Mechanical Engineering

Answer the following questions

1. What is mechanical engineering?

2. What is the concern of mechanical engineering?

3. What are the fields in which mechanical engineering involves?

4. What are the specializations of mechanical engineer work on?

Reading Strategies
1. Before you read, make your own questions about what you think about the topic.
2. Read the whole text of the passage.
3. Highlight the key sentence and topic of each paragraph to point out events or ideas.
4. Make a brief note of the main idea and organization/structure of the passage on your
scrap paper while you read.
5. It is better for you to not try to understand every word.
 6. After reading, retell or summarize the text. Focus on the important points, and support
them with relevant details.
7. Feel free to look back into the text to check your summary.

Let’s read.

Definition of Engineering: Mechanical Engineering

One of the oldest and broadest areas of Engineering activity, mechanical engineering,
is concerned with machinery, power, and manufacturing or production methods. Mechanical
engineers design and manufacture machine tools – the machines that make machines – and
machinery and equipment for all branches of industry. For example, they designs turbines;
printing presses; earth-moving machinery; food processors; air conditioning and refrigeration
systems; artificial hearts and limbs, and engines for aircraft, diesel locomotives, automobiles
and trucks, and public transportation vehicles. Their machines move and lift loads, transport
people and goods, and produce energy and convert it to other forms.
In the power specialty, mechanical engineers are involved in the design, production,
and operation of hydraulic turbines for driving electric generators of boilers, engines, turbines,
and pumps for the development of steam power. They design and operate power plants and
concern themselves with the economical combustion of fuels, the conversion of heat energy
into mechanical power, and the use of that power to perform useful work.
In heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, mechanical engineers provide controlled
conditions of temperature and humidity in homes, offices, commercial buildings, and industrial
plants. They develop equipment and systems needed for the refrigeration of foods and the
operation of cold storage warehouses and ice manufacturing plants.
Mechanical engineers work closely with industrial engineers and managers in many
fields of manufacturing, designing imaginative machinery and systems that yields great
economies in production.
Mechanical engineers may also be found working in marine engineering, designing
machinery for boats, naval vessels, and merchant ships; in the automotive industry designing
and manufacturing automobiles, trucks, and buses; and in the aerospace industry working in
the design of new aircraft and spacecraft.
Looking to the future, mechanical engineers are expected to be in great demand as
new industries emerge and old industries take advantage of development in automation, the
use of computers, and new sources of energy.
Guess the Meaning of the Following Vocabulary
1. earth-moving machinery

______________________________________________________________

2. processors

______________________________________________________________

3. combustion

______________________________________________________________

4. warehouses

______________________________________________________________

5. demand

______________________________________________________________

Mechanical Engineers

Design, build and test machines, engines and other mechanical devices as a
mechanical engineer. Whenever you buy or use almost any product, you can be sure that a
mechanical engineer was involved in making it.

Job Options

Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering fields. That’s because a

mechanical engineer’s work varies by industry and by the type of work. For example:
 A mechanical engineer working at a tool company may design and build the automated
machines used to assemble products. These automated machines are the tools that
other engineers need for their work. Such machines might be used to build products
such as automobiles, computers, lamps, cell phones and stereos. A machine tool
engineer is an example of this type of mechanical engineer.
  Or, a mechanical engineer working at an automotive company might be using the tools
and machines built by others to manufacture parts or products sold by the company.
An automotive design engineer is an example of this type of mechanical engineer.

Specialties
Because mechanical engineers work with machines, they may specialize in
manufacturing, or making products, materials, or creating special metals, woods and
composites from raw materials that others use in manufacturing, robots used in
manufacturing, plant engineering and maintenance systems, power-producing machines such
as internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines, elevators and escalators,
heating, refrigeration and air conditioning systems.

Tools
Mechanical engineers use computers daily to perform complex mathematical
computations, simulate new designs, change existing designs by using CAD/CAM –
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) – mechanical
engineers can turn a design into a manufactured product.

College Coursework
If you major in mechanical engineering in college, you will study dynamics and statics,
strength of materials, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, solid mechanics, pneumatics, hydraulics,
applied thermodynamics, and control theory.
You also must be able to understand and apply concepts from chemistry and electrical
engineering.

Robotics Engineering

The field of robotics engineering is a sub field of mechanical engineering. Robotics

engineers design robots and develop new applications for them for use in a wide range of
industries. With new possibilities for robotics due to advances in the computer sciences,
robotics engineering is growing rapidly. From production line robots to experimental robotics
for the medical, military, and automotive industries, the future of robotics engineering will
certainly offer a range of opportunities for professionals entering the field.

VOCABULARY

Actuator : a mechanical device for moving or controlling something

Algorithm : a procedure for solving a problem, especially in mathematics
 or computing
Assembly Line : an arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers in which
work passes from operation to operation in direct line until the
product is assembled
Automation : an apparatus, a process, or a system operate automatically
Design : to create, fashion, or execute according to a plan
Kinematics : a science that deals with motion apart from considerations of mass and
force
Mechatronics : combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering,
and software engineering
Prototype : an original model for a new design
Robot : a device that automatically performs complicated, often
repetitive tasks
Service Robot : assists human beings, typically by performing a job that is dirty,
dull, distant or dangerous. Service robots typically are
autonomous and/or operated by a build in control system, with
manual override options.
Industrial Robotics: the study, design, and use of robot systems for manufacturing
Robotics : a technology dealing with the design, construction, and
operation of robots in automation

Assignments

1. Complete the viewing log based on a video interview with a robotics engineer from
Motoman Corporation in Dayton, Ohio. You can download this video from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umNfDhi0kB0

2. Create fifteen-minute group presentations on emerging technologies in the field of

robotics engineering based on the following research topics:
 Self Transforming Robotic Planetary Explorers
http://scripts.mit.edu/~robots/robots/projects/old_projects/niac/index.html

 High Speed Rough Terrain Vehicle

 http://scripts.mit.edu/~robots/robots/projects/old_projects/darpa/index.html

 Microbots for large Scale Planetary and Sub-Surface Exploration

http://scripts.mit.edu/~robots/robots/projects/microbots/index.html

 Space Robotics System

http://scripts.mit.edu/~robots/robots/projects/jaxa/index.html

 Robotic Fly
http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/06/fearing/home.html

 You can find your own topic other than the suggested topics above

3. Each group member should bring their completed Research Road Map to the next
class meeting to work on their group presentations.
4. Use PowerPoint for your presentations and include images of their research topic.
AFTER PRESENTATION:
STUDY THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND DETERMINE WHAT THREE ELEMENTS WHICH
CONSTRUCT THE SENTENCES i.e.:
No Sentences Element 1 Element 2 Element 3
1 Mechanical engineers design and Mechanical is concerned  One of the oldest and broadest
manufacture machine tools – the engineering areas of Engineering activity
machines that make machines –  with machinery, power, and
and machinery and equipment for manufacturing or production
all branches of industry. methods.
No Sentences Element 1 Element 2 Element 3
2 Mechanical engineers design and 
manufacture machine tools – the
machines that make machines –
and machinery and equipment for
all branches of industry.
3 Their machines move and lift 
loads, transport people and goods,
and produce energy and covert it
to other forms.

4 In the power specialty, mechanical 

engineers are involved in the
design, production, and operation
of hydraulic turbines for driving
electric generators of boilers,
engines, turbines, and pumps for
the development of steam power.
5 They develop p equipment and 
systems needed for the
refrigeration of foods and the
operation of cold storage
warehouses and ice manufacturing
plants
6 Mechanical engineers may also be 
found working in marine
engineering, designing machinery
for boats, naval vessels, and
merchant ships
 Civil Engineering

Answer the following questions

1. What is civil engineering?

2. What are the specialties of civil engineering?

 3. What is a civil engineer?

4. What would you study to become a civil engineer?

5. What types of projects do civil engineers work on?

Let’s read.

