LI

QUI
DPENETRATI
ONTESTI
NG

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Li
qui
d penet
rant i
nspect
ion i
s a non dest
ruct
ive met
hod of r
eveal
i
ng

di
scont
inui
ti
est
hatar
eopent
othesur
facesofsol
i
dandessent
ial
l
ynonpor
ous

mat
eri
als.Theuseofpenet
rant
smaybeconsi
der
edasanext
ensi
onofv
isual

i
nspect
ion.I
ndi
cat
ionsofwi
despect
rum off
lawssi
zecanbef
oundr
egar
dlessof

t
heconf
igur
ati
onoft
hewor
kpi
ece.I
npr
act
ice,t
hel
i
qui
dpenet
rant
spr
ocessi
s

si
mpl
etout
il
izeandcont
rolt
heequi
pmentusedi
nli
qui
dpenet
ranti
nspect
ion

canv
aryf
rom anar
rangementofsi
mpl
etankscont
aini
ngpenet
rant
,emul
sif
ier

anddev
elopert
osophi
sti
cat
edandi
nspect
ionsy
stems.Theor
yLi
qui
dpenet
rant

i
nspect
ioni
soneoft
heol
destofmoder
nnondest
ruct
ivei
nspect
ionmet
hods.I
t

begani
nther
ail
roadmai
ntenanceshopsi
nthel
ate1800s.Par
tst
obei
nspect
ed

wer
eimmer
sedi
nusedmachi
neoi
l
.Af
terasui
tabl
eimmer
siont
ime,t
hepar
ts

wer
ewi
thdr
awnf
rom t
heoi
landt
heexcesssur
faceoi
lwi
pedof
fwi
thr
agsor

waddi
ng.Thepar
tsur
faceswoul
dthenbecoat
edwi
thpowder
edchal
kora

mi
xtur
eofchal
ksuspendedi
nal
cohol(
whi
ti
ng)
.Oi
ltr
appedi
ncr
acksorf
laws

woul
dbl
eedoutcausi
nganot
iceabl
est
aini
nthewhi
techal
kcoat
ing.Thi
s

becameknownast
heoi
l
-and-
whi
ti
ngmet
hod.Li
qui
dpenet
rat
ionmet
hodcanbe

usedt
odet
ectdef
ect
sinawi
der
angeofcomponent
spr
ovi
dedt
hatt
hedef
ect

br
eakst
he sur
faceoft
hemat
eri
al.Thi
smet
hodi
sext
ensi
vel
yusedf
ort
he

i
nspect
ionofwr
oughtandcastpr
oduct
sofbot
hfer
rousandnonf
err
ous,
powder

met
all
urgypar
ts,
cer
ami
cs,
plast
icsandgl
assobj
ect
s.
Pr
inci
ple

LPIi
s based upon capi
l
lar
y act
ion,wher
e sur
face t
ensi
on f
lui
dlow

penet
rat
esi
ntocl
eananddr
ysur
face-
breaki
ngdi
scont
inui
ti
es.Penet
rantmaybe

appl
i
edt
othet
estcomponentbydi
ppi
ng,spr
ayi
ng,orbr
ushi
ng.Af
teradequat
e

penet
rat
iont
imehasbeenal
l
owed,t
heexcesspenet
ranti
sremov
ed,anda

dev
eloperi
sappl
i
ed.Thedev
eloperhel
pst
odr
awpenet
rantoutoft
hef
lawwher
e

av
isi
blei
ndi
cat
ionbecomesv
isi
blet
othei
nspect
or.I
nspect
ioni
sper
for
med

underul
tr
avi
oletorwhi
tel
i
ght
,dependi
ngupont
het
ypeofdy
eusedf
luor
escent

ornonf
luor
escent(
visi
ble)
.

Penet
rat
ion

Thev
erynamepenet
rantsuggest
sthatt
heabi
l
ityt
openet
rat
eint
ovoi
dsi
sthe

maj
orFeat
ureofapenet
rantVer
ynear
lyanyl
i
qui
dwi
l
lwetasol
i
dsur
faceand

penet
rat
eint
ovoi
ds.I
nfact
,iti
snoteasyt
ofi
ndal
i
qui
dthatwi
l
lnotpenet
rat
e.I
f

i
twet
s,i
twi
l
lpenet
rat
e;i
fnot
,itwi
l
lnot
.Wet
ti
ngofsmoot
h,chemi
cal
l
ycl
ean

sur
faceshasbeenst
udi
edext
ensi
vel
ywi
thr
elat
ionshi
pswor
kedoutbet
ween

sur
facest
ensi
on,i
nter
faci
alt
ensi
on,wet
ti
ngcont
actangl
e,ener
gyofadhesi
on.

Thel
i
ght
estt
aintofoi
lonasur
facecanchangeasur
faceandcauseapenet
rant

Fi
l
mtobecomel
esswetandt
opul
lupi
ntodr
opl
ets.Asapr
act
icalmat
ter
,thi
sis

nott
ooser
ious.Reappl
i
cat
ionofpenet
rantwi
l
lusual
l
ydi
ssol
vet
hisf
il
m and

al
l
owt
est
ingt
opr
oceedSur
facet
ensi
oncanbedef
inedast
hef
orceneededt
o

expand(
orpul
lapar
t)t
hesur
faceofal
i
qui
d.I
tresul
tsf
rom t
heat
tr
act
ionofal
l

t
hemol
ecul
eswi
thi
nthel
i
qui
dforeachot
her
.Att
hesur
face,
wit
hnomor
eli
qui
d

out
side,t
henetf
orcei
stowar
dthel
i
qui
d’
sint
eri
or,andt
hesur
faceact
sli
kea

ski
n.I
tact
stomi
nimi
zet
hesur
facear
eaoft
hel
i
qui
dandi
trequi
resef
for
t(t
he

sur
facet
ensi
on)t
ost
ret
cht
hisski
nCont
actangl
eist
hemeasur
edangl
ethata
dr
opofl
i
qui
dmakeswi
thasol
i
dsur
face.I
fcont
actangl
eθi
szer
o,cosθ=1and

t
hel
i
qui
dwi
l
lwetandspr
ead.I
fthecont
actangl
eis90degr
eesormor
e,cosθ=

0andt
hel
i
qui
dwi
l
lnotwetbutwi
l
lremai
nasar
oundeddr
op.I
nter
medi
ate

cont
actangl
esi
ndi
cat
eint
ermedi
atedegr
eesofwet
ti
ng.Cont
actangl
escanbe

measur
ed on speci
alsampl
e sur
faces wi
th speci
alequi
pment
.Ener
gy of

adhesi
oni
sameasur
eoft
hest
rengt
hofat
tract
ionofal
i
qui
dtoasol
i
dsur
face

andi
sofmor
etheor
eti
calt
hanpr
act
icalv
alue.Penet
rat
ionofadi
scont
inui
tyi
s

pr
imar
il
ya capi
l
lar
yef
fect
.The f
orces i
nvol
ved ar
ethose associ
ated wi
th

capi
l
lar
yact
ionandar
ecal
l
edcapi
l
lar
ypr
essur
eorexcesssur
facepr
essur
e.

Thi
spr
essur
eisgi
venbyEq.1:
P=2γ/
R

Wher
eγi
sthesur
facet
ensi
onoft
hel
i
qui
dandRi
sther
adi
usofcur
vat
ureoft
he
l
i
qui
dsur
face.

