‘Africa World Press, Inc. omic 9 199 Masa Day Cats nt Canes Di Cot ine Pring 1000 Allnigs ese No prof Us pbliestion may be repro- Sled tre cea steno acted ar yin means eeetoni elena aways te ‘thrice wuhou Ue rie wnt perms 9 he Cove des: ata Galery (Cove at ty exw Michal Got the Marker © 8 Yee Library of Congross Cataloging a Publieation Date Doe, suinppo elated rpneacere, Engh ‘Wont deyeanea an ef ejoducon sea ISBN 085834220 tke) repraducton-Develjany comics eraser Deeps Shoes Dabs Conn Mason I Dali Cone Gans Hghan sbebeuus 9a sosbal na [REPRODUCTION AND FEMINIST ‘STRUGGLE IN THE NEW INTERNATIONAL Division OF Labor Silvia Federici, Ineroduetion Sning wh emotion tt raat a sect ‘logan! mew win osname reo (Sy hetabeundntod. fe amit rene nd ‘ee cot bt ctlnge ths freer, ng wh ‘esesal and he ermaonal vis oftoar whch ‘sotoundap wk (Mies 1985) plain oehpmact bis been tne Besse oft nanan pat. To eden Ts ou, {we aad odes etc vowpen of rr wheRemon. aso Frames Somat me een nd comive te iy it A resspos ‘dnofeopion's trae theses of le pat ‘ofbuniy-—ate wien, th pode or Dersnd mae sey, nes ona Recon sen roars te tame prsppostons (M Oa Cot, 5), Wis generally recognized that over the lst two decades the ‘women’s fibetion movement bas xeqie en interratinal di ‘anson 3 fens groups and movements have frmed in 2- ‘ery part ofthe world and the wake ofthe Untos Nations pon- ‘red global conferences cm women, eins networks ad n= Untes have alo grown werkiwide. Thy, therescems Be = day a broader understanding oF te problems that women are facing i front counts tan at any cer time the pa. wera, ifwe examine the perpectives tat inspire fem= nin pic inthe United Sates al ap, we conc than most emits ave ot yet eskonal wiih he changes tat te naw global economy’ has produces in the conditions of ‘women, erhaveresognized ther pleats or feminist oe nizing. Inparicula, many feminists fal 6 ocknowled tha the restructuring ofthe wor econany is responsible not ony fer the global spread of over, bu ako for theemergsneeoF2 new ‘oloial ver that dceps the dvstons amon wenn aed that this mew colonaisn st bea man tage forfeit stgzakes itwomen elnratin sto be possible, Presently, despite the ct that net fem, in he United Stats and Europ, ste con- ‘cerned wih loa ses, such an awareness is missing. Thus, ‘venthows who ar eral ofthe abl economy) and ofthe pi ‘en prad by international agencies Hke dhe World Bask a the Ineratoes] Monetary Fund (LMF), ote sete fo refom- is postions that condern aendercscimimation, bat leave te stractralroblmsconacete withthe lobalbegemony oop tals relations intact. Many erin for instance, deplore the ‘unqual bares th stucturalsusiment and ether euseity programs plaeon women (Beneria nd Feldman 1992; ison 192: Bakker 1984)” and recommend tat developmen! eg ‘Sha Fates cies pay more atentionto wom asds,oincetvize women “parcipton in development panning” More racy they ake an open tnd ainsi programs themselves or he agencies that impose them, or abinowedge that poverty and economic cexpllaton re serosthe world ara destiny aswell’ Thos leo atendency to think ofthe problems tht women inert ally ar feng troup the catepory of "uma righ,” and hee {ore to privilege legal reform es the primary aso for gover mena iazerveticn*anaperoach that gin lst chalenge the Fntemationa economic onkr an! the eeonoic epoca pan ‘which tisbabd. Alo the daocuree on iene agai worn, fas generally centred on rape and domestic vokne> along he Tins sty the United Nation’, while hs fen ignored the structural violence iaherea inte logic of capitalist sccunuie tin: he violence of enor plisis that sondern milions oF ‘women, mea and chile to stave the vole hat accom: ‘es the and expropriation demanded by te Work Bank forts “dvolopment projec and, not las, the violence of te Wars ‘nd counter-insugency programs tha, throug the 1980s and 1950s, have bodied almost evry comer othe word and rep> resent the cer side of develope 'A hve suagerted one ofthe mai nso coaempoaey ‘emis politesis thatthe ent stately rooted nan ara sisof thechanges that have taken place, since the late 197, in ‘hemteial conitons of women’s ives, as aconsequence ofthe resroturingor the word economy andthe itercaticnal division labor. We do ave many ease stus detain he impover- ‘skment tt women serous the work have experienc rte new frmsofexpoiation to whihtny are big abet What Is oen missing, however, ean oneal analy of the ways it ‘which women's wok, and paniculal the work of reproduction ‘asbeon restructured ntematonalls andthe implications ot his sesircturig forte possibilty of feminism rational move ‘eat These are the questions that T aes this say My frstebjeciveis to demonstrate thatthe glcbal economy snd thenew itartiona divin of abr, ace oad teesareca ayo Fvmase Src of it reprodtion provoked inthe Third World. the pol ties aoe by international capital sine the le 1970s For rilonsofpepl in Afi, Asia, Latin America wuld norhave become dependeetom the mori eonca for thet uri ex cept forte fc! at tcy lot every means of wubsivience, as a result of war and economic "adjostment.” Second, on the auperiation ofthe Thied Wotan intentional ergenzaon ffrepesaction hasbeen ult that antes fom the "Now ‘he "Sout sic: par cf the wok eqired forthe rpeo- ‘uci ofthe meropalitanWoek-foee, which means tt hi ‘orld women are being “iterate” in the word scone as producer of bor power to Be ws end "consumed" in the usr regions ofthe word, es wells produces of om ‘nodes fr export