Funciones Trigonométricas

Chapter 7
Trigonometric Functions
Section 7.1 16.
1. C = 2π r
17.
2. A = π r 2
3. standard position
18.
1
4. rθ ; r 2θ
2
s θ
5. ;
t t
6. False 19.
7. True
8. True 20.
9. True
10. False
11. 21.
12.
22.
13.
14.
_ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞º
23. 40º10 ' 25" = ⎜ 40 + 10 ⋅ + 25 ⋅ ⋅ ⎟
⎝ 60 60 60 ⎠
≈ (40 + 0.1667 + 0.00694)º
≈ 40.17º
15.
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞º
24. 61º 42 ' 21" = ⎜ 61 + 42 ⋅ + 21 ⋅ ⋅ ⎟
⎝ 60 60 60 ⎠
≈ (61 + 0.7000 + 0.00583)º
≈ 61.71º
712
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Section 7.1: Angles and Their Measure
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞º 32. 29.411º = 29º + 0.411º

25. 1º 2 '3" = ⎜ 1 + 2 ⋅ + 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⎟
⎝ 60 60 60 ⎠ = 29º + 0.411(60 ')
≈ (1 + 0.0333 + 0.00083)º = 29º +24.66 '
≈ 1.03º = 29º +24 '+ 0.66 '
= 29º +0.66(60")
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞º
26. 73º 40 ' 40" = ⎜ 73 + 40 ⋅ + 40 ⋅ ⋅ ⎟ = 29º +24 '+ 39.6"
⎝ 60 60 60 ⎠
≈ 29º 24 ' 40"
≈ (73 + 0.6667 + 0.0111)º
≈ 73.68º 33. 19.99º = 19º + 0.99º
= 19º + 0.99(60 ')
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞º
27. 9º 9 '9" = ⎜ 9 + 9 ⋅ + 9 ⋅ ⋅ ⎟ = 19º +59.4 '
⎝ 60 60 60 ⎠
= (9 + 0.15 + 0.0025)º = 19º +59 '+ 0.4 '
≈ 9.15º = 19º +59 '+ 0.4(60")
= 19º +59 '+ 24"
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞º = 19º 59 ' 24"
28. 98º 22 ' 45" = ⎜ 98 + 22 ⋅ + 45 ⋅ ⋅ ⎟
⎝ 60 60 60 ⎠
≈ (98 + 0.3667 + 0.0125)º 34. 44.01º = 44º + 0.01º
≈ 98.38º = 44º + 0.01(60 ')
= 44º +0.6 '
29. 40.32º = 40º + 0.32º = 44º +0 '+ 0.6 '
= 40º + 0.32(60 ') = 44º +0 '+ 0.6(60")
= 40º +19.2 ' = 44º +0 '+ 36"
= 40º +19 '+ 0.2 ' = 44º 0 '36"
= 40º +19 '+ 0.2(60")
= 40º +19 '+ 12" π π
35. 30° = 30 ⋅ radian = radian
= 40º19 '12" 180 6
30. 61.24º = 61º + 0.24º π 2π

36. 120° = 120 ⋅ radian = radians
= 61º + 0.24(60 ') 180 3
= 61º +14.4 ' π 4π
37. 240° = 240 ⋅ radian = radians
= 61º +14 '+ 0.4 ' 180 3
= 61º +14 '+ 0.4(60")
π 11π
= 61º +14 '+ 24" 38. 330° = 330 ⋅ radian = radians
180 6
= 61º14 ' 24"
π π
31. 18.255º = 18º + 0.255º 39. − 60° = − 60 ⋅ radian = − radian
180 3
= 18º + 0.255(60 ')
= 18º +15.3' π π
40. −30° = −30 ⋅ radian = − radian
= 18º +15'+ 0.3' 180 6
= 18º +15'+ 0.3(60")
π
= 18º +15'+ 18" 41. 180° = 180 ⋅ radian = π radians
180
= 18º15'18"
π 3π
42. 270° = 270 ⋅ radian = radians
180 2
713
Chapter 7: Trigonometric Functions
π 3π π
43. −135° = −135 ⋅ radian = − radians 60. 73° = 73 ⋅ radian
