COLLABORATIVE WORK

Step 3 – Understand the wave’s behavior in open and enclosure médiums

Estudents

Jonh Alejandro Escobar Cód.: 1.115.079.532

Leidy Carolina López Delgado Cód.: 1096237125

Yeisson Alexander Enríquez Cód.: 12747933

José Daniel Ochoa Cód.: 1096211141

Franklin Silva Cód.: 1096223805

Grupo del curso

203058_48

Presentado a

Omar Leonardo Leyton

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND WAVES
2018
 INTRODUCTION

With the passage of time, the human being can be easier than it is, when feeding, to go to
the doctor when something does not work well in his organism, he has the need to
communicate and be attentive to what is happening in the world and around you. For this
reason the method of propagation of the waves is studied, which propagates in any
dielectric material, including air, but does not propagate very well in conductors with lost,
for example, seawater.

There are several propagation methods that are most known in the wave of the radio that
propagates through the terrestrial waves with the energy transmitted from the source, later
the energy is received from the side of the receiving antenna.
other waves are light, infrared rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, gamma rays.
These waves are not visible to the human being and must be analyzed with indirect
methods such as schemes.
The transmission medium constitutes the physical medium through which the sender and
receiver can communicate in a data transmission system. We distinguish two types of
media: guided and unguided
This guide will deal with topics related to modes of propagation and polarization in
electromagnetic waves and the behavior of waves in different transmission media used in
telecommunications.
Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic
references to support the research:

1. Explain how refraction and reflection phenomenon could be used in transmission

systems.
The Refraction, works as a transmission method, for example in communications, when it
is possible to transmit telephonics, television, etc., at great speed and distance, without the
need for electronic signals, the principle of optical fiber which is composed of a set of
filaments, which consist of a central plastic or glass core that has a high refractive index,
surrounded by a layer of similar material that has a lower refractive index, hence when the
light reaches the surface It is limited by a lower refractive index, which is why it is largely
reflected. Inside the light cable they are reflected against the walls in the angles that are
very open, which makes the light signals are transported without losses by long distances.
In the transmission of signals when an adaptation is not generated, transmission and
reflection take place. When a signal transmission occurs in a transmission medium, the
signal that we transmit from the source (emitter) to the load. When the impedances of the
system are adapted ZS = Z0 = ZL, the whole incident wave is transmitted to the load, but
when there is no adaptation, a part of the incident wave is transmitted and another part is
reflected and returns in the opposite direction to this , taking the name of reflected wave.
The sum of the waves twice a year, the transmission of radio waves, the standing waves in
the transmission lines, are extremely dangerous for the physical integrity of the
components.

2. Explain the Snell law, the critical angle and practical applications where it could be
used.

Snell's law (also called Snell-Descartes law) is a formula used to calculate the refractive

angle of light by traversing the separation surface between two means of propagating

light (or any electromagnetic wave) with a refractive index. The same states that the

multiplication of the refractive index by the sine of the angle of incidence with respect to

the normal is constant for any ray of light striking the separating surface of two media.

That is, the component of the refractive index parallel to the surface is constant.
 Although Snell's law was formulated to explain the phenomena of refraction of light it

can be applied to all types of waves crossing a separation surface between two media in

which the velocity of propagation of the wave varies.

𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2

The light rays passing through the two media are refracted, that is, they change

their propagation direction depending on the quotient between the refractive indices n1

and n2. The angles θ are the angles that are formed with the normal line, with θ1 the

angle of the incident wave and θ2 the angle of the refracted wave

*Critical angle

A critical angle or angle limit is defined as the angle from which there is no

refraction and all the incident light is reflected to the same medium from which it comes.