Las, gach hese proses have pete ‘up ocissin fominist polities a they avs inteduced ne i+ ‘fom andhicrarhir among ors, hot consol the mecha sms f female exploits Thi, lagu, fea ers i mst tam in the "ewopoks" to he & women's rein project {el not simply a veil or the far “ronal of the ‘ward economic ore ‘The New International Division of Labor (NIDL) In oer to evahate the eonsciuences of he new inkeationst Aivisionoflabr(MIDL) for thecoaidons Women tis eee sar, however 1 ecosier What we mesa by this concnt for ‘he conventional theory provies a prt visoe oF te change hathavececuredon hiserain Ass well Anooa, the IDL ‘ually ieatied wih the reseuctarng of comedy proc ‘in baths aken place Facmatonaly since Berd 1970s, sn esponse fo imeasifying bar cont. the ltiasonal cor. portions bogan o relocate i the “developing courts” pat of ‘heir dst oui, above all in the borin sets, ke wexie ad elec. The new ntermatonaldvson ofl bo ts cunts withthe arma of Free Tae Zanes PTZ) ” Se Fors -indusral ones ee fom any rpsaton sd argnize Forex porvonnted production -endiihthe copacty assured bythe ‘ranszational corporations (TNCs) to retract the pode setvies onthe basis of te global assembly Tine” (Miche 1976; Nash and Feeandea Kelly es. 1983; Granwald end Flamm 1985, Ales 1958; Ward 1090; Carnoy ett 1998)* iso th bass of ts thor har Roch he mesia and e20- nomic panne hve related the tho capital athe (eat equa, andthe peoroier afin,” this time presumably achieved on planetary sale. Asthe arpumect goes we ate witnessing the mdustiization oth thd work ‘Thisproces (te arewo) wil buh limit the hierarchies hat historically hve chactrzed the itematonl division flab, tnd havea poniive impact als onthe sel division af labor Forthe wonton who form the bul of the workforce inthe Free Trade Zanes presumably benefit rom thew engngemeet in i> ‘hr lb, by gaining anew independence ad the sills ec ‘sary to compet ox the nteeatioel abr maker (Lim 1983: 5D. Although accepted by neo ber economists ie Leary bas oc ben exempt som citism Already in The New Halts (1987), Rabin Cohenchsened othe movement of api am ‘he North to the "Sout was ot guantiaely sfc 19 sity the hypothesis of2 "New" In natorl Divison of La or By th endothe 198s in ftom 14% of he world m= facturing stv was taking place in "developing cout,” andthe nda“ was conceit na fear: South Kvee, Honk Kong, Taian, Mexio (Cohen 1987: 282-243, Guel 1985: 149), Tha abo become even thar the ores tin of Fre Trade Zone, by ts ature, des not develop the indus basso eos couric, ror does havea posite eet oa thsirempoyient evel, while itv dain oo he loc resourses (Nath and Feta Kelly€45, 1983). As forthe swore enpeyet inte Free Trae Zone thi orzanizations Inveofen denounced that this work sa form of"undedevslop- mon sf otahidden for flava, bts om the epee ofRarroocros so Fen Saas income kveisendofthetechnologicalknw how (MeAfbe 19K: 749, Sisten 1986)" Aciv wellknown, wages inte Free Tide Zone kept below subaitence and aremany imeslowerthan ‘heminimarn wages theindustalzed aunties: "ination, ‘omen thereare forced io work ng owsin very unsfe cone ions they ae porsceuzed hen they yo organi and ae sub- etd © constant abuse, ike diy body searches, 10 check if "hey take anything ou ofthe plms, compulsory foms of bith contol to ensure ta they dent ge pregnant and dsp pro- ‘duction (Nationa! Labor Commitee 1995), and eric rohit tions eonesming heir movemets. Inthseee" Zones, oro anv ften ocd up, to make sre tha they Bl their "quts 30 tha for hous and urs, they cant take a beak from job tha at imes, continues ever ite tert As rest both in Mexico and Cina, hundreds Have did because they could not cmb kn by mete ing These, however, af atthe only. othe main oso hy ‘he conventional theory aout the ew inemaona vision Taber should be revised, Most importa is he fae: ht tony sms of worknd economia which the sonventional theory Feeugnzes the produetion of commutes, whe i ives uo mention to reprocion, dspte eo dacs of feminist writ Ings and debates showiag the eracal vol ofthis process forthe ccumalaonofeapit Ths, the conventional thy ofthe KIDL sprinting say about ho marco hana nat ‘he expansion of apis clatons has inweduced i the epo- icin oflabor-power and the copdions oscil eprodction Into thir wordt inion ta he ony aspect of opro- fuctonmentooed bytheorssoftieNIDL ths impactof work inthe Free Trade Zooes on womens fail ie and ooscwork ‘management. This, however is oly pr oF amu wider pro- ‘ess thathas deste people's ves thwoaghoot th thied wea’, sndwidhourwbich te intadacto he Free Trade Zones, and ‘he extracting ofthe itoraticnal vision flab. would not have bee posse it Fs we okt thepotaliatin ofthe coma snd the NIDL from the viewpoint of bot prodastin and reproduction, we a rivet a very difleent cooeeption of what bath these dvelop- ‘meni epost, and he mschanisrs and polices tht cua thers We eas recognize, Fest thatthe expansion of capitalist, rolioas is premised taay os wel (no esta at he ines the English Enolosures, the conqusia ofthe Americas andthe Allan slveorade) othe spaation fhe producers om the ‘mean of ha (erduction. This meas athe global ecooemy isbuit upona sor euctrng of sci eprodicionang cass ‘ellos wore designed w dextoy ay eensomicactviey ‘ht not manket rene, being with sbsistnee farming, ‘ad that ihas ove ending the formation, evry pat of te thd world, proletariat deprived of aay meats of repro ton ents forcedto depend on monstary ations fori iva, ven thegh mos fen