TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. CONTENTS PAGE

1.0 Introduction 2

1.1 Objective of Experiment 2

1.2 Scope of Experiment 2

2.0 Theory of Experiment 3

3.0 Apparatus 5

4.0 Experimental Procedure 6

5.0 Results 7

6.0 Discussions 14

7.0 Conclusion 17

8.0 References 17

1 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

1.0 Introduction

Water jet from a small opening, with a high velocity, when exerted on a surface of
plate will produce force that gives power to move a system. The principle of jet
impact is the basis for the understanding of liquid flow in turbines. This principle is
used in designing impulse turbines. In these turbines part of the fluid energy is
transformed into kinetic energy in a nozzle ( or a set of nozzles) which issues a jet of
fluid at high speed. The jet strikes the moving blades, mounted on the turbine wheel,
producing the force required to drive it.

1.1 Objective

The objective of this experiment is to measure the force exerted by a fluid jet
impinging upon a flat plate or a hemispherical surface and to compare the results with
the theoretical values.

1.2 Scope of Experiment

A jet impact is used to conduct this experiment where water jet from a small opening
is exerted on a surface of a plate with a high velocity to produce force that gives
power to move a system. Both the standard weight for the flat plate and hemispherical
are the same, which is 700grams. We can conclude that force measured and the force
generated are directly proportional to the water velocity of jet.

2.0 Theory

A jet of fluid when impinging upon a flat or a curved surface generates a force due to
change of momentum of the fluid according to Newton’s second law of motion. For
example, when water of a velocity is forced out from a jet nozzle with diameter d on a
plate, the rate of change of momentum produced and its magnitude is the same with
the force exerted on the surface of the plate to support the water jet.

Force = Rate of momentum change of water jet

= (mass of fluid/time) x change of velocity

The force (F) generated by a jet of water as it strikes depends on the shape of the plate
surface, e.g. flat plate or a curved (hemispherical) surface.

Diagrams 1-2 show a jet of fluid issuing from a nozzle of diameter ‘d’, and moving
vertically upward with velocity v and strikes a stationary surface. The jet is
deflected by the vane through an angle θ and the fluid leaves the vane with velocity v’

2 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

The force generated is
Fth  mv  v'
 ρavv  v cos  (1)
 ρav  ρav cos
2 2

where,
Fth = Theoretical force exerted on the plate (Newton)
a = Cross-sectional area of nozzle (m2)
= Density of water (kg/m3)
θ Angle of water flow after impact on the plate surface
v = Velocity of water jet before impact on the plate surface
v’ = Velocity of water jet after impact on the plate surface

3 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

 Water jet

Nozzle d

Diagram 1- Flat Surface

Water jet

Nozzle d

Diagram 2 – Hemispherical Surface

For flat plate (diagram 1) , θ = 90o, therefore cos θ = 0 , so

Fth  ρav 2 (2)

For hemispherical plate (diagram 2), θ = 180o, therefore cos θ = -1, So

Fth  avv   v 
(3)
 2 av 2

4 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

 3.0 Apparatus
The apparatus consists of an upward discharging jet surrounded by a clear Plexiglas
tube
provided with leveling screws. The plate located directly over the jet is mounted on a
stainless steel spindle, which passes through the top plate of the apparatus. A weight
pan
is mounted on the upper end of this spindle Water is supplied from the lab faucet
(supply
valve) to the inlet of the apparatus via a hose. Water flowing through the nozzle
strikes
the flat plate and deflects from the flat plate and falls to the base of the clear Plexiglas
tube where it exit and drain in the sink.

