglion. variably myxoid and collagenou . The tumour cell ha e
pale or eosinophilic cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei with
OssifYing Fibromyxoid Tumour small nucleoli. The rounded cells have an epithelioid appear-
This rare oft ti sue tumour, first described in 1989 [118], ance.In the majority ofOFMT a more or less complete shell
is predominantly a tumour of adult life. It is a subcutaneous of mature, lamellar bone i pre ent within the fibrous capsule.
The bone component may extend into the tumour mass. in individual case [120]. We have tudied F A smears of
lmmunohistochemically, the tumour cells expres -100 pro- I ca e of OFMT.
tein in 60-70% of ca es together with positivity for SMA in
about 50%. Itra tructurally, whorl of cytopla mic interme-
diate filament, hort fragment of external laminae and Cytological features ofOFMT (fig. 69a, b)
interdigitating cell proce se are found. Variable amount of myxoid matrix and variable cellularity
The cytology of OFMT ha not yet been completely inve - Dissociated cells, cell clusters and acinar or rosette-like
tigated. The cytological appearance has been de cribed only structures
Parachordoma Comment
Parachordoma is a very rare benign soft ti ue neoplasm of The most important differ ntial diagno are EM and
uncertain origin. It wa fir t de cribed in 1951. The large t mixed tumour of oft ti sue.
eri r ported appeared in 1997 [122]. The rea on to includ J is of help in the differential diagnosis. In parachor-
this infrequent tumour is that in cytological practice para- doma the double positivity for cytokeratins and 8-100
chordoma is an important differential diagnosis to extraskeletal protein i typical. EMC very rarely marks for cytokeratins
myxoid chondrosarcoma and mixed tumour of soft tis ue. and only in 30-40% of case for S-IOO protein. Although
both parachordoma and mixed tumour of soft tissue stain for Malignant Tumours
S-lOO protein and cytokeratins, parachordoma does not
xpr MA or GFAP. Cytok ratin po itivity al 0 exclud Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumour
myxofibro arcoma and fibromyxoid sarcomas. Further- Although thi relati ely rare malignant neopla m ha
more, low-grade myxofibrosarcoma and fibromyxoid been reported to aris in variou anatomical ite uch as the
sarcoma are mainly compo ed of spindle cell exhibiting parotid gland, thoracic region and C S, the overwhelming
light atypia. majority of ca e are found in the abdominal and/or pelvic
peritoneum. oung male are mo t often affected. Mo t uncommon in larger ne 15. The tumour cell have canty
patient are between 15 and 35 year of age. cytopla m and rounded hyperchromatic nuclei with small
DSR T i a highly malignant polyphenotypic neopla m nucleoli. oci of rhabdoid tumour cells with relatively
of unknown histogenesis. abundant cytopla m and paranuclear inclu ion may be
found.
Hi topathology The typical immunohistochemical profile is expres ion
e t and groups of mall to medjum- ized cell are seen of cytokeratin , E ,de min and SE. The cytokeratin
within a fibrous, va cularized stroma. Central necro i is not and de min po itivity often appear a perinuclear dot.
Ultrastructurally the most striking finding is perinuclear The cytomorphology of DSRCT has been described in a
cytoplasmic whorls of filaments. erie of 4 ca e and in report of individual ca e [125-127].
A pecific cytogenetic abnormality has been reported in
DSRCT, t( II ;22)(P 13;q 12) involving the EW gene on
22ql2 and the WTl gene on Ilpl3. Recently a polyclonal Cytological features of DSRCT (fig. 72a, b)
anti-WT 1 antibody, detecting the WT 1 protein, ha been Tumour cells arranged in loosely cohesive clusters or in
tested with promi ing diagnostic results [124]. epithelial-like groups
and neck region including orbit and tongue, and in adults the common. The troma i rich in inu oidal-like va cular
most frequent site is the legs and buttocks. channel . Individual tumour cell are typically large,
rounded or polygonal with abundant cytopla m. Nuclei are
Hi topathology rounded with prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm is mo tly
Alveolar soft part arcoma i characteri tically lobulated granular and in the majority of tumours contains charac-
and composed of groups or sheets of cells divided by teristic rod-shaped or rhomboid crystal, which are
fibrou septa. An organoid p eudoaiveolar pattern i PAS-po itive.