deprived of my access 4 ‘monary income: “hiss the station thats escent in much oF Aca Asia, South Americ by the Wor Bank ard the Iterations Monetary Fund (MF) through the “deb cris” the enforee ‘nee of Stucural Adjustment Programs andthe polities of eeo- rome Rbealinticn which, combined, are he pile the nee ‘word ecromic order, precisely because they have separated rlions of people fom any income and means of reproduction, fv have fred hemo depend upon an compton the r= ‘atonal abort If ve look a the NIDL rom the viewpoint of thes coo omiepoices we la draw a pte far dirt rm hat pro- Jct by the advocates forthe New Word Ordo The devas ‘aang consequences of hes ols forte populations tered acy now soabundarly and unequivocal decanted Alter ‘ta 1987; Gal 1991; McAfee 199: Ra 1991) hat eventte Word Back ha at concee to posible mists, What needs 0 be ‘sresad, however, fs tht these polices have undermined the ondons of social eprodustio in mck ofthe hid Word and raed the most important achievement ofthe ant-coleaiRarotcTon a Fount Sree strugel, ithe commitment by the now independent sate 10 {aves in he eproduton ofthe national pleura. They have tts ed toast of generalize povery hathas no precedents in ‘he pos colonia perio, "The ees of social eprodustion inte third wor as recy eed fom the mseivecus in goverimentspending sovilservces, the continuous eureey devalutions, he Wage fieeres the liberalization ad privatization pos tha ons fete the ore of nrc alten? ard ncoberi” A tart of these policies, we must also mension te onging land expropriation tht ace Being eared on in anythin word ro ‘0m fnbomayeto the commeralzaton of asiulute andthe rvazaon of and propery relations," and boceae fhe reming ination ofa eat endemic wafer Fale warm, ‘massasrs etre populations in igh fom te nd and tamed. Into efugaes or exposed to lamines: Use arena justthe conse {quences of a amar imposershner tht insist coo ‘eats deo etn polite or reliius eiference, a the me sdnencourageusto believe Rather, thy athe necessary comple reat of the privatization process (anon 1981; Macrae and Zs 1994; de Weal 197), nd of he tarp to reste 8 world ‘whee nothing aspen he los of prof the wltinste mca 0 ‘reropriate populations who, unl recent had accesso some Tun ap narra resouress Tet ers) which now are bei, sopra sao corporations ‘SeastralAdustns' and epromiclibraiaton bevealso Asma the loa industry in rue of he hid work ad ark the end ofthe developmen’ plans pursed in the 1960s fonthebasisof impor substi, tat were suppsedto guar mee hid world nations ceain depres of musi atom. Foropeing te domestic markets fosinimpor bas allowed the trsnatoal corporations flood the with hee pedis, ‘sith whic th sal dss coud never compet Te er action of Fre Trade Zanes, wherever thas ake place bast remedied this stan, bu: tasonly expoved it asthe rmpover- ‘shment of ine population in vo may hid word counts has Sia Fede ‘enabled foreign companies to impose wages blow subsistence Teves Thisis the reason why the Fre Trae Zones fnction o> ay primaily ea springboad or miratin (Sassen 1990:09 ua." ‘That the indosnliatin ofthe third worlds myth ial proven bythe facta houghout the 180sand 1990s, he ts fer of apt and industries ram the fist othe hid woe es ‘been supersedad by the nser of capil an abo fom the thin othe fist wold, The sale of this phenomenon can be incase by the fat tht the remitances of the enigrani roe- ‘Seuthescond largest intnaional moncayow ae too nue ofthe ail companies, and ia sce pars of ie hid workd (im Mexico) ene villages ae dependent upon them. Ac conn to Work Benk Satis, fen S24 bilion in the 197, emiances have grou athe 1980 $55 bin, end hase Figures refer only to the retancs tha pas thecgh te banks addontincladetuse™inkind” hehe Tatar, TV saa ter goods tat emis bring back with thom la he vss ome Stakes 1994: 12-129). “The fist consoqucce ofthe inpovershmeat io which e30- ‘omic Hberliztion has sondern the thd work proletariat tas bon in fact th tke ofa vest migratory overeat fe ‘he "Sout rth “Nom tatbas followed he waster ofoup- tal eased by the payment ofthe external dbs. This migrating ‘moverent of bial proportions,” sructully conser the ‘new sconamicerdr abou oobi te labor markets ilingevideree of he woys in which he eration dvs (flaborias being esuueured (Colas 1999), IRasmonsats thatthe dot ois andthe plies oF see ‘wrladjatnen hvedeemined situation of glalal parte! ‘they ave ansformed ihe Third Wo no ao image poo of aor that Factions with respect othe metopaia coo nies inthe same ayo the “homelaeds” feted ih spect the whisarssinSouta Ain Noteridnlly 5 e8- Inte asinilesptem of pases ones "hich ge- cesta nthe countries of aval narra tvs doval-Ruvevenon 9 Faw Se ud, Bs a immigrants and (nereaing]y) a undocumented workers, (Conary fo what commonly ssid itis by int cing estctons that fore imeigrat workers f be uo ‘ment tal th sateen ne irr oc he eos of oe Fron orien migrant ice sacl and oll vue able can mignon bs sd coma the des of heal ‘working eas) (Sassn-Kood 1985318). For those who cann' emiga, or do mt have access to ‘emitances sent by emigrants, he alerative is ie of ha: ‘shipsanda burdxof wok hatlyininabe by pple who live inthe advance” capitalist cous. Lack of fod, medics, potable wat eect schools, ible roads mas wimpy. ‘ment are now the daily reality in most of he hired word is.2 {eal thet ireletedi th constant urea of peri i thedsintgraton offi i "inthe phenomenos of elder ‘whotivetn te aretsor wo sea severy