Solved Questions

Solved MBOSE Question Papers for Class XII
2009
Bio-Zoology
Group – A
1. b) Uterus
2. c) Crossing over
3. a) Development of organism through time
4. c) Sanctuary
Group – B
5. The genetic constitution of an organism that determines its traits is called as Genotype.
6. Genetically Modified Organism
7. A mutagen is a physical or chemical substance that causes a change in the DNA or mutation eg. UV
rays etc.
8. Leydig’s cells secrete the hormone Testosterone that is responsible for controlling spermatogenesis
as well as producing the male characteristics like facial hair, deep voice etc..
Group - C
9. The differences between antigens and antibodies are as follows:
Antigen Antibody
1. Antigen is usually a foreign substance that 1. An antibody is produced by the B – cells of an
activates antibody production animal..
2. Antigen is usually a protein or polysaccharide 2. An antibody is usually a protein molecule.
3. Antigens are usually present on the membrane or 3. Antibodies may be secreted as free molecules into
cell wall or envelope of microbes. They may also the blood by a B-cell called a Plasma cell or they
occur as freely as molecules. remain attached to the surface of B – cells.
4. Antigens are carried to a T-cell by macrophages to 4. Antibodies bind to an antigen to initiate its
which they bind. An immune response is then destruction.
activated.
10. Carcinogens are physical, chemical or biological that causes cancer. Two examples of carcinogens
are X- rays and nicotine.
11. Two sex linked diseases in humans are Colour blindness and Haemophilia.
12. a). Male Reproductive system
Or
b) Female Reproductive system

Group – D
13. (a) The differences between complete and incomplete linkage is as follows:
Complete Linkage Incomplete linkage

