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DE LA SALLE LIPA
HOMEWORK #1
TYPES OF SENSORS
Instructor
TYPES OF SENSORS
Manipulator:
Just like the human arm, the robot consists of what is called a manipulator
having several joints and links. In robotics a manipulator is a device used
to manipulate materials without direct contact.
Endeffector:
The base of the manipulator is fixed to base support and at its other free
end, the Endeffector is attached. The Endeffector is expected to perform
tasks normally performed by the palm and finger arrangements of the
human arm.
The Locomotion Device:
In the case of human beings the power for the movement of the arm, the
palm and fingers is provided by muscles. For the robot the power for the
movement is provided by the motors. The motors used for providing
locomotion in robots are of three types depending on the source of energy
(Electric, Hydraulic or Pneumatic).
Controller:
The digital computer (both the hardware and the software) acts as a
controller to the robot. The controller functions in a manner analogous to
the human brain. With the help of this controller, the robot is able to carry
out the assigned tasks. The controller directs and controls the movement of
the Manipulator and the Endeffector. In other words, the controller
controls the robot.
Manipulator:
Without the data supplied by the sense organs, the brain would be
incapable of intelligence. In other words the controller of the robot cannot
do any meaningful task, if the robot is not with a component analogous to
the sense organs of the human body. Thus, the fifth and the most important
component of the robot is the set of sensors. Sensors are nothing but
measuring instruments which measures quantities such as position.
TYPES OF SENSORS
Types of sensor
a. PASSIVE SENSORS
device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical
environment
b. ACTIVE SENSORS
sensors that require an external power source for their operation is called as a
passive transducer. They produce an output signal in the form of some variation
in resistance, capacitance or any other electrical parameter, which than has to be
converted to an equivalent current or voltage signal
PASSIVE SENSOR
PHOTOCELL OR LDR
TYPES OF SENSORS
A possible interface circuit for the intensity meter is shown in the figure above. It
consists of three stages. The first stage amplifies the signal such that the output voltage
swing. The second stage gives an amplification and subtracts the offset voltage. The
output of this stage is the output of the meter, and this output voltage is shown on the
"display" (i.e. a voltmeter). The last stage is a voltage level detector (comparator) that
goes high when the input signal is low. An explanation of each of these stages is given
below.
There are many applications for Light Dependent Resistors. These include:
Lighting switch
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Camera shutter control
LDRs can be used to control the shutter speed on a camera. The LDR would be
used to measure the light intensity which then adjusts the camera shutter speed
to the appropriate level.
ACTIVE SENSOR
RADAR
TYPES OF SENSORS
PARTS OF RADAR
TYPES OF SENSORS
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To guide the aircraft to land in bad weather using Precision Approach RADAR.
To scan the airport surface for aircraft and ground vehicle positions
Remote Sensing:
RADAR can be used for observing weather or observing planetary positions
and monitoring sea ice to ensure smooth route for ships.
Ground Traffic Control:
RADAR can also be used by traffic police to determine speed of the vehicle,
controlling the movement of vehicles by giving warnings about presence of other
vehicles or any other obstacles behind them.
Space:
RADAR has 3 major applications:
To guide the space vehicle for safe landing on moon
To observe the planetary systems
To detect and track satellites
To monitor the meteors
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