JET IMPACT

Weight Mass
Plate Apparatus

Spring Coils Standard Indicator

Jet Impact Plate

Water Volume Scale

Control Valve

Pump Switch

Water Tank Valve

5 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

4.0 Experimental Procedure

1. The apparatus is set up and the plate used was flat plate .
2. Standard weights for each plate apparatus is set by putting weights on the
spring plat until the coils will touch each other.
3. The level of the standard indicator is adjusted with the position of the plate
containing the weight. This is taken as the standard mark (zero velocity of
water, V=0).
4. Both of the switches of pump are turned on and the water control valve is
opened slowly (anticlockwise) until maximum.
5. As the plate with the standard weight will increase above the standard mark,
more weight is added until it returns to the standard mark. The total maximum
weight for the first reading of the load is noted.
6. The valve of the water tank is closed (clockwise) and time taken is started
when the volume reached 2 liter and stopped when it reached 7 liter. Total
volume of accumulated water is 5 liter.
7. The total weight load is reduced and the plate apparatus is readjusted by
reducing the flow of the water jet by closing the control valve slowly
(clockwise) until the plate apparatus returns to the standard mark level. Step 6
is repeated.
8. Step 7 and 6 are repeated for the next reading until the last total weight of load
is the same with the standard weight load.
9. Step 3 until 8 was repeated by using hemispherical plate with the same
standard weight.
10. Result was recorded.

6 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

5.0 Experimental data and analysis

Water density, = 1000 kg/m3

Water velocity of the jet by the nozzle with diameter d = 5 mm

Q
V  
A
 m   liter   1   m 
3
   x 2  x 3 
 s   s   m   10 liter 
where
V = Water velocity (m/s)
Q = Volumetric flow rate of water
A = Area of nozzle with diameter “d” (m2)

A  x d 2 ... m 2
4
2
π  m 
   x d mm  x  3 
2

4  10 mm 

Hence, the force measured is

weight (gram)
Fmea  x 9.81 m/s
1000 gram/kg
 gram x 9.81 x 10 3 Newton

7 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

 6.0 RESULTS
The results are calculated and tabulated as follow.
Flat plate
Standard Weight = 700 (g) Maximum Weight = 1300 (g)
Weight Percentage of relative
Actual weight Fmea Time Q V Fth
load error
%= Fmea-
(gram) (gram) (Newton) (second) (L/S) (m/s) (Newton)
Fth)/Fthx
1300 600 5.89 14.78 0.34 17.32 5.89 0
1200 500 4.91 15.68 0.32 16.3 5.22 5.75
1100 400 3.92 17.5 0.29 14.78 4.29 8.62
1000 300 2.94 20.19 0.25 12.73 3.18 7.55
900 200 1.96 25.25 0.2 10.19 2.04 8.92
800 100 0.98 34.21 0.15 7.64 1.15 14.78

Hemispherical plate
Standard Weight = 700 (g) Maximum Weight = 1620 (g)

Weight Percentage of relative

Actual weight Fmea Time Q V Fth
load error
%= Fmea-
(gram) (gram) (Newton) (second) (L/S) (m/s) (Newton)
Fth)/Fthx
1620 920 9.03 13.93 0.36 18.33 13.19 31.54

1420 720 7.06 15.81 0.32 16.3 10.43 32.31

1220 520 5.1 18.59 0.27 13.75 7.42 31.27

1020 320 3.14 24.19 0.21 10.7 4.5 30.22

820 120 1.18 38.71 0.13 6.62 1.72 31.4

Note: (1) Nozzle size, d = 5 mm (2) Actual Weight = Load Weight – Standard Weight

8 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

The above data is calculated by using the formula below.
1) Water density, ρ = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

2) Actual Weight = Load Weight – Standard Weight

3) Force measured,
weight (gram)
Fmea  x 9.81 m/s
1000 gram/kg
 gram x 9.81 x 10 3 Newton

5Litre
4) Flow rate, Q =
Time

5) Water velocity of the jet,

Q
V  
A
 m   liter   1   m 
3
   x 2  x 3 
 s   s   m   10 liter 

Where, V = Water velocity (m/s)

Q = Volumetric flow rate of water
A = Area of nozzle with diameter “d” (m2)

A  x d 2 ... m 2
4
2
π  m 
   x d mm  x  3 
2

4  10 mm 

9 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

 6) Nozzle size, 𝑑 = 5 𝑚𝑚

Area of the nozzle = 𝜋𝑟 2

2
5𝑥10−3
=𝜋 ( )
2

=1.9635𝑥10 −5 𝑚2

7) For flat plate, Fth = ρav2

Where, ρ = Water density (1000 kg/m3)

a = Area of the nozzle
v = Water velocity

8) For hemispherical plate, Fth =2 ρav2

Where, ρ = Water density (1000 kg/m3)

a = Area of the nozzle

v = Water velocity

9) Percentage of relative error,

|𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑎 – 𝐹𝑡ℎ |
% = × 100
𝐹𝑡ℎ

10 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

Sample Calculation
For Flat plate 1st reading,
Standard weight=700g, Maximum weight=1300g
1. Actual weigh = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 – 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
= 1300𝑔 – 700𝑔
= 600𝑔