76c .....
_~~ .,_ _......_.....".;....._ _ . ....,;;j
.....,.;i=o.~,.;;.
76d
77a 77b
77e 77f
Fig. 78. lear cell sarcoma. a A 100 ely cohe ive clu ter of tumour
cell depicting a variable shape, rounded, elongated and polygonal.
MOO. Medium magnifieati n. b Prominent large nucleoli in many of
the tumour eelt . MOO. High magnification. c -100 protein-po itive
tumour cell . lmmuno tain1ng, cell block preparation.
The majority of soft tissue tumours can be classified into the leiomyosarcoma, a subset of monophasic synovial sar-
one of the following five groups. coma, MPNST and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and
infrequently spindle cell GIST and fibrosarcoma (infantile
and adult) (table 7).
Pleomorphic: Pattern
The typical features are a marked variation in cellular and Myxoid Pattern
nuclear size and shape and in case of sarcoma marked
nuclear pleomorphism including atypical multinucleated The myxoid character is often noted already when the
tumour cells and prominent nucleoli. sample is smeared on the glass slides: a thick and viscous,
Benign soft tissue tumours in this category are nodular more or less haemorrhagic nuid. Aspirates of myxoid
fasciitis and pleomorphic lipoma. tumours often look like droplets of glue. Under low power
Typical examples of sarcomas are pleomorphic sarcoma magnification there is an evident myxoid background matrix,
of the MFH type, pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma, pleomor. blue or blue·violet, more or less fibrillary in MGG and
phic liposarcoma and the less common pleomorphic MPNST faintly pink in HE and faintly green in Pap. The cellular
and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma. pattern is variable: pleomorphic, spindly or round cells.
Diagnostic pitfalls in this group are the pleomorphic A myxoid pattern is common to several soft tissue
malignant melanoma, anaplastic large cell carcinoma and tumours. Examples of benign tumours arc intramuscular
ALCL (table 7). myxoma, many cases of nodular fasciitis, and the rare entities
ofOFMT, perineurioma, parachordoma and mixed tumour of
soft tissue. The most common sarcomas are myxofibrosar-
Spindle Cell Pattern coma and myxoid liposarcoma, less common are low-grade
fibromyxoid sarcoma and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosar-
The spindle cell pattern is characterized by a predomi- coma (table 8).
nance of more or less atypical spindle cells with fusiform
or ovoid nuclei and elongated uni- or bipolar cytoplasm.
The cens aTe mostly arranged in sheets or fascicles, but Small Round/Ovoid Cell Pattern
dissociated cells are often present. A small population of
larger rounded, polygonal or triangular cells with relatively Smears are typically cellular and composed of small to
abundant cytoplasm and nuclei of variable size and shape medium-sized cells with rounded or ovoid nuclei and a vari-
may be present in some sarcomas. Common examples able amount of cytoplasm. The shape of the cells is variable:
of benign tumours are neurilemoma and desmoid fibro- rounded, ovoid, fusiform or triangular. Nuclei are often bland
matosis, rare examples arc deep-sealed leiomyoma, spindle and nucleoli smalL
cell lipoma with a predominance of spindle cells and soli- This pattern is shown mainly by sarcomas: extraskele-
tary fibrous tumour. Typical spindle cell sarcomas include tal ES/PNET, rhabdomyosarcoma (especially alveolar),
Pleomorphic pal/ern
Nodular fasciitis Marked pleomorphism in DNA ploidy Painful, tender, rapidly
prol iferating fibroblasts/myofibroblasts; analysis growing; most ollen
ganglion cell-like cells; unifonn spontaneous regression
chromatin structure
MFH-typc sarcoma Marked pleomorphism. multinucleated
(bizarre) tumuur giant cells;
mitoses (atypical); necrosis
Pleomorphic Atypical cells with blunted/segmented IC: dcsmin, SMA,
leiomyosarcoma nuclei; nuclei in tandem position caldesmon
Pleomorphic MPNST Atypical spindle cells with wavy, thin IC: S-IOO
nuclei with pointed ends. coma-like nuclei
Pleomorphic Atypical rhabdomyoblast-likc cells, IC: desmin.