Only total reflection can occur if the index of the medium in which we find ourselves is

higher than the index of the medium to which we are going

 One of the applications of this phenomenon in optics

3. Explain the physics behind lenses for optical diseases.

A utensil of daily life for many people but which, however, most do not know exactly how
they work, many say that they "extend" or "close" objects, what happens is that they
increase the angle of vision and we appreciate the size or distance of an object is by the
angle of vision, that is why very large things look small at great distances. a normal person,
the rays penetrate the eye and form their focus on the retina in this way:

Being d, the focal distance, theta the angle of vision, and next to it is how the retina acts to
concentrate the rays, in many cases the lens of the eye does not make a good focus and it is
when people distort the images. To correct this, we sought to change the angle in which
light enters the lens of the eye as a small help, this is where the physics of refraction of light
is applied a little. Refraction is the deviation of the path of light waves when they pass from
one medium to another with different optical density (), that is, when a ray of light passes
through an object of a certain optical density, it changes its trajectory when it leaves.
Observe in the following image:
 4. What is the importance of the index of refraction?

The use of the refractive index is important in various production processes, it has become
increasingly necessary due to the requirements of current quality regulations, which include
the entire production chain from the cultivation of raw materials, its reception and the
elaboration of final products in the industries of the chemical, agroalimentary and
pharmaceutical sector, among others. The determination of the refractive index is used, for
example, to know the composition or purity of a sample, through an instrument called a
refractometer. The operating principle of a refractometer is based on the speed of light that
depends on the medium in which it travels, if a ray of light crosses slanted from one
medium to another of different density, it changes its direction when it crosses the surface.

5. Is it possible that a single light beam be refracted into several beans? Explain.:
When the light passes from one medium to another, a change in its direction occurs due
to the different velocity of propagation that light has in different material media. When
we divide the speed of light in the vacuum between one in a transparent medium, we
obtain a value, it is the refractive index of that medium

6. How is it possible to use the Brewster angle in practical applications?

Light has a property that human eyes do not see: polarization. Light is a vibration and
polarization is the direction in which vibration occurs. Normally there is no direction of
privileged vibration so the light chooses to vibrate in all: depolarized light or "natural"
light is said. The thing changes when the light is reflected. When reflected, the light can
acquire a predominant direction of vibration depending on the angle with which it falls
on the reflecting surface. It is polarized at all if the angle of incidence is the so-called
Brewster angle.
Therefore, if we have a source of light and see it through reflection, there will be an

area in which the light will be polarized, that in which the light has incised at Brewster
 angle, while the rest is more or less depolarized. The polarization can be detected by

looking through a polarizer, which is a sheet that allows more or less light to pass

depending on the polarization that it has and that is what the polarized glasses are made.

Choose one of the following problems, taken from “Cutnell, J. D., & Johnson, K. W.
(2009). Physics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York. doi, 10, S0142-9612”

JOHN:
1. When red light in vacuum is incident at the Brewster angle on a certain glass slab,
the angle of refraction is 43𝑜 what are (a) the index of refraction of the glass and (b)
the Brewster angle?
 The Angle that forms the X axis with the ray refracted is the same that

forms the normal with the reflected Angle that would be equal to the incident ray and in

this case it would be the Brewster Angle

(b) Therefore the Brewster Angle is the same 47°

We use Snell's law to find the index of refraction

𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2

𝑛1 = Index of refraction in the vacuum = 1

sin 𝜃1 = sin 47
𝑛2 = Index of refraction in the glass =?
sin 𝜃2 = sin 43

We cleared 𝑛2

sin 47
= 1.072
sin 43
Index of refraction in the glass =1.072

2. JOSE OCHOA: In the following figure 𝑛1 = 1.7, 𝑛1 = 1.5, and 𝑛3 = 1.3, light
refracts from material 1 into material 2. If it is incident at point A at the critical
angle for the interface between materials 2 and 3, what are (a) the angle of
refraction at point B and (b) the initial angle 𝜃? If, instead, light is incident at B at
the critical angle for the interface between materials 2 and 3, what are (c) the angle
of refraction at point A and (d) the initial angle 𝜃? If, instead of all that, light is
incident at point A at Brewster’s angle for the interface between materials 2 and 3,
what are (e) the angle of refraction at point B and (f) the initial angle 𝜃?
 3. LEIDY LOPEZ: In about A.D. 150, Claudius Ptolemy gave the following measured
values for the angle of incidence 𝜃1 and the angle of refraction 𝜃2 for a light beam
passing from air to water:

Assuming these data are consistent with the law of refraction, use
them to find the index of refraction of water. These data are interesting as perhaps
the oldest recorded physical measurements.