condoms Smet 1988) This eat sls reco inthe irons sages, on taking he form of i, by which every dey. ote ast” counts, the population resists the closing of te local indus- fre th ik the prices of basic goods and anspor, the Finacial scent whieh they ae sbjetedin the mano y= ‘ng the debi (Walon a Sidon 199, Jost othe bss of thi sittin, should be posible to sage that any eins project that sonore exces with ‘seal discrimination, nd fails ple the ination a po fey inthe conten ofthe advance of eaptalit elation, co- darned co elevanes aor co-opation. In adtin, if we ex sin the rescuing ha he we internal iio fla bor has ioduees inte work of roproduton, we clay see that iter the eins movement opens this proces cee mes te sccomplie ofa deeply an eins poles. Foran ‘sora pet ofthe NIL san intmatioalesstbaton of ‘eproactin wk (es wells elisribution oF eodeson that notonly creates dope dvshonsamong women, bilo sre: ‘rs tho riches heen 13 el divon of bor Emigration, Reproduction and International Feminism it sue tht he remitances sent by emigrants conte the man intemational money flow, aflr the evens ofthe il companicy, then we mat conlide athe rct nportnt com ‘moi that he tind work expr to the frst word today i Tabor In ther worl, abo inthe present phase 0 captain, ‘capitalist oeurulati sabove al he areuruision oF Works, tnd today tis process occurs primarily in the hed week Th ‘meus, bowever, hata sign cant par othe reproduction ork necesary 1 peice thespian workforces perfor by tid wold worms Behind emigration in facta immense “pi dares abr iden Is eth never ike Imostcountie the computatn teh) worsted and yeti eset for te aumalaton proces inthe indus tized counties where emigration serves oct demographic ovine, © keep weass don, and o waster surplas Foe the ‘salons 19 the “metropoles” (Nesh and Fernaner-Kelly ‘ois 1985; 178-179). Thin, though emigration, tnd world nome dee conibuie othe accumulation of welt in he “advanced clas coures, wot only 2s prac of gos butalso a (ejreducers of werkers fr teeters, he Respi- ‘als agree and commerce. Thi is fit that he itera ‘ional fist movernnt must ackncelodge, 0h inode ‘umask what “megration i the pobalcsonoery” acl ia ‘wolves andio demystify the eciogy of io the hind wor” ‘haz noe an snenene not of uapaid wor a he espe oF ‘hind noid women, Inthecourse ofthe 198s aed 1960, ote: phenomena ave evened thar demonstrate he attemet i redsibats the ok of repreuciona the meopoita workforce athe shou. of hid world momen, Amn te 0s sgneat we mus in case (a) the ployment, on lage sae of erin Nomen comig fom Ala, Aca, the Cabell, South Amerie, ss domestes ith indawialzed countries ox well intheRarrooucen no Fam See producing countries ofthe Miele Fas Ax Cyethis En as ‘bserved te cancricpeltes ofthe nematonal Monetary Fund Ive embled he governments in Earpe the United Staten and Cena oreo the housework ct ha Was ate Of of the feminist movement, ad “Tee” thou of women for ex'domatc wesk. Ta employment of Flipino or Mevican ‘women who fora modest sum clean houses. raise children, pre pure weal, ke caw oF the ciel, bas allowed many middle ‘ass womsntoavorda brden of work tht they i! at, ould ao Tanger perform, witht, atthe sme tre, reding thor standard of living Enle 1990 178-17) Enloe ad that -mazy Furopean an Noch Amsican women hve jsf his hoje wth the illasion tt by bring a domes weer, hey ‘rs conrbing to rx he problem of poverty nthe we However, this solution repreeats ast back forthe Fist _srgalefosoianty among omen ener i ersiswhen wat ‘ings women gether isa" an madam relation which ial he more problematic as sae by ll social biases ‘hati sarounshousework—forrstace at tie Wook and thief shouldbe paid slit ws possible thats ascompunied by an emotional iavlverea inthe ives ofthe pple epoch i dos at have well defined bound ‘es (Romero 1992: 97-112) The employment ofa domestic ‘novice mores once agin makes women ahr thes) responsible or epoca, ad weakens the suse past ‘ho senal vision of lor in the fi, since espace women ‘hetskotconfting ther ale parnersconeersingthe taring of he hoasovor (iid: 102) Afr iamigast women. taking jobs as domestin ie palais spe the work sow pi, demand tha te care orotic oop’ amie wie hey tenn eave thei owa hind, nd face mony years of one ins, ac the dangers snot a postion at seal and leplly is very valembe. Not acetal. he destiny of Flr Contempo, the lipino domestic worker who was ng i ‘Singapore in March 195, upon bef caress ofhremploser, ‘us became a symbol oftheir conto othe women whoo the thd wld go abratdo merk ms omen merker. () the development ofa vast ntemational aty-marke, ergata dough the mechanism of adoptions, Already, by he fede 1980s, itwas calculated tht an adopted chil entered ‘he Unie Stats every 48mniowtes Reson 1994: (48) onda ‘hebnning oF the 980, rom South Ker alona, 5,10 ch rn were being expo yea tothe United Stes (Chia 188) “Today, wht eminis ve decribed she narsional "atc fer” has pedal nthe arma soit coun, above ‘Via Poland aod Russ wbere the diacovery € agentes hat Sel children 1994 mote than 1.500 wore cxpeted just oe nied Sete) asic ional scandal Seley 1998, 1995) ‘We hove aa sen the devslopmest of aby farms, whore cil- Arn are paced specially for export Raymond 19951 1H), and the erasing enplyment of hid weed women as surrogate mothers Raymond 189 51-52) Sarogacy. a8 well ‘8 a30ton, allow women fram the advanced capi ot triestonvodtheriskofimtemuping thie carceto jeopardizing ther belt to kava eid (ota, tid