rhalxlomyosarcoma triangular. rounded with eccentric MyoDI.
nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm myoglobin
Pitfalls
Anaplastic carcinoma Moulded clusters; 'owl's eye' IC: cytokemtin
Sarcomatous melanoma Macronucleoli IC: S-I 00, liM B45,
MelanA
Sarcomatous anaplastic Reed-Sternberg-like cells; deep blue IC: cmo, EMA,
large cell lymphoma cytoplasm (MOO); presence of plasma Alk I Cytogenetic
cells, lymphocytes and histiocytcs analysis
Spilld/e cell pOI/em
Neurilemoma Predominantly tumour tissue IC: S·IOO Often sharp, radiating
frngments; indistinct cytoplasmic pain at needling;
borders; fibrillary background: thin. neurilemomas in
wavy (comma-shaped) tapered extremities often
nuclei; few dispersed cells fusiform at palpation
and movable laterally
bUl nOl craniocaudal
Desmoid Runs, sheets or small groups of Desmoid with
fibroblasts and fragments of cell-poor prominent collagenous
collagenous matrix; moderate stroma finn to the
pleomorphism in fibroblasts; needle and difficult to
occasionally muscle giant cells aspirate
Solitary fibrous Cell-tight irregular, thrce-dimCllsiooal IC: C034, CD99
tumour tissue fragments mixed with
dispersed cells; bland spindle cells
Deep leiomyoma Tumour cells with cigar-shapedlbluntcd Ie: desmin,
nuclei; segmented nuclei; moderate SMA
anisokaryosis; no mitoses
Leiomyosarcoma Fasciclses of more or less atypical IC: desmio, SMA,
spindle cells; cigar-shaped/blunted caldesmon EM
nuclei; segmented nuclei; nuclei in
tandem position; scattered large
atypical cells (stripped nuclei
outside fascicles)
Table 8. Cytological cvaluation ofsofl tissue tumours based on pattcrn: myxoid pattcrn
Table 9. Cytological evaluation of soil tissue tumours based on pal1ern: small round ovoid cell pauem
Granular cell tumour Stripped nuclei and granular background; abundant IC; 5-100. NSE
cytoplasm, indistinct cytoplasmic borders: EM
granulated cytoplasm; predominantly small nuclei
Adult rhabdomyoma Abundant eosinophilic, granulated cytoplasm; IC; desmin,
cytoplasmic vacuolation; small nuclei with myoglobin
prominent nucleoli
Paraganglioma Acinar/follicle-likc structures; modcrate IC: NSE,
pleomorphism; red-granulated cytoplasm chromogranin
EM
Epithelioid sarcoma Rounded, polygonal, spindly tumour cells; large IC: cylokeratin, Ulceration may be seen in
nucleoli; admixture of lymphocytes, plasma cells, EMA, CD34 subcutaneous tumours;
histiocytes. granuloma-like structures; necrosis inflammatory cells may
predominate
Clear cell sarcoma Predominantly dispersed cells; round polygonal IC: S-IOO, HMB45,
tumour cells; rounded nuclei with prominent Melan A
nucleoli
Alveolar soft pan sarcoma Moderately abundant granular cytoplasm; Ie: muscle specific
binucleated multinucle3ted cells; rounded nuclei actin, SMA. desmin
with prominent nucleoli; stripped nuclei EM
Malignant elltrarcnal Variable cellular shape; eccentric nuclei; prominent IC: cytokeratin. NSE
rhabdoid tumour nucleoli; cytoplasmic paranuclear inclusions
Pitfalls
Malignant melanoma IC: HM1345. Melan A Site of tumour imponant
versus clear cell sarcoma
Carcinoma 1C; cytokeratins
EM
neuroblastoma, pure round cell liposarcoma, most mono- dissociated. Stripped nuclei are a common finding. Most
phasic synovial sarcoma and desmoplastic small round cell tumours in this group arc rare and infrequcnt targets for
malignant tumour. The main diagnostic pitfalls are small cell needling. Typical examples of benign tumours are granular
carcinoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and small cell malig- cell tumour, adult rhabdomyoma and paraganglioma and
nant melanoma (table 9). among the sarcomas epithelioid sarcoma, clearecll sarcoma,
alveolar soft part sarcoma, malignant rhabdoid tumour and
epithelioid cell GIST. Diagnostic pitfalls include carcinoma
Epithelioid Cell Pattern and malignant melanoma (table 10).