Thedi
mensi
onsoft
hecapi
l
lar
yar
eal
soi
mpor
tantandt
her
adi
usoft
he
Capi
l
lar
ycanber
elat
edt
othecapi
l
lar
ypr
essur
ebyexami
ningFi
g.1c.I
tisf
ound
t
hatR=r
/cosθ,i
.e.
,cosθ=r
/R,wher
eri
sther
adi
usoft
het
ubeandθi
sthe
angl
eofcont
actoft
hel
i
qui
dandtt
het
ube.Equat
ion1becomes:
(
2)P=2γcosθ/
r
SKETCHSHOWI
NGMEASUREMENTOFCONTACTANGLE(
θ)

Theequat
ionsf
orf
il
lti
meofcy
li
ndr
ical
andel
l
ipt
ical
voi
dsar
e

Basi
c Pr
ocessi
ng St
eps of a Li
qui
d Penet
rant I
nspect
ion

1.
Sur
facePr
epar
ati
on:
Oneoft
hemostcr
it
ical
stepsofal
i
qui
dpenet
rant
i
nspect
ioni
sthesur
facepr
epar
ati
on.Thesur
facemustbef
reeofoi
l
,gr
ease,
wat
er,
orot
hercont
ami
nant
sthatmaypr
eventpenet
rantf
rom ent
eri
ngf
laws.
Thesampl
emayal
sor
equi
reet
chi
ngi
fmechani
cal
oper
ati
onssuchas
machi
ning,
sandi
ng,
orgr
itbl
ast
inghav
ebeenper
for
med.Theseandot
her
mechani
cal
oper
ati
onscansmearmet
alov
ert
hef
lawopeni
ngandpr
eventt
he
penet
rantf
rom ent
eri
ng.

2.Penet
rantAppl
i
cat
ion:Oncet
hesur
facehasbeent
hor
oughl
ycl
eanedand
dr
ied,t
hepenet
rantmat
eri
ali
sappl
i
edbyspr
ayi
ng,br
ushi
ng,ori
mmer
singt
he
par
tinapenet
rantbat
h.
3.Penet
rantDwel
l
:Thepenet
ranti
slef
tont
hesur
facef
orasuf
fi
cientt
imet
o
al
l
owasmuchpenet
rantaspossi
blet
obedr
awnf
rom ort
oseepi
ntoadef
ect
.
Penet
rantdwel
lti
mei
sthet
otal
timet
hatt
hepenet
ranti
sincont
actwi
tht
hepar
t
sur
face.Dwel
lti
mesar
eusual
l
yrecommendedbyt
hepenet
rantpr
oducer
sor
r
equi
redbyt
hespeci
fi
cat
ionbei
ngf
oll
owed.Thet
imesv
arydependi
ngont
he
appl
i
cat
ion,
penet
rantmat
eri
alsused,
themat
eri
al,
thef
orm oft
hemat
eri
albei
ng
i
nspect
ed,
andt
het
ypeofdef
ectbei
ngi
nspect
edf
or.Mi
nimum dwel
lti
mes
t
ypi
cal
l
yrangef
rom f
ivet
o60mi
nut
es.Gener
all
y,t
her
eisnohar
minusi
nga
l
ongerpenet
rantdwel
lti
measl
ongast
hepenet
ranti
snotal
l
owedt
odr
y.The
i
deal
dwel
lti
mei
sof
tendet
ermi
nedbyexper
iment
ati
onandmaybev
eryspeci
fi
c
t
oapar
ti
cul
arappl
i
cat
ion.

4.ExcessPenet
rantRemov
al:Thi
sist
hemostdel
i
cat
epar
toft
hei
nspect
ion
pr
ocedur
ebecauset
heexcesspenet
rantmustber
emov
edf
rom t
hesur
faceof
t
he sampl
e whi
l
eremov
ing as l
i
ttl
e penet
rantas possi
blef
rom def
ect
s. 
Dependi
ngont
hepenet
rantsy
stem used,t
hisst
epmayi
nvol
vecl
eani
ngwi
tha
sol
vent
,di
rectr
insi
ngwi
thwat
er,orf
ir
stt
reat
ingt
hepar
twi
thanemul
sif
ierand
t
henr
insi
ngwi
thwat
er.

5.Dev
eloperAppl
i
cat
ion:At
hinl
ayerofdev
eloperi
sthenappl
i
edt
othesampl
e
t
odr
aw penet
rantt
rappedi
nfl
awsbackt
othesur
facewher
eitwi
l
lbev
isi
ble.
Dev
eloper
scomei
nav
ari
etyoff
ormst
hatmaybeappl
i
edbydust
ing(
dry
powder
ed)
,di
ppi
ng,
orspr
ayi
ng(
wetdev
eloper
s).

6.I
ndi
cat
ionDev
elopment
:Thedev
eloperi
sal
l
owedt
ost
andont
hepar
tsur
face
f
oraper
iodoft
imesuf
fi
cientt
oper
mitt
heext
ract
ionoft
het
rappedpenet
rant
outofanysur
facef
laws.Thi
sdev
elopmentt
imei
susual
l
yami
nimum of10
mi
nut
es.
 Si
gni
fi
cant
lyl
ongert
imesmaybenecessar
yfort
ightcr
acks.

7.I
nspect
ion:I
nspect
ioni
sthenper
for
medunderappr
opr
iat
eli
ght
ingt
odet
ect
i
ndi
cat
ionsf
rom anyf
lawswhi
chmaybepr
esent
.

8.Cl
eanSur
face:Thef
inalst
epi
nthepr
ocessi
stot
hor
oughl
ycl
eant
hepar
t
sur
facet
oremov
ethedev
eloperf
rom t
hepar
tst
hatwer
efoundt
obeaccept
abl
e.
 Var
iabl
esi
nPenet
rantTest

Ther
ear
emanyv
ari
abl
est
hatcanaf
fectacor
rect
lyper
for
medt
est
.Thet
ypi
cal
penet
rantpr
ocessesar
easf
oll
ows.

Temper
atur
e:Penet
rat
ion t
est cannot be per
for
med i
n al
ltemper
atur
es;
penet
ranti
sal
i
qui
dandi
ssubj
ectt
othel
awsofphy
sics.Ther
ear
esomet
ypes
ofpenet
rantt
hatcanbeusedonhi
ght
emper
atur
epar
ts,
butmostar
erest
ri
cted
f
rom usei
nlowert
emper
atur
es(
nor
mal
l
ybel
ow10°
C[50°
F])
.Per
for
mingPTon
apar
ttemper
atur
ebel
ow10°
C(50°
F),woul
dbei
nappr
opr
iat
e.I
nsomecases
wher
eiti
snotpossi
blet
ogett
het
emper
atur
eabov
ethe10°
C(50°
F)r
angey
ou
mayqual
i
fyt
hei
nspect
ionatt
het
emper
atur
eofi
ntendeduseandwi
thcust
omer
accept
ance.

Pr
ecl
eani
ng:Thi
sisoneoft
hemostcr
it
icalst
epsi
nthePTpr
ocess.Thepar
t'
s
sur
facemustbef
reeofcont
ami
nant
sthatcoul
dint
erf
erewi
tht
hef
low oft
he
penet
ranti
ntoanydi
scont
inui
ti
est
hatar
eopent
othesur
face.I
fthepar
twas
coat
edwi
thoi
lorgr
ease,
wipi
ngi
tdownwi
thar
agi
snotgoi
ngt
odot
hej
ob.The
cl
eani
ngmat
eri
alst
hatar
einusemustal
sobet
akeni
ntoaccountascoul
dthey
damage t
he mat
eri
alt
hati
s cl
eaned.Thi
nk aboutwhet
hert
hey cont
ain
pr
ohi
bit
iveamount
sofhal
ogens,sul
fur
,ormer
cur
y,ori
ftheywer
etest
edand
cer
ti
fi
edf
ort
heabov
e.Thi
sisar
equi
rementf
orPT.Thecl
eani
ngmat
eri
almay
meetal
loft
heser
equi
rement
sandst
il
lcausedamagei
flef
tonapar
ttogo
t
hroughf
urt
herpr
ocessi
ngsuchasheatt
reat
ment
.