CIVIL ENGINEERING
Civil engineering affects many of our daily activities: the buildings we live in and work in,
the transportation facilities we use, the water we drink, and the drainage and sewerage
systems that are necessary to our health and well-being (see Fig. 2.1). Civil engineers:

* Measure and map the earth's surface.

* Design and supervise the construction of bridges, tunnels, large buildings,
dams, and coastal structures.
* Plan, lay out, construct, and maintain railroads, highways, and airports.
* Devise systems for the control and efficient flow of traffic.
* Plan and build river regulation and flood control projects.
* Provide plants and systems for water supply and sewage and refuse disposal.

Civil is a very broad branch of engineering, and it includes at least seven major
specialized areas of practice:

1. Structural engineering.
2. Construction engineering and management.
3. Transportation engineering.
4. Geotechnical engineering.
5. Hydraulic and water resources engineering.
6. Environmental engineering.
7. Geodetic engineering.
Figure 2.1 Geodetic engineering, a branch of Civil Engineering, involves measuring
and mapping the earth's surface. (Courtesy of the Georgia Tech News Bureau.)

The largest specialty within Civil Engineering, structural engineering is concerned with the
design of large buildings, bridges, tanks, towers, dams, and other large structures. These
engineers design and select appropriate structural components (e.g., beams, columns, and
slabs) and systems to provide adequate strength, stability, and durability.
 A large fraction of civil engineers work in the construction industry, building the facilities
that other engineers and architects design. The task of construction engineers is to utilize
and manage the resources of construction (the vehicles, equipment, machines, materials,
and skilled workers) to produce with timeliness and efficiency the structure or facility
envisioned by the designer.
Transportation engineers are concerned with the planning and layout of highways,
airports, harbors and ports, and mass transportation systems. They plan and design
transportation terminals and devise and operate systems for the control of vehicular traffic.
Geotechnical engineers are concerned with the structural behavior of soil and rock. They
analyze earth support systems and design foundations, earth walls, and highway and airport
pavements.
Hydraulic and water resources engineers are concerned with the flow of water through
ditches, conduits, canals, dams, and estuaries. They use their special knowledge of fluid
mechanics to design dams, irrigation systems, municipal water works, and drainage and
erosion control systems.
Environmental engineers are concerned with solid waste management, air and water
pollution, and control of pesticides and radiological hazards. They design and oversee the
operation of water treatment and sewage treatment plants and measure and monitor
pollutants in the air, on land, and in lakes and streams. Geodetic engineers measure and
map the earth's surface. They locate precisely property and building lines and survey the
locations, elevations, and alignment of engineering projects.
Civil engineers work with construction companies, manufacturing companies, power
companies, and with consulting engineering firms. Many opportunities for civil engineering
employment exist in city, county, and state engineering departments and in the various
agencies of the federal government.

Civil Engineers: Plan, design, construct and maintain structures as a civil engineer.

Have you ever wondered who builds our buildings, roads, tunnels, bridges, airports,
dams and reservoirs – even our sewage systems? Civil engineers, of course! Civil
engineering is a broad field that encompasses the planning, design, construction and
maintenance of fixed structures, or public works, as they relate to earth, water or civilization
and their processes, the altering of geography to suit human needs, civil engineering: one of
the oldest engineering fields.
Think about ancient Rome. You’ve probably seen pictures of Rome’s magnificent
architecture such as the Roman Colosseum and the Pantheon. But the Romans also were
some of the earliest civil engineers. For example, the Romans were some of the first to build
roads throughout their empire; and built beautiful and functional aqueducts, a system of
bridges and canals, used to redirect and bring water into cities.
 Originally, there were only two fields of engineering: military and civil. All fields of
engineering today have evolved from civil engineering. There are several major specialties
within civil engineering namely construction and structural engineering – buildings, bridges
and tunnels, water resources – river control, irrigation, swamp draining, water supply and
sewage disposal, Environmental engineering – preservation and cleanup Transportation
engineering – highway and railroad building and repair, and traffic control Geotechnical
engineering – earthworks: soil mechanics and foundations.
In terms of academic degrees and licensing, if you want to become a civil engineer in
the United States, you must earn a four-year bachelor of science (BS) or bachelor of
engineering (BEng) degree in civil engineering. After graduating from college, you must
become a licensed professional engineer (PE) to do any civil engineering work affecting the
public, or to represent yourself legally as a civil engineer.
(taken from http://www.futuresinengineering.org./what.php?id=5)

Answer the following questions using complete sentences.

1. The Ancient Romans were some of the earliest civil engineers. What were two of
their innovations?
2. During the Industrial Revolution, there were two types of engineers. What were
they?
3. When was the first professional society of engineers formed?

Main Idea
Fill the blank box with the main idea of each paragraph in the passage

Vocabulary
Aqueducts : a system of bridges and canals, used to redirect and supply cities
with safe water
Construction Engineering : directs building of bridges, tunnels, dams, and super structures
Water Resources : refers to rivers, irrigation, water supply, and sewage disposal
Environmental Engineer : directs preservation and cleanup of water and the natural
landscape
Transportation Engineer: directs highway and railroad building and repair, and traffic control
projects
Geotechnical Engineer : directs earthwork, soil mechanics, and foundation projects
BS : bachelors degree in science
BEng : bachelors degree in civil engineering (a four-year college degree)
Structural design : A process of applying engineering mechanics to create a
functional, economic, and safe structure for the public
Retaining wall : a structure that holds back earth materials
Structural analysis : set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and predict
the behavior of structures
Hydraulic Engineering : the field of engineering concerned with the flow and
conveyance of fluids, principally water.
Structural Engineering : a subfield of civil engineering that deals with the design of any
structural systems whose purpose is to support and resist
various loads

Assignment

 Complete the Assumptions on students’ log column based on their knowledge of civil
engineering.
 Log your observations as you view an eleven-minute video interview with a
construction engineer from Dayton, Ohio retrieved from
http://www.futuresinengineering.org.
 You are assigned to collect, analyze, and describe information concerning with what an
engineer does retrieved from Engineering Your Future Web site “What is Engineering?”
page at http://www.futuresinengineering.org and The American Society of Civil Engineers
Website at: http://www.asce.org/history/seven_wonders.cfm#chunnel.
 Do a research homework assignment in group researching the seven wonders of the
modern world.
 Present the result of your assignment in a group presentation.
 Industrial Engineering
There is one rule for the industrialist and that is: Make the best quality of
goods possible at the lowest cost possible, paying the highest wages
possible.
--Henry Ford

WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING?

Industrial engineering, in its current form, began in the early 20th century, when the
first engineers began to apply scientific theory to manufacturing. Factory owners labelled their
new specialists 'industrial' or management engineers.
Industrial engineering is commonly defined as the integration of machines, staff, production
materials, money, and scientific methods. While many current industrial engineers do still deal
in these areas, the scope of their work has become more general. Today's industrial
engineers work in many more settings than just factories; in recent years, fields like energy
and IT have become particularly reliant on the skills of industrial engineers. These flexible
professionals may also be employed by:
 Hospitals and other health-care operations

 Transportation

 Food processing

 Media

 Banking

 Utilities

 Local, regional and national governments

The college degree in industrial engineering is very diverse and, compared to other
engineering disciplines, very people-oriented. Budding industrial engineers learn to plan,
design and implement complex systems for a given industry. They do this by taking into
account every conceivable variable, from budgets to machine capabilities to human
imagination and error. Online degree programs in industrial engineering are increasingly
available to working engineers who want to advance their careers without sacrificing valuable
income and work experience by attending school full-time.
In a nutshell, industrial engineering majors learn to use engineering and scientific
principles to design, manufacture, or improve systems that involve both goods and services.
Industrial engineers deal with how products are created, the quality of those products, and the
cost of making the products.
Industrial engineers also deal with the design and workings of the factories that make
products. They design the workstations, automation, and robotics for systems all along the
supply chain. Industrial engineers are often highly involved in any managerial aspects of
modern businesses. These duties range from floor manager all the way up to CEO.
In addition, industrial engineers are concerned with employee safety and workplace
environments. They balance the implementation of responsible processes with the other
requirements of making a product or providing a service of high quality.
In today's global marketplace, industrial engineering is fast becoming international
engineering. Global boundaries are diminishing, requiring industrial engineers to be fluent in
foreign languages and customs. International travel could very well be the norm for engineers,
as companies expand and conduct more and more business with foreign governments.