4. YEISSON: In the following figure a 2 m-long vertical pole extends from the bottom
of a swimming pool to a point 50.0 cm above the water. Sunlight is incident at
angle 𝜃 = 60𝑜 . What is the length of the shadow of the pole on the level bottom of
the pool?

0.5 mts
60𝑜
2 mts

Distancia de la sombra reflejada

Solution
To meet the length of the shadow of the pole part pole distance and angles of incidence and
refraction.
The incidence angle is 60 °
Obtain the angle of refraction
 𝑛1
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑖
𝑛2
The index of refraction of water is of 𝑛 = 1.5
The index of refraction of the aires is of 𝑛 = 1
Thus
1
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(60°) = 0.577
1.5
The angle of refraction is
𝜃𝑟 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛−1 (0.577) = 35°

Now we apply basic trigonometry in a triangle

𝜃 = 35°

We calculate the angle unknown from other angles 1

𝜃𝐴 = 180° − 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐶 = 180° − 60° − 90° = 30°
We use the sine theorem
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝐵

𝑎. 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝐵 0.5 ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑛(30°)

𝑑1 = = = 0.29 𝑚𝑡𝑠
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝐴 𝑆𝑒𝑛(60°)
We calculate the angle unknown from other angles 2
𝜃𝐴 = 180° − 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐶 = 180° − 35° − 90° = 55°
We use the sine theorem
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝐵

𝑎. 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝐵 1.5 ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑛(35°)

𝑑2 = = = 1.05 𝑚𝑡𝑠
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝐴 𝑆𝑒𝑛(55°)
Therefore, the length of the pole will be
𝑑 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 = 0.29 + 1.05 = 1.34 𝑀𝑡𝑠

FRANKLIN

5. In the following figure, light from ray A refracts from material 1 (𝑛1 = 1.6) into a
thin layer of material 2 (𝑛2 = 1.8), crosses that layer, and is then incident at the
critical angle on the interface between materials 2 and 3 (𝑛3 = 1.3). (a) What is the
value of incident angle 𝜃𝐴 ? (b) If 𝜃𝐴 is decreased, does part of the light refract into
material 3?
Light from ray B refracts from material 1 into the thin layer, crosses that layer, and
is then incident at the critical angle on the interface between materials 2 and 3. (c)
What is the value of incident angle 𝜃𝐵 ? (d) If 𝜃𝐵 is decreased, does part of the light
refract into material 3?

𝑓 = 2.5

𝑠 = 4.8
𝑒𝑟 = 80
4.8 1 10−9
𝑡𝑎𝑛8 = 4.8 ( ∗ )
2𝜋(2 ∗ 5 ∗ 109 ) 364 𝑓
𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑛(8) = 0.432

µ 1.002 ∗ 49 ∗ 10−7
√ =√
£ 1
80 ∗ 364 ∗ 10−9
𝑛 = 42.19101
4.8 ∗ 42.15121
𝛼= = 101.258
2
𝛼 = −8.68(𝑥) = −878.92
(𝑥) = −3𝑑𝑏
−3𝑑𝑏
𝑥 = −3𝑑𝑏 = 3.41 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
𝑑𝑏
𝛼 (𝑚)
Graphics

Zircon

Incidence Angle 30

Precious stones Index of refraction Refraction Angle Title Incidence Angle

Refraction Angle
Zircon 1,8 16,12762021 Zircon [Incidence
θi=30°
Angle = 30°,
θr= 16,13°
Refraction Angle = 16

Zircon [Incidence Angle = 30°, Refraction

Angle = 16,13°]

Zircon
-2,5 4,330127019
0 0
1,388888889 -4,803226796

θi=30°

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
 Conclusions

 Know and apply Snell's law the critical angle in the field of transmission.

 Solve exercises related to refractive angles.

 Apply the knowledge studied in real exercises that can be presented in the
professional field.
 References

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. (2003). Fixed Broadband Wireless. 25-70. Retrieved

from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.
aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, 519-524.
Retrieved
fromhttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.
aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

The following video explains how to use the Snell Law to analyze phenomenon
associated with transmission systems when there is a medium change, like refraction and
reflection.

Gutiérrez (2017). Snell Law [Video]. Retrieved fromhttp://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140