Penet
rantsel
ect
ion:Thesel
ect
ionofal
i
qui
d penet
rantsy
stem i
snota
st
rai
ght
for
war
dtask.Manyf
act
ors mustbe consi
der
ed when sel
ect
ing t
he
penet
rantmat
eri
alsf
orapar
ti
cul
arappl
i
cat
ion.Fact
orssuchasi
nit
ialequi
pment
i
nvest
ment
,mat
eri
alscost
,numberofpar
ts,t
he si
ze oft
he ar
ea r
equi
ri
ng
i
nspect
ion,andt
hepor
tabi
l
ityal
lmayneedt
obeconsi
der
ed.Whensensi
ti
vi
tyi
s
t
hepr
imar
yconsi
der
ati
onf
orchoosi
ngapenet
rantsy
stem,
thef
ir
stdeci
siont
hat
mustbemadei
swhet
hert
ousef
luor
escentdy
epenet
rant
,vi
sibl
edy
epenet
rant
ordualpur
pose.Fl
uor
escentdy
epenet
rant
sar
egener
all
ymor
ecapabl
eof
pr
oduci
ngadet
ect
abl
eindi
cat
ionf
rom asmal
ldef
ectbecauset
hehumaney
eis
mor
esensi
ti
vet
oal
i
ghti
ndi
cat
iononadar
kbackgr
ound.Thomaspr
esent
sa
ser
iesofcur
vest
hatshow t
hecont
rastr
ati
orequi
redf
orani
ndi
cat
ionofa
cer
tai
ndi
amet
ert
obeseen.Thecur
vesshow t
hatf
ori
ndi
cat
ionsl
argert
han
0.
076mm (
0.003i
nch)i
ndi
amet
er,
fluor
escentpenet
ranti
nspect
iononl
yof
fer
sa
sl
i
ghtadv
ant
age ov
erv
isi
ble penet
ranti
nspect
ion.Howev
er,when a dar
k
i
ndi
cat
ion on a l
i
ghtbackgr
ound i
sfur
therr
educed i
n si
ze,i
tisno l
onger
det
ect
abl
eev
ent
houghcont
rasti
sincr
eased.Fur
ther
mor
e,wi
thal
i
ghti
ndi
cat
ion
on a dar
k backgr
ound,i
ndi
cat
ions down t
o 0.
003 mm (
0.0001 i
nch)wer
e
det
ect
abl
ewhent
hecont
rastbet
weent
hef
law andt
hebackgr
oundwashi
gh
enough.Thepenet
rantsel
ect
iondependsuponf
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors
1)Cr
it
ical
i
tyoft
hei
nspect
ion
2)Condi
ti
onoft
hew/
psur
face
3)Thedesi
redsensi
ti
vi
ty

Appl
i
cat
ion:Theent
ir
einspect
ionsur
facemustbewet
tedwi
tht
hepenet
rantand
keptwetdur
ingt
heent
ir
edwel
lti
me.Thi
smeansy
oumayhav
etor
eappl
y
penet
rantdur
ingl
ongdwel
lti
mes.Thepenet
rantcanbeappl
i
edbydi
ppi
ng,
spr
ayi
ng,
orbr
ushi
ng;
howev
er,
remembert
haty
ouhav
etor
emov
ethepenet
rant
.
Fur
ther
mor
e,i
fyouar
eonl
yinspect
ingasmal
lwel
donal
argepar
t,i
tisnot
necessar
yto appl
ypenet
rantt
othe ent
ir
e par
t.Ther
e al
so maybe heal
th
consi
der
ati
onsi
fyouar
eappl
yi
ngpenet
rantwhi
l
einaconf
inedspace.

Penet
rantdwel
lti
me:Penet
rantdwel
lti
mei
sthet
otalt
imet
hatt
hepenet
ranti
s
i
ncont
actwi
tht
hepar
tsur
face.Thedwel
lti
mei
simpor
tantbecausei
tal
l
owst
he
penet
rantt
het
imenecessar
ytobedr
awnort
oseepi
ntoadef
ect
.Dwel
lti
mes
ar
e usual
l
yrecommended by t
he penet
rantpr
oducer
s orr
equi
red by t
he
speci
fi
cat
ion bei
ng f
oll
owed.The t
imes v
arydependi
ng on t
he appl
i
cat
ion,
penet
rantmat
eri
alsused,
themat
eri
al,
for
m ofmat
eri
albei
ngi
nspect
ed,
andt
ype
ofdef
ectbei
ngi
nspect
edf
or.Mi
nimum dwel
lti
mest
ypi
cal
l
yrangef
rom 5t
o60
mi
nut
es.Gener
all
y,t
her
eisnohar
minusi
ngal
ongerpenet
rantdwel
lti
meas
l
ong ast
he penet
ranti
snotal
l
owed t
o dr
y.The i
dealdwel
lti
me i
sof
ten
det
ermi
ned by exper
iment
ati
on and i
s of
ten v
ery speci
fi
cto a par
ti
cul
ar
appl
i
cat
ion.Somecodesst
atet
hatt
hepar
t"shal
lbekeptcompl
etel
ywet
tedf
ora
mi
nimum of15mi
nut
esandamaxi
mum of20mi
nut
es.
"ASMESectV,SE-
165
di
ff
erentmat
eri
alswi
thdwel
lti
mest
hatr
angef
rom f
ivet
o10mi
nut
es.Ihav
e
seencompanypr
ocedur
est
hatr
angef
rom 30t
o60mi
nut
es.Thepoi
nti
sthat
t
her
e ar
e di
ff
erentdwel
lti
mes dependi
ng on t
he code/
procedur
eyou ar
e
f
oll
owi
ng.A f
ive mi
nut
e dwel
lti
me wi
l
lal
way
s notbeen accept
abl
e.The
penet
rantdwel
lti
meshoul
drev
iew.

Penet
rantRemov
al:Dependi
ng on t
het
ypeofpenet
ranty
ou ar
eusi
ng,t
he
r
emov
alpr
ocesscanbedonei
nsev
eralway
sawat
erwashf
orwat
erwashabl
e
penet
rant
s,anemul
sif
ierf
orpost
emul
sif
iabl
epenet
rant
s,asol
ventdampened
cl
othf
orsol
ventr
emov
abl
epenet
rant
s.Ther
emov
alpr
ocesscaneasi
l
ybedone
i
ncor
rect
ly.Whenr
emov
ingwat
erwashabl
epenet
rant
s,t
het
emper
atur
eoft
he
wat
ershoul
dbemai
ntai
nedi
nther
angeof10-
38°
C(50-
100°
F).Thewat
erspr
ay
pr
essur
eshoul
dbenogr
eat
ert
han276MPa(
40psi
),soy
oucannotj
ustgr
aba
wat
erhoseandr
emov
ewat
erwashabl
epenet
rantf
rom apar
t.Forl
i
pophi
l
icand
hy
drophi
l
icemul
si
fi
ers,
qui
teaf
ewf
act
orscomei
ntopl
ay.Youhav
etoappl
ythe
emul
sif
iercor
rect
ly,f
orl
i
pophi
l
icsy
oucani
mmer
set
hepar
tdi
rect
lyi
ntot
he
emul
sif
ierwi
th penet
ranton i
tssur
face.Howev
er,f
orhy
drophi
l
icst
he par
t
shoul
dbepr
eri
nsedwi
thwat
erpr
iort
oemul
sif
icat
ion.Bot
hhav
eacer
tai
ndwel
l
t
imet
hatt
heemul
si
fi
ercanst
ayont
hepar
t,basedont
hemanuf
act
ureror
exper
iment
all
yforeachspeci
fi
cappl
i
cat
ion.Thesol
ventr
emov
abl
epenet
ranti
s
t
he one mostof
ten r
emov
ed i
ncor
rect
ly.The sur
face penet
rantshoul
d be
r
emov
edwi
thacl
ean,l
i
ntf
reecl
oth,andt
henacl
othshoul
dbedampenedwi
th
sol
ventt
oremov
ether
estoft
hesur
facepenet
rant
.Thatsoundseasy
,buti
tis
t
hemostof
teni
mpr
oper
lyexecut
edr
emov
alpr
ocess.I
nthepast
,per
sonnelhav
e
st
art
edt
hecl
eani
ngpr
ocesswi
thgr
easyr
ags,
soakedt
hecl
othwi
thsol
ventand
t
henappl
i
edi
ttot
hepar
t,spr
ayedsol
ventdi
rect
lyont
hepar
t,orusedpenet
rant
cont
ami
nat
edcl
othf
orf
inal
cleani
ng.