CAREER EDUCATION IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Due to the fact that career options are nearly limitless for industrial engineering majors,
they must get a well-rounded education. This requires the study of:
 Computer systems

 Mathematics

 Statistics

 Design

 Management
In addition, it is wise for the industrial engineering major to focus on the physical and
social sciences, including economics.

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING COURSEWORK

Students entering into an industrial engineering degree program should expect to enrol in
many of these types of classes:
 Engineering Economy

 Manufacturing Processes

 Operations Research

 Simulation
  Industrial Cost Control

 Robotics and Automation

 Inventory Control

 Facility Design

 Organizational Management

 Quality Control

 Human Factors

 Methods & Work Measurement

 Production Control

 On-Campus and Online Degree Programs in Industrial Engineering

Although some campus and online colleges offer associate's degrees in industrial
engineering technology, most careers in the field of industrial engineering require a bachelor's
degree at minimum. Since the field is so specialized, and since proper training and education
are vital to the safety of so many people, a bachelor's degree is usually required for entry-
level positions. Online degrees are rarely available at this level, since so much hands-on
training is required.
A bachelor's degree generally takes four years to complete. Courses typically include core
engineering classes available to all disciplines in addition to specialized industrial engineering
classes.
A Master of Science in Industrial Engineering is a higher level of education for the
engineer who already possesses a bachelor's degree. A master's degree often focuses more
specifically on certain areas of industrial engineering. Online master's degrees in industrial
engineering are becoming more popular, particularly among working engineers who want to
apply their newfound knowledge on the job.
To reach the highest levels of theory and research in industrial engineering, you may
choose to pursue a PhD. A doctorate will open the door to careers in college or university
teaching and research. PhD programs are research-intensive, and their completion time
varies but is not usually less than five years.
The industrial engineering major can prepare a student for a careers as an industrial
engineer, systems analyst, production control manager, quality control manager, operations
research analyst, industrial cost control manager, manufacturing engineering manager,
systems designer, or plant manager, among others. After graduate work in industrial
engineering (the MS or PhD), a professional may work as an engineering scientist.
WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH A COLLEGE MAJOR IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING?
Career options for aspiring industrial engineers
Industrial engineers determine the most effective way to use the basics of any production -
people, machines, materials, information, money, and energy - in order to make a product or
provide a service. Some of the most productive and successful professionals in the industrial
engineering field share many of these common traits:
 Oral and written communication skills

 Organizational ability

 Computer literacy

 Creativity

 A knack for designing and improving systems

 Mathematics ability

 Problem solving

 People skills

The industrial engineer provides the key to achieving the performance goals of ownership
or management. Unlike engineers in other specialties, the industrial engineer is primarily
concerned with increasing productivity through the management of people, the methods of
organization and the available technology.
In order to solve problems encountered in product manufacturing and service industries,
industrial engineers must study the product and its requirements. They use mathematical
models to figure out production requirements and to design manufacturing and information
systems. They develop and manage systems that aid in financial planning for individual
products. This is also an effective method of cost analysis.
Industrial engineers design financial systems and improve, upgrade, and reconfigure
these systems. Those engineers on the management track may also develop wage, payroll,
and salary administration systems and other job performance and evaluation systems. These
engineers are so deeply involved with every nuance of the corporate system that they are
often the best source for overall company evaluation.
Health and safety engineers are very similar to industrial engineers. They both deal with
the entirety of a production process. Health and safety engineers promote worksite safety and
corporate health by applying models and systems of the industrial process. These engineers
must be able to recognize and then diffuse hazardous situations before they come to pass.
In addition to manufacturing and service industries, industrial engineers apply their
knowledge to a variety of industries and positions. An industrial engineering major might work
as a:
  Management Engineer: The management engineer is primarily responsible for the systems
and procedures that make employees more effective, individually and as a unit.

 Ergonomist: An industrial engineer who is concerned with the proper tool usage and health
systems that prevent stress and injury.

 Operations Analyst: Responsible for integrating people and machines effectively and safely.

 Quality Engineer: Measures, tests and ensures the quality and safety of products or services.

Industrial engineering graduates might find themselves working on projects like these:
 Designing the admissions procedure at a hospital.

 Discovering a new way to assemble a product that will prevent worker injury.

 Representing a company in the design and construction of a new plant.

 Performing motion and time studies.

 Developing prototype units for the cellular phone car adapter market.

 Simulation modeling.

 Developing a hardware protection program for spacecraft.

 Developing a supplier quality program.

 Implementing lean manufacturing concepts.

 Developing and launching a complete material handling system.

 Developing the conceptual layout of a dockyard and ship repair facility.

 Working on a medical device to treat sleep apnoea.

 Representing manufacturing and purchasing concerns on a design team.

 Teaching industrial engineering courses.

These are just a few areas in which businesses use industrial engineers. In essence, when a
company functions at the highest level of productivity, an industrial engineer probably
designed and implemented the systems that brought the company to that point.

SALARY EXPECTATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS

According to a 2006 study by the United States Department of Labor, the median
annual salary of industrial engineers was $68,620. Most professionals reported earning
between $44,790 and $84,850, although the highest 10 percent earned more than $100,000
per year.
CERTIFICATION AND LICENSURE
No national licensing body certifies industrial engineers. Most employers rely on the
solid training that graduates receive during their degree programs. Instead, most licensing
and certification is reserved for the products designed and developed by industrial engineers.
Since an industrial engineer can effectively function in any field, s/he must conform to
the certification bodies that oversee his or her particular specialty. Some states do require
additional licensing as an engineer. Consult your local statute and licensing boards for more
information.

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING ASSOCIATIONS

 Association for Manufacturing Excellence (AME)

 The Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT)

 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society

 National Association of Industrial Technology (NAIT)

 Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME)

 Institute of Industrial Engineers

 Board of Certified Safety Professionals

Student Survey
Name ____________________________ Date __________________
Class _____________________________ Period _________________
Directions: Answer the following questions. Make a complete statement for each question.
1) What is an industrial engineer?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2) What would you study to become an industrial engineer?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3) What type of projects do industrial engineers work on?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

4) Do civil engineers work primarily alone or in teams with other specialties?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

5) What courses in high school will be important for future in industrial engineering?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

6) Can you name any projects in your community that would have been developed by an
industrial engineer?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

7) What math and science disciplines do engineers rely on?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

8) Is college necessary for a career in industrial engineering?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 Student Viewing Log
Name ____________________________ Date __________________
Class _____________________________ Period _________________

Directions: Record your assumptions about the filed of Industrial Engineering. While viewing the video
list the new information you learned in the appropriate column
Industrial Engineering Assumptions What I learned

1) What is an industrial
engineer?
2) What would you study
to become an
industrial engineer?

3) What type of projects

do industrial engineers
work on?

4) Do industrial engineers
work primarily alone
or in teams with other
specialties?

5) What courses in high

school will be
important for future in
industrial engineering?
6) Are industrial
engineering projects
generally collaborative,
or does one person
usually do the planning
and execution of the
project.

Research Road Map

Group Members: Date:
Class:
Research Topic: Period:
Water Resources Engineering
Answer the following questions

1. What is water resource engineering?

2. What are the specialties of water resources engineering?

3. What would you study to become a water resources engineer?
4. What types of projects do water resources engineers work on?

Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering

Water resources engineering is the quantitative study of the hydrologic cycle -- the
distribution and circulation of water linking the earth's atmosphere, land and oceans. Surface
runoff is measured as the difference between precipitation and abstractions, such as infiltration
(which replenishes groundwater flow), surface storage and evaporation. Applications include the
management of the urban water supply, the design of urban storm-sewer systems, and flood
forecasting. Hydraulic engineering consists of the application of fluid mechanics to water flowing
in an isolated environment (pipe, pump) or in an open channel (river, lake, ocean). Civil
engineers are primarily concerned with open channel flow, which is governed by the
interdependent interaction between the water and the channel. Applications include the design
of hydraulic structures, such as sewage conduits, dams and breakwaters, the management of
waterways, such as erosion protection and flood protection, and environmental management,
such as prediction of the mixing and transport of pollutants in surface water. Hydroelectric-power
development, water supply, irrigation and navigation are some familiar applications of water
resources engineering involving the utilization of water for beneficial purposes. More recently,
concern for preserving our natural environment and meeting the needs of developing countries
has increased the importance of water resources engineering.
Civil engineers play a vital role in the optimal planning, design and operation of water
resource systems. Job opportunities in hydrology and water resources are quite varied.
Positions are available in large and small consulting firms, and at all levels of government
(municipal, provincial and federal). Particularly in Quebec, due to its abundant water resources,
hydrology has played an important role in the social and economic development of the province.

Vocabulary
 Precipitation : rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to or condenses on the ground.
 Infiltration : surreptitiously and gradually enter or gain access to (an organization,
 Replenishes : restore to a former level or condition.
 Evaporation : turn from liquid into vapour.
 Sewer : an underground conduit for carrying off drainage water and waste matter.
 Sewage : waste water and excrement conveyed in sewers.
 Conduits : a channel for conveying water or other fluid
 Municipal : related to a town or district that has local government

Answer the following questions

1. What is water resource engineering?

______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

2. What are the concerns of water resources engineering?

______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

3. What is hydraulic engineering?

______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

4. What are the applications of water resources engineering?

______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
 Civil Engineering

Civil engineering affects many of our daily activities: the buildings we live in and work in,
the transportation facilities we use, the water we drink, and the drainage and sewerage
systems that are necessary to our health and well-being (see Fig. 2.1). Civil engineers:

Figure 2.1 Geodetic engineering, a branch of Civil Engineering, involves measuring

and mapping the earth's surface. (Courtesy of the Georgia Tech News Bureau.)

 Measure and map the earth's surface.

 Design and supervise the construction of bridges, tunnels, large buildings,
dams, and coastal structures.
 Plan, lay out, construct, and maintain railroads, highways, and airports.
 Devise systems for the control and efficient flow of traffic.
 Plan and build river regulation and flood control projects.
 Provide plants and systems for water supply and sewage and refuse disposal.
Civil is a very broad branch of engineering, and it includes at least seven major
specialized areas of practice:
 Structural engineering.
 Construction engineering and management.
 Transportation engineering.
 Geotechnical engineering.
 Hydraulic and water resources engineering.
 Environmental engineering.
 Geodetic engineering.
The largest specialty within Civil Engineering, structural engineering is concerned with the
design of large buildings, bridges, tanks, towers, dams, and other large structures. These
engineers design and select appropriate structural components (e.g., beams, columns, and
slabs) and systems to provide adequate strength, stability, and durability.
A large fraction of civil engineers work in the construction industry, building the facilities
that other engineers and architects design. The task of construction engineers is to utilize and
manage the resources of construction (the vehicles, equipment, machines, materials, and
skilled workers) to produce with timeliness and efficiency the structure or facility envisioned by
the designer. Transportation engineers are concerned with the planning and layout of
highways, airports, harbors and ports, and mass transportation systems. They plan and design
transportation terminals and devise and operate systems for the control of vehicular traffic.
Geotechnical engineers are concerned with the structural behavior of soil and rock. They
analyze earth support systems and design foundations, earth walls, and highway and airport
pavements.
Hydraulic and water resources engineers are concerned with the flow of water
through ditches, conduits, canals, dams, and estuaries. They use their special knowledge of
fluid mechanics to design dams, irrigation systems, municipal water works, and drainage and
erosion control systems.
Environmental engineers are concerned with solid waste management, air and water
pollution, and control of pesticides and radiological hazards. They design and oversee the
operation of water treatment and sewage treatment plants and measure and monitor pollutants
in the air, on land, and in lakes and streams. Geodetic engineers measure and map the
earth's surface. They locate precisely property and building lines and survey the locations,
elevations, and alignment of engineering projects.
Civil engineers work with construction companies, manufacturing companies, power
companies, and with consulting engineering firms. Many opportunities for civil engineering
employment exist in city, county, and state engineering departments and in the various
agencies of the federal government.

Civil Engineering
Plan, design, construct and maintain structures as a civil engineer.

Have you ever wondered who builds our buildings, roads, tunnels, bridges, airports,
dams and reservoirs – even our sewage systems? Civil engineers, of course! Civil
engineering is a broad field that encompasses the planning, design, construction and
maintenance of fixed structures, or public works, as they relate to earth, water or civilization
and their processes, the altering of geography to suit human needs, civil engineering: one of
the oldest engineering fields.
 Think about ancient Rome. You’ve probably seen pictures of Rome’s magnificent
architecture such as the Roman Colosseum and the Pantheon. But the Romans also were
some of the earliest civil engineers. For example, the Romans were some of the first to build
roads throughout their empire; and built beautiful and functional aqueducts, a system of
bridges and canals, used to redirect and bring water into cities.
Originally, there were only two fields of engineering: military and civil. All fields of
engineering today have evolved from civil engineering. There are several major specialties
within civil engineering namely construction and structural engineering – buildings, bridges
and tunnels, water resources – river control, irrigation, swamp draining, water supply and
sewage disposal, Environmental engineering – preservation and cleanup.
Transportation engineering – highway and railroad building and repair, and traffic
control. Geotechnical engineering – earthworks: soil mechanics and foundations. In terms of
academic degrees and licensing, if you want to become a civil engineer in the United States,
you must earn a four-year bachelor of science (BS) or bachelor of engineering (BEng) degree
in civil engineering. After graduating from college, you must become a licensed professional
engineer (PE) to do any civil engineering work affecting the public, or to represent yourself
legally as a civil engineer.

(taken from http://www.futuresinengineering.org./what.php?id=5)

Vocabulary
 Aqueducts : a system of bridges and canals, used to redirect and supply cities with
safe water
 Construction Engineering : directs building of bridges, tunnels, dams, and super
structures
 Water Resources : refers to rivers, irrigation, water supply, and sewage disposal
 Environmental Engineer : directs preservation and cleanup of water and the natural
landscape
 Transportation Engineer : directs highway and railroad building and repair, and traffic
control projects
 Geotechnical Engineer : directs earthwork, soil mechanics, and foundation projects
 BS : bachelors degree in science
 BEng : bachelors degree in civil engineering (a four-year college degree)
 Structural design : A process of applying engineering mechanics to create a
functional, economic, and safe structure for the public
 Retaining wall : a structure that holds back earth materials
 Structural analysis : set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and
predict the behavior of structures
 Hydraulic Engineering : the field of engineering concerned with the flow and
conveyance of fluids, principally water.
 Structural Engineering : a subfield of civil engineering that deals with the design of
any structural systems whose purpose is to support and resist various loads

Assignment
 Complete the Assumptions on students’ log column based on your knowledge of civil
engineering.
 Log your observations as you view an eleven-minute video interview with a
construction engineer from Dayton, Ohio retrieved from
http://www.futuresinengineering.org.
 Collect, analyze, and describe information concerning with what an engineer does
retrieved from Engineering Your Future Web site “What is Engineering?” page at
http://www.futuresinengineering.org and The American Society of Civil Engineers
Website at: http://www.asce.org/history/seven_wonders.cfm#chunnel.
 Do a research homework assignment in group researching the following topics:
1. The Channel Tunnel
2. The CN Tower
3. The Empire State Building
4. The Golden Gate Bridge
5. Itaipu Damn
6. Netherlands North Sea Protection Works
7. The Panama Canal
 Use the Civil Engineering Research Road Map to guide your research.
 Groups should also conduct internet searches to look for additional information from
other reliable Web sources.
 Each group will present their research topic to the class the following class period.
Information Technology (IT) Engineering

Watch these videos!

a. What is information technology
b. Career path of information technology engineers
Before reading the text, answer the following questions.
1. What is Information Technology engineering?
2. What can Information Technology Engineers can do?
3. What drive of computer do you usually use to save your data?
4. What difficulties do you find when saving your data?