180 4 180
73π
π 5π = radians
44. − 225° = − 225 ⋅ radian = − radians 180
180 4 ≈ 1.27 radians
π π π
45. − 90° = − 90 ⋅ radian = − radians 61. − 40° = − 40 ⋅ radian
180 2 180
2π
π =− radian
46. −180° = −180 ⋅ radian = −π radians 9
180
≈ − 0.70 radian
π π 180
47. = ⋅ degrees = 60° π
3 3 π 62. − 51° = − 51 ⋅ radian
180
5π 5π 180 17π
48. = ⋅ degrees = 150° =− radian
6 6 π 60
≈ − 0.89 radian
5π 5π 180
49. − =− ⋅ degrees = − 225°
4 4 π π
63. 125° = 125 ⋅ radian
180
2π 2π 180 25π
50. − =− ⋅ degrees = −120°
3 3 π = radians
36
π π 180 ≈ 2.18 radians
51. = ⋅ degrees = 90°
2 2 π π
64. 350° = 350 ⋅ radian
180 180
52. 4π = 4π ⋅ degrees = 720° 35π
π = radians
18
π π 180 ≈ 6.11 radians
53. = ⋅ degrees = 15°
12 12 π
180
65. 3.14 radians = 3.14 ⋅ degrees ≈ 179.91º
5π 5π 180 π
54. = ⋅ degrees = 75°
12 12 π
180
66. 0.75 radian = 0.75 ⋅ degrees ≈ 42.97º
π π 180 π
55. − =− ⋅ degrees = − 90°
2 2 π
180
67. 2 radians = 2 ⋅ degrees ≈ 114.59º
180 π
56. −π = −π ⋅ degrees = −180°
π
180
π π 180 π
57. − = − ⋅ degrees = − 30°
6 6 π
180
69. 6.32 radians = 6.32 ⋅ degrees ≈ 362.11º
3π 3π 180 π
58. − =− ⋅ degrees = − 135°
4 4 π
180
π 17π π
59. 17° = 17 ⋅ radian = radian ≈ 0.30 radian
180 180
714
1 1
71. r = 10 meters; θ = radian; 81. θ = radian; A = 2 ft 2
2 3
1 1
s = rθ = 10 ⋅ = 5 meters A = r 2θ
2 2
1 2 ⎛1⎞
72. r = 6 feet; θ = 2 radian; s = rθ = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12 feet 2= r ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝3⎠
1
1 2 = r2
73. θ = radian; s = 2 feet; 6
3
s = rθ 12 = r 2
s 2 r = 12 = 2 3 ≈ 3.464 feet
r= = = 6 feet
θ (1/ 3)
1
82. θ = radian; A = 6 cm 2
1 4
74. θ = radian; s = 6 cm; 1
4 A = r 2θ
s = rθ 2
1 ⎛1⎞
r= =
s 6
= 24 cm 6 = r2 ⎜ ⎟
θ (1/ 4 ) 2 ⎝4⎠
1
6 = r2
75. r = 5 miles; s = 3 miles; 8
s = rθ 48 = r 2
s 3 r = 48 = 4 3 ≈ 6.928 cm
θ = = = 0.6 radian
r 5
83. r = 5 miles; A = 3 mi 2
76. r = 6 meters; s = 8 meters; 1
s = rθ A = r 2θ
2
s 8 4 1 2
θ = = = ≈ 1.333 radians 3 = (5) θ
r 6 3 2
25
π π 3= θ
77. r = 2 inches; θ = 30º = 30 ⋅ = radian; 2
180 6 6
π π θ= = 0.24 radian
s = rθ = 2 ⋅ = ≈ 1.047 inches 25
6 3
84. r = 6 meters; A = 8 m 2
π 2π
78. r = 3 meters; θ = 120º = 120 ⋅ = radians 1
A = r 2θ
180 3 2
2π
s = rθ = 3 ⋅ = 2π ≈ 6.283 meters 1 2
8 = ( 6) θ
3 2
8 = 18θ
1
79. r = 10 meters; θ = radian 8 4
2 θ = = ≈ 0.444 radian
18 9
1 1 2⎛1⎞ 100
A = r 2θ = (10 ) ⎜ ⎟ = =25 m 2
2 2 ⎝ ⎠
2 4 π π
85. r = 2 inches; θ = 30º = 30 ⋅ = radian
180 6
80. r = 6 feet; θ = 2 radians
1 2 1 2 ⎛π ⎞ π