Dev
eloper
:Ify
oupi
ckupacanofdev
eloperandspr
ayi
tonwi
thoutf
ir
stshaki
ng
t
hecan,t
hei
nspect
ionbecomesi
nval
i
d.Theamountofdev
elopery
ouappl
yis
al
sov
erycr
it
ical
.At
hinuni
for
m coati
snecessar
y.Thedwel
lti
mei
simpor
tant
;
t
hedev
elopershoul
dst
ayont
hepar
tasr
equi
redbyt
hecode/
procedur
eyouar
e
usi
ng.ASME,SectV,Ar
t.SE-
165st
ates"
Thel
engt
hoft
imet
hedev
eloperi
sto
r
emai
nont
hepar
tpr
iort
oexami
nat
ionshoul
dnotbel
esst
han10mi
nut
es.
”The
maxi
mum per
mit
ted t
imes ar
etwo hour
sforaqueous and one hourf
or
nonaqueous dev
eloper
s.Agai
nthe sol
ventr
emov
abl
e pr
ocess i
sthe most
mi
sper
for
med.NDTper
sonnelhav
espr
ayedt
hedev
eloperwi
tht
henozzl
eoft
he
cannotmor
ethan25mm (
1in.
)awayf
rom t
hepar
tsot
hatt
hedev
eloperr
uns
down t
hepar
t,spr
ayed t
hedev
eloperwi
thoutshaki
ng t
hecan,notappl
i
ed
enoughdev
eloper
,orspr
ayedont
hedev
eloperandi
nspect
edt
hepar
twi
thi
na
coupl
eofmi
nut
es.

I
nspectt
hePar
tDependi
ngonwhi
cht
ypeofpenet
ranty
ouused,
ther
ewi
l
lbe
l
i
ghti
ntensi
tyr
equi
rement
sforbot
hvi
sibl
eandf
luor
escentexami
nat
ion.Fort
he
f
luor
escentpar
tyouhav
ebl
ackl
i
ghtwar
m upandv
isualadapt
ati
ont
imes.Some
codesr
equi
reami
nimum 550l
x(50f
tcandl
es)f
orv
isi
bledy
ePT,whi
l
eot
her
s
r
equi
reami
nimum of1100l
ux(
100f
tcandl
es)
.Thenor
malev
ery
dayf
lashl
i
ght
wi
l
lnotwor
kforanyoft
heabov
erequi
rement
s.Forf
luor
escentl
i
ght
ingt
hel
i
ght
wav
elengt
hshoul
dbei
nther
angeof320t
o380nm (
1.2x10-5t 5x10-5i
o1. n.)
.
Thel
i
ghti
ntensi
tyshoul
dbecheckedandr
ecor
dedpert
het
imef
ramenot
edi
n
y
ourcode/
procedur
e.

Ihav
eseenv
erypr
eci
sel
yrecor
dedr
ecor
dsont
heabov
eandt
hei
ntensi
ty
number
swer
ewhatt
heyshoul
dhav
ebeen,but
,whenIcheckedt
hef
il
teront
he
backl
i
ght
,itwascov
eredwi
that
hickl
ayerofdi
rtandgr
ime.I
fyouar
egoi
ngt
o
got
hrought
het
roubl
eofdocument
ingt
hel
i
ghti
ntensi
ti
es,doesi
tri
ght
?You
shoul
dal
sobesur
ethatt
hei
nspect
orhashadav
isi
ont
estwi
thi
nthepasty
ear
andt
hati
tisdocument
ed.

PostCl
eani
ngSomecodest
elly
out
hatpostcl
eani
ngi
sonl
ynecessar
yin
t
hose cases wher
eresi
dualpenet
rant or dev
eloper coul
dint
erf
ere wi
th
subsequentpr
ocessi
ngorser
vicer
equi
rement
s.Ot
hercodest
elly
out
hatt
he
penet
rantmat
eri
alsshal
lber
emov
edassoonaspossi
bleandhowt
oremov
eit
.
I
fyouar
einspect
ingani
tem t
hati
snotcov
eredbyacode,
yourpr
ocedur
eshoul
d
atl
eastt
elly
out
owi
peof
fal
lPTmat
eri
alst
oav
oidpar
tcor
rosi
on.I
fyoul
eav
e
t
hedev
eloperon a par
tthati
sgoi
ng t
o go t
hrough v
apordegr
easi
ng,t
he
dev
elopercoul
dbebakedont
othepar
t.Postcl
eani
ngmat
eri
alscomeundert
he
samer
est
ri
cti
onsasPr
ecl
eani
ngmat
eri
als.

I
sthel
i
qui
dpenet
rantpr
ocessassi
mpl
etodoasmostpeopl
ethi
nk?I
tissi
mpl
e
t
odoi
tincor
rect
ly,
andt
hati
stheonl
ythi
ngsi
mpl
eabouti
t.Doy
ouf
eelt
haty
ou
knowev
ery
thi
ngt
her
eist
oknowaboutt
hispr
ocessandt
hatnobodycant
elly
ou
somet
hingy
oudon'
tal
readyknow?

PENETRANT

Thepenet
rant
,asmat
eri
alconsi
stsofi
ndi
cat
ing(
tracer
)dy
epl
ust
hecar
ri
er
(
vehi
cle)f
lui
d.Thei
ndi
cat
ingdy
emaygi
veacol
ourcont
rastwi
thr
espectt
o
sur
roundi
ng,asi
sthecasef
orv
isi
bledy
epenet
rantmet
hods,orabr
ight
ness
const
ractf
ort
hef
lor
escentpenet
rant
s.

Forv
isi
blel
i
ghtpenet
rant
,thedy
eisusual
l
yredi
ncol
our
,whi
l
eforf
luor
escent
penet
rant
sthedy
eappear
sbr
ighty
ell
ow-
greenunderul
tr
avi
oletl
i
ght
.

Al
lpenet
rantmat
eri
alsdonotper
for
mthesameandar
enotdesi
gnedt
oper
for
m
t
hesame.Penet
rantmanuf
act
ureshav
edev
elopeddi
ff
erentf
ormul
ati
onst
o
addr
essav
ari
etyofi
nspect
ionappl
i
cat
ions. Someappl
i
cat
ionscal
lfort
he
det
ect
ionoft
hesmal
l
estdef
ect
spossi
bleandhav
esmoot
hsur
faceswher
ethe
penet
ranti
seasyt
oremov
e. I
not
herappl
i
cat
ions,t
hedet
ect
abl
edef
ectsi
ze
maybel
argerandapenet
rantf
ormul
atedt
ofi
ndl
argerf
lawscanbeused.
 The
penet
rant
sthatar
eusedt
odet
ectt
hesmal
l
estdef
ectwi
l
lal
sopr
oducet
he
l
argestamountofi
rr
elev
anti
ndi
cat
ions.