Let’s read.
TYPES OF DATA BASE

What is a database? As you probably know, a database is an organized collection of

data used for the purpose of modeling some type of organization or organizational process. It
really doesn’t matter whether you’re using paper or a computer software program to collect
and store the data. As long as you’re gathering data in some organized manner for a specific
purpose, you’re using a computer software program to collect and maintain your data. There
are two types of databases found in database management, operational databases and
analytical databases.
Operational databases are the backbone of many companies, organizations, and
institutions throughout the world today. This type of database is primarily used in on-line
transaction processing (OLTP) scenarios, that is, in situation where there is a need to collect,
modify, and maintain data on a daily basis. The type of data stored in an operational database
is dynamic, meaning that it changes constantly and always reflects up-to-the-minute
information. Organizations, such as retail stores, manufacturing companies, hospitals and
clinics, and publishing houses, use operational databases because their data is an a constant
state of flux.
In contrast, analytical databases are primarily used in on-line analytical processing
(OLAP) scenarios, where there is a need to store and track historical and time-dependent
data. An analytical database is a valuable asset when there is a need to track trends, view
statistical data over a long period of time, and make tactical or strategic business projections.
This type of database stores static data, meaning that the data is never (or very rarely)
modified. The information gleaned from an analytical database reflects a point-in-time
snapshot of the data. Chemical labs, geological companies, and marketing-analysis firms are
examples of organizations that use analytical databases.
Analytical databases use data from operational databases as their main data source,
so there can be some amount of association between them; nevertheless, operational and
analytical databases fulfill very specific types of data-processing needs, and creating their
structures requires radically different design methodologies.
Quoted from Database Design for More Mortals TM: A
Hands-On Guide to Relational Database Design by Michael
Hernandez

Vocabulary
backbone (n) : tulang punggung radically (adj) : sama sekali, sangat
basis (n) : keperluan reflect (v) : mencerminkan
(be) gathering (v) : mengumpulkan retail stores (n) : pedagang eceran
(be) gleaned (v) : diperoleh snapshot (n) : pengambilan
flux (n) : aliran tactical (adj) : menggunakan taktik
fulfill (v) : memenuhi track (v) : merekam
maintain (v) : mengawasi valuable (adj) : berguna
manner (n) : cara purpose (n) : tujuan

Part A. Main Idea

Fill the blank chart with main idea of each paragraph

Part B. Reading Comprehension

a. Complete the table below based on the information from the text.

Operational Database Analytical Database

Filed of Use OLTP scenarios OLAP scenarios

Type of Data

Organization

b. As you read the text, determine the definition of the words below. Number one
has been done for you.

1. Database is an organized collection of data used for the purpose of modeling

some type of organization or organizational process.
2. OLTP scenario means____________________________________________
3. OLAP scenario
 is________________________________________________
4. Dynamic data
means_____________________________________________

5. Static data
is_________________________________________________
Part C. Enriching Vocabulary
Find out the synonym of the underlined word.
1. The purpose of database is modeling some types of organization or organizational
process.
a. collection c. aim
b. belief d. plan
2. Every time we gather data, we get a database.
a. Collect c. keep
b. Make d. measure
3. By using a computer software, we can store our data.
a. buy c. throw
b. keep d. collect
4. There are several organizations that use database to modify the daily data.
a. repair c. keep
b. change d. how
5. In operational database, the data changes constantly all the time, minute by minute.
a. continuously all the time c. fast all the time
b. smoothly all the time d. well all the time
6. When we need to view statistical data over a long period of time, an analytical data is a
valuable asset.
a. useless c. hopeful
b. useful d. hopeless
7. An analytical data is also used to track trends.
a. record c. use
b. find d. try
Part D. Sentence Structure
Please divide the sentence in each paragraph into some parts like the example given!

Par/N Phrase 1 Phrase 2 Phrase 3 Connector

o

1/1 What is a database

1/2 As you probably

know

a database is organized collection

of data used for the
purpose of modeling
some type of
organization or
organizational
process.

1/3 It really doesn’t Matter whether

You are using paper or a computer

software program to
collect and store the
data.

1/4 As long as you data are gathering in some organized

manner for a specific
purpose,
 1/5 You are using a computer software
program to collect
and maintain your
data.

1/6 There are two types of

databases found in
database
management,
operational
databases and
analytical databases.

Part E. Students Viewing Log

Find out the synonym of the underlined word.

Name ____________________________ Date __________________

Class _____________________________ Period _________________

Directions: Record your assumptions about the filed of Information Technology Engineering.
While viewing the video list the new information you learned in the appropriate column

Information Technology
Assumptions What I learned
Engineering
7) What is an
Information Technology
engineer?

8) What would you

study to become an
Information Technology
engineer?

9) What type of projects

do Information
Technology engineers
work on?
 10) Can Information
Technology engineer do
crime?

11) Where can an

Information Technology
engineer save data and
how?

12) Are Information

Technology engineering
projects generally
collaborative, or does
one person usually do
the planning and
execution of the project.

Assignments
 Find information technology article (Topic is free) in internet
 Make a group consists of 6-7 people and make presentation slides
 The following week you must present your material in front of the class
Part F. Let’s have fun…

a. FILLING AND REPORTING THE DATA

Here is a form of Fortuna Yoga and Therapy, and fill the form for yourself.

b. EXPLAINING THE DATA

Look at ‘Fortuna Yoga and Therapy’ form. Make a conversation with your friend
based on the information you have filled in.
The example is provided for you.
 Before you move to the lesson, please guess…

Before reading the text, answer the following questions.

1. Do you know Mesopotamia? Where is it?
2. What is the remarkable achievement of Mesopotamia?
3. How was the engineering in Mesopotamia?
4. What are the contributions of Mesopotamian to the world of Engineering?

Reading Strategies
  Before you read, make your own questions about what you think about the topic.
 Read the whole text of the passage.
 Highlight the key sentence and topic of each paragraph to point out events or ideas.
 Make a brief note of the main idea and organization/structure of the passage on your
scrap paper while you read.
 It is better for you to not try to understand every word.
 After reading, retell or summarize the text. Focus on the important points, and support
them with relevant details.
 Feel free to look back into the text to check your summary.
Let’s read.
THE MESOPOTAMIANS