1. Crossing over never takes place. 1. Crossing over always occurs.
2. The strength of linkage is determined by the 2. The distance between genes has no role in
distance between the genes. determining the strength of linkage.
3. Parental combinations of genes is more in the 3. Recombinant combinations of genes is more in
offspring. offspring.
(b) Crossing over is the phenomenon where the sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
exchange genetic materials by the formation of chiasma between them. In this process, the homologous
chromosomes now become recombinants since they contain genetic material from their homologue.
Cross- over gametes are the gametes that contain chromosomes that have undergone crossing over.
They carry recombinant combinations of genes from both parental homologous chromosomes and on
fertilization lead to the formation of a zygote that has recombined characteristics of both parents.
14. (a) External fertilization is fertilization which takes place outside of the female’s body. It usually
occurs in an aquatic environment to facilitate the meeting of sperm and egg. Huge numbers of sperms and
eggs are expelled by males and females respectively into the aquatic environment and fertilization depends
on the direction of water current and distance between the male and female. Other factors which determines
successful fertilization and embryogenesis are the presence of predators which may ingest the gametes,
physical conditions of the water like temperature, pH etc and chemical conditions like presence of toxins,
pollutants or other chemicals in the water. External fertilization is common in animals like fishes,
amphibians etc.
Internal fertilization is fertilization which takes place inside the female’s body, specifically in
the female reproductive tract. This type of fertilization involves insertion of the male phallus (reproductive
organ or penis) into the female’s genital opening for delivery of the sperms. The number of sperms is
usually innumerable while the number of eggs involve may range from one to twenty. Since the fertilization
takes place inside the body, parameters like pH, temperature etc are already made suitable for the meeting of
sperm and egg. Internal fertilization is common in animals like reptiles, birds, mammals etc.
(b) Seminiferous tubules are coiled hollow tubes present inside the testis of male mammals. They
are surrounded by a basement membrane and are lined internally by the germinal epithelium. The germinal
epithelium consists of Sertoli cells and the Spermatogonic cells. The Sertoli cells are also called supporting
cells and provide nourishment to the spermatogonic cells from which sperms will be generated.
Leydig cells are cells found between the seminiferous tubules in the testis of male mammals.
They are also called as Interstitial cells and they secrete the male testicular hormone called Testosterone
which is responsible for regulating spermatogenesis and for production of the male secondary sex
characters.
15. Biodiversity is the variability among different species of living organisms and the environment to
which they belong. It may also be defined as the totality of genes, species and ecosystems found in a
particular region.
Two causes for loss of Biodiversity are: i) Pollution and ii) the destruction of habitats.
16. (a) Bt. cotton is a genetically modified cotton plant or transgenic plant that contains the cry gene
of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis inserted in its genome Once inside the plant cell, the cry gene is
expressed to produce the Cry protein that makes the plant resistant against insect pests.
The advantage of Bt cotton over ordinary cotton is that since it produces the Cry protein which is a
biodegradable endotoxin that kills to insect pests of Cotton , there is no need to add any chemical insecticide
or pesticide. This helps to reduce environmental pollution as well as reduce the farmer’s expenses in buying
pesticides. Using of Bt cotton thus ensures the farmer with a full yield.
(b) Transgenic animals are those that contain a gene from another organism of the same or different
species in its genome. The foreign gene is called as transgene.
Some benefits of Transgenic animals are:
i) production of high quality meat and milk in large quantities
ii) production of pharmaceutical products e.g insulin production in the milk of cattle
iii) generation of organs for transplants that contain human antigens on the surface so that there is no
rejection by the recipients’ body.
Group – E
17. (a)
A man with AB blood group has the genotype “IAIB”
The woman he marries has O blood group and the genotype “ii”
They will produce progeny as per the cross below.
IAIB X ii
(Man) (Woman)
Eggs IA IB Sperms
s
i IAi IBi
Blood Group Blood Group
A B
Progeny
i IAi IBi
A B
The genotypes of the progeny are: 50% with IAi genotype and 50% with IBi genotype.
The respective phenotypes of the progeny are: 50 % with Blood Group A and 50 % with Blood Group B.
(b) The salient features of the Human genome are:
i) The Human genome consists of the Nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome.
ii) The nuclear genome is made up of the 23 pairs of linear chromosomes. The mitochondrial
genome is made up of a single circular DNA molecule.
iii) The size of the nuclear genome is about 3300 mega base pairs while the mitochondrial genome is
only about 16.6 kilo base pairs.
iv) Each chromosome is made up of coding DNA called genes and non-coding DNA (VNTRs,
transposons, minisatellites etc). Very little non-coding DNA is present in the mitochondrial
genome.
v) The human genome consists of approximately 32,000 nuclear genes and 37 mitochondrial genes.
vi) Different genes vary in length eg. the longest known gene is about 2400 kilo base pairs.
vii) Human nuclear genes are interrupted by non-coding sequences called “Introns”. The coding
regions are called “Exons”. Mitochondrial genes have no introns.
viii) Percentage of total nuclear genes is ~ 3% while percentage of mitochondrial genes is ~93%.
Group – F
18. (a) Oogenesis occurs in the germinal epithelium cells of the ovary which are called as
Primordial germinal cells.
Oogenesis consists of the following three major events:
i) Multiplication phase – During this phase, the primordial germinal cells divide repeatedly by
mitosis to produce Oogonia. The Oogonia in turn divide again by mitosis to produce Primary oocytes.
ii) Growth phase – The primary oocytes enter the growth phase where they grow in size. Large
amounts of yolk consisting of fats and proteins gets accumulated in the primary oocytes and is usually
concentrated in the vegetal pole or lower portion of the cell. The part of the primary oocyte containing the
nucleus remains separated from the yolk and is present on the upper portion of the cell called the animal
pole. Cell organelles, RNA, DNA, ATP molecules and enzymes also get accumulated in the primary oocyte.
The nucleus of the primary oocyte also changes. Nucleoplasm increases in the nucleus and the chromosomes
become large appearing as giant lampbrushes. They are hence called at this stage as Lampbrush
chromosomes. Proteins are also being synthesized actively.
iii) Maturation phase – In this phase, the primary oocyte undergoes meiotic division. The first
meiotic division produces two unequally sized cells: a large haploid secondary oocyte and a small haploid
polar body or polocyte. This unequal division ensures that the yolk is not reduced but remains concentrated
in the secondary oocyte. The secondary oocytes and first polocytes then undergo the second meiotic
division. The secondary oocyte produces another haploid polocyte and a large haploid egg or ovum while
the first polocyte produces two secondary polocytes. In humans however, the second meiotic division stops
at the Metaphase II stage and the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary into the Fallopian tube to
await sperm entry. Once a sperm as entered the secondary oocyte, Meiosis II is completed. Also in humans,
the first polocyte does not undergo Meiosis II.
(b) The process by which a haploid nucleus of a male gamete (spermatozoon) fuses with a haploid
nucleus of a female gamete (egg of ovum) thereby resulting in the formation of a diploid zygote is called
Fertilisation. The physic-chemical events during fertilisation are:
i) Acrosomal reaction – The sperm releases chemicals called sperm lysins that consist of
hyaluronidase, acrosin and corona penetrating enzymes that digest the corona radiata and zona pellucida
thereby allowing the sperm to meet and fuse with the secondary oocyte.