word goverment benefit frm the fst hat the sale of every chi brings foreign cearency to Beit cafes and the Wer Bank sn the terme ‘onal Monetary Fund ily approve this race, becuse the tMleof children servesto comes" demogephic exces," ard armony withthe prinspl that ebor nations most export ‘he resurecs they have (aynond 19895, 1998). (6) he masfcton, in ome ountes of Aa (Thailand, ‘South Kort Philippine), of he sexes ad sex tourism, that serve a nlermtooal ent aging for oa oe ‘employes of apne companies Whar ne yea," ‘setmps"have been offeedesalons othe. Army which, since the Vietam War asusad these counties as Restand Res. eapon ares (Thorbeck 1987: Enloe 1990 1993; Trang 19%: ‘Raymond 1989, 194; Bary 1984, 1998). By be endo he 1980s, jwasealeuntthat ig aan alone, oto population of 3 milion people, one milion wore worked in he ainda:“To this we must te enormous increase inthe numberof women fom the thind world, or the former socialist coum, ‘wo work a prostitutes in Barop, the United States an Japan, ‘en in caratons of sary (Sar 988, Bey 1935) 3919 the cae ofthe Thal woven evenly foundinaNew Yak brabel, were they wer kept prisoners bythe orznization that hd paid thei eps to this county, amd eaninced them io cme othe Unita States with he promise of Job (Goldberg 1985) 22, “) the "atic" of "mail-order ds tht the 19805, tas develop on an interational sale (Viana 1989; ‘Raymond 1904; Narayan 1983; Bary 1995] In ae U.S. one, out 3.500 men every yearmarty women chase by mail-order The great mjoiyofeass, the brides are young women cam fog om the poorest epons of SouthEast Asa, fom South “Amerie, hough mare ocealy, also women fom Resa and sation In 1979, 7,189 Filipino women hae le tei county beytisemeans (Bey 1998: 150) Theta in" oner ido” explo, onesie, th desperate povery afm 00 he cer, te sexi and asiam of European ang Arian i, ‘who want wife over wm thy ea exe ttl contol, nd ‘count on the vulseabiliy oT women Who a focad 0 makes ‘hos, (©) the emsifiion ofthe tori nds tha lie p- smal on the abr of women shoal maid, sua werkt, cooks atisans (HOM ofthe work ore in the great oust ct, Fema of women) (Ene 199: 4435, 1993 1134115, “Taken ns» whole, these phenome dersonsare that he ewintemationl ison of labor ste vehile of tet ‘eminst pol project an that far from being a mens fe ral emancipation, the expansion of capa rlaons tes fies th explotetion of women, Firs the ew eration dvi sionoflahiraingrbock atthe center ofthe orgaiation of work, forms of sve that we wou ave inane enti! withthe emisof the elo enptes Further. proposes he see fofwoman ass ental ober and breeder, it deepens ei ta Fedo Sons amoag women gh speciation and fixation otk ‘that race oar le poms, and modes among new crtchies and stews ojetvelyeopading hepsi bility oF common sags The now internation dvisem of aboremsns tht mary thd word omen must work a domestics or prostitas, tome broad, because no eer options are avaablet tiem: ean ‘while many fist word women, patiulny among te wdlle las eelierted fom housework. barat hpieeoFbesoming le men that a tc price of no aig tim for fem and children nto mention tne for fsadships, community rela ‘tonsa ola stv. Thus, the NIDLstengtons the cx division oflaortsuengthens the separation af production om reprodoctn, aspartic oteny waren rom men, bi Wore from wore, stating arom wow rain srr tohat \whichex ned beowecn white and black women, rer the pt. edd regis in Sout Aiea ‘The arom charcterof there iterations ison oflabr is so evden ha: we ea ask 1 hat ete ic has been the Work oF the “mvs hand” ofthe athe thas been 3 comciosly panned response othe sraggles tat women ave ‘snged both i the third world and in the metopole, ens Giscimiotioe rpadubor and “unierdvclopna! inal it fos Beitss itu, itis obvious ain Faroe and the United Sts os wel, feminists must onaize aginst te atematves ‘wich the new ntematonal division abr fores up women, tnd she rcooniation sen on which i baad, whieh a lade ‘srt adjsten the polities of mila imerven oa. the glebal ao over by the warsationcerprstions Tnaditon, eins mt eeopen tet srg wi the state onthe erin of reproduction. Test rough. at tcondemin any parla practice or ommorbelavie if we want a putamen the divisions that tnebeingcretedamone women arstinally stot enovE, farinstance tcriciz the women who employ domestic work ats fen done atong eins, as these women wereResmooucron a Fes Sauce ‘specially insensitive cit "ies need. For as long a8 = ‘retin remain an edividal or fui responsbiliy, any ‘women ay ot have much of achoice but bre a domestic, n ‘eontext where mare than 50% of women, both Europe and the United Saas, have an eta domestic jo, and wark-cond ‘os that do ot slo or ache” This sone eon ‘hy may women bo have young len areca nlf; bat ven thisaltemsive ino fonger available east inthe Ut ‘States, x welfare th way to extinction the object af ae= ‘orm tht spacial abolishing (Preto 1998). There aso the danger that conierning the employment of domestic ‘workers, without proposing wnd stalin fra el aerate, ‘ay reise the sia tht howowork reducible Wil, nd canbe cai combined with another ob that the lason that housework not accessary Work. This isan sion tat has Plguedfeminia poles in th 1970s, and we no kn tht we ave paid high pee fori sine is ear tha a resent tot women do aot even ave accesso chil are. Thee b 0 doubt inf thar fm Europe and the U.S. the Fminit move ‘ment hadeoveestatl cn mating the sate recognize the werk oF ‘eprocuation = work and