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)
2. Fmea = 𝑥 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠
1000𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 ⁄𝑘𝑔

= 600𝑔 × 9.81 × 10−3

= 5.89 𝑁

𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
3. Q =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
5𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
=
14.78𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
= 0.34 𝐿/𝑆

0.34 𝐿/𝑆 1
4. V = ×
1.9635𝑥10 −5 𝑚2 103 𝐿

= 17.32 𝑚/𝑠

5. Fth = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 2
= 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 × 1.9635𝑥10 −5 𝑚2 × 17.322 𝑚/𝑠
= 5.89 𝑁

6. Percentage of relative error,

|𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑎 – 𝐹𝑡ℎ |
% = × 100
𝐹𝑡ℎ

5.89−5.89
= × 100
5.89
= 0%

*repeat the same calculation for another reading

11 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

 For hemispherical plate 1st reading,
Standard weight=700g, Maximum weight=1620g
1. Actual weigh = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 – 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
= 1620𝑔 – 700𝑔
= 920𝑔

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)
2. Fmea = 𝑥 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠
1000𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 ⁄𝑘𝑔

= 920𝑔 × 9.81 × 10−3

= 9.03 𝑁

𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
3. Q =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
5𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
=
13.93𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
= 0.36 𝐿/𝑆

0.36 𝐿/𝑆 1
4. V = ×
1.9635𝑥10 −5 𝑚2 103 𝐿

= 18.33 𝑚/𝑠

5. Fth = 2𝜌𝑎𝑣 2
= 2 × 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 × 1.9635𝑥10 −5 𝑚2 × 18.332 𝑚/𝑠
= 13.19 𝑁

6. Percentage of relative error,

|𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑎 – 𝐹𝑡ℎ |
% = × 100
𝐹𝑡ℎ

9.03−13.19
= × 100
13.19

= 31.54 %
*repeat the same calculation for another reading

12 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

The graphs of log Fmea versus log v and log Fth versus log v for both flat and
hemispherical plates are plotted.

Graph of log Fmea versus log v

Type of plate log v log Fmea

1.238548 0.770115
1.212188 0.691081
1.169674 0.593286
Flat
1.104828 0.468347
1.008174 0.292256
0.883093 -0.00877
1.263162 0.955688
1.212188 0.848805
Hemispherical 1.138303 0.70757
1.029384 0.49693
0.820858 0.071882

Graph of log Fmea vs log v

1.2

Flat plate
1
Hemispherical plate

0.8
y = 1.9895x - 1.5579
0.6
log Fmea

0.4

0.2
y = 2.1193x - 1.8693
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
-0.2
log V

13 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

Graph of log Fth versus log v
Type of plate log v log Fth

1.238548 0.770115
1.212188 0.717671
1.169674 0.632457
Flat
1.104828 0.502427
1.008174 0.30963
0.883093 0.060698
1.263162 1.120245
1.212188 1.018284
Hemispherical 1.138303 0.870404
1.029384 0.653213
0.820858 0.235528

Graph of log Fth vs log v

1.2

1 Flat plate

y = 1.9999x - 1.4059 Hemispherical plate

0.8
log Fth

0.6

0.4
y = 1.9966x - 1.7029
0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
log V

Discussion

i. The graphs for both log Fmea vs log V and log Fth vs log v are linear graphs.
From the equation Fth for flat plate…
Fth = pav2
log Fth = 2log v + log p + log a
log Fth = 2log v + A,
where the theoretical equation can be changed into a linear form by using logarithm
function, thus it is the same as the graph plotted from experiment.
Same goes to the equation Fth for hemispherical plate…

14 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

 Fth = 2pav2
log Fth = 2log v + log 2pa
log Fth = 2log v + A

For flat plate, the equations from experiment and theoretical are y = 2.1193x -
1.8693 and y = 1.9966x - 1.7029 respectively.
For hemispherical plate, the equations from experiment and theoretical are
y = 1.9895x - 1.5579 and y = 1.9999x - 1.4059 respectively.