Penet
rantmat
eri
als ar
e cl
assi
fi
ed i
nthe v
ari
ous i
ndust
ry and gov
ernment
speci
fi
cat
ionsbyt
hei
rphy
sicalchar
act
eri
sti
csandt
hei
rper
for
mance.Aer
ospace
Mat
eri
alSpeci
fi
cat
ion(
AMS)2644,I
nspect
ionMat
eri
al,Penet
rant
,isnow t
he
pr
imar
y. Mi
l
itar
ySt
andar
d25135,
Inspect
ionMat
eri
als,
Penet
rant
s,hasbeent
he
pr
imar
ydocumentf
orspeci
fyi
ngpenet
rant
sbutt
hisdocumenti
ssl
owl
ybei
ng
phasedoutandr
epl
acedbyAMS2644.
 Ot
herspeci
fi
cat
ionssuchasASTM 1417,
St
andar
d Pr
act
ice f
or Li
qui
d Penet
rant Exami
nat
ions,may al
so cont
ain
i
nfor
mat
ionont
hecl
assi
fi
cat
ionofpenet
rantmat
eri
als.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofapenet
rant
Al
i
qui
dpenet
rantmustpossesscer
tai
nspeci
fi
cchar
act
eri
sti
csi
fthei
nspect
ion
sy
stem t
obeef
fi
ci
ent
.Thev
ari
ousqual
i
tiesar
eli
stedandpenet
rantf
ormul
ati
ons
hav
ebeendev
elopedt
ogi
vebal
ancecombi
nat
ionsoft
hemanypar
amet
ers.

Penet
rat
ions:Thepenet
rantmusthav
etheabi
l
ityt
oent
erext
remel
yfi
nesur
face
def
ect
sot
heropeni
ngsi
nthecomponentundert
est
.

Wet
tabi
l
ityandSur
facet
ensi
on:Thepenet
rantmusthav
eagoodsur
facewet
ti
ng
abi
l
ityandabl
etomai
ntai
nasur
facef
il
m ont
hecomponentandhencecont
inue
t
ofeedi
ntoadef
ectov
eraconsi
der
abl
eper
iodoft
ime.

Fl
uidi
ty:Thepenet
rantshoul
dhav
etheabi
l
ityt
odr
ainawayf
rom t
hecomponent
wel
lbutwi
th a mi
nimum amountofdr
aggi
ng-
outofpenet
rantf
rom wi
thi
n
def
ect
s.
Sol
uti
onabi
l
ity
:Ifnecessar
y,t
hepenet
rantshoul
dbecapabl
eofdi
ssol
vi
nga
pat
hint
ocont
ami
nat
eddef
ect
s,t
hroughawi
der
angeofcont
ami
nant
s.

St
abi
l
ity
:Thel
i
qui
dpenet
rantshoul
dbestabl
eov
erawi
der
angeoft
emper
atur
e
andhumi
dit
yandshoul
dnotf
orm ascum orl
osei
tsv
olat
il
econst
it
uent
siti
s
kepti
nopent
anksorwhenst
oredi
ndr
ums.

Washabi
l
ity
:Itmustbepossi
blet
oremov
eexcesspenet
rant
sfr
om component
sur
faceseasi
l
ywi
thoutaf
fect
ingt
hepenet
rantwi
thi
nanydef
ect
s.
Dr
yingchar
act
eri
sti
cs:
Apenet
rantmustr
esi
stdy
ingout
,andcompl
etebl
eedout
,
dur
ing hot
-ai
rdr
ying oft
he componentaf
tert
he wash oper
ati
on hasbeen
compl
eted.

Vi
sibi
l
ity
:dy
epenet
rantv
isi
bil
i
tyshoul
dbesucht
hatagood,deepcol
orcanbe
gi
vent
othepenet
rantbyacompar
ati
vel
ysmal
lamountofdy
e.I
fal
argeamount
ofdy
eisusedi
nthef
ormul
ati
on,t
hepenet
rat
ingabi
l
iti
esoft
hef
lui
dcoul
dbe
r
educed.Redi
sthemostcommonl
yusedcol
ouri
ndy
epenet
rant
sast
hiscol
our
i
sthemostr
eadi
l
yseenbyt
hehumaney
e.

Ther
ear
etwobasi
cty
pesofpenet
rant
s
1)Fl
uor
escentt
ypeI
2)Vi
sibl
e,t
ypeI
I

Fl
uor
escent(
typeI
)Penet
rantut
il
izespenet
rant
sthatar
eusual
l
ygr
eeni
ncol
or
andf
luor
escebr
ight
lyunderul
tr
avi
oletl
i
ght
.Thesensi
ti
vi
tyofa
Fl
uor
escentpenet
rant
sdependoni
tsabi
l
ityt
ofor
mindi
cat
ionst
hatappearas
smal
lsour
cesofl
i
ghti
nanot
her
wisedar
kar
ea.Penet
rant
sar
ethencl
assi
fi
ed
basedont
hest
rengt
hordet
ect
abi
l
ityoft
hei
ndi
cat
iont
hati
spr
oducedf
ora
numberofv
erysmal
landt
ightf
ati
guecr
acks.Thef
ivesensi
ti
vi
tyl
evel
sar
e
shownbel
ow:
  Lev
el½-Ul
tr
aLowSensi
ti
vi
ty
 Lev
el1-LowSensi
ti
vi
ty
 Lev
el2-Medi
um Sensi
ti
vi
ty
 Lev
el3-Hi
ghSensi
ti
vi
ty
 Lev
el4-Ul
tr
a-Hi
ghSensi
ti
vi
ty

Ani
nter
est
ingnot
eaboutt
hesensi
ti
vi
tyl
evel
sist
hatonl
yfourl
evel
swer
e
or
igi
nal
l
ypl
anned.
 Howev
er,whensomepenet
rant
swer
ejudgedt
ohav
e
sensi
ti
vi
ti
essi
gni
fi
cant
lyl
esst
hanmostot
her
sint
hel
evel1cat
egor
y,t
he½
l
evel
wascr
eat
ed.
 

Vi
sibl
e(t
ypeI
I)Vi
si
blepenet
rantcont
ainsar
eddy
ethatpr
ovi
deshi
ghcont
rast
agai
nstt
hewhi
tedev
eloperbackgr
ound.Si
ncet
heey
eisdr
awnt
othegl
ow of
t
hef
luor
esci
ngi
ndi
cat
ion.
 Howev
er,
visi
blepenet
rant
sdonotr
equi
readar
kened
ar
eaandanul
tr
avi
oletl
i
ghti
nor
dert
omakeani
nspect
ion.Vi
sibl
epenet
rant
sar
e
al
sol
essv
ulner
abl
etocont
ami
nat
ionf
rom t
hingssuchascl
eani
ngf
lui
dthatcan
si
gni
fi
cant
lyr
educet
hest
rengt
hofaf
luor
escenti
ndi
cat
ion.