ii) Cortical reactions – Once fusion between a sperm and the secondary oocyte has taken place, the
cortical granules present beneath the oocyte membrane release their contents that fuse with the zona
pellucida and make it thicker and harder thus preventing the fusion of more sperms with the oocyte, a
phenomenon called polyspermy.
iii) Sperm entry – At the point where the sperm meets the secondary oocyte, a projection called the
cone of reception or fertilisation cone is formed by the oocyte. The cone of reception takes the sperm into
the oocyte.
iv) Amphimixis – Entry of the sperm into the secondary oocyte stimulates it to complete Meiosis II.
Meanwhile the sperm nucleus remains in the oocyte cytoplasm and is called the male pronucleus. Once
Meiosis II has completed, the resulting haploid egg nucleus or female pronucleus fuses with the male
pronucleus. This fusion leads to mixing of the sperm and egg chromosomes and the process is called
amphimixis or karyogamy. A diploid zygote is thus formed.
v) Once a sperm has entered the egg, it activates metabolic activities in the egg. Cellular respiration
and protein synthesis increase rapidly.
2010
Bio-Zoology
Group – A
1. a) Chorion
2. c) Y – linked disease
3. b) Methyl mercury
4. b) Charles Darwin
Group – B
5. The mixing of the chromosomes of the egg and sperm after fertilization is called Amphimixis.
6. The progeny that is produced from the crossing between different breeds of animals is called a
hybrid.
7. The process by which water gets enriched by the addition of nutrients thus leading to excessive
growth of algae and in turn the loss of species diversity is called Eutrophication.
8. Adaptive radiation is the type of evolution where different organisms that have adapted to various
environmental conditions arise from an original species.
Group - C
9. The two categories of Psychotrophic drugs are: Narcotics and Stimulants.
10. Four traits studied by Mendel are: Height of the plant, Flower colour, Pod shape and Cotyledon colour.
11. The differences between antigens and antibodies are:
Antigen Antibody
4. Antigens are carried to a T-cell by macrophages to 4. Antibodies bind to an antigen to initiate its
which they bind. An immune response is then destruction.
activated.
12. a) Ernst Haeckel (1866) proposed the Theory of Recapitulation or Biogenetic Law which states that
during the developmental stages of an animal (ontogeny), the embryo shows characters that are similar to
primitive or ancient animals thus showing evidences of evolution (phylogeny). These characters are later
lost as the embryo becomes an adult. Thus “Ontogeny repeats phylogeny”.
b) Cloning is the process by which exact copies of an animal or plant are produced. Example, Dolly the
sheep.
Group – D
13. a) The genetic constitution of an organism that it inherits from its parents is called its genotype. It is
usually represented by English alphabets written in pairs. For example, the genotype of a tall plant is “TT”.
The phenotype is the outward expression of the genotype or it is the observable characters of an
organism. The phenotype is usually determined by the genotype of the organism. Example: A plant with the
genotype “TT” shows the character for tall height.
b) A Test cross is a cross between the First Filial (F1) progeny having a dominant phenotype but whose
genotype is unknown with a parent having a Recessive phenotype. This test is carried out to determine
whether the unknown genotype of the progeny having a dominant phenotype is homozygous or
heterozygous as the dominant character may be due to either of these two genotypes.
A back cross is a cross between the First Filial (F1) progeny and any of the two parents. These
crosses are carried out to produce progeny that have an improved trait and are usually used in animal or
plant breeding.
14. a) Carcinoma is a cancer that affects the epithelial lining of the body present. Some examples of
carcinomas are breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer etc.
Sarcoma is a cancer of the mesoderm derivatives like muscles, connective tissue etc. Examples of
sarcomas are bone cancer, muscle tumour etc.
b) Active immunity is a type of acquired immunity where a person acquires an immune response or
resistance against a particular antigen after coming in direct contact with it. The body’s immune system then
remembers the antigen and in later encounters with it, the body knows how to respond to that antigen by
producing the right antibodies against it. This type of immunity is ever lasting.
Passive immunity is a type of acquired immunity where a person acquires readymade antibodies to
fight against an antigen that infects or enters the body. Such a type of immunity is temporary and is not
maintained for long in the body.
15. a) An embryo is a multicellular developmental stage of an organism formed by repeated cell division or
mitosis of the zygote. It later develops into an adult organism. The various phases of embryonic
development are:
Gametogenesis – Gamete formation i.e spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females.
Fertilization – Fusion of the egg (female gamete) and sperm (male gamete)
Blastulation – Formation of the ball of cells or blastula with an internal cavity or blastocoel.
Gaastrulation – Cells of Blastula undergo morphogenetic movements which leads to the formation
the three germ layers viz. the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
Organogenesis – Different organs and organ systems of the body now start to be formed from the
three germ layers.
b) Natural phenomena like thunderstorms and volcano eruptions along with human activities like fuel
combustion lead to the production and emission of gases like nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide etc. into the
atmosphere in high concentrations. Since most of these gaseous emissions are not naturally present in the
atmosphere, they cause the quality of air to degrade and at the same time they are quite harmful to living
organisms. This phenomenon of degradation of air quality by the release of various unnatural and harmful
gases into the atmosphere is called Air pollution.
Haemoglobin of the blood normally bind with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. When Carbon
monoxide is inhaled into the blood however, the haemoglobin combines reversibly with it instead of oxygen.
This is because haemoglobin has a greater affinity for Carbon monoxide than Oxygen. The transport of
oxygen by the blood to various tissues is therefore reduced which then hampers many cell functions and
may even lead to death. The inhalation of Carbon monoxide has also been found to damage the
cardiovascular system and to interferes in psychomotor functions.
16.
a) Plasmids are small, circular, extra-chromosomal DNA molecules. They are double stranded and
occur in many species of bacteria. Plasmids can replicate on their own and some like the F-plasmid can be
transferred between bacteria of the own pecies and sometimes between different species. They are mostly
used as vectors for cloning DNA.
b) Restriction endonucleases are enzymes commonly found in bacterial cells. They recognise and bind
to particular DNA sequences and then cut the DNA usually at the site of binding. Their existence is
important for bacterial cells as they protect them from bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) by cutting
their DNA. They are thus named due to the fact that they restrict Bacteriophages from infecting and g
bacterial cells. Restriction enzymes cut DNA to produce “sticky ends” or “blunt” DNA ends. eg. EcoRI
which recognises and cuts DNA at the sequence 5’-GAATTC-3’.
c) The Chipko Movement is an agitation movement of the people belonging to the Tehri-Garwal region
against the construction of a hydroelectric project in the Garwal valley. In this movement, the people hug the
trees that the Government planned on cutting down to build the hydroelectric dam. This prevented the trees
from being cut down.
d) Some animals like cows and buffaloes are bred for milk production as well as for usage in
agricultural works. The females of these types of animals are bred only for milk production and are called
milch animals or dairy animals. Examples of indigenous animals used for milk production are Gir, Murrah
etc.
Group – E
17. a) Let the genotype for tallness be “T” and for round seed be “R”. Their recessives will therefore be “t”
and “r” respectively.
A plant homozygous for tallness and round seeds will have the genotype “TTRR”. A plant with recessive
characters i.e dwarfness and wrinkled seeds has the genotype “ttrr”
Across between the two plants will give the following progeny for two generations:
TTRR x ttrr Parents