ke final resposibiiy for we ‘would net have wimessed the dismantling of even the ew se ‘ees availble inthis ld and colonial soon the “howse- ‘work problem." Today a well feminist mobilization forcing the state w pay forthe reproduction of aber, weak be mae eet. than any meal eandeneation pita ed w the em ployment of domestes, orto change nd improve te conditions ffthisemployment al open the way te ntematiorl sole ‘arty among women. ‘Similar considrasonsappyto the frst ists hve ‘madew consincegovenunents to rimiaaliz domestic vile, the “wfc” in women, and penalize any form of seal ds stimination. As cruelly important as these intatives have beer they apper inte inher ape wo iberate ome, 25 they daant go othervos ofthe abuses ing pemeteed against Sia Fetes ‘hom, nr do they ockon wit the plans of inveatoel capi nthe agencies by wich its globalization s proms. ‘Willmore vere panisment fr imtance remedy the ake ject poverty that leds parents, in tome counties sel thet ‘hildren int rotation? And how en third weed govern emit themslis to uparode he conditions of women when they ae required by de Word Bank and the lnceratiomal Mon tary Fu etal seca spending, apd at he writes tustertyprogrars? How, fr insane, can third Word gover mena give women eal sens ication, or better helt core, when they are required by stra este to et all subsidies pubic education (CAFA 2, 1991; 1.4, 1998.0 5, 199), ealtbeare, nd in many eats, oforodace fees even in elementary schools! (Z.M,Roy-Carmpel: 220). And, again, ow ‘onparens be cocvinedto snd the Gaghiers to chooks when {8 their soos who obtain diploma remain uncrployed! (Feder 1995) What meaning ean the ping fs lor even a United Nations dosation agains orms sexual disso: ation Fave inthis contest? imeraaral fain and “loa sisterhood” ae to be posible ti indioponcble hat worn ip he Ht Word make “hci the stugake tht tid world women ee cay agains Sacral aljstment the payment of the extra debt, {heinrodcton of neta ropery avs wich atthe means ‘by which the ne ftemationd dvson of boris being ore niod andthe onset ovidencs hat eaptalism isuneusiiable forthemaonty fhe word poultion (Mes 186, 1588: Dall ‘Conn 1995) tmnt al be rose gai, as hid work mie ‘its have already 9 ofton dave Joason Osis 1991), athe inequaltis dat exist between women a! he nteratnal ove slso pollute pols of the femal movement For aces rater esoures (vel. grams, publications and rapid mens of commanictons) fas allowed European and Non American ‘eminiss w impos thir egends one cect of lable: ‘rene and to ply a hegronic on the definition of what ‘minis a feminis srgles most be i 323928),Rurropcnon sao Fawr Since ‘The power rlton genes by thew intestinal vie son ofabor areal oft i tele that Women la athe rmcrpoltin Non Goverment Orerizations (NGOs that fi tince projects for women isthe tied veel. Beside mobili ‘hind word women'suapsd bos, compet rhe lon ‘ck servis andcollestivectemenspduced by stud json. cs obvious that this projces rata paren ict poner sclaton among women, aot mie that existing Between “adams and maids" For isto pretoaatve of the mewepali- tan NGO members o decide whch projets fines how 10 the hem which women nthe comity ake ss oins of refranes, ll of his wit practaly ao accountability 1 he ‘waren whose labor they organize Ishak! e otc tht he “iuneton that he mtopotian non-zovermmeria organizations lly with repr to hind world women impart neo ibe Fespemeto the weakening ofthe le ofthe stead ad be sae Inthe third world asspersison of women's wrk (ash age san ets inthe budget devoted fo social epcdactin). AS ‘mary men bave le hes honest emirate, Jono have he ‘money to support famly ond ashe tata most othe hid ‘roids fon aie dein wil reproduction ew einaroial ngine beng enforced hat aims place women ‘nthe thd world under the cova of he World Bak he aer= ‘naonal Monetary Fd and the rumare ogniscios het ‘manage "income generating projets” and “aid” prograns ‘This tew paar relies onthe cllaboraion of Euepean and [Nar Areican waren who, lke pew missionaries, are Being ‘crt totain women inthe ‘elon to dexclog the aides ‘ecesy to becomentprated in the lobal eo, Conchsion An analysis the ne interim division of abr shows the imi of esas pial seg hat acps he wavldvide ‘xpanson a epitais elatons, nd doesnot place he tga ‘gain gende-hsed dcriminaon in an ancl Fane work, It sows that no oly does capitalist development eon auetobetheproctionaf poverty dinens, war and death, bt ‘tga survive only by erating new dvisins within the prot twviatinteatoally~disns that oth cy re the main ob sacle the elzation of ost re fom exlitation. isin hi sense ta ent plies water he 0% inertial isin of er (Mis 1586) andthe projec of0- ‘omic lobaliztion ron weich originate. These ate the pol tis tha inne the stages of "raat ents” and the indigecous peoples’ movements acre planet struggles that demand the rete of the expropriated asthe ronan’ of the external debt andthe abolition of “adjustment and rivataaton. Theeareals he polite fhe hed word fe ‘sth, fr year, have boon remidingsUtth deouse fon equality cannot be seperated from a critique ofthe ole of Intratonal capa othe phnder al secclnization of tir ‘courte, andthe sues that worsen srecaryiag 8, 8 Aly bas nor survive ae politic struggle a fem ‘st seus Por 1933, Kupper 1992; Clpora Worn Group 1953), Notes 1. We speak ofthe “tcn lb! coms beat ald pea thor. Walentn 97) sa8 ri hers Mes 136) hve of unin capital as tora teach se as Tish eonnrit who hs warhed with