1 1 2 A= r θ = ( 2 ) ⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 1.047 in 2
A = r 2θ = ( 6 ) ( 2 ) =36 ft 2 2 2 ⎝6⎠ 3
2 2
715
π 2π π
86. r = 3 meters; θ = 120º = 120 ⋅ = radians 92. r = 40 inches; θ = 20º = radian
180 3 9
1 2 1 2 ⎛ 2π ⎞ π 40π
A= r θ = ( 3) ⎜ ⎟ =3π ≈ 9.425 m
2
s = rθ = 40 ⋅ = ≈ 13.96 inches
2 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 9 9
π π π
87. r = 2 feet; θ = radians 93. r = 4 m; θ = 45º = 45 ⋅ = radian
3 180 4
π 2π 1 2 1 2 ⎛π ⎞
s = rθ = 2 ⋅ = ≈ 2.094 feet A = r θ = ( 4 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 2π ≈ 6.28 m 2
3 3 2 2 ⎝4⎠
1 1 2 ⎛π ⎞ 2π
A = r 2θ = ( 2 ) ⎜ ⎟ = = ≈ 2.094 ft 2 π π
2 2 ⎝3⎠ 3 94. r = 3 cm; θ = 60º = 60 ⋅ = radians
180 3
π 1 1 2 ⎛ π ⎞ 3π
88. r = 4 meters; θ = radian A = r 2θ = ( 3) ⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 4.71 cm 2
6 2 2 ⎝ ⎠
3 2
π 2π
s = rθ = 4 ⋅= ≈ 2.094 meters π 3π
6 3 95. r = 30 feet; θ = 135º = 135 ⋅ = radians
1 1 2 ⎛π ⎞ 4π 180 4
A = r 2θ = ( 4 ) ⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 4.189 m 2 1 1 2 ⎛ 3π ⎞ 675π
2 2 ⎝6⎠ 3 A = r 2θ = ( 30 ) ⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 1060.29 ft 2
2 2 ⎝ ⎠4 2
π 7π
89. r = 12 yards; θ = 70º = 70 ⋅ = radians 96. r = 50 yards; A = 100 yd 2
180 18
7π 1
A = r 2θ
s = rθ = 12 ⋅≈ 14.661 yards
18 2
2 ⎛ 7π ⎞
1
1 1 100 = ( 50 ) θ
2
A = r 2θ = (12 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 28π ≈ 87.965 yd
2
2
2 2 ⎝ 18 ⎠
100 = 1250θ
π 5π 100 2
90. r = 9 cm; θ = 50º = 50 ⋅ = radian θ= = = 0.08 radian
180 18 1250 25
5π °
s = rθ = 9 ⋅ ≈ 7.854 cm 2 180 ⎛ 72 ⎞
or ⋅ =⎜ ⎟ ≈ 4.58°
18 25 π ⎝ 5π ⎠
1 1 2 ⎛ 5π ⎞ 45π
A = r 2θ = ( 9 ) ⎜ ⎟= ≈ 35.343 cm 2
2 2 ⎝ 18 ⎠ 4
97. r = 5 cm; t = 20 seconds; θ =
1
radian
3
91. r = 6 inches θ (1/ 3)
1 1 1
In 15 minutes, ω= = = ⋅ = radian/sec
t 20 3 20 60
15 1 π
θ= rev = ⋅ 360º = 90º = radians s rθ 5 ⋅ (1/ 3) 5 1 1
60 4 2 v= = = = ⋅ = cm/sec
t t 20 3 20 12
π
s = rθ = 6 ⋅ = 3π ≈ 9.42 inches
2 98. r = 2 meters; t = 20 seconds; s = 5 meters
In 25 minutes, θ ( s / r ) (5 / 2)
5 1 1
25 5 5π ω= =
= = ⋅ = radian/sec
θ= rev = ⋅ 360º = 150º = radians t t 20 2 20 8
60 12 6 s 5 1
v= = = m/sec
5π t 20 4
s = rθ = 6 ⋅ = 5π ≈ 15.71 inches
6
716
99. d = 26 inches; r = 13 inches; v = 35 mi/hr 105. r = 2.39 × 105 miles

35 mi 5280 ft 12 in. 1 hr ω = 1 rev/27.3 days
v= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
hr mi ft 60 min = 2π radians/27.3 days
= 36,960 in./min π
= radians/hr
ω= =
v 36,960 in./min 12 ⋅ 27.3
π
( )
r 13 in.