Significant engineering achievements must be credited to the ancient dwellers of

Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, currently the country of Iraq.
In this area, the wheeled cart is said to have first appeared. In southern Mesopotamia, at the
beginning of recorded history, the ancient and mysterious Sumerian people constructed
canals, temples, and city walls that comprised the world’s first engineering works.
The land of Mesopotamia was open to attack from the north, east, and west, and its
history is a confused record of conquests and occupations by neighboring peoples. The most
prominent rulers of ancient Mesopotamia were the Babylonians and the Assyrians.
Records inscribed on clay tablets have been discovered and deciphered, providing an
insight into life in that area thousands of years ago. These records show as early as 2000 BC,
an angle measuring device called the astrolabe was being used for astronomical
observations. This instrument, which was based on the 60-unit numerical system used by the
Mesopotamians, consisted of a graduated circle and a sighting arm. That system has been
retained in time and angle measurements to the present day.
The most unusual class of structure left by the Mesopotamians was the ziggurat, a
temple tower built in honor of their gods. The ziggurat was a terraced pyramid of brick with
staircases, setbacks, and a shrine or chapel at the top. The tower of Babel mentioned in the
Old Testament is believed to have been this type of structure.
Hammurabi, the great king who ruled Babylonia for 43 years (circa 1850 to 1750 BC)
compiled a comprehensive new code of law that bears his name. This famous code provided
penalties for those who permitted poor construction practices and is considered to be a
forerunner of today’s building codes.
The Code of Hammurabi provided an important message dealing with quality
assurance and professional responsibility and exacted extremely severe penalties for its
branch.
It is not surprising that the people who populated the Tigris and Euphrates developed
significant irrigation and flood control works.
It is not surprising that the people who populated the Tigris and Euphrates developed
significant irrigation and flood control works. Today, in Iraq, evidence of abandoned canals
can still be traced by lines of embankments, lakes, and streams. The Nahrwan, a 400-foot
wide canal extended generally parallel to the Tigris River over a distance of 200 miles
irrigating an area averaging 18 miles in width. Imposing masonry dams were used by the
Mesopotamians to divert small tributaries into the canal.
During the reign of King Sennacherib, the Assyrians completed the first notable
example of a public water supply. They built A 30-mile-long feeder canal bringing fresh water
from the hills of Mount Tas to the existing Khosr River, by which the water flowed an additional
15 miles into Ninevah. At Jerwan, An elevated cut-stone aqueduct was built to carry the open
canal over a small stream. This famous structure was 863 feet long, 68 feet wide, and 28 feet
at the highest point. It supported a channel that was approximately 50 feet long, 68 feet wide,
and 28 feet at the highest point. The channel was underlain by a thick layer of concrete, the
first known use of this construction material

A. Vocabulary Builder
Context clues: Please find difficult word in the passage, write it down and try to guess the
meaning. To guess the meaning, you can probe from the context clues of the sentence.

1. Significant engineering achievements must be credited to the ancient dwellers of

Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, currently the country
of Iraq.
2. Significant engineering achievements must be credited to the ancient dwellers of
Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, currently the country
of Iraq.
3. The ancient and mysterious Sumerian people constructed canals, temples, and city
walls that comprised the world’s first engineering works.
4. The most prominent rulers of ancient Mesopotamia were the Babylonians and the
Assyrians.

Vocabulary
 achievement  Assurance

 dwellers  Reign

 comprise  Shrine

 prominent  Notable

 shrine  Underlain

 Comprised  Famous

 Conquest  Attack

 Prominent  Requirements

 Retain

 Make your own conclusion on the meaning and pattern of usage of the words achievement,
dweller, comprise, assurance, famous, conquest, and reign based on the corpus above.
1. achievement
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. dweller
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3. assurance
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
4. famous

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________ __
 5. conquest
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
6. reign
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

I. Students are to recognize the main idea of each paragraph in order to check students
understanding. Teachers are to provide exercises in which students can identify and
write down each main idea in form of sentence.

B. Reading Comprehension
II. Make a diagram of the main idea and main idea and organization/structure of the
passage.
For example:
 Engineering in the Early Civilizations: The Mesopotamians

a. Significant Engineering Achievement of the Mesopotamians

b. The Code of Hammurabi

 The Code of Hammurabi
Cause Effect

III. Students are to recognize complex sentences from simple sentences, to practice
phrase reading so as to avoid reading word by word. Teachers are to provide exercises
in which students read sentence, recognize the connector, write simple sentence, and
read phrase by phrase.

N Sentence Subject Main Verb Explanation

o
1 The land of Mesopotamia
was open to attack from the
north, east, and west, and
its history is a confused
record of conquests and
occupations by neighboring
peoples.

2 The most prominent rulers

of ancient Mesopotamia
were the Babylonians and
the Assyrians.

3 Records inscribed on clay

tablets have been
discovered and deciphered,
providing an insight into life
in that area thousands of
years ago.

4 These records show as

early as 2000 BC, an angle
measuring device called the
astrolabe was being used
 for astronomical
observations.

5 The tower of Babel

mentioned in the Old
Testament is believed to
have been this type of
structure.

6 The ziggurat was a terraced

pyramid of brick with
staircases, setbacks, and a
shrine or chapel at the top.

7 The Code of Hammurabi

provided an important
message dealing with
quality assurance and
professional responsibility
and exacted extremely
severe penalties for its
branch.

8 It is not surprising that the

people who populated the
Tigris and Euphrates
developed significant
irrigation and flood control
works.

9 They built A 30-mile-long

feeder canal bringing fresh
water from the hills of
Mount Tas to the existing
Khosr River, by which the
water flowed an additional
15 miles into Ninevah.

10 The channel was underlain

by a thick layer of concrete,
the first known use of this
 construction material

IV. Identify modifying phrases in the sentences above and explain the function of
the phrases.
Examples:

a. Records inscribed on clay tablets.

This phrase has the same meaning as “Records which is inscribed on clay
tablets.”

b. ... providing an insight into life in that area thousands of years ago.
This phrase has the same meaning as “which provide an insight into life in
that area thousands of years ago.

1. ...

2. ...

3. ...

4. ...

5. ...

What you can conclude about the pattern and meaning of modifying clauses that
you have listed above?

__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

V. Simplify the following sentences into shorter sentences.

For example:

 The land of Mesopotamia was open to attack from the north, east, and west,
and its history is a confused record of conquests and occupations by
neighboring peoples.
a) The land of Mesopotamia was open to attack from the north, east, and west.
b) The history of the land of Mesopotamia is a confused record.
c) The record is about the conquests and occupations by neighboring peoples.

1. Significant engineering achievements must be credited to the ancient dwellers

of Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, currently the
 country of Iraq. In this area, the wheeled cart is said to have first appeared. In
southern Mesopotamia, at the beginning of recorded history, the ancient and
mysterious Sumerian people constructed canals, temples, and city walls that
comprised the world’s first engineering works.

2. This instrument, which was based on the 60-unit numerical system used by the
Mesopotamians, consisted of a graduated circle and a sighting arm. That system
has been retained in time and angle measurements to the present day.

3. The most unusual class of structure left by the Mesopotamians was the
ziggurat, a temple tower built in honor of their gods.

4. They built A 30-mile-long feeder canal bringing fresh water from the hills of
Mount Tas to the existing Khosr River, by which the water flowed an additional 15
miles into Ninevah.

VI. Make your own summary of The Mesopotamians passage.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________

VII. Describe the Picture Below Based on Your Own Knowledge.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
.
Let’s have FUN
6 13

9 12
1 10

14

11 7

5 15

4 8

Before you move to the lesson, please guess…

Before reading the text, answer the following questions.
5. Do you know Egypt? Where is it?
6. What is the remarkable achievement of Egyptian?
7. How was the engineering in Egyptian?
8. What are the contributions of Egyptian to the world of Engineering?