te Fondant Apiace ‘rgeaion (FAO) me te Swed terse! Develops “Agen (SIDA) deer Hee as te Degen Pree (180) Resrcttg sup pret Wel si incaldcpporenise Oprousdanddsedrmtaac ars “6Resouces ao Foams Seas id ht cane teh anion oe fa a sige Tying esse eof kre. ue wor [Aor cruse sprcch i oy ee ete rsactiag. ay ave mas canes of se eyed be orp eps ach nape {ur poketopeoes ma ducted ses oe be Niven cist css Bon of i ay cone Soe poses rasformatn of he cries af rua of gym sad eabannged roped ‘Sap of wow les Ntoen ems Te wey pote pl ori tot ie far ay beta {ore th csp kt adit ree enon shoagh eng sep lev hs ‘psi of mgs gin yond vn formate of sing So ens of ees a a er it eft of set Aine ene om «cso omen, bn eamsens ema peg Be ee tc sug tha Yew tats be abel vo Speed ela, ‘Site is yp cone dn fe yee nl able wana pp. 4-0) Tron ae the restraon rae by Pare Sr he sd Merge Roment Lie, Font Crips of Seca ‘dncenca (199), cae of ek o daca he pc of ‘cal eject th condos of wore. Sper pepo (9) nce poker an dtton ytd an rein sal aga semen ope ae pies ne” (by "Exar in oad onan tel oped ply nd je at ote he cnet piel cle ly ate fo wor” (98). ("Developm cegine wosring an eck ep ox cringe pl of oe lade wee an baat es ssrctoom re ‘Sire Fert ("Mak gender cstnty an acu gemea! flo po Skpaon nthe enng proses peal ang Wore) ene fa sass and mae elena for sta car encensn ean modi [e) "Ea ha lines, atest oe of he ts mabe Fhe Wir Baas sepa ition pel won” {oem amen up a hey eg 9M ‘plato espn pec Ela se nonin and NGOs ‘Souter caper wae’ conto re grosnd ang pase” (a) Eegnge in ender ig sung al sa, eg the ME ant Mord Dak (8) Rae genker comer thee ve pede he Woe Bak” (197 Fe tar sir emma eI ‘re fom suc ata, Sp raps ta 2 “wore reat ou et apes oun” be apd head tet rgd wrk doe by monn ame he omen inte ig an isin tha uc pang be gare i ring ese” docs: tht eer to se 0 eee Ge ar Cuenscat dklaccner nc arkralleeoes Spt ‘rer, hae spate wih es ei maa of coms {Ee Sina esommendnons offen an appr 97 Kar Oey ge (198) 2 Sener document wi pct his stay ste celeion © sy8 caine in Oa igh, Wome gare ame ‘igs (Kerr. 1899), where pouamaay a he proses ther were ein poverty al cena ea ‘ewe 26a ght logs aera he wo ‘i weet wie momen ae bt pp. 451 Te pops feds, ns Seer penn of te Ute! Br of Henan Ri oy the Und Nous in 948 a he ‘min by evry em the Unie Non Comneicnom te Blinn of a Fore of Dazmienon ng Wen (CEDAW sat he United Nation hee ape in 179i). econ 9 Ker hs at Content ies # cape eve ewok fr leasing the vanes fest ate o>Runeoueno i Few SaLeaLe tte nd mained dcrinton ed ono" (p.) Ashe o- ‘ng mehodoy of rns means Seeman he aba sean win te pbisi the wi he atl agin ‘Pole aves of he Unie Nar a the gece pest ‘ngovr"4e” end eonprton wit eed wor Sethe omy by Dery. Thos “Holiry Genre Ac comb ubis ose Kae (195) 98285 ‘Se Me Gl! cry Lie (988) adc tein tbe iematnalinon of comnnty potion whe onion ‘forint Tre Zone it piu eet Mei and he Philipines Fer a cet ron o thi tery sete nepr pep bythe pripats the Worl sonoms Foran. oo ose fit {eual mwing ein Datox Saeed) he mie 1 In sept, hones th reving de Oe of tem, 8 fet of alge edna otha wal which 28 our Aseorkng tts rape he pea of mds tec [esto deveoing came” deindario Nihsecons, Sh rage nates capa! bg atfared othe had ed ‘nh or cont races ae Md a ert marks wih mane din il clea, pig moetnerpeyme an nse inhighincan: ons ha Kran. "ant Feoanics "ew York Tver 9269) In cing ue hrs nich Me oni dag fr the expen fe “ee nt" Kg (nb is [ote of coc at Sani Uap at at por Eon ed wad sr ety seth es wad ce alin 1985 he tl aia ene fm te Fist the id ‘ont ance cay 10S iene “pate cane” en, “haworceomy tations nr tn 4 lon 650i Krpman tan tower Relive Inthe povng pronperty fe streak, saan athe th fear et ee ae lla tunel f lin of people te Td Won! wget (tee Fa tte opp (i) o 8. A dint ype fein fhe omen ary i prtat by Mae Cael (953 wo ees at wt sinuses te 1 inkraioel dihw of or eo he ecg oF ‘hr pen ba ftom Cesta pots De sero than arn ow ral erp scence ap lbr tor ac tangy fo ten, om ths iwi te id work no ng xt ving clipe th emergencoofaoerh war” tgs ‘munition (pp. 2239) Kans om, fora Coil anos Ataatmoytall of Ata and Scat Ames a el eb ase at (ofA ulin anh wrap. 35-8) Hower, inex ‘sprees im om mini tt he war doe te op fe of hee eis ies fr he betes of te werd cone nd fe cat eset 9, Tis des oon ht non nh Fie Tide Zone hae Best ative visi cf pnt fei ton ‘men elf Uy. 27 Fr many yous wom, ey Wak ‘inex hie wih herve wrk Fekete (tae fh pes, ue a om een the Pa ‘ppc and Catena lt, women werkt Fe Trak oa tave bik ep eves dopo eg tat ba fer pt company mange and he gverimens who Bad sve the en ight te Px Tole Zaneson te dese de (Ee et: p67 Walon and Sen 1986: 9.7540, The Gab poms tae conn in ie women ee ce fui fh when rns epemen ie sees CA 9 228, Re eine fimie eters nod inte cg of Meo hye Sener 158. The ears demas aut Alona we wren wv aed p(k 19. 16) ‘he es oe employes cn be mes ef at hyral een i matin oi te desl 90.170, ‘oon bec of promt te mathe, bo he, et Sf de cau were ene le wag er ow 8, nay eps te wom |2-Among te et ein worsen hoi te whore ted ty Kati Nak Ror Hiren Gta Reco (950, Iincads tees DL Wo ies ema 20) vrrkar inh msl arc of Gia and ht by Sta Tare om ‘omen employed heraua te bnder tren Mica ed by Smita, Walle ad Eve (1989. 