Penet
rantMet
hods

Duet
othev
astdi
ff
erencesamongappl
i
cat
ionsf
orpenet
ranti
nspect
ion,i
thas
beennecessar
ytor
efi
neanddev
elopt
het
wot
ypesofpenet
rant
sty
peIi
s
f
luor
escentandt
ypeI
I.Vi
sibl
eint
ofourbasi
cmet
hodst
oaccommodat
ethewi
de
v
ari
ati
onsIt
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
inci
pal
fact
ors:

1)Sur
facecondi
ti
onoft
hewor
kpi
ecebei
ngi
nspect
ed
2)Char
act
ert
icsoft
hef
lawst
obedet
ect
ed
3)Ti
meandpl
aceofi
nspect
ion
4)Si
zeoft
hewor
kpi
ece
5)Sensi
ti
vi
tyr
equi
red

Thef
ourmet
hodsar
ebr
oadl
ycl
assi
fi
edas
 1)Wat
erwashabl
e,Met
hodA
2)Post
emul
sif
iabl
eli
pophi
l
ic,
Met
hodB
3)Sol
ventr
emov
abl
esy
stem Met
hodC
4)Post
emul
sif
iabl
ehy
drophi
l
icMet
hodD

1)Wat
er–washabl
ePenet
rant(
Met
hodA)
Thi
ssy
stem i
sdesi
gnedsot
hatt
hepenet
rant
sar
edi
rect
lywat
erwashabl
efr
om
t
hesur
faceoft
hewor
kpi
ece.Thepenet
rant
sappl
i
edshal
lbeawat
erbasedf
lui
d.
Thepr
ocessi
ngi
sthusr
api
dandef
fi
cient
.Iti
sext
remel
yimpor
tantt
omai
ntai
na
cont
rol
l
ed washi
ng oper
ati
on.(
A good sy
stem wi
l
lbe an opt
imi
zed oft
he
pr
ocessi
ngcondi
ti
onssuchas,
wat
erpr
essur
e,t
emper
atur
eanddur
ati
onofr
inse
cy
cle)
.
Thef
iveessent
ialoper
ati
onsf
orl
i
qui
dpenet
ranti
nspect
ionusi
ngt
hewat
er
washabl
esy
stem i
ncl
udes
1)Cl
eani
nganddr
yingofsur
face
2)Appl
i
cat
ionofpenet
rant
3)Wat
erwashr
emov
alofexcesspenet
rantf
rom sur
face
4)Appl
i
cat
ionofdev
eloper
5)I
ndi
cat
ionandi
nspect
ion

2)Postemul
sif
iedpenet
rant
s(Met
hodBandD)
Thesesy
stemsar
edesi
gned t
o ensur
ethedet
ect
ionofmi
nut
efl
aws;hi
gh
sensi
ti
vi
typenet
rant
sthatar
enotwat
erwashabl
ear
eusual
l
yempl
oyed.Such
penet
rant
shav
ean oi
lbase,and r
equi
rean addi
ti
onalpr
ocessi
ng st
ep.An
emul
sif
ieri
sappl
i
edaf
tert
hepenet
rant
shav
ehadsuf
fi
cientt
imet
obeabsor
bed
i
ntodef
ect
s.Themaj
oradv
ant
agesoft
hissy
stem ar
ethatt
heemul
sif
ierr
ender
s
t
heexcessPenet
rantsol
ubl
einwat
erandhencecapabl
eofbei
ngi
nsedaway
.
Thesi
xessent
ialoper
ati
onsf
orl
i
qui
d penet
ranti
nspect
ion usi he Po
ng t st
emul
sif
iedsyst
em i
ncl
udes
1)Appl
i
cat
ionofl
i
qui
dpenet
rantt
osur
face
2)Appl
i
cat
ionofemul
sif
iert
oli
qui
dpenet
rant
 3)Combi
nat
ionofemul
sif
ierandl
i
qui
dpenet
rant
4)Wat
erwashr
emov
alofl
i
qui
dpenet
rantf
rom sur
face
5)Appl
i
cat
ionofdev
elopi
ngagent
6)I
nspect
ion

3)Sol
ventr
emov
abl
esy
stem (
Met
hodC)

Thi
ssy
stem i
sav
ail
abl
eforuswheni
tisnecessar
ytoi
nspectonl
ya
l
ocal
i
zedar
eaofawor
kpei
ceort
oinspectawor
kpei
ceatt
hesi
ter
ather
t
hanonapr
oduct
ioni
nspect
ionbasi
s.Nor
mal
l
y,t
hesamet
ypeofsol
vent
i
susedf
orPr
ecl
eani
ngandf
orr
emov
ingexcesspenet
rant
.

Ther
e ar
etwo basi
s sol
vent t
ypes:Fl
ammabl
e and nonf
lammabl
e.The
f
lammabl
ecl
eaner
sar
epot
ent
ialf
ir
ehazar
dsbutar
efr
eef
rom hal
ogens,whi
l
e
t
he nonf
lammabl
e cl
eaner
s ar
e hal
ogenat
ed sol
vent
s,whi
ch r
endert
hem
unsui
tabl
eforusei
nconf
inedspaces,becauseoft
hei
rhi
ght
oxi
cit
y.Thef
our
essent
ialoper
ati
onsf
orl
i
qui
dpenet
ranti
nspect
ionusi
ngt
hesol
ventr
emov
abl
e
sy
stem i
ncl
ude.

1) Appl
i
cat
ionofl
i
qui
dpenet
rantt
osur
face
2)Sol
ventcl
eanerr
emov
alofl
i
qui
dpenet
rantf
rom sur
face
3)Appl
i
cat
ionofdev
eloper
4)I
nspect
ion

COMERCI
ALLYAVAI
LABLELI
QUI
D PENETRANTS

Tr
ade Manuf
act
ure Remov
e Dev
eloper
s I
ndi
cat
ionv
isi
bleby Temper
atur
e
name r d
Dy Tur
co Sol
vent Whi
te Whi
tel
i
ght 70o-
150o
–chek pr
oduct
s, powder
I
nc. suspensi
o
n

Met–L TheMet
-L- wat
er Whi
te Whi
tel
i
ght 700-
1300
-
chek chekco. powder
suspensi
o
n

Zy
glo Magnaf
lux wat
er Powderor Nearul
tr
avi
olet ABOVE600
cor
p. l
i
qui
d l
i
ghtsour
cesof
wat
erandel
ect
ri
c
power

DEVELOPERS

Thedev
eloperi
sani
mpor
tantpar
toft
hepenet
ranti
nspect
ionpr
ocess.Ther
ole
oft
hedev
eloperi
stopul
lthet
rappedpenet
rantmat
eri
aloutofdef
ect
sandt
o
spr
eadt
hepenet
rantoutont
hesur
faceoft
hesampl
etoi
ncr
easet
heappar
ent
si
ze f
ort
he def
ect
.The dev
eloperwor
ks t
oincr
ease t
he t
hickness oft
he
penet
rantbl
eed-
outt
oal
evelt
hatexceeds t
he t
hreshol
d ofv
isi
bil
i
ty.The
dev
eloperal
so i
ncr
eases t
he cont
rastbet
ween t
he f
law i
ndi
cat
ion and t
he
backgr
oundandhel
pst
oreducel
i
ghtr
efl
ect
ionf
rom t
hesampl
esur
face.The
useofadev
eloperi
sal
mostal
way
srecommendedbuti
nspeci
alsi
tuat
ionsmay
notbenecessar
yordesi
rabl
e.Thef
inedev
eloperpar
ti
clesal
so r
efl
ectand
r
efr
actt
hei
nci
dentul
tr
avi
oletl
i
ght
,al
l
owi
ng mor
eofi
ttoi
nter
actwi
tht
he
penet
rant
,causi
ngmor
eef
fi
cientf
luor
escence.Addi
ti
onal
l
y,t
hedev
eloperal
so
al
l
owsmor
eli
ghtt
obeemi
tt
edt
hrought
hesamemechani
sm.I
thasbeenshown
byBl
ackwel
lthatt
hev
isualper
cept
ionofanobj
ectneari
tst
hreshol
dint
ensi
ty
dependsont
hepr
oductoft
hebr
ight
nessperuni
tar
eaandt
het
otalar
ea.I
n
ot
herwor
ds,t
het
otall
i
ghtemi
tt
edf
rom ani
ndi
cat
iondet
ermi
neswhet
heri
twi
l
l
beseenornot
..Dev
eloper
sar
eav
ail
abl
einav
ari
etyoff
orms..
Inor
dert
oat
tai
n
opt
imum i
nspect
ioncondi
ti
ons,dev
eloper
sar
edesi
gnedt
owor
kwi
thspeci
fi
c
penet
rant
s.Hence,adev
eloperwhi
chhasbeenTUNEDt
oaspeci
fi
cpenet
rant
shoul
dbeconf
inedt
ousewi
tht
hatpar
ti
cul
arpenet
rant
,si
ncei
tmaybet
otal
l
y
i
nef
fect
ivewi
thot
herpenet
rantmedi
a.

