Ch10-Motion Study PDF

Motion Study and Work Design Definitions
Sections: Motion study

1. Basic Motion Elements and Work Analysis of the basic hand, arm, and body
Chapter 10 Analysis movements of workers as they perform work
Work design
2. Principles of Motion Economy and
Design of the methods and motions used to perform
Work Design a task
Design of the work system
Includes:
Workplace layout and environment
Tooling and equipment used in the task such as
workholders, fixtures, power tools, etc.
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Basic Motion Elements Basic Motion Elements (continued)

Frank Gilbreth – first to analyze and classify “Therblig”s – 17 basic motion elements
the basic motion elements Some of the motion element names and definitions
have been revised
“Therblig”s – 17 basic motion elements
Spelled backward except for “th” Involves both physical and mental elements
Basic building blocks of virtually all manual work Although it is first used in production and logistics,
performed at a single location (so the primary interest the principles are also applicable to service industry.
is the hand motions)
With modification, used today in several work

measurement systems, e.g., MTM (Methods-Time
Measurement)
17 Therbligs 17 Therbligs (continued)

1. Transport empty (TE) – reach for an object 7. Pre- position (PP) – position object for next
with empty hand – today we call it “reach” operation
2. Grasp (G) – grasp an object by contacting 8. Position (P) – position object in defined
and closing the fingers until control has been location
achived 9. Assemble (A) – join two parts
3. Transport loaded (TL) – move an object with 10. Disassemble (DA) – seperate multiple parts
hand and arm – today we call it “move” that were previously joined
4. Hold (H) – hold an object with one hand 11. Search (Sh) – attempt to find an object using
5. Release load (RL) – release control of an eyes or hand
object
6. Use (U) – manipulate/use a tool
17 Therbligs (continued) Therbligs
12. Select (St) – choose among several objects
in a group (hand - eye coordination is
involved)
13. Plan (Pn) – decide on an action (a short
pause or hesitation in the motions)
14. Inspect (I) – determine quality of object using
the eyes
15. Unavoidable delay (UD) – waiting due to
factors beyond worker control
16. Avoidable delay (AD) – worker waiting
17. Rest (R) – resting to overcome fatigue
Therbligs Therbligs
Therbligs Therbligs
Example Classification of Therbligs
Effective therbligs: Ineffective therbligs:
Physical Basic Motion Physical Basic Motion Elements:
Elements: Hold
Transport empty Pre-position
Grasp Physical and Mental Basic Motion
Transport loaded Elements:
Release load Position
Use Search
Assemble Select
Disassemble Mental Basic Elements:
Mental Basic Elements: Plan
Inspect Delay elements:
Delay Elements: Unavoidable delay
Rest Avoidable delay
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Method study at the therblig level seeks to
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
eliminate or reduce ineffective therbligs.
Micromotion Analysis Micromotion Analysis

The main idea of method study at the therblig Analysis of therbligs that make up a repetitive
level: seeks to eliminate or reduce ineffective task
therbligs.
Objectives:
Eliminate ineffective therbligs if possible
Each therblig represents time and energy
Avoid holding objects with hand – Use workholder
expended by a worker. Combine therbligs – Perform right-hand and left-hand
motions simultaneously
If task is repetitive, this will be performed many Simplify overall method
Reduce time for a motion, e.g., shorten distance
times. Then, it becomes meaningul to analyze
therbligs.
Checklists:
Checklist1 (discussed in the in class)
Known as micromotion analysis
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
Checklist2 (given in the book – Table 10.3)
Principles of Motion Economy Three Categories of Principles

Developed over many years of practical experience in 1. Principles that apply to the use of the human
work design
body
Guidelines to help determine
Work method
Workplace layout 2. Principles that apply to the workplace
Tools, and equipment arrangement
Objective: to maximize efficiency and minimize worker

fatigue 3. Principles that apply to the design of tooling
and equipment
Many people don’t understand why these principles are
necessary, but you know that these principles are
violated in work systems (think about your summer
training).
Use of Human Body An experiment
Most applicable to manual work A relatively simple task
1. Design work to fully utilize both hands Reaching, selecting, grasping, transporting, releasing
small parts.
2. The two hands should begin and end their motions at the
same time to distribute the work equally to hands
Two types of containers
3. Hand and arm motions should be symmetrical and A rectangular bin
simultaneous to minimize hand/arm-eye coordination A bin with a tray
Avoid different independent motions of hands/arms
The worker performed the work cycle with each
4. Design work to favor preferred hand container using
Work units should enter the workplace on the side of the Only the right hand
worker’s preferred hand
Only the left hand
5. Worker’s two hands should not be idle at the same time Both hands performing symmetrical and
except for the rest breaks simultaneous motions.
Don’t forget
Work Systems that
and the Methods,not all tasks
Measurement, canof Work
and Management
be organized according to Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
these principles.
Use of Human Body