1a The cmap 4 Neu Eton nd bt ih ii cot igs respects ects meas Se ne he a hoi wy ce in te sec! al of he 1903, by ‘ro te Int rl meng. thee fa "New Ean ‘Onder expres the deman y betas wel eszeaie for a let ition it te nee ering «ie re buxom owes ae iro evel a osny 6 atonal ead deren Tae heconeea "New We conic Oneal he ea ih atts wee he isan te hd WG 1955) hee, iste te pei nd connie tat hs ene go isi hs sense tha tem is om penel 14 eran masbo te espriiy othe Wor Bak in spect ‘se Morgan the ar (1984) where Uae Rien cure tae ‘Scalar legal estes te project eed by ‘hs mnt in he Wet woe 1s. as inte omer sobs pth pos fh Wes Sek sd Ue LMF ne ed be hig do fhe ata n= hth is Bai, copper mies Zab ej ‘ats is Beawindsho ete sy ia Tazo > Sansone lastest Benn 16.Ae Shi Ss es tse (199.9), teers ets the hice un oF fea neste dese exporter ‘Sia Fede ococive arto sete highs nb oem abou ‘They a so thse hee enigatin so se Aste sts ot nestor abc aiton LO), ‘bythe id 98 dee ver abot 3) aio eal wie ed et Ati coms ook wok ton Lyla Pts sg 0 thee res weed the feof hing nr deri ieee, vefiges, we ach a ge bpd yn {ons 190: ps) Among ee Be Lasts Sts, mee se ‘wo hinds ere fom hin wr oon: ne rain open Sone Av the af tdey 18 mln documented inmras, ncn pla vgs id petal 8 Too undvunened menznis edd of Work m3, Api 1993) Hoveve he ues te dese incense base wih rush ‘eat precio te pot srt Troon Secrets mr every rd wihas ch pees oe Wid ork ant ote ema sgeciesconteae reppin Sete ns st lye at the spre en ted ‘eel wil cone I he est ety. Tis xe dress Atet wears an feng cntazstauae, Su ahem scope, wre roumcng of wor lis. On hie ee hop ig Week fiero Coste, “Smcn A est and he Alar Diaspora "999 2 Maki 198) wits on is pi: The lal lity of apie, opposed ot eBoy, tht ss mennomic ptm. tn rpm ie South Aa in inane on don stb vce and naan 08). The Seu Aas of ps ls ipod on icon wal by the ee of prs wd iss by ich obi ary fra minoky an cu ora mse 0). hc he tine ehh ane dvsone of Wi rd 0 moro ar epepraton fan ans resus lt Engrish my nd erythema (3 109." ler hen oa oft wo pes dee nt amg, ey es ei ut in oat mule eps! te ee to5) ‘Voce acessou uma pagina néo-dispontvel para visualizacao ou atinaiu seu limite de visualizacao para este lvro. ily expan heap nen, ote mathe renee ‘rk—cr prog tt each women deren “acme pet- fing asvces” As uta Being aed By Kean (932) vo ete, ia hr dy of hs ies ef he aeeve NGO, fey ve irre faction abe on emer syne (25) fhe est aes, ey ore score vil econ let ws = syed tte cna of eon poles, ge F198) Peon, Aran nl Coping we Lee ‘Global Nexus” tried Sid Sener Sour. 17,1388, lesan M. (190) "ERP (amon Rosey Pog) WH Tarde” NSANANKOM, feo Parts and Dora Forces Gene (22, Avs Ef (991) Fst ton IR. The Pier Nai A ‘Ghee Dee Cr fom Ari to Za Tae or tbe Garman by Tory Bondy, Lenn Za Ba ‘Asa Won Uni of Calf) (199). Mating MA dr oie of Brings By en sou Anan smarian ane Bose: fuk 1 (SS) “Fagg Macc Paley Rt the er ital Rauncng nd Ajmer (0) Te ‘Sate Slnce Gone nd Economie Pliy (980, pe. 12. fukn 1 et) (1994). The Ste Slee Gonder and Boron Pot. Loin: Za Bork, ay, KC. Bunch Cathy (1984). rial Feta: Ne ‘ovis gait Fomae Sonal Sener. New Yokes ‘Woven Tene Cone, ams TA Conon Ain pcg a Mem soon Sie not of Parone. DOI, (aod peed document of he aniseFaron so Foes: Sec Frloe © (890) Fite 1959. sizes Sach Be a Ine Inert Sove of Fenn Pots. Beha Ln 55; Un of ator Pres, Ea, C199) Te Marg Air Sel Pui a the Bnd of te Cau We. Bey Unni of Calor Feder, $. (1950) “Te De ri, Afr nd te New Ecoes™ Taig Ns Cle) sh OL Woe ne Ma ora. 193) Fede 5. (999, “Ecnsn Css Daeg Diy a Su Ces Cl arin he ice Maer adhe Pei of tention Economie Ste (195) Fate, 1-999. Gate he Sars Mame, Neste ond Pltes Souh Amece,Lnao Late Aneron Bars Frese D.(199), “om ond Dui Anoug vos hee” abel 198 (Dozer vi). Te Bean), Bean Fi odes Nov, Nahata (0, Dr ed) (19). The Mad the So he Sl ies of Gres an ApcamintLnio:Za Boks ‘Te Cobley Line (886) (Doane Seo) Dee by Lin Gry, New Day Fis, Way). (otters, (990, "ex lave, Tsao Nem Yor Thowandba Ine Asan Prostate My Be fs US." Nee Yok Timer Sinis8s \obisehmi Claro. 1957) Eom eaanon fumed Tesch work Af, A Laie drt, Oem Gee ILO Pubcstoa Wau, Woe a Drees (ee Pan, (985, Te itl ay Fr Ason. Dire nernatonl Trade, Wutiaen DC! Tae Bre Ga (1985) “Dake Newt Sa Ss Prabe a Hie (et) cist ere. (991 Meanie: wih cl he so? Lend: aes te Pay. (588) (Domenie Ded by A. Andon ad ‘A Coming Praca yA ain, bined by Nae Mabe Hayate (1986) Te Mae Dee Wika Case Meche Ins and Consequences feral Marston she ‘Asan ad Pate Development Ceo, Kel apr, Mal inn ction wth ZED ns, Les {onmoni Ch(92)Corace Tens tet Come Tse "Wort Wren ahd Femininto Mota, Reso, Tres, oy ely, DM (987 San sand Chor A Suey af Mer Se Lacie Export Ono Become Fact. Unie) of Be per 20 Cael (aba Karte) (199) Ce By Bagh een Rah axHa i. ‘avenan P94) "assy Execs "New ok Tim (280 per (1992). Computer Hoes rm te Lats dmerean anns Movement Lene: Late Arenas Bass 11099 Miguasfem Cominin io Fee Chace” Held of ak 55, (Nah Gare ILD Photons 1m 1 (183) “Capt person Pais Neh and erode Kel (os (1980) Strat A Zu (1984, Hr ge Landon: Ze Bos th ‘ic the Chien, Muti, (998) "Econ Apa Be New Weld One InP Bemis and Nt sek es) (155), Maa and Maan (194S) (Darna io) Ween ad rt by Min memesh isd © Worle, Avs P- MeAle K O991 Stem Sats Stal Adan a Dap sores it Onn Ae. \Mefeneimer I Jre R350, “Row me ae oe US li mae Mow Later Ron. (Desens) Meo, U- (932 Lmmjaione wa i po Erp, Ce UF Femo AP} Fier AsseRerscoveron xo Frat Svat Mile, CA. (1976, The Meinatinals Compares ad the Now ‘nation ion f tak Grvers HO, Bed Engr Propane Recah Morne Pape age Note Cases 8) (15) gh: Bk, Bae bes M1986) Parana cmon 2 Md Ske Le ‘in Za ook. 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