TheChar
act
ert
icsofdev
eloper
s

• Absor
pti
on–dev
elopermustbeeasi
l
ywet
tedbyt
hepenet
ranti
nthef
law

andabsor
pti
vet
osuckback

• Appl
i
cat
ion–mustbeeasyt
oappl
yandcapabl
eoff
ormi
ngt
hin and

uni
for
m sur
facecoat
ing

• Backgr
oundmaski
ng–i
nter
fer
encef
rom backgr
oundcol
our
sshoul
dbe

maskedandpr
ovi
decont
rast
ingbackgr
oundf
ori
ndi
cat
ions

• Phy
sical
char
act
eri
sti
cs–I
tmusthav
egr
ainsi
zeandshapet
oeasi
l
y

di
sper
set
hepenet
ranti
nthef
law,
sot
hatcl
ear
lydef
inedi
ndi
cat
ioni
s

at
tai
ned.

• Chemi
cal
char
act
eri
sti
cs–mustnotcont
aini
ngr
edi
ent
shar
mful
tot
he

par
ts.

Ther
ear
efourf
ormsofdev
eloper
sincommonuse

1) For
m A,
drypowder
2) For
m B,
wat
ersol
ubl
e
3) For
m C,
wat
ersuspendi
ble
4) For
m D,
nonaqueoussol
ventsuspendi
ble

1)Dr
ypowderdev
eloper
s(f
orm A)ar
ewi
del
yusedwi
thf
luor
escentpenet
rant
s,
butshoul
d notwi
thv
isi
ble-
dye penet
rant
s because t
heydo notpr
oduce a
sat
isf
act
orycont
rastcoat
ing on t
he sur
face oft
he wor
k-pi
ece.I
deal
l
y,dr
y
powderdev
eloper
sshoul
dbel
i
ghtandf
luf
fyt
oal
l
owf
oreaseofappl
i
cat
ionand
shoul
dcl
i
ngt
odr
ysur
facesi
naf
inef
il
m.Theadher
enceoft
hepowdershoul
d
notbeexcessi
ve,
ast
hepowdershoul
dnotbeexcessi
ve,
ast
heamountofbl
ack
l
i
ghtav
ail
abl
etoener
gizef
luor
escenti
ndi
cat
ionswi
l
lber
educed.
Forpur
posesofst
oragesandhandl
i
ngaswel
lasappl
i
cat
ions,powder
sshoul
d
notbehy
droscopi
c,andt
heyshoul
dremai
ndr
y.I
ftheypi
ckupmoi
stur
ewhen
st
oredi
nar
easofhi
ghhumi
dit
y,t
heywi
l
lloset
hei
rabi
l
ityt
ofl
owanddusteasi
l
y
and t
heymayaggl
omer
ate,packorl
ump up i
n cont
ainer
sori
n dev
eloper
chamber
s.Forr
easonsofsaf
ety
,dr
ypowderdev
eloper
sshoul
dbehandl
edwi
th
car
e.Li
keanyot
herdustpar
ti
cle,
itcandr
ytheski
n

2)
Wat
erSol
ubl
edev
eloper
s(f
orm B)canbeusedf
orbot
hfl
uor
escent(
typeI
)
andv
isi
ble(
typeI
I)post
emul
sif
iabl
eorsol
vent_
remov
abl
epenet
rant
s.Wat
er
sol
ubl
e dev
eloper
s ar
e not r
ecommended f
or use wi
th wat
er washabl
e
penet
rant
s,becauseoft
hepot
ent
ialt
owasht
hepenet
rant
.Wat
er-
sol
ubl
eisnot
r
ecommendedf
orusewi
thwat
erwashabl
epenet
rant
sfr
om wi
thi
nthef
law i
f
dev
eloperi
s notv
erycar
eful
l
ycont
rol
l
ed.Wat
er-
sol
ubl
e dev
eloper
s ar
e not
r
ecommendedf
orusewi
thwashabl
epenet
rant
s,becauseoft
hepot
ent
ialt
o
washt
hepenet
rantf
rom wi
thi
nthef
law i
fthedev
eloperi
snotv
erycar
eful
l
y
cont
rol
l
ed.Wat
ersol
ubl
edev
eloper
sar
esuppl
i
edasadr
ypowderconcent
rat
e,
whi
chi
sthendi
sper
sedi
nwat
eri
nrecommendedpr
opor
ti
ons,
usual
l
yfr
om 0.
12
t
o0.
24kg/
L.Theconst
it
uentoft
hedev
eloper
sincl
udescor
rosi
oni
nhi
bit
orsand
bi
oci
des.Theadv
ant
agesoft
hisf
orm ofdev
eloper
sar
easf
oll
ows.

a)I
tdoesnotr
equi
reanyagi
tat
ion.
b) Thedev
eloperi
sappl
i
edpr
iort
odr
yingt
husdecr
easi
ngt
he
 dev
elopmentoft
ime.
c)Thedr
ieddev
eloperf
il
m ont
hewor
kpi
ecei
scompl
etel
ywat
ersol
ubl
e
andi
sthuseasi
l
yandcompl
etel
yremov
ed.

3)
Wat
er–suspended dev
eloper
s(f
orm c)can be used wi
th ei
ther
f
luor
escent(
typeI)ort
ypei
i)penet
rant
swi
thf
luor
escentpenet
rant,t
hedr
ied
coat
ingofdev
elopermustnotf
luor
esce,ormayi
tabsor
borf
il
teroutt
hebl
ack
l
i
ghtusedf
ori
nspect
ion.
Wat
er-
suspendi
bledev
eloper
sar
esuppl
i
edasadr
ypowderconcent
rat
eormay
i
tabsor
borf
il
teroutt
hebl
ackl
i
ghtusedf
ori
nspect
ion.Wat
er-
suspendi
ble
dev
eloper
sar
esuppl
i
edasadr
ypowderconcent
rat
e,whi
chi
sthendi
sper
sedi
n
wat
eri
nrecommendedpr
opor
ti
onsusual
l
yfr
om 0.
04t
o0.
12kg/
L.Theamount
ofpowderi
nsuspensi
onmustbecar
eful
l
ymai
ntai
ned.Toomuchort
ool
i
ttl
e
dev
eloperont
hesur
faceofawor
kpi
ececanser
iousl
yaf
fectsensi
ti
vi
ty.Speci
fi
c
gr
avi
tychecksshoul
dbeconduct
edr
out
inel
y,usi
ngahy
dromet
ert
ocheckt
he
bat
hconcent
rat
ion.Wat
er-sol
ubl
edev
eloper
scont
aindi
sper
singagent
stohel
p
r
etar
dset
tl
ingandcaki
ngaswel
lasi
nhi
bit
orst
opr
eventorr
etar
dcor
rosi
onof
wor
kpi
ecesandequi
pment
,andbi
oci
dest
o ext
endt
hewor
kingl
i
feoft
he
aqueoussol
uti
ons.