a. The slope for flat plate from experimental result is 2.12, having a slight
difference from that of theoretical value, 1.87. Thus, it is acceptable. Whereas
the slope for hemispherical plate for experimental is 1.99, while the theoretical
value is 2.00, therefore, the experimental value is considered acceptable.

b. The y-intercept ratio of hemispherical plate to flat plate from experimental

−1.8693
result is = 1.20, whereas the ratio from theoretical value is
−1.5579
−1.7029
−1.4059
= 1.21. The slight difference of 0.01 is acceptable since the existence of
error in every experiment.

c. The exerted on the hemispherical vane is greater than flat plate due to
momentum impact. The force generated depends on the shape of the plate
surface. After the water impact to the flat plat, the velocity go 90o to the
left and right, but for hemispherical surface the total angle form after the
impact is 180 o to left and right. There are some specific equation for
theoretical force which is

Fth  mv  v'

 ρavv  v cos 
 ρav 2  ρav 2 cos
Where for flat plate the θ is 90 o,cos 90 o is = 0 which we get the force for plate
is only

Fth  ρav 2

For Hemispherical surface the is θ= 180 o, therefore cos180 o = -1

Fth  avv   v 
 2 av 2
From the equation itself show that the force act on hemispherical surface is 2
time greater than flat surface.

15 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

ii. Comparing the percentage of relative error for the two plates as function of jet
velocity. Comment on the analysis. Can one deduce sources of error due to the
shape of the plates? Explain your reason. State other possible sources of error.

Based on the experiment we conducted, the experiment with hemisphere plate

has higher average relative error compared to flat plate. Shape of the plate does
contribute error to our experiment. The water jet shot to the hemisphere plate is not
perfectly uniform, sometimes the water jet may be redirected back into the reservoir
tank but other than that, it can be reflected back to the main water jet stream, causing
significant lost in jet velocity. Experiment with flat plate produces more consistent
result due to the uniform projection of water jet away from the centre point. Other
possible cause of error may be due to external weight applied on the load, causing
inaccurate result due to imbalance force. Besides, parallax error also occurs when
calibrating the standard mark, thus resulting inaccuracy in controlling the water valve.

iii. Briefly discuss factors contributing to errors or inaccuracy in experimental data

and propose recommendation to improve the results

The main contributing error to this experiment is caused by friction force. To

produce more accurate result, we have to calibrate the equipment before carry out the
actual experiment to eliminate positive or negative errors due to friction. Pipe friction
is also another main contributor of friction to this experiment. Reduce pipe friction by
using smoother pipe, reducing the length of pipe and reduce the use of pipe joints. A
more efficient water pump is selected for use in this experiment to deliver more
precise pumping forces to the water jet. Single water pump is used instead of using
double water pump connected in series to reduce water friction. There is a time lag
before the water flows into the reservoir tank where time is taken for it to reach 5
liters of water. This is caused by the far distance between source of water jet and the
reservoir tank. To reduce time lag, we suggest placing the water jet directly above the
reservoir tank. Weight load is added slowly to prevent uneven shaking to the spring
coil. Result obtained might not as accurate as the theoretical value due to some errors
that we made. The standard indicator is not exactly point to the position of the weight
containing the weight. Parallax error occurs when the eyes are not perpendicular to
the level scale. Digital water level meter with precise calibration is more favored for
this experiment instead of using traditional glass tubing method. Besides, carrying
repeated experiment with extra data can produce more consistent results.

16 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact

Conclusion

In conclusion, by using controlled volume analysis to predict the impact force of a jet
deflected through a known angle, the experimental results show that the forces
exerted on a hemispherical plate is greater than the forces exerted on a flat plate. This
conclusion is based on flows where compressibility factors are assumed to be minimal
and the fluid loss during fluid collection is very small and considered negligible.

References

Yunus A. Cengel. (2004) Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals And Applications. New

York City: McGraw-Hill Education

Munson, Y.O. (2009) Fundamental Of Fluid Mechanics, 6th Edition. United State of
America: Don Fowley.

https://prezi.com/caiawr_76zq2/impact-of-jet/

17 | Experiment 3 Jet Impact