I 8 CS a = .— = ye 6 Ba i nicalTable of Contents : [Chapter 1 : Power System - An Overview and Modeling 1-4) to(4 = 42 Chapter 2 : Representation of Power System - Per Unit Quantities _ (2-1) to (2-48) ‘Chapter 3 : Power Flow Analysis G- 1) to(3-90) | ‘Chapter 4 : Fault Analysis - Balanced Fault (4-1) to (4-96) Chapter 5 : Symmetrical Components 6-1) to (6-52) ‘Chapter 6 : Fault Analys's - Unbalanced Faut (6-1) to (6-88) ‘Chapter 7 : Stability (7-1) to. (7 - 104) Unitwise University Questions with Answers (P-1) to (P-72) Features of Book %* Written in a simple language. * Large number of carefully selected worked examples with step by step procedure followed after explaining theory part. % Simple and clear explanation of concepts. 3 Unitwise 2 Marks questions added at the end. Solved University Question Paper. 3 Lucid presentation of bus impedance algorithm and stability studies. Best of Technical Publications As per Revised Syllabus of Anna University - 2006 Course Power System Analysis Power System Analysis Measurements and Instrumentation Digital Signal Processing Microprocessor and Microcontroller Principles of Management Solid State Drives2s [el Power System Analysis ISBN 9788184315615 {Al rights reserved with Technical Publications. No port ofthis book should be reproduced in any form, Electronic, Mechanical, Phetocopy or ary information storage and retrieval system without prior permission in writing, from Technical Publications, Pune. Published by : Technical Publications Pune” ‘#1, Amit Residency, 412, Shaniwar Peth, Pune - 411 030, India. Printer Alert DTPrinters Sino. 10/3,Sinhayad Road, Pe - 411 041aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Table of Conten 1.2 Power in Single Phase AC Circuits 1.2.2 Average Power 1.4 Complex Power and Power Triangle ..... 5B 3P Circul 12 1.6 Modern Power System ... 1.6.1 Three Phase Synchronous Machine 1.6.2 Transformers ......... estes 1.6.3 Transmission and Sub-transmission 1.64 Distribution 1.6.5 Loads .. 1.7 Per Phase Analysis .. 1.7.1 Generator Representation .... 1.7.2 Per Phase Analysis-Transmission Line 1.7.2.1 Equivalent Network of Uniform Long Line (T-model) . . . . 1.7.2.2 Equivalent Network of Long Line (.- Model)... 17.2.3 Equivalent Circuit for Medium Lines... 2. 2... 1.7.3 Per Phase Analysis-Transformers . 1.7.3.1 Two Winding Transformer 17.3.2 Tap Changing Transformer 1.7.3.3 Representation of Transformer with Nominal Tums Ratio 1.7.34 Phase Shifing Transformers... . ss. 1.7.3.5 Three Winding Transformer. 1.7.4 Per Phase Analysis-Load Formulas... ExerciseChapter - 2 Representation of Power System - Per Unit Quantities“ (2=11)to (2-48) 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Single Line Diagram ... 2.3 Impedance and Reactance Diagram 2.4 Per Unit Quantities 2.4.4 Per unit System Applied to Single Phase Circuits . 2.42 Per unit System Applied to Three Phase Circuits 2.5 Selection of Base Values 2.6 Changing the Base of Per Unit Quantities . 2.7 Merits and De-merits of Per Unit System ... 2.8 Network Reductions - A/A Transformation .... 3.6.1 Line Flows and Losses inthe System ...... 0... sss esse sesee sees seeeeeeeeeeees 3-11 3.6.2 Flowchart for Gauss-Seidal Method... BF 3.6.3 Step by Step Procedure for Load Flow Analysis using Gauss - Seidal Method......... 3-14 3.7 Newton-Raphson Power Flow Method... 3.7.1 Application of N-R Algorithm to the Power Flow Method 3.7.2 Flowchart For Newton-Raphson Power Flow Problem. . .. 3.7.3 Step by Step Procedure for Load Flow Analysis using Newton - Raphson Method. 3.8 Fast Decoupled Power Flow Solution... 3 - 53 3.8.1 Flowchart for Fast Decoupled Power or Load Flow.....................sseeseee 3-56 as3.8.2 Step by Step Procedure for Load Fiow. 3.9 Comparison of Load Flow or Power Flow Solution Methods. Eormulas. Exercise. 4.1 Introduction .... 4.2 The Need for Calculating Fault Currents .... 