It is not possible to classify all soft tissue tumours into
The epithelioid cell pattern is created by cells with epithe- these five groups. In most benign adipose tumours large fat
lioid features: rounded or polygonal cells with distinct cyto- cells predominate and vascular tumours may appear as
plasmic borders, rather abundant cytoplasm, and rounded, examples of either the pleomorphic pattern, the spindle cell
ovoid or irrcgular nuclei. Nuclcoli arc often prominen!. The pattern or the epithelioid cell pattern.
tumour cells are arranged in groups, tight clusters or are
FNA used in the primary diagnostic workup of soft tissue histology with regard to hislotype and malignancy grading.
tumours has a number of advantages over open biopsy and In these cases routine cytological examination often has to be
core needle biopsy. In most sarcomas where primary surgery supplemented with ancillary diagnostics.
is the treatment, FNA diagnosis is accurate enough for the The optimal use of FNA as a pretreatment diagnostic tool
planning of the surgical intervention. In those sarcomas requires the referral of patients 10 multidisciplinary centres
where ncoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery is the treat- where the cytopathologisl is a member of the team and a close
ment of choice, the FNA diagnosis must be equivalent to cooperation between the cytopathologist and surgeon [3].
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Index
Index 113
Fine-needle a piration (continued) pindle cell lipoma 19,22,23
final e aluation oft-ti ue tumour a pirate 6 ubcutaneou lipoma 17, I
pitfall 4 Lipo arcoma
technique 4, 5 chromosomal aberrations 36
Flow cytometry, ancillary diagnosi the fine-needle dedifferentiated liposarcoma histopathology 29
aspirate 9-11 hi topathology, overview 27,35,36
Fluore cent in itu hybridization myxoid lipo arcoma 29-31
ancillary diagnosi , rme-needle a pirate II pleomorphic lipo arcoma 32-34
Ewing' arcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour round cell Iipo arcoma 31 32
(ESIP T) family of tumour 82, 83 well-differentiated Liposarcoma hi topathology 28-30
Localiz d tumour, t ndon heath 46,47
Ganglioneuroblastoma 79 Low-grade fibromyxoid arcoma 41, 42, 106
Ganglioneuroma 79, I
Ga trointe tinal tromal tumour Magnetic resonance imaging oft-ti ue tumour 1
hi topathology 7 79 Malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumour 93, 94, 107
origin 75 76 Malignant fibrous hi tiocytoma 46,47, 104
spindle cell tumour 105 Malignant granular cell tumour 68
Glomus tumour 71, 73 74, 106 Malignant peripheral nerve heath tumour 67 9, 104, 105
Grading, oft-ti ue tumour I Mixed tumour oft ti sue 89 90, 105
Granular cell tumour Mu cle
benign 64-66 fiber, normal cytology I 16
diagno tic feature and ancillary te t 107 lipoma intramu cular I -20
malignant 68 myxoma intramu cular 85 86
tumour see Skeletal mu cle tumour Smooth mu cle
Hemangioma 69, 70 tumour