v = rω = 2.39 × 105 ⋅ ≈ 2292 miles/hr
≈ 2843.08 radians/min 327.6
2843.08 rad 1 rev
≈ ⋅
min 2π rad 106. r = 9.29 × 107 miles
≈ 452.5 rev/min ω = 1 rev/365 days
= 2π radians/365 days
100. r = 15 inches; ω = 3 rev/sec = 6π rad/sec
π
v = rω = 15 ⋅ 6π in./sec = 90π ≈ 282.7 in/sec = radians/hr
12 ⋅ 365
in. 1ft 1mi 3600sec π
v = 90π ⋅ ⋅
sec 12in. 5280ft
⋅
1hr
≈ 16.1 mi/hr (
v = rω = 9.29 × 107 ⋅ ) 4380
≈ 66, 633 miles/hr
101. r = 3960 miles 107. r1 = 2 inches; r2 = 8 inches;

θ = 35º 9 '− 29º 57 '
ω1 = 3 rev/min = 6π radians/min
= 5º12 '
Find ω2 :
= 5.2º
v1 = v2
π
= 5.2 ⋅ r1ω1 = r2ω2
180
2(6π) = 8ω2
≈ 0.09076 radian
s = rθ = 3960 ⋅ 0.09076 ≈ 359 miles 12π
ω2 =
8
102. r = 3960 miles = 1.5π radians/min
θ = 38º 21'− 30º 20 ' 1.5π
= 8º1' = rev/min
2π
≈ 8.017º 3
= rev/min
π 4
= 8.017 ⋅
180
≈ 0.1399 radian 108. r = 30 feet
s = rθ = 3960 ⋅ 0.1399 ≈ 554 miles 1 rev 2π π
ω= = = ≈ 0.09 rad/sec
70 sec 70 sec 35
103. r = 3429.5 miles π rad 6π ft
v = rω = 30 feet ⋅ = ≈ 2.69 feet/sec
π 35 sec 7 sec
ω = 1 rev/day = 2π radians/day = radians/hr
12
π 109. r = 4 feet; ω = 10 rev/min = 20π radians/min
v = rω = 3429.5 ⋅ ≈ 898 miles/hr v = rω
12
= 4 ⋅ 20π
104. r = 3033.5 miles ft
π = 80π
ω = 1 rev/day = 2π radians/day = radians/hr min
12 80π ft 1 mi 60 min
π = ⋅ ⋅
v = rω = 3033.5 ⋅ ≈ 794 miles/hr min 5280 ft hr
12 ≈ 2.86 mi/hr
717
110. d = 26 inches; r = 13 inches; 115. We know that the distance between Alexandria
ω = 480 rev/min = 960π radians/min and Syene to be s = 500 miles. Since the
v = rω measure of the Sun’s rays in Alexandria is 7.2° ,
= 13 ⋅ 960π the central angle formed at the center of Earth
between Alexandria and Syene must also be
in
= 12480π 7.2° . Converting to radians, we have
min π π
12480π in 1 ft 1 mi 60 min 7.2° = 7.2° ⋅ = radian . Therefore,
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 180° 25
min 12 in 5280 ft hr s = rθ
≈ 37.13 mi/hr
π
v 500 = r ⋅
ω= 25
r 25 12,500
80 mi/hr 12 in 5280 ft 1 hr 1 rev r= ⋅ 500 = ≈ 3979 miles
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ π π
13 in 1 ft 1 mi 60 min 2π rad
12,500
≈ 1034.26 rev/min C = 2π r = 2π ⋅ = 25, 000 miles.