Let’s read.
THE EGYPTIAN

In the ancient Egyptian civilization, expert in planning and construction emerged. These
engineering forerunners held top positions as the trusted advisors of the Egyptian kings. The
man held this position was a general construction expert who was known as the king. The
man who held this position was a general construction expert who was known as the king’s
“chief of works”.
These ancient engineers or architects practiced the earliest known form of surveying,
developed effective irrigation systems and built remarkable edifices of stone. The annual
flooding of the Nile created a need for reestablishing land boundaries. To perform these
surveys, Egyptian engineers used sections of rope that had been soaked in water, dried and
then coated with a wax material to insure constant length. They may have also used primitive
surveying instruments, but none has been found.
It is known that as early as 3300 B.C., the Egyptians developed and maintained an
extensive system of dykes, canals, and drainage systems. A great mass of people populated
the narrow fertile valley of the Nile and irrigations works were needed to maintain the large
population and exploit the skill of agriculture. The river also served as the principal means of
transportation because horses, wheeled vehicles, and roads were unknown in Egypt until
about 1785 B.C.
 The engineers of ancient Egypt sought to build the tallest, broadest, and most durable
structures the world would ever see their palaces, temples, and tombs were designed as
symbols of triumphant and everlasting power.
The best known works of the Egyptian builders are the pyramids. The first pyramid was
the Step Pyramid Sakkara, built by Imhotep as a burial place for the ruler Zoster in about
2980 B.C. The design of pyramids evolved from tombs known as mastabas, as figure 1.4
illustrates. The ancient Egyptians regarded the King’s tomb as a house where he actually
lived after death, and some of the more elaborate mastabas contained several rooms and
storage cells where food and weapons were placed in close proximity to the dead ruler and
his family Zoser’s Step Pyramid is actually six mastabas, the second built on top of the first,
the third on top of the second, and so forth. It Is conjectured that Imhotep may have built the
mastabas one on the top of the other to prevent tomb robbers from digging, as they
commonly did, into the edifice from the top.
Three pyramids still stand on the West bank of the Nile River at Giza as reminders of the
outstanding engineering skills of the Egyptians. The largest pyramid, known as the Great
Pyramid of Cheops is approximately 481 feet high, and its base covers 13 acres. The
pyramid is constructed of more than 2 million block of stone with the average weight of 2.5
tons. Some of the interior blocks weigh up to 30 tons.
Herodotus, the Greek historian who visited Egypt in the fifth century BC reported that it
took 100.000 men 20 years working in three-month relays to build the pyramid. The stone
blocks were floated to the site by a causeway that had been built for that purpose. Using
ropes, levers, rollers, wooden sledges, earth ramps, and cooper chisels, The Egyptian
workers built the pyramid with precise and exacting engineering standards. The low courses
of this remarkable structure are set with joints measuring one ten-thousandth of an inch
wide.
Glossary:
1. Advisors : Penasehat 6. Instruments : Alat-alat
2. Expert : Ahli 7. Valley : Lembah
3. Edifices : Bangunan besar 8. Step : Langkah-langkah
4. Flooding : Banjir 9. Remarkable : Mengagumkan
5. Boundaries : Batas

Part A. Main Idea

Fill the blank box with the main idea of each paragraph in the passage
Part B. Sentence Structure.
Please divide the sentence in each paragraph into some parts like the example given!
Par/N Phrase 1 Phrase 2 Phrase 3 Connector
o

1/1 Experts in planning emerged In the ancient

and construction civilization

1/2 These engineering held top position as the

forerunners trusted advisors of
the Egyptian kings

1/3 The man who held was a general

this position construction expert
who was known as
the king’s “Chief of
works”
a general was known who
 construction expert as the king’s “chief
of works”
2/1 These engineering held who
forerunners top position as the
trusted advisors of
the Egyptian kings
2/2 The man who held was
this position a general
construction expert
was known
as the king’s “chief
of works”.

Part C. Let’s have fun…

Find seven words that are stated in the text by giving horizontal, vertical, or diagonal lines…
S O T O B N N O P E A
L S R E L O M B O K F
U E O B P N I M N U I
A K V A N Y L O N N F
N Y O E K U R E Y C S
C D E U R E A A I I Z
I D U Z P G D X M X S
E N I P C Y I Q H I E
N T O M B P W A O F D
T C I O E T R A T T D
I L E O H I E R E L I
K U E N U A I O P E H
S V A M I N U L L A H
Part D. Reading Comprehensions
Answer the following questions based on the information in the text…
1. When did the Egyptians develop the systems of dykes, canals, and drainage?
2. Are horses known in Egyptian era after 1785 BC?
3. What is the function of the building of Mastabas?
4. What are proves of the outstanding skill of Egyptian engineers?
5. What are the Egyptians achievements stated in the text?

Part E. Enriching Vocabularies

Match the words with the meaning on the right…
Words Meanings
 a. Maintain 1. Believed by others
b. Commonl 2. Hundreds years
y 3. Ancients and too traditional way of life
c. Primitive 4. Place to save goods or as stockpile
d. Causewa 5. Can be said as immortal
y 6. Something usual
e. Insure 7. Keep something to not change
f. Storage 8. Shortcut way, sometimes through swamp
g. Everlasti 9. Guarantee toward something
ng 10. A process human adapt and create their
h. Century characteristics of life
i. Civilizatio
n
j. Trusted

CAREER PATH OF ENGINEERING

Before reading the text, please read the following chart and guess
what it means.
Before reading the text, answer the following questions.
1. Why do you decide engineering faculty?
2. Please describe your goal after finishing your study in engineering faculty?
3. What will be your dream in ten or twenty years after working in certain area of
engineering?
THE CORPORATE LADDER

The great majority of engineers are employed by private industrial or business

organizations. (See Table 2.2b.) Most of the jobs in engineering are with large corporations.
Engineers who work for large companies typically have many career options. The possibilities
include the practice of “hands-on” engineering, proposal writing, marketing of engineering
services, and upper echelon management.
Table 2.2c percentages of employed engineers by major field and primary work activity, 1984
Primary work activity Aeronautical/ Chemical Civil Electrical/ Industrial Mechanical
Astronautical Electronic
Basic research 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.6
Applied research 7.5 5.4 2.1 3.9 0.8 2.9
Development 38.4 31.8 15.0 37.5 17.7 38.2
Management of 20.0 10.3 4.5 14.4 5.5 10.6
research and
management
Other management 11.9 23.7 31.8 16.2 31.3 20.4
/administration
Teaching 2.3 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.7 2.1
Consulting 1.6 2.7 15.3 3.5 2.7 2.1
Production/inspection 8.9 17.4 22.0 15.2 28.0 4.5
Reporting, statistical, 4.9 2.9 4.1 3.7 6.5 1.9
Work Computing
Other 2.4 2.6 1.4 2.1 3.4 2.3
No report 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.0 1.2 1.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: U.S. Scientist and Engineers: 1984, Surveys of Science Resources Series, Selected Statistical tables,
National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
The immense breadth of corporate activity minimizes the career damage that might
result from working in an inappropriate job. The engineer, for example, who finds that by the
age of thirty he is bored with the laboratory, can quietly move laterally, if he is inherently
qualified, into management or sales. No other option available to the graduating engineers
offers quite this degree of flexibility and potential for substantial, even radical, career change.
Furthermore, because of the depth and variety of corporate resources, it is possible for
the exceptionally promising engineer to climb the corporate ladder while simultaneously
working toward post-baccalaureate degrees. Many progressive companies are willing to
provide formal university training for young engineers after they have demonstrated their
competence and dedication to the firm. Other companies have developed contractual
relationships with universities by which employees may take regular courses for university
credit in the evenings or during time-off periods during the day. In addition, many corporations
perform a broad and on-going educational function by offering in-house training courses
taught by the company’s technical staff.
The young engineer achieving his or her baccalaureate degree must realize that there
is truly no such thing as “business” and no such generic entity as “the corporation.”
Companies, even companies producing and marketing highly similar products, differ as much
or more than individual human beings differ.
Some companies project a relatively conservative image. They tend to promote their
employees primarily on the basis of longevity with the firm, and they are more concerned with
what the employee has learned in the company than with what he or she has learned in
school.
To other companies, experience is not a crucial factor, because they are developing
new products and new technologies at such a pace that long-term experience can have little
value, State-of-the-art knowledge and the ability to apply it imaginatively are more important.
In contrast to the experience-based company, such knowledge-based firms often are in a
state of constant evolution, generating for their employees a great deal of excitement, as well
as many ulcers.
It should be remembered that companies also differ in relatively minor but often
personally crucial ways In one company, the weekly cocktail party is an essential ingredient in
the corporate continuum;- in another, the public consumption of anything stronger than steam
beer is frowned upon. In one company, social groups may be important; in another, outside
activities, such as community service, are more valued. One company pays for spouses to go
to conventions; another company sends nobody at all. Such wide variations in corporate
personality, while confusing to the engineer evaluating the corporate ladder option, are
indicative of one of the strengths of this career choice. There is, somewhere, a company for
nearly everybody. No matter what your temperamental inclinations, no matter what your
interests, no matter what your biases or prejudices, no matter what your preference in clothes
and haircuts, there is at least one company—and usually many—where you will feel right at
home and be able to work effectively. It is just a matter of finding it.

