Extraction of Statistical Features for Pattern Analysis

during Meditation
Nikhil Kumar Patwari, Department of Electronics and Communication, NIT Rourkela

procedure of example examination of subjects into two unique

Abstract— This work was embraced to contemplate the
particular factual elements of EEG information gathered amid
reflection (particularly Kriya Yoga) and ordinary conditions.
The reflection rehearse changes the attentional assignment in
the brain of to envision this; factual components are precisely
computed from distinctive wavelet coefficients to classify two
different gatherings (i.e. Meditators and Non-Meditators). The
whole time arrangement of EEG information separated into
portions overlapping each other, and factual parameters
figured for each of these portions. Rather than utilizing every
information, we utilized just a couple of higher order factual
measures, for example, difference, kurtosis, relative band
energy, Shannon entropy, and Renyi entropy got from the
information collected and segments generated. A standard
bunching procedure i.e. Principal Part Analysis (PCA) used to
get the matrix from the measurable components in EEG.
I. INTRODUCTION
The human cerebrum is a complex framework, and the EEG flag
acquired from the cerebrum is frequently used to analyze different
mind movement. The EEG information gathered from human
scalps is a normal for what we think and how we respond to various
jolts [1]. The EEG information gathered amid various action ought
to be different. Broad investigation of mind influxes of
contemplation has demonstrated that their EEG flag is
unmistakable from those got from controlled subjects [2]. Visual
examination can be utilized to concentrate on thoughtful signs,
however more often than not visual review may not be sufficient to
arrange the EEG flags or to discover errors and abnormalities in
them. Also long haul EEG signs may contain a huge number of
information focuses, and visual examination will end up being
monotonous and blunder inclined. This requests improvement of
powerful computerized PC based strategies that can distinguish
contrasts and abberations in EEG signals gathered from various
classes of subjects [3].
A noteworthy obstacle in utilizing computational techniques is
substantial information dimensionality of EEG information sets.
Measurable parameters can help in decreasing information
measurement. For example, rather than utilizing the whole
gatherings i.e. meditators and non-meditators. In the consequent
segments II, audits the framework portrayal and pre-processing
strategies. Segment III and IV, examine a brief flag division,
disintegration strategy and computation of factual measures
individually. In area V, PCA-based grouping procedure has been
talked about. At long last, we finish up the paper with results and
express the extension for future work in segment VI and VII
individually.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND PREPROCESSING
The EEG signals have been acquired from 23 meditators and ten
non-meditators. A 64 cathode EEG top has been utilized for
information procurement with the universal 10-20 technique for
anode situation. The information has been acquired while the
meditators were contemplating [7]. The non-meditators were
requested that sit inactively amid the information securing process.
The signs were gained with an examining recurrence of 256 Hz.
We have utilized around 4.17 minutes' information as a part of this
study [8].
Figure 1. Block Diagram of pre-processing techniques between meditators
and non- meditators.
The pre-preparing step incorporates the band pass sifting from
0.4Hz to 64Hz, indent separating at 50 Hz control line recurrence,
and gauge evacuation took after by ancient rarity expulsion. Fig. 1
demonstrates the general square chart of the strategy selected [9].
Artifacts removed EEG
1000
Raw EEG

information set, we can just compute a couple of factual measures

500
that portray this given information set. In any case, the significant
issue with EEG signs is its non-stationary. EEG signals don't have
0
an altered likelihood dissemination work administering its era.
A m plitud e

Subsequently, the insights persistently fluctuate. By the by, the flag

-500
can be separated into little semi stationary fragments, and factual
investigation should be possible on these sections [4]. Any further
-1000
examination, the EEG flag must be pre-processed to expel
undesired clamour and antiquities. Antiquities might be visual or
-1500
solid [5]. Other than these, the flag may likewise be defiled by
electrical cable recurrence. All these undesirable flag segments
-2000
must be expelled with legitimate pre-processing procedures [6].
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time(sec)

The target of this paper is to talk about techniques, we have utilized Figure 2. EEG signal (after interference removal)
for information dimensionality diminishment that helped the
 1. Level 1 Detail Coefficients- Gamma Band (32-64 Hz)
Gamma

0 Band 2. Level 2 Detail Coefficients-Beta Band (16-32 Hz)

-500

1000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
3. Level 3 Detail Coefficients-Alpha Band (8-16 Hz)
Beta
0
Band
4. Level 4 Detail Coefficients-Theta Band (4-8 Hz)
-1000

500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
5. Level 4 Approximations Coefficients-Delta Band (0.4-4
Alpha
0 Band Hz)
-500 A key favourable position of the DWT more than Fourier change is
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
500 its fleeting determination; it catches both recurrence and worldly
Theta
0 Band
data.
-500

5000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
IV. Estimation OF STATISTICAL FEATURES
Delta
Band
4000
Factual components were computed on each of the groups from
3000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
every one of the fragments acquired. The components figured were
Figure 3. Different bands of EEG Signals acquired during meditation fluctuation, kurtosis, relative band vitality, Shannon and Renyi
Entropies of the considerable number of groups. These parameters
The wavelet thresholding strategy has been utilized for ancient were found the middle value of over every one of the portions and
rarity evacuation. The "db4" mother wavelet and scaling capacity every one of the channels to yield trademark values for every
are utilized for wavelet thresholding due to its likeness to measured subject [15]. We might want to characterize the above parameters
before continuing further.
EEG flag. Fig. 2 demonstrates the clean and the crude EEG flag
[10].
A. VARIANCE
III. SIGNAL SEGMENTATION AND FREQUENCY
Variance is a measure of scattering of the information. Change is
computed for all the 5 groups.
DECOMPOSITION BY DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM
Firstly, signals from every channel for each of the subject were
B. KURTOSIS
divided. Measurably, EEG is an exceedingly nonlinear and non-
stationary process [11]. The likelihood thickness work representing
Kurtosis is a measure of peakedness of a likelihood distribution
an EEG flag advances after some time and subsequently the
function of a real valued irregular variable. Kurtosis is likewise
measurements impressively changes. Consequently, we didn't
computed for all the 5 groups for both meditators and non-
figure factual measures for the whole flag. Or maybe we portion the
meditators bunch.
signs into littler parts over which we accept them to be roughly
stationary [12]. These sections were then deteriorated into five
constituent groups, the delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma groups
appeared in Fig. 3. A large portion of the factual parameters were
ascertained for the band got from the fragments, and a couple of
parameters were figured over the section with no decay.