(Tall + round seeds) (Dwarf + wrinkled seeds)
TtRr F1 generation
(Tall + round seeds)
Selfing of F1:
TtRr X TtRr
Gametes
TR Tr tR tr
TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr

TR (Tall (Tall (Tall (Tall
+ + + +
round seeds) round seeds) round seeds) round seeds)
TTRr TTrr TtRr Ttrr
Tr (Tall (Tall (Tall (Tall
+ + + +
round seeds) wrinkled seeds) round seeds) wrinkled seeds)
F2
TtRR TtRr ttRR ttRr
tR (Tall (Tall (Dwarf (Dwarf
+ + + +
round seeds) round seeds) round seeds) round seeds)
TrRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr
tr (Tall (Tall (Dwarf (Dwarf
+ + + +
round seeds) wrinkled seeds) round seeds) wrinkled seeds)
The phenotypic ratio of the F2 (second) generation is :
9 (Tall + round seeds) : 3 (Tall + wrinkled seeds) : 3 (Dwarf + round seeds) : 1 (Dwarf + wrinkled seeds)
b) DNA fingerprinting is a technique developed by Sir Alec Jeffreys in 1985 to identify and
distinguish different individuals based on the presence or absence of particular sequences in their DNA. This
technique makes use of the differences in the number of copies of repeated sequences called Variable
Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) present in human DNA and which produce different restriction
patterns. No two persons are alike in the number of copies of VNTRs and their restriction patterns and this
forms the principle for DNA fingerprinting.
DNA fingerprinting can be applied in the following ways:
i) In Criminal Forensics, DNA fingerprinting is used to identify a suspect whose DNA

sample is compared with DNA obtained from sample left at the crime scene. This provides conclusive
evidence as to who the criminal really is.
ii) In Paternity testing where a child’s DNA is compared with a male to prove that he is the
child’s father. This is usually done in the case of Parental disputes.
iii) In the study of evolution to identify close relationships among different animal species.
iv) In Immigration cases to prove that an immigrant has a close relative residing in the
country in which the immigrant has migrated.
Group - F
18. a) The process by which sperms are formed in the testes of males is called as spermatogenesis.
The process by which spermatids metamorphose into sperms is called as spermiogenesis. The events
that take place in spermiogenesis are:
i) The somewhat rounded spermatids become longer in size.
ii) The nucleus starts to shrink due to loss of water and forms various shapes which in turn
determines the shape of the sperms. The chromatin material in the nucleus becomes concentrated and RNA
concentration is reduced.
iii) Just behind the nucleus, the two centrioles of the spermatid get arranged one behind the other and
at right angles to each other. The anterior centriole is called the Proximal centriole and the posterior
centriole is called the Distal centriole. The Distal centriole then gives rise to the axial filament which
extends the length of the sperm tail.
iv) The mitochondria migrate to the axial filament in the middle piece of the sperm where they
become spirally twisted to form a sheath called Nebenkern that surrounds the axial filament only in the mid-
piece.
v) The Golgi apparatus becomes reduced and modified to form the Acrosome that is confined in the
sperm head and is present on top of the nucleus as a cap. The acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that cna
break down the membrane of the female egg thus allowing fertilization and amphimixis to occur.
vi) The membrane of the spermatid covers the entire sperm from head to tail.
These processes lead to the metamorphosis of spermatid into sperm thus completing the entire
process of spermatogenesis.
b)
HEAD
NECK
MID PIECE
TAIL
Fig: A mature mammalian spermatozoon.

The various parts of a mature human spermatozoon are:
i) Head – The head is flat and oval consisting of a small acrosome lying just anterior to a large nucleus. The
acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that are used to penetrate the egg membrane during fertilization.
ii) Neck – A short neck is present posterior to the head and connects it to the mid-piece. It contains two
centrioles lying at right angles to each other and present one behind the other. The anterior centriole directly
behind th nucleus is called the Proximal centriole while the posterior centriole is called the Distal centriole
and gives rise to the tail of the spermatozoon.
iii) Mid-piece – The mid-piece contains many mitochondria arranged spirally round the axial filament of the
tail called the Mitochondrial spiral. A ring centriole is present posterior to the mitochondrial spiral.
iv) Tail – A long, slender and tapering tail arises behind the mid-piece and contains a long axial filament all
along its length that is generated from the distal centriole.
2011
Bio-Zoology
Group – A
1. d) Ranikhet
2. b) Sesan Gir Sanctuary
3. a) A, B, AB and O
4. a) acrosome and nucleus.
Group – B
5. A dihybrid cross is a cross between two organisms that have two character differences which can be
inherited by the offsprings.
6. A transgenic organism is one which contains a foreign gene inserted in its genome. The foreign gene
may be from organisms of the same species or from other species.
particular region.
8. The act by which a young organism is expelled from the mother’s uterus after completing its full
term is called Parturition.
Group – C
9. Sex in human beings is determined on the basis of the presence or absence of the two sex
chromosomes i.e X and Y chromosomes. A human with two X chromosomes is said to be Female while a
human with one X and one Y chromosome is said to be Male. A female thus has XX genotype while males
have the XY genotype. If a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes an egg, a female is produced and if a
sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be male.
10. Leydig cells are found among the seminiferous tubules in the testes of humans. Their function is to
secrete the male hormone testosterone which controls spermatogenesis.
11. a) Lamarck’s theory of evolution states that “modifications that an organism acquires in adaption to the
environment which it meets during its life time are automatically handed over to its descendants and become
a part of heredity.
One example which Lamarck cited to support his theory is that of the Giraffe where he states that
they acquired their long necks to adapt to the situation where the leaves on which they feed are present at the
top of tall trees. The acquired long neck trait is then inherited by later generations.
b) The Archaeopteryx was an animal that had characteristics of both reptiles and birds and is therefore
considered to be a connecting link between reptiles and birds. The Archaeopteryx had bird characteristics
like feathered wings and a beak. Like reptiles however, its beak had conical teeth, it had a long tail and the
wings had clawed digits.
12. Biological magnification is the accumulation of certain chemical pollutants in increasing
concentration along the food chain. These chemical pollutants are usually non-biodegradable and can nether
be metabolized nor secreted out from an animal’s body. eg. DDT.
Group – D
13. a) Crossing over is a phenomenon where the exchange of homologous chromosomal segments
during Prophase I of Meiosis I takes place . This leads to recombination of the genes present in the
exchanged chromosomal segments.
b) Linkage is the phenomenon by which some genes tend to always be inherited together by the
offspring. This leads to a greater frequency of the parental genetic combinations in the progeny than
expected. The genes that are inherited together are called Linked genes.
14. Homologous organs are those organs which have the same origin and developmental pattern but
which appear similar or different based on the functions that they perform. eg. the forelimbs of mammals
like the front flipper of a whale, the wing of a bat, a bird’s wing and the hand of a human.
Analogous organs are those which have developed from different origins and with different patterns
but have the same function and appear similar. eg. an insect’s wing, a bat’s wing and a bird’s wing.
15. Alcohol addiction is the condition where people have become victims of the dangers of alcohol and
find it difficult to get rid of the habit of alcohol consumption.
The damaging effects of alcohol addiction are:
i) Damage to the liver, stomach, mouth and throat
ii) Rising blood pressure.
iii) Psychiatric disorders
Other effects of alcohol include family problems due to violence as well as accidents especially on
the while driving on the road
16. (a) A plasmid is a circular, double stranded and self replicating extra chromosomal DNA
molecule usually found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells.
In genetic engineering, a plasmid is used as a vector to transfer DNA or genes of interest from an
organism to the host bacterial cell for cloning of the DNA or gene. It can also be used to transfer genes
mostly into bacterial cells for the production of a desired protein, enzyme etc. since bacterial cells can
produce the required product in large quantities and in a very short span of time.
(b) Individual humans are different from each other even at the DNA level. This difference is due to the
presence of repeated sequences in the DNA which leads to the “polymorphic” nature of these sequences in
different individuals. These Repeats are non coding DNA i.e they do not carry any information for the
formation of RNA or proteins. One such example is the VNTR or Variable Number of Tandem Repeats
which is a tandemly repeated sequence in the genome of humans. however, these repeats differ in different
individuals in their copy number. No two individuals have the same number of VNTRs except for identical
or monozygotic twins. Based on the difference between individuals in their VNTR copy number, the
technique called DNA fingerprinting was developed by Sir Alec Jeffreys in 1985 to identify and
differentiate different individuals.
Group – E
17. (a) (i) The difference between Interferons and Antibodies is as follows:
Interferons Antibodies
1. Produced by a cell that has been infected by a 1. Produced by a type of B-lymphocytes called
microbial pathogen. Plasma cells.
2. They are secreted by infected cells and enter 2. They are secreted into the blood and lymph.
neighbouring uninfected cells to initiate an immune
response.
3. They induce the neighbouring uninfected cells to 3. They bind to specific antigens thereby
produce antimicrobial molecules to prevent further immobilising them for destruction by phagocytes
infection. and macrophages.
4. They provide a temporary immune response but 4. They provide a permanent immune response but
are fast in action. are slow in action.
(ii) The differences between Innate and Acquired Immunity are:
Innate immunity Acquired immunity