4)
Nonaqueoussol
ventsuspendi
bledev
eloper
s(f
orm D)ar
ecommonl
y
usedf
orbot
hthef
lor
escentandv
isi
blepenet
rantandt
hev
isi
blepenet
rant
pr
ocess.Thi
sfor
m ofdev
eloper
spr
oducesawhi
tecoat
ingont
hesur
faceoft
he
par
t.Thi
scoat
ingy
iel
dst
hemaxi
mum whi
tecol
orconst
ractwi
thr
edv
isi
ble
penet
ranti
ndi
cat
ionandext
remel
ybr
il
li
antf
lour
esncei
ndi
cat
ion.
Nonaqueoussol
vent
-suspendi
bledev
eloper
sar
esuppl
i
edi
nther
eadyt
ouse
condi
ti
onandcont
ainpar
ti
clesofdev
eloper
.Thesol
vent
sar
ecar
eful
l
ysel
ect
ed
f
ort
hei
rcompat
ibi
l
itywi
tht
hepenet
rant
s.Nonaqueoussol
ventsuspendi
ble
dev
eloper
sal
socont
ainsur
fact
ant
sinadi
sper
santwhosef
unct
ionsar
etocoat
t
he par
ti
cles and r
educe t
hei
rtendency t
o cl
ump or aggl
omer
ate.The
nonaqueoussol
ventdev
eloper
sent
ert
hef
lawanddi
ssol
vesi
ntot
hepenet
rant
.
Thi
sact
ioni
ncr
easest
hev
olumeandr
educest
hev
iscosi
tyoft
hepenet
rant
.

Emul
sif
ier
s
Emul
sif
ier
sar
eli
qui
dsusedt
orenderexcesspenet
rantont
hesur
facesofwor
k
pi
ece wat
erwashabl
e.Theydesi
gned t
o hel
p cont
rolt
he excesspenet
rant
r
emov
alpr
ocess.Asment
ionedabov
e,somepenet
rant
sincl
udet
heemul
sif
ier
as and i
ntegr
alpar
toft
hei
rfor
mul
ati
on.These penet
rant
s ar
e commonl
y
r
efer
redt
oassel
f-
emul
sif
iabl
eorwat
er-
washabl
epenet
rant
ssi
ncet
heexcess
penet
rantcanber
insedf
rom t
hesur
facewi
thoutani
nter
medi
ateemul
sif
icat
ion
st
ep.Howev
er,when ov
erwashi
ng oft
he sampl
eis a par
ti
cul
arconcer
n;
penet
rant
sthatr
equi
reasepar
ateemul
sif
icat
ionst
epar
erecommended.

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofemul
sif
icat
ionsy
stems,
li
pophi
l
icandhy
drophi
l
ic.

Li
pophi
l
icemul
sif
ier
sar
eoi
lbasedanddi
ff
usei
ntot
hepenet
rantf
il
mtor
enderi
t
emul
sif
iabl
einwat
er.Ther
atewhi
chdi
ff
usesi
ntot
hepenet
rantest
abl
i
shest
he
emul
sif
icat
iont
ime.Theemul
sif
ieri
sfastact
ing,
thusmaki
ngt
heemul
sif
icat
ion
oper
ati
onv
erycr
it
ical
.
a)Penet
rat
ionb)Addemul
sif
ierc)sol
uti
onanddi
ff
usi
onbegi
n
d)Di
ff
usi
onpr
oceedse)r
insi
ngf
)cl
eansur
face
Hy
drophi
l
icemul
sif
ier
sar
ewat
erbasedandar
eusual
l
ysuppl
i
edasconcent
rat
es
t
hatar
edi
l
utedi
nwat
er,wor
ksbydi
spl
aci
ngex
cesspenet
rantf
rom t
hesur
face
oft
hesampl
ebydet
ergentact
ion.Thepr
ocessi
ssl
ow compar
edt
oli
pophi
l
ic
emul
sif
ier
.Thepr
ocessi
scont
rol
l
abl
e

Thet
ypeofemul
si
fi
erusedi
sdi
ctat
edbyt
hepenet
rantused.Theemul
sif
ying
agentusedwi
thpost
emul
sif
iabl
esy
stemsshoul
dbl
endwi
tht
hepenet
ranton
cont
act
.Howev
er,i
tshoul
ddi
ff
uset
hrought
hepenet
rantatar
atesl
owenough
t
oal
l
owcl
osecont
rol
oft
hecont
actt
ime.

a)Penet
rat
ionb)I
mmer
sei
naqueousr
emov
ersol
uti
onc)di
ff
usi
onand
emul
sif
icat
ionbegi
nd)agi
tat
ionandemul
sif
icat
ione)r
insi
ng
 f
)Cl
eansur
face.
Adv
ant
agesofl
i
qui
dpenet
rantI
nspect
ion

Themaj
oradv
ant
agesofl
i
qui
dpenet
ranti
nspect
ionascompar
edt
oot
herndt
t
echni
quesar
easf
oll
ows.
1)Themet
hodi
shi
ghl
ysensi
ti
vet
osmal
lsur
facedi
scont
inui
ti
es
2)Themet
hodhasf
ewmat
eri
all
i
mit
ati
onsi
.e.met
all
i
candnonmet
all
i
c,
magnet
icandnon-
magnet
ic,
conduct
iveandnonconduct
ivemat
eri
als
maybei
nspect
ed.
3)Lar
gear
easandl
argev
olumesofpar
tsmat
eri
alscanbei
nspect
edr
api
dly
andatl
owcost
.
4)I
ndi
cat
ionsar
epr
oduceddi
rect
lyont
hesur
faceoft
hepar
tsand
const
it
uteav
isual
repr
esent
ati
onoft
hef
law.
5)Aer
osol
spr
aycansmakepenet
rantmat
eri
alsv
erypor
tabl
e.
6) Penet
rantmat
eri
alsandassoci
atedequi
pmentar
erel
ati
vel
yinexpensi
ve.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofl
i
qui
dpenet
ranti
nspect
ion

1)Onl
ysur
facebr
eaki
ngdef
ect
scanbedet
ect
ed
2)Onl
ymat
eri
alswi
thar
elat
ivenonpor
oussur
facecani
nspect
ed
3)Pr
ecl
eani
ngi
scr
it
ical
ascont
ami
nant
scanmaskdef
ect
s
4)Sur
facef
ini
shandr
oughnesscanaf
fecti
nspect
ionsensi
ti
vi
ty
5)Chemi
cal
handl
i
ngandpr
operdi
sposal
isr
equi
red.

Commonappl
i
cat
ionsofl
i
qui
dpenet
rantt
est
ing
LPIi
soneoft
hemostwi
del
yusedNDTmet
hods.Themai
nreasonsf
ori
ts
popul
ari
tyar
eit
srel
ati
veeaseofuseandi
tsf
lexi
bil
i
ty.LPIcanusedt
o
i
nspectal
mostanymat
eri
alpr
ovi
dedt
hati
tssur
facesar
enotext
remel
y
r
oughorpor
ous.Mat
eri
alst
hatar
ecommonl
yinspect
edusi
ngLPIi
ncl
udes
Met
als(
alumi
num.Copper
,st
eel
,et
c)
 Gl
ass
Manycer
ami
csmat
eri
als
Pl
ast
ics

LPIcanbeappl
i
edi
nal
argev
ari
etyofappl
i
cat
ionsr
angi
ngf
rom aut
omot
ive
spar
kpl
ugst
ocr
it
ical
aircr
aftcomponent
s.LPIi
susedt
oinspectt
hef
laws
t
hatbr
eakt
hesur
facesoft
hesampl
esomeoft
hef
lawsar
e
Fat
iguecr
acks
Quenchcr
acks
Gr
indi
ngcr
acks
Por
osi
ty
Laps
Seams
Pi
nhol
es

NOTE:Cast
ed,
wel
dedandf
orgedcomponent
scanbet
est
edbyt
his met
hod.
Wi
dev
ari
eti
esofi
ndust
ri
esl
i
kenucl
ear
,aer
ospace,
shi
ppi
ng,
rai
l
way
sand
chemi
cal
etc.useLPIf
orr
easonsofeconomy
,saf
etyandeasyofi
nter
pret
ati
on.