In this work we have utilized one-moment portions with 50 percent

covering. While portioning, couple of things were remembered:

1.The sections must be sufficiently long to make measurable

concentrate for all intents and purposes attainable.
2.The sections must not be long to the point that the information
stationary supposition is traded off.

Since our flag was 64000 examples in length with an examining

recurrence of 256 Hz, a one moment portion relates to 256
specimens. With 50 percent covering, we got 499 sections from a
solitary channel. Covering of the flag was received to guarantee
that the parameters ascertained from in the contiguous portions
don't change definitely [8]. The decay of every flag is finished by a
fourth level Discrete Wavelet Transform. As we have specified
above, we have utilized the "db4" as mother wavelet and scaling
capacity for DWT. "db4" wavelet and scaling capacity takes after
musical EEG other than having a conservative support with a
relative number of vanishing minutes [13].
The pre-processed signal is band limited to 0.4 to 64Hz, so a
th
4 level DWT yields the following bands:
Figure 4. Kurtosis value per each band for one of the meditators
and one of the non-meditators.
C. RELATIVE BAND ENERGY
The vitality of a particular band is figured by utilizing the wavelet
coefficients of the separate band. The vitality of a band is the
squared aggregate of the considerable number of coefficients in that
band. Along these lines it is computed for every one of the groups
and the aggregate whole is taken which gives the aggregate vitality.
The vitality per band communicated as a proportion of the
aggregate vitality is known as the relative band vitality. Fig. 6
demonstrates the bar plot of the relative band vitality for both the
gatherings.
Figure 5. Relative band energy per each band for one of the meditators and
one of the non-meditators.
D. Shannon and Renyi Entropy
Vitality does not gauge the data substance or instability display in
the flag. Entropy is a measure of flag irregularity and data
substance of the flag. This is another component which is
considered for thoughtful and non-reflective EEG flag design
acknowledgment utilizing PCA. Fig. 7 demonstrates the similar bar
plot of entropies substance of a solitary subject from the meditator
and non-meditator aggregate.
All the above acquired components are connected for the example
acknowledgment issue of various cerebrum state amid
contemplation and ordinary condition. Their relating mind signs'
properties amongst meditators and non-meditators has been
performed utilizing important part investigation (PCA) to
recognizing hidden bunch. It gives a similar investigation of
various mind state amid reflection (Kriya yoga) and rest condition.
Figure 6. Entropy per each band for one of the meditators and non-
meditators.
V. PCA BASED CLUSTERING TECHNIQUES
Subsequent to catching the data as "components" which are
inserted in the EEG, next stride is meant as 'example investigation.
The chose components are applicable to characterize the dynamic
changes happen in reflective and no thoughtful perspective. All
elements are orchestrated either a component vector or highlight
framework for further examination [21]. To acquire the huge mark
from the EEG design amongst meditators and non-meditators are
experienced by utilizing different higher request factual
components. The preeminent standard strategy to acquire the
example from the separated element, of EEG is by surely
understood unsupervised strategies as PCA. The multi-dimensional
information network shaped out of the marks from the multichannel
EEG terminals have been subjected to Principal Component
Analysis (PCA). A specimen PCA plot acquired from the
components lattice that got from the best comes about in the wake
of pre-processing is appeared in Fig. 8. The PCA is connected to
the consolidated component framework of meditators and non-
meditators.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Surprisingly, the mind action example is concentrated on with
regards to the factual component from the reflective EEG and in the
resting state EEG. The factual elements, for example, difference,
kurtosis, relative band vitality (RBE), Shannon and Renyi entropies
as components are extricated to do a similar study amid an
intellectual activity, for example, contemplation and no-reflection
state. The relative bar plot for both meditator and non-meditators
are appeared in the Fig. 5, 6 and 7 individually. From the outcomes,
it is obvious that there are an astounding cerebrum state changes
over all band of the EEG signals. The element lattice has
considered by taking the mean of all the measurable elements in
various groups of cerebrum recurrence in all the channel. The PCA
plot is appeared as a grouping strategy for 23 meditators and 10
non-meditators in Fig. 8. From the bar plot appeared in Fig. 5 and
Fig. 7, the kurtosis esteem and entropies are higher in non-
meditators than in contrast with meditators. The relative band
vitality (RBE) is most extreme in delta band just if there should
arise an occurrence of meditators while in different groups the RBE
is less in contrast with non-meditators. The outcomes are approved
in all the 23 meditators and 10 non-meditators of every one of the
64 channels covering information portions.
Figure 7. PCA clustered plot between 23 meditators and 10 non-meditators.
Each blue cluster indicates non-meditators and each red cluster indicates
meditators.
VII. CONCLUSION
Include based strategies are broadly utilized as a part of example
distinguishing proof framework. In this study, our goal was to do a
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