1. It is already present from birth due to the genetic 1. It is the immunity that a person acquires during
makeup of an individual. life.
2. It does not require any contact with an antigen or 2. It is activated once an individual comes in contact
pathogen. with an antigen or pathogen.
3. It is non-specific and helps the body resist against 3. It is specific and provides resistance against
any foreign substance. specific antigens or pathogens only.
4. It does not remember the antigens or pathogens 4. It maintains a memory of the antigens/pathogens
that the body has contacted. that the body has contacted.
(b) Cancer is the condition in which the cells of an animal undergo abnormal and uncontrolled growth
and division usually forming a tumour or cancerous growth. However all tumours are not cancerous and are
called Benign tumours. Those that are cancerous are called Malignant tumours.
The differences between Benign and Malignant tumours are as follows:
Benign tumours Malignant tumours

1. A benign tumour is enclosed in a connective tissue 1. Malignant tumours are not enclosed in any tissue.
2. It remains confined in its original place. 2. It is not confined to its original place.
3. It can grow in size but does not spread to other 3. It usually spreads to other parts of the body via the
parts of the body. blood and lymph...a phenomenon called metastasis.
Group – F
18. The increase in the atmospheric temperature throughout the world due to the accumulation of green
house gases that trap the sun’s heat is called as Global Warming.
The possible effects of Global Warming are:
i) Climate change – With an increase in atmospheric temperature around the world, there would be a
change in the wind and precipitation patterns around the world. This would in turn affect agriculture and
human health since vector borne pathogens would thrive in the increasing temperature.
ii) Rise of sea level – Global warming will cause the sea water level to rise due to deposition of more
water from the melting ice around the world and thermal expansion of the upper layers of water. A rise in
the sea level will lead to flooding of many big cities of the world and the submergence of low-lying islands.
The breeding grounds of many sea birds will be destroyed thereby increasing their chances of becoming
extinct. Also tourism, fresh water supplies, fisheries etc will be affected.
iii) Species distribution – As the temperature increases, plant species that are more sensitive to
temperature change like trees will die on a large scale and will be replaced mostly y shrubs. The shift of the
climate belts from the equator to the poles will also lead to a shifting of the vegetation in the same direction.
Arthropods and other insect pests will increase in number as the temperature rise along with increased
humidity will favour their survival and reproduction.
iv) Food production – Rising temperatures will cause plant diseases and pests to increase
dramatically. These in turn will lead to a decrease in food production. Shifting of the climatic belts will also
affect crops as the ones sensitive to temperature change will not survive and lots of genetic resources will be
lost.
(b) The process by which an ovum is produced in the reproductive system of females is called
Oogenesis. Oogenesis occurs in the germinal epithelium cells of the ovary which are called as Primordial
germinal cells.
the first polocyte produces two secondary polocytes. In humans however, the second meiotic division of the
secondary oocyte stops at the Metaphase II stage and is released from the ovary into the Fallopian tube to
await sperm entry. Once a sperm as entered the secondary oocyte, Meiosis II is completed. Also in humans,
the first polocyte does not undergo Meiosis II.
2012
Bio-Zoology
Group – A
1. (c) Ringworm : Ascaris
2. (c) Secondary oocyte
3. (b) apiculture
4. (b) dodo
Group –B
5. Crossing over is a phenomenon where the exchange of homologous chromosomal segments during
Prophase I of Meiosis I takes place . This leads to recombination of the genes present in the exchanged
chromosomal segments.
6. Two sexually transmitted diseases are Syphilis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
7. Smack (Heroin) is synthesized from morphine which is in turn derived from opium.
Heroin affects the human body by reducing the respiratory and cardiovascular activity.
8. Flippers of Seals and wings of a Bat are homologous to human forelimbs.
Group – C
9. An Interferon is a protein that is released by a cell that has been infected by a microbial pathogen
especially viruses. Once secreted, it enters neighbouring uninfected cells and initiates a defence mechanism
in them that makes them become resistant to the viral attack. Interferons hve been used in the treatmet of
viral diseases like flu, hepatitis and even cancer that is caused by viruses.
Interferons provide an innate immunity to the cell as they are produced by the genetic makeup of the
cell or individual.
10. Four traits studied by Mendel in his experiments with pea plants are:
i) height of the pea plant
ii) colour of the flower
iii) position of the flower
iv) shape of the cotyledon