Utilize laws of physics
6. Method should consist of smooth continuous curved motions
rather than straight motions with abrupt changes in direction
Although shortest distance between two points is a straight line
Because straight-line path sequence includes start and stop
actions (accelerations and decelerations) consume worker’s
time and energy
7. Use momentum (mass * velocity) to facilitate task

0.72 sec / 0.54 sec / Carpenter using a hammer to strike a nail
work unit work unit
8. Take advantage of gravity – Don’t oppose it
9. Method should achieve a natural rhythm of the motions

involved
Use of Human Body

10. Use lowest classification of hand and arm
motion (five classifications)
I Movement of the fingers only as when picking up
1) Finger a cotton roll.
2) Finger and wrist
3) Finger, wrist, and forearm
4) Finger, wrist, forearm, and upper arm
5) Finger, wrist, forearm, upper arm, and II Fingers and wrist motion as used when
shoulder transferring an instrument to the operator,
or manipulating a hand instrument.
III Fingers, wrist, and forearm as when
reaching for a handpiece.
V The entire arm and shoulder as when
turning around to reach for equipment
from adjacent fixed cabinetry.
IV The entire arm when reaching for supplies

away from the work area, or to adjust the
operating light.
Use of Human Body Workplace Arrangement

For using body members other than the hands, Design of the workplace
and arms
11. Minimize eye focus and travel 1. Locate tools and materials in fixed positions within the
work area
Minimize the distance between the object
2. Locate tools and materials close to where they are

12. Design method to utilize feet and legs where used
appropriate To minimize the distances to be covered
Since they are stronger than arms
3. Locate tools and materials to be consistent with
sequence of work elements
Decrease the time required for searching
Workplace Arrangement
Normal and maximum working areas in the
workplace
Design for
average
user
Illustration of First Three Principles Illustration of First Three Principles
Poor arrangement of parts and tools in workplace Good arrangement of parts and tools in workplace
Numbers indicate the sequence of operations

Numbers indicate the sequence of operations
Workplace Arrangement Workplace Arrangement

4. Use gravity feed bins to deliver small parts 5. Use gravity drop chutes for completed work
and fasteners units where appropriate
Two types of bins
used for small parts 6. Provide adequate illumination
and fasteners in the Also color, constrast among items, location of the
light source are important
workplace:
(a) gravity feed bin 7. A proper chair should be provided for the
worker
(b) conventional
Adjustable to the size of the worker
rectangular bin
Seat height and back adjustments
Padded seat and back
Adjustable Chair for Workplace Design of Tooling and Equipment

1. Workholding devices should be designed for the task
2. Hands should be relieved of work elements that can

be performed by the feet using foot pedals
sewing machine
3. Combine multiple functions into one tool where

possible
Pencils designed for writing and erasing
4. Perform multiple operations simultaneously rather

than sequentially
Multiple-spindle drill presses to drill holes in PCBs
Design of Tooling and Equipment
5. Where feasible, perform operation on multiple parts
simultaneously
Machines in a cake factory
6. Design equipment controls for operator convenience

and error avoidance
Controls should be located within easy reach to minimize
the body motions required to access them
7. Hand tools and portable power tools should be

designed for operator comfort and convenience
e.g. tools that can accomodate both right-handed and
left-handed workers
8. Mechanize or automate manual operations if

economically and technically feasible

Ch10-Motion Study PDF

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Ch10-Motion Study PDF

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Motion Study and Work Design Definitions

Sections: Motion study

Basic Motion Elements Basic Motion Elements (continued)

With modification, used today in several work

17 Therbligs 17 Therbligs (continued)

Micromotion Analysis Micromotion Analysis

Principles of Motion Economy Three Categories of Principles

Objective: to maximize efficiency and minimize worker

Use of Human Body

7. Use momentum (mass * velocity) to facilitate task

9. Method should achieve a natural rhythm of the motions

Use of Human Body

IV The entire arm when reaching for supplies

Use of Human Body Workplace Arrangement

2. Locate tools and materials close to where they are

Numbers indicate the sequence of operations

Workplace Arrangement Workplace Arrangement

Adjustable Chair for Workplace Design of Tooling and Equipment

2. Hands should be relieved of work elements that can

3. Combine multiple functions into one tool where

4. Perform multiple operations simultaneously rather

6. Design equipment controls for operator convenience

7. Hand tools and portable power tools should be

8. Mechanize or automate manual operations if

Você também pode gostar