Glossary of words
Immense : sangat besar
Laterally : bersifat sama atau setingkat
echelon : tingkat kekuasaan
breadth : luas atau lebar
baccalaureate degree : lulusan sarjana S1
longevity : jangka, durasi waktu
ulcer : sariawan, puru, bisul
spouse : istri
inclination : kecenderungan

Find main idea of each paragraph.

 Students are to describe their own ideal goal after completing their study in
Brawijaya University.
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________

Sentence complexes
Students are to recognize complex sentences from simple sentences, to practice
phrase reading so as to avoid reading word by word. Teachers are to provide exercises in
which students read sentence, recognize the connector, write simple sentence, and read
phrase by phrase.
Do as in examples in the table.

Paragraph
No. Phrase 1 Phrase 2 Phrase 3 Con.
and sent.
The great majority by private industrial or business
1. 1/1 are employed
of engineers organizations.
Most of the jobs in
2. 1/2 are with large corporations.
engineering
Engineers who
3. 1/3 work for large typically have many career options.
companies
the practice of “hands-on”
engineering, proposal writing,
4. 1/4 The possibilities include marketing of engineering
services, and upper echelon
management.

WHAT SHOULD I DO…

1. Before you move to the lesson, please see a movie (about a teacher pledge)…
2. Answer the teacher’s questions based on the movie!
Let’s read.
THE IDEAL AND OBLIGATIONS OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS
The ideals and obligations of engineering as a profession have been embodied
in solemn statements of intention prepared by engineering societies. Members of the
National Society of Professional Engineers subscribe to this Creed:
 As a professional Engineer, I dedicate my professional knowledge and skill to the
advancement and betterment of human welfare.
I pledge:
 To give the utmost of performance
 To participate in none but honest enterprise
 To live and work according to the laws of man and the highest standards of
professional conduct
 To place service before profit, the honor and standing of the profession before
personal advantage and the public welfare above all other considerations.
In humility and with need for Divine Guidance, I make this pledge.
The Ethics Committee of the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development
prepared the following statement describing the faith of the engineering:
I AM AN ENGINEER. In my profession I take deep pride, but without vainglory; to it I
owe solemn obligations that I am eager to fulfill
As an engineer, I will participate in none but honest enterprise. To him that has
engaged my services, as employer or client, I will give the utmost of performance and fidelity.
When needed, my skill and knowledge shall be given without reservation for the public
good. From special capacity springs the obligation to use it well in the service to humanity;
and I accept the challenge that this implies
Jealous of the high repute of my calling, I will strive to protect the interests and the
good name of any engineer that I know to be deserving; but I will not shrink, should duty
dictate, from disclosing the truth regarding anyone that, but unscrupulous act, has shown
himself unworthy of the profession.
Since the age of stone, human progress has been conditioned by the genius of my
professional forebears. By them have been rendered usable to mankind Nature’s vast
resources of material and energy. By them have been vitalized and turned to practical
account the principles of science and the revelations of technology. Except for this heritage of
accumulated experience, my effort would be feeble. I dedicate myself to the dissemination of
engineering knowledge, and especially to the instruction of younger members of my
profession in all its arts and traditions.
To my fellow I pledge, in the same full measure I ask of them, integrity and fair dealing,
tolerance and respect, and devotion to the standards and the dignity of our profession; with
the consciousness, always, that our special expertness carries with it the obligation to serve
humanity with complete sincerity.
Engineering graduates of Canadian universities participate in a ceremony of the
Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer. In that ceremony, they subscribe to an obligation
written by Rudyard Kipling. Engineers who participate in that ritual wear an iron ring as
a symbol and a reminder of their obligation.

Glossary:
  Ideals : Cita-cita  Deep pride : Kebangaan Terdalam
 Obligations : Kwajiban  Vainglory : Keangkuhan
 Solemn : Sungguh  Reservation : Pemesanan
 Dedicate :  Strive : Berusaha keras
Mempersembahkan  Unworthy : Tidak berharga
 Knowledge : Pengetahuan  Unscrupulous : Tidak mengindahkan
 Utmost : Sepenuhya moral
 Honest : Kejujuran  Expertness : Keahlian
 Faith : Kesetiaan

Part A. Written Information in the Text

Write T (True) if the statement reflects the information in the text and F (False) if it
contradicts to the information in the text.

N
SENTENCE TRUE/FALSE
O
1 An engineer will surrender when they find obstacles
2 The oath is not a must to do by the speaker
3 The engineers will be dishonest in their job
The skill and the ability of the engineers must be used for
4
public benefit
5 All the engineers will keep their oath
The engineers who participate in that ritual wear an metal
6
ring as a symbol and a reminder of their obligation
The one who made the ethic was the Ethics Committee of
7
the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development
8 Engineers are able to work under pressure
The Engineers subscribe to an obligation written by
9
Rudyard Kipling before the ceremony
10 Engineers neglect the existence of God in making the oath

Part B. Sentence Structure.

 Please divide the sentence in paragraph into some parts like the example given!
Par/N Phrase 1 Phrase Phrase 3 Connector
o 2

1/1 As a dedicate my professional knowledge

professional and skill to the advancement
Engineer, I and betterment of human
welfare.
1/2 pledge
I: the utmost of performance
a. To give
1/3 in none but honest enterprise
b. To
1/4 participate according to the laws of ma
and the highest standards of
c. To live professional conduct
and work

Part C. Let’s have fun…

Find ten words that are stated in the text by giving horizontal, vertical, or diagonal
lines…
S U K A W X R A W O N S
M E M B E R M U I D Y A
H U M I L I T Y I F B Y
A S U M F O R E S T S A
M A L O A H E R O C D E
H O N O R S E W E L G A
E F U N E C N A D I U G
R S O I L M I D I E L E
R P L E D G E E G N A R
L U N A M A Y A N T M T
A R I L C E A A I G A A
L J E A L O U S T K R R
I G U A N A S H Y O I I
Part D. Finding Similar Vocabularies
Find the synonym of the bold words with the word in the text
1. I met John yesterday, he has an ability to hypnotize someone
2. Every country has rules which must be done
3. The life of engineer give much benefit to the development of a company
4. Everyone has preference in each food choice
5. I understand who take your positions in this company
6. She create the statue in her company in Malang
7. John’s job is as a manager in a company
8. Next month, my manager will join an international seminar in Moscow
9. My mother used to use blazer to her office
10. An engineer found an icon of early engineering in Mesopotamia

Part E. Enriching Vocabularies

Match the words with the meaning on the right…
Words Meanings
a. Toleranc 1. To become smaller
e 2. The stating of expressing of something in words

b. Stateme 3. Looking very serious

nts 4. To attention or concern for something or somebody

5. To arrange or to employ somebody
c. Pledge
6. The quality of being honest and having strong moral
d. Solemn principles
7. The willingness or ability to tolerate someone or
e. Engage
something
f. Shrink 8. Constant or strong love for loyalty to somebody or

g. Integrity something
9. A formal act or series of formal act performed on religious
h. Ceremo
 ny or public occasion
10. a thing given to somebody as a sign of friendship,
i. Devotion
love, etc.
j. Regard

Appendix 1 The Judge Oath

Source: Judicial Department of South Carolina

Appendix 2 The Teacher’s Oath

Source: ITE School