11. (a) A Mature sperm
HEAD
NECK
MID-
PIECE
TAIL
b) An antibody molecule
12. (a) The purpose of Miller and Urey’s experiment was to provide evidence regarding the abiogenic
molecular evolution of life on earth.
(b) The components used by Urey and Miller to recreate Earth’s primitive atmosphere were: Methane,
Ammonia, Hydrogen and Water vapour.
(c) Energy for the experiment was supplied in the form of heat and electrical sparks.
(d) he experiment was run continuously for a week.
Group – D
13. Four salient features of a cancer cell are:
i) Uncontrolled cell division by mitosis
ii) Absence of differentiation of daughter cells
iii) Migration to other parts of the body
iv) Formation of tumours
A tumour is referred to as malignant when it grows rapidly at a late stage and its cells start spreading
to other body parts.
14. (a) The differences between active and passive immunity are:
Active immunity Passive immunity

1. Immunity due to antibodies produced by an 1. Immunity due to antibodies produced by some
individual’s own B-lymphocytes against an other organism that are injected into an individual to
infection. fight against infection.
2. This type of immunity is permanent. 2. This type of immunity is temporary.
3. Active immunity is harmless. 3. Passive immunity may dangerous as the
antibodies from other organisms may be regarded as
antigens by the body’s immune system.
(b) The differences between an antigen and an antibody are:
Antigen Antibody
15. (a) The phenomenon where the hybrid progeny does not resemble either parent for a particular trait but
shows an intermediate character is called as Incomplete Dominance. In some cases. the progeny resembles a
parental character more than the other but the character is not similar with that of the parent.
An example of Incomplete Dominance is seen in the four o’clock plant (Mirabilis jalapa) where a
cross between a red flowered plant and a white flowered plant produces a pink flowered plant. The red
colour flower is due to the dominant allele “R” while its recessive “r” produces the white coloured flower. A
cross between a red flowered plant with the homozygous genotype “RR” and a white flowered plant with the
homozygous genotype “rr” produces pink flowered F1 progeny with the genotype “Rr”. On selfing the F1,
pink flowered plants along with parental types are produced in the F2 generation in the ratio of 1 red
flowered plant : 2 pink flowered plant : 1 white flowered plant. This shows that wherever the two alleles “R”
and “r” meet, the product will be pink coloured flowers.
RR x rr
Red flowered plant White flowered plant Parents
Rr
F1 generation
Pink flowered plant
Selfing
Rr x Rr
RR Rr Rr rr F2 generation
Red flowered plant Pink flowered plants White flowered plant
Phenotypic ratio: 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white

(b) A cross between the F1 progeny with either of the two parents or with an individual having the same
genotype as either one of the two parents is called a Back cross.
A Test cross is a cross between the F1 progeny with only the parent having a recessive genotype.
The significance of a Test cross is that it helps in the determination of the offspring genotype.
16. (a) Gases like CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs etc are released by human activities into the atmosphere in large
concentrations where they accumulate. There, they absorb the long wave infrared radiations and heat waves
radiated by the earth’s surface and prevent them from escaping the atmosphere into outer space. This
increases the temperature of the atmosphere and consequently the earth’s surface. This phenomenon is
called the Green House effect since it resembles the conditions inside a glass Green house used for growing
plants. The gases that are responsible for the Green House Effect are called Green House Gases.
(b) A National Park is a permanent area or place that has been established by Central Legislation and is
meant to preserve animal and plant life as well as landscapes and historic objects of that place. Hunting of
animals is strictly prohibited in a National Park. Some examples of National Parks in India are: Crobett
National Park in Uttar Pradesh and Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh.
(c) Dumping of waste water and organic wastes into a water body leads to its decomposition and
subsequent release of nutrients into the water. This increases the concentration of nutrients in the water and
causes abundant growth of algae which completely cover the water surface. This phenomenon is called
Algal Bloom and causes the death of many aquatic life forms like fishes due to the toxins released in the
water by the algae as well as a deficiency in the dissolved Oxygen. This entire process by which a water
body is enriched in nutrients causing Algal blooms that eventually leads to the death of aquatic species and
loss of species diversity is called Eutrophication.
(d) The sun’s Ultra Violet (UV) radiation is quite harmful for life on earth. However our stratosphere
contains Ozone gas (O3) which forms a layer above the earth and absorbs UV radiation from the sun thereby
preventing it from reaching the earth’s biosphere. Human activities however release gases like
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are carried to the stratosphere and react with the ozone layer in the
presence of UV radiation. This reaction of CFCs and O3 causes a depletion of the ozone layer and an ozone
hole is formed through which UV radiation can easily enter the earth’s atmosphere. The worst affected area
is Antarctica where most of the CFCs from other continents of the earth are carried by wind and accumulate.
Other gases released by human activities like CH4 and N2O are also responsible for depletion of the ozone
layer.
Group – E
17. Either
Let the allele for Brown eyes be “B” and the allele for blue eyes be “b”.
(a) The genotype of the Brown eyed man is “Bb”.
(b) The genotype of the woman is “bb”