4.3 Transient due to Short Circuit 4.3.1 Transient on a Transmission Line : 4.3.2 Transients due to Short Circuit in a 3-Phase Altemator at No-load .. 4.3.3 Internal Voltages of Synchronous Machine under Loaded Condition . 43.34 Three Phase Synchronous Generator 43.32 Synchronous Motor 28 wee @ wit 4.4 Synchronous Motor ... 4.5 Concept of Short Circuit Capacity of a Bus ... 4.6 Balanced Three Phase Fault .... 4,7 Analysis of Symmetrical Faults in Power System Network 4.7.1 Network Reduction Technique (using Kirchoff's Laws) 4.7.2 Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit and its Application . . 4.73 Consideration of Prefault Load Current ..............-02005 # 4.7.4 Symmetrical Fault Current Estimation using Thevenin's Theorem . 4.8 Digital Computer Approach Employing Bus Impedance Matrix 4.8.1 Bus Impedance Matrix 4.9 Z,y. Building Algorithm 4.9.1 Addition of a Branch . 4.9.2 Addition of a Link . 4.10 Step by Step Assembly of Zaus, 4.10.1 Type 1 : Modification (Addition of a tree branch to the reference) 4.10.2 Type 2 : Modification (Addition of a tree branch from a new bus to an old bus),. 4.10.3 Type 3 : Modification (Adding of a link between an existing bus with reference bus)... 4-34 4.10.4 Type 4 : Modification (Addition of a link between two old buses) . . . . vee 4235 eae aly EN me4.11 Flow Chart... Solved Examples Formulas... Exercise 5.1 Introduction ...... 5.2 Symmetrical Components Fundamentals .... 5.3 The Sequence Operator “a” .... 5.3.1 Concept of Symmetrical Components 5.3.2 The Symmetrical Component Transformation Matrix (OR) Matrix Notation . 5.3.3 Power Considerations 5.3.4 Nature of Sequence Currents 5.4 The Concept of Sequence Impedances 5.5 Three Sequence Impedances and Sequence Networks .. 5.6 Sequence Impedances of Power System Elements . 5.6.1 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Line .. 5.6.2 Sequence Impedances of Transformers . §.6.3 Sequence impedances of Synchronous Machines . 5.7 Sequence Networks .. 5.7.1 Sequence Networks of Synchronous Machines (Unloaded) . 5.7.2 Positive Sequence Network 5.7.3 Negative Sequence Network 5.7.4 Zero Sequence Network ... . 5.8 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines .. 5.9 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Transformers .... 5.10 General Observations on Zero Sequence Currents .. 5.11 Construction of Sequence Network of a Power System. 5.11.1 Sequence Impedance and Network of Loads.......... 0... ececesseeeee eee e eens Solved Examples....... Formulas... as LEE ae EeChapter- ult Analysis “Unbalanced Fault (@- 4) to(6 = 88): 6.1 Various Types of Faults at the Terminal of an Unloaded Alternator Introduction ..... — 6-1 6-2 6-8 6-13 wee 6 - 58 + 6 - 63 6.2 Single Line to Ground Fault on an Unloaded Alternator 6.3 Line to Line Fault on an Unloaded Alternator .... 6.4 Line to Line to Ground Fault (or) Double Line to Ground Fault .... 6.5 Short Circuit Studies of a Large Power System Networks ..... 6.6 V-I Relation of a 3 Phase Element in abc Form ... 6.7 Algorithm for Calculating System Conditions after the Occurrence of Faults ... 6.7.1 Single Line to Ground Fault using Zs. 6.7.2 Line to Line Fault using Zeus 6.7.3 Double Line to Ground Fault using Zug. « 6.7.4 Bus Voltages and Line Current during Fault 6.8 Step by Step Procedure to Find Out Fault using Zan Matrix Formulas... Exercise . Chapter- 7 7.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions .... 7.2 Rotor Angle Stability and Synchronous Machine Characteristics 7.3 Power Vs Angle Relationship 7.4 The Stability Phenomenon .... 7.4.4 Small Signal Stability 7.4.2 Transient Stability .. . 7.5 Voltage Stability and Voltage Collapse ... 7.6 Classification of Voltage Stability 7.6.1 Large Disturbance Voltage Stability . 7.6.2 Small Disturbance Voltage Stability ............. 6.60.02 7.7 Mid Term and Long Term Stability 7.8 Classification of Stability .. CEE