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IDC Iac
+ +
VDC Vac
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS:
SQUARE-WAVE
INVERTER
T1 T3
D1 D3
+ VO -
VDC
IO
T4 T2
D2 D4
EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
S1 S3
S4 S2
AC Waveform Generation
S1 S3 VDC
VDC
t
+ vO t1 t2
S4 S2
S1 S3
VDC t2 t3
+ vO t
S4 S2
-VDC
AC Waveforms
-Vdc
FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT
V1
4VDC
3RD HARMONIC
V1
3
5RD HARMONIC
V1
5
Harmonics Filtering
• An LC section low-pass filter is normally fitted at the inverter output to reduce the high
frequency harmonics.
• In some applications such as UPS, “high purity” sine wave output is required. Good
filtering is a must.
• Output voltage amplitude can be varied by varying the “magnitude” of the DC input
voltage.
• Lower order harmonics (3rd, 5th etc) are very difficult to filter, due to the filter size and
high filter order. They can cause serious voltage distortion.
Vdc
2
-Vdc
S1 ON
Vdc S2 OFF
+
S1 2
VC1
-
V +
Vdc o
G 0
t
RL
+
VC2 S2
- Vdc
2 S1 OFF
S2 ON
Also known as the “inverter leg”.
• Basic building blocks for full bridge, three phase and higher order inverters.
• Both capacitors have the same value. Thus the DC link is equally “spilt” into two.
• The top and bottom switch has to be “complementary”, i.e. If the top switch is closed
(on), the bottom must be off, and vice-versa.
• The switching in the second leg is “delayed by 180 degrees” from the first leg.
VRG
Vdc
2
LEG R LEG R' 2 t
+
Vdc Vdc
S1 S3
2 VR 'G 2
+ - Vdc
Vo - 2
Vdc R R'
G 2 t
-
+ Vdc
2
Vdc S4 S2 Vo
2
Vdc
-
2 t
Vo V RG VR 'G
G is " virtual groumd"
Vdc
Three-phase inverter
+Vdc
+
Vdc/2 S1 S3 S5
G R Y B
iR iY iB
+
S4 S6 S2
Vdc/2
ia ib
ZR ZY ZB
N
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
Fig. 2 Waveforms of gating signals, switching sequence, line to negative voltages for six-step
voltage source inverter.
I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
Switching Sequence:
Fig. 3 Six inverter voltage vectors for six-step voltage source inverter.
= VcN - VaVca N
Phase voltages
Fig. 4 Waveforms of line to neutral (phase) voltages and line to line voltages for six-step
voltage source inverter.
Objective of PWM
Reduction of harmonics
Disadvantages of PWM
1
Vdc
2
0 t0 t1 t 2 t5
t3 t 4
Vdc
2
Triangulation method (Natural sampling)
– Amplitudes of the triangular wave (carrier) and sine wave (modulating) are
compared to obtain PWM waveform. Simple analogue comparator can be used.
PWM types
• Regular sampling
• Optimised PWM
Regular sampling
h( x) if ( k ( x) c ( x) 1 if ( k ( x) c ( x) 1 0) )
1
2
t
vs (t )
t'1 t'2
v pwm t
T
1 M1 sin mt
sample
point
t
T 3T 5T
4 4 4 4
1
Vdc
2 asymmetric
sampling
t
t0 t1 t2 t3
symmetric
sampling
V
dc
2
1
Vdc
2
0 t0 t1 t 2 t3 t4 t5
Vdc
2
Unipolar switching
1
A Gelombang pembawa B
(a)
S1
(b)
S3
(c)
V pwm
(d)
Rajah 2-7: Pensuisan bipolar yang menggunakan dua
gelombang sinus yang berbeza fasa 180 0
Bipolar PWM switching: Pulse-width characterization
modulating carrier
4 waveform waveform
2
kth
pulse
2
1k
2k
k
Three-phase harmonics
– Odd: All even harmonic will be eliminated from the pole-switching waveform.
All triplens harmonics will be eliminated from the line-to-line output voltage.
• By observing the waveform, it can be seen that with odd MR, the line-to-line voltage
shape looks more “sinusoidal”.
• As can be noted from the spectra, the phase voltage amplitude is 0.8 (normalised). This is
because the modulation index is 0.8. The line voltage amplitude is square root three of
phase voltage due to the three-phase relationship
2
Vdc
2 V RG
Vdc
2
Vdc
2 VYG
Vdc
2
Vdc
V RY
Vdc
p 8, M 0.6
Vdc
2 V RG
Vdc
2
Vdc
2 VYG
Vdc
2
Vdc
VRY
Vdc
p 9, M 0.6
ILLUSTRATION OF BENEFITS OF USING A FREQUENCY RATIO
THAT IS A MULTIPLE OF THREE IN A THREE PHASE INVERTER