(c) Bb (Man)
Gametes B b
Bb bb
b Brown eyed Blue eyed
bb Offspring
Bb bb
(Woman) b Brown eyed Blue eyed
The genotypes of the offspring are Bb and bb.
The phenotypes of the offspring are Brown eyed and blue eyed.
Or
Genetic engineering is the process by which genes are manipulated or changed artificially with the
help of tools like restriction endonucleases, vectors, ligases etc. in order to get a desired product.
The steps involved in genetic engineering are:
i) A gene of interest is isolated from the host cell (bacterial, plant or animal)
ii) The isolated gene is cut with a particular restriction enzyme (eg. EcoR I).
iii) A suitable vector (eg. plasmid) is chosen and also cut with the same restriction enzyme used to cut the
gene.
iv) The cut gene and vector are ligated together by ligase to generate a recombinant DNA molecule.
v) The recombinant DNA vector is then introduced into a host cell of bacterial, plant or animal origin by
transformation, electroporation etc.
vi) The introduced recombinant DNA molecule is expressed inside the host cell to produce the desired
product.
Group – F
18. Either
(a) Section of human Seminiferous tubule
(b)
Sl. Gametogenesis in
No. Differences on the basis of human males human females
(i) time of initiation of the process initiated continuously in a initiated only once in a
mitotically dividing cell finite cell population.
population.
(ii) products formed at the end of the process 4 spermatozoa at the end 1 ovum or egg after each
of each meiotic division. meiotic division.
Leydig cells – Corpus luteum –
(iii) role of: produce and secrete the produces and secretes the
hormone testosterone. hormone progesterone
that maintains pregnancy.
Or
Fertilization is the process by which a haploid sperm nucleus fuses with a haploid egg or ovum
nucleus to produce a diploid zygote.
Fertilization takes place in the ampulla of Fallopian tubes in the body of human females.
The significance of fertilization is as follows:
i) It stimulates the egg or secondary oocyte to complete Meiosis II thereby producing a mature ovum.
ii) It restores the diploid condition of the zygote.
iii) It activates repeated mitotic divisions of the zygote to give rise to an entire new individual.
iv) It brings together the characteristics of the two parents in the zygote thus providing it with better
adaptations toward the environment.
v) It is responsible for providing the ovum with centrioles from the sperm.
vi) It helps in the determination of the zygote’s and ultimately the young human’s sex
2013
Bio-Zoology
Group – A
1. (a) cleavage
2. (c) homozygous
3. (b) Entamoeba histolytica
4. (b) Assam
Group – B
5. Spermiogenesis
6. Pathogens are disease causing organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi etc.
7. The genetic make up or constitution of an organism is called the genotype. Eg. The genotype of a
plant with tall height is “TT” or “Tt”.
8. Immunity is the ability of the body to resist and fight against any attack by a pathogen or a substance
that may cause harm.
Group – C
9. Sertoli cells are found between the spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules of the human
male testis. Their function is to provide nourishment to the developing spermatozoon.
10. Two sex- linked disorders in human beings are Colour Blindness and Haemophilia.
11. Organs which are not completely developed or are non-functional are called Vestigial organs. Two
examples of vestigial organs in man are the vermiform appendix and the nictitating membrane of the eye.
12. a) T.S of human ovary

b) T.S of human testis
Group – D
particular region.
Two causes for the loss of biodiversity are: i) Habitat destruction ii) Pollution
14. Sex in human beings is determined on the basis of the presence or absence of the two sex
chromosomes i.e X and Y chromosomes. Humans therefore have 1 pair of sex chromosomes and the
remaining 22 pairs are called autosomes. A human with two X chromosomes is said to be Female while a
human with one X and one Y chromosome is said to be Male. A female thus has XX genotype while males
have the XY genotype. Males are said to be heterogametic as they produce two types of gametes: one
containing an X chromosome and the other containing a Y chromosome along with 22 autosomes. Females
however are homogametic as they produce only one type of egg which contains an X chromosome and 22
autosomes. If a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes an egg, a female is produced and if a sperm
carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be male.
15. (a) Carcinoma is a cancer that affects the epithelial lining of the body organs. Examples of carcinomas
are lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer etc.
Sarcoma is a cancer that affects tissues of mesodermal origin like connective tissue. Examples of this
type of cancer are bone tumours, cnacer of the lymph nodes and muscles etc.
(b) The differences between humoral immune system and cell mediated immune system are:
Humoral Immune system Cell mediated immune system

1. It provides resistance against pathogen attack of 1. It provides resistance against pathogen attack of
the blood and lymph. the body cells.
2. B- cells play a major role in this type of immune 2. T – lymphocytes play a big role in this type of
system. immune system.
3. It provides no resistance against transplants and 3. It provides resistance against transplants and
cancer cells. cancer cells.
16. The rearing of honey bees for getting honey, bee’s wax etc is called apiculture. The products
obtained from apiculture are: i) Honey – It is a viscous liquid with a sweet taste that could be eaten. It
contains sugars, proteins, minerals etc and is considered to be of great medicinal and nutritional value,
ii) Bee’s wax – It is secreted by the bee’s for construction of the hive. It is collected and used by humans for
making products like shaving creams, cosmetics, shoe polish, candles etc.
iii) Propolis – used in repairing and holding the comb together
iv) Bee poison – Used for medicinal purposes especially in traditional medicines like Ayurveda and
Homeopathy.
Group – E
17. (a) DNA fingerprinting is a technique developed by Sir Alec Jeffreys in 1985 to identify and distinguish
different individuals based on the presence or absence of particular sequences in their DNA. This technique
makes use of the differences in the number of copies of repeated sequences called Variable Number of
Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) present in human DNA and which produce different restriction patterns. No two
persons are alike in the number of copies of VNTRs and their restriction patterns and this forms the principle
for DNA fingerprinting.
DNA fingerprinting can be applied in the following ways:
i) In Criminal Forensics, DNA fingerprinting is used to identify a suspect whose DNA