Hemangiopericytoma oft ti ue 74 75 Myofibroblasts, normal cytology 12 13
Hib moma 21,25 Myxofibrosarcoma 4 50, 106
Myxoid liposarcoma 29-31
Immunocytochemi try Myxoid pattern
ancillary diagnosi , fine-needle a pirate 6-11 cia sification of tumour 103
Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour diagno tically important feature and ancillary te t
(ES/P ET) family of tumour 82 83 105,106
parachordoma 89,90 Myxoma, intramu cular 85, 6, 105
Incidence, oft-tissue tumour
Infantile fibro arcoma 42-45 eurilemoma 62-64, 104
Intramu cular lipoma 18-20 eurobla toma 77-80, 106
Intramuscular myxoma 85 86 lOS Neurofibroma 62, 64
odular fasciitis 34, 36, 104
Leiomyosarcoma 104
Lipobla toma 22 23,26 ifying fibromyxoid tumour 9 105
Lipoma Osteo arcoma, soft tis ue 83,84
angiolipoma 19,21
benign tumour, cytological feature 35 Parachordoma 89-91, 105
chondroid lipoma 23-27 Paraganglioma
chromo omal aberration 36 diagno tic features and ancillary te t 107
extra-adrenal myelolipoma 2 28 hi topathology 74-76
hibemoma 21,25 malignant tumour 75
intramu cular lipoma I -20 Perineurioma 66, 67, 105
lipobla toma 22, 23, 26 Peripheral nerve tumour
pleomorphic lipoma I 21 24 benign tumours
114 Index
granular cell tumour 64-66 arcoma,
neurilemoma 62-64 ee al 0 pecific tumour
neurofibroma 62, 64 incidence I
p rineurioma 66,67 Schwannoma 62-64
malignant tumours keletal mu cIe tumour
granular cell tumour 68 adult rhabdomyoma 56
peripheral ner e heath tumour 67 9 malignant tumour
o erview 61 alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma 58-61
Periva cular tumour embryonal rhabdomyo arcoma 57-59
glomu tumour 71, 73, 74 pleomorphic rhabdomyo arcoma 59,61
hemangiopericytoma oft ti sue 74 75 rhabdomyo arcoma 56, 57
o erview 71 over iew 56
Pleomorphic leiomyo arcoma 104 mall roundlo oid cell pattern
Pleomorphic lipoma 19-21, 24 clas ification of tumours 103 107
Pleomorphic liposarcoma 32-34 diagno tically important features and ancillary tests
Pleomorphic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour 104 104,106
Pleomorphic pattern moolh mu cle tumour
cia ification of tumour 103 angiomyoma 5\-53
diagno tically important feature and ancillary te t 104 deep leiomyoma 51 52
Pleomorphic rhabdomyo arcoma 59 61, 104 over iew 49 51
Primitive neuroectodermal tumour (P T) olitary fibrous tumour 37-39 104
chromo omal aberrations 77 Spindle cell lipoma 19, 22 23
wing' sarcoma (ES)/P ET family of tumour 79-83, Spindle cell pattern
106 cla ification of tumour 103
ganglioneurobla toma 79 diagno tically important feature and ancillary te t
ganglioneuroma 79 81 104, 105
neuroblastoma 77-80 !aging, oft-ti ue tumour I
ynovial sarcoma 98, 99 105 106
Rhabdomyoma, adult 56, 107
Rhabdomyo arcoma
al eolar rhabdomyo arcoma 5 -61
embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma 57-59 Va cular tumour
overview 56, 57 angiosarcoma 7\, 72
pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma 59,61 hemangioma 69, 70
Round cell liposarcoma 31 32 o erview 6 ,69
Index 115