sample is compared with DNA obtained from sample left at the crime scene. This provides conclusive
evidence as to who the criminal really is.
ii) In Paternity testing where a child’s DNA is compared with a male to prove that he is the
child’s father. This is usually done in the case of Parental disputes.
iii) In the study of evolution to identify close relationships among different animal species.
iv) In Immigration cases to prove that an immigrant has a close relative residing in the
country in which the immigrant has migrated.
(b) A man with AB blood group has the genotype “IAIB”
The woman he marries has O blood group and the genotype “ii”
They will produce progeny as per the cross below.
IAIB X ii
(Man) (Woman)
Eggs IA IB Sperms
s
i IAi IBi
A B
Progeny
i IAi IBi
A B
The genotypes of the progeny are: 50% with IAi genotype and 50% with IBi genotype.
The respective phenotypes of the progeny are: 50 % with Blood Group A and 50 % with Blood Group B.
Group – F
18. (a) Oogenesis occurs in the germinal epithelium cells of the ovary which are also called as Primordial
germinal cells.
the first polocyte produces two secondary polocytes. In humans however, the second meiotic division of the
secondary oocyte stops at the Metaphase II stage and the oocyte is released from the ovary into the Fallopian
tube to await sperm entry. Once a sperm as entered the secondary oocyte, Meiosis II is completed. Also in
humans, the first polocyte does not undergo Meiosis II.
Fig: The process of Oogenesis.
(b) The increase in the atmospheric temperature throughout the world due to the accumulation of green
house gases that trap the sun’s heat is called as Global Warming.
The possible effects of Global Warming are:
i) Climate change – With an increase in atmospheric temperature around the world, there would be a
change in the wind and precipitation patterns around the world. This would in turn affect agriculture and
human health since vector borne pathogens would thrive in the increasing temperature.
ii) Rise of sea level – Global warming will cause the sea water level to rise due to deposition of more
water from the melting ice around the world and thermal expansion of the upper layers of water. A rise in
the sea level will lead to flooding of many big cities of the world and the submergence of low-lying islands.
The breeding grounds of many sea birds will be destroyed thereby increasing their chances of becoming
extinct. Also tourism, fresh water supplies, fisheries etc will be affected.
iii) Species distribution – As the temperature increases, plant species that are more sensitive to
temperature change like trees will die on a large scale and will be replaced mostly y shrubs. The shift of the
climate belts from the equator to the poles will also lead to a shifting of the vegetation in the same direction.
Arthropods and other insect pests will increase in number as the temperature rise along with increased
humidity will favour their survival and reproduction.
iv) Food production – Rising temperatures will cause plant diseases and pests to increase
dramatically. These in turn will lead to a decrease in food production. Shifting of the climatic belts will also
affect crops as the ones sensitive to temperature change will not survive and lots of genetic resources will be
lost.

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Solved MBOSE Question Papers for Class XII

3. a) Development of organism through time

6. Genetically Modified Organism

9. The differences between antigens and antibodies are as follows:

b) Female Reproductive system

Complete Linkage Incomplete linkage

Some benefits of Transgenic animals are:

i) production of high quality meat and milk in large quantities

A man with AB blood group has the genotype “IAIB”

They will produce progeny as per the cross below.

(b) The salient features of the Human genome are:

Oogenesis consists of the following three major events:

9. The two categories of Psychotrophic drugs are: Narcotics and Stimulants.

11. The differences between antigens and antibodies are:

Gametogenesis – Gamete formation i.e spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females.

TTRR x ttrr Parents

TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr

The phenotypic ratio of the F2 (second) generation is :

DNA fingerprinting can be applied in the following ways:

i) In Criminal Forensics, DNA fingerprinting is used to identify a suspect whose DNA

i) The somewhat rounded spermatids become longer in size.

Fig: A mature mammalian spermatozoon.

2. b) Sesan Gir Sanctuary

4. a) acrosome and nucleus.

The damaging effects of alcohol addiction are:

i) Damage to the liver, stomach, mouth and throat

ii) Rising blood pressure.

iii) Psychiatric disorders

(ii) The differences between Innate and Acquired Immunity are:

Innate immunity Acquired immunity

The differences between Benign and Malignant tumours are as follows:

Benign tumours Malignant tumours

The possible effects of Global Warming are:

Oogenesis consists of the following three major events:

1. (c) Ringworm : Ascaris

2. (c) Secondary oocyte

8. Flippers of Seals and wings of a Bat are homologous to human forelimbs.

i) height of the pea plant

ii) colour of the flower

iii) position of the flower

iv) shape of the cotyledon

(d) he experiment was run continuously for a week.

13. Four salient features of a cancer cell are:

i) Uncontrolled cell division by mitosis

ii) Absence of differentiation of daughter cells

iii) Migration to other parts of the body

iv) Formation of tumours

Active immunity Passive immunity

(b) The differences between an antigen and an antibody are:

Red flowered plant Pink flowered plants White flowered plant

Phenotypic ratio: 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white

(a) The genotype of the Brown eyed man is “Bb”.

(b) The genotype of the woman is “bb”

The genotypes of the offspring are Bb and bb.

The steps involved in genetic engineering are:

(a) Section of human Seminiferous tubule

The significance of fertilization is as follows:

3. (b) Entamoeba histolytica

12. a) T.S of human ovary

Humoral Immune system Cell mediated immune system

iii) Propolis – used in repairing and holding the comb together

DNA fingerprinting can be applied in the following ways:

i) In Criminal Forensics, DNA fingerprinting is used to identify a suspect whose DNA

They will produce progeny as per the cross below.