π
111. d = 8.5 feet; r = 4.25 feet; v = 9.55 mi/hr The radius of Earth is approximately 3979 miles,
and the circumference is approximately 25,000
v 9.55 mi/hr
ω= = miles.
r 4.25 ft
9.55 mi 1 5280 ft 1 hr 1 rev 116. a. The length of the outfield fence is the arc
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ length subtended by a central angle θ = 96°
hr 4.25 ft mi 60 min 2π
≈ 31.47 rev/min with r = 200 feet.
π
s = r ⋅ θ = 200 ⋅ 96° ⋅ ≈ 335.10 feet
112. Let t represent the time for the earth to rotate 90 180°
miles. The outfield fence is approximately 335.1
t 24 feet long.
=
90 2π(3559)
b. The area of the warning track is the
90(24)
t= ≈ 0.0966 hours ≈ 5.8 minutes difference between the areas of two sectors
2π(3559) with central angle θ = 96° . One sector with
r = 200 feet and the other with r = 190
113. The earth makes one full rotation in 24 hours. feet.
θ 2 2
( )
The distance traveled in 24 hours is the 1 1
circumference of the earth. At the equator the A = R 2θ − r 2θ = R −r
2 2 2
circumference is 2π(3960) miles. Therefore,
the linear velocity a person must travel to keep =
96° π
⋅
2 180°
(
2002 − 1902 )
up with the sun is:
4π
v= =
s 2π(3960)
≈ 1037 miles/hr
=
15
( 3900 ) ≈ 3267.26
t 24
The area of the warning track is about
3267.26 square feet.
114. Find s, when r = 3960 miles and θ = 1'.
1 degree π radians
θ = 1'⋅ ⋅ ≈ 0.00029 radian
60 min 180 degrees
s = rθ = 3960(0.00029) ≈ 1.15 miles
Thus, 1 nautical mile is approximately 1.15
statute miles.
718
Section 7.2: Right Triangle Trigonometry
117. r1 rotates at ω1 rev/min , so v1 = r1ω1 . Section 7.2

r2 rotates at ω2 rev/min , so v2 = r2ω2 .
Since the linear speed of the belt connecting the 1. c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = 62 + 102 = 36 + 100 = 136
pulleys is the same, we have that: c = 136 = 2 34
v1 = v2
r1ω1 = r2ω2 2. f ( 5 ) = 3 ( 5 ) − 7 = 15 − 7 = 8
r1ω1 r2ω2
= 3. complementary
r2ω1 r2ω1
r1 ω2 4. cosine
=
r2 ω1
5. 62o
118. Answers will vary.
6. 1
119. If the radius of a circle is r and the length of the
arc subtended by the central angle is also r, then 7. True
the measure of the angle is 1 radian. Also,
8. False
180
1 radian = degrees .
π 9. True
⎛ π radians ⎞ 10. False

120. Note that 1° = 1° ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.017 radian
⎝ 180° ⎠
11. opposite = 5; adjacent = 12; hypotenuse = ?
⎛ 180° ⎞ (hypotenuse) 2 = 52 + 122 = 169
and 1 radian ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 57.296° .
⎝ π radians ⎠
Therefore, an angle whose measure is 1 radian is hypotenuse = 169 = 13
larger than an angle whose measure is 1 degree. opp 5 hyp 13
sin θ = = csc θ = =
hyp 13 opp 5
121. Linear speed measures the distance traveled per
adj 12 hyp 13
unit time, and angular speed measures the cos θ = = sec θ = =
change in a central angle per unit time. In other hyp 13 adj 12
words, linear speed describes distance traveled opp 5 adj 12
by a point located on the edge of a circle, and tan θ = = cot θ = =
adj 12 opp 5
angular speed describes the turning rate of the
circle itself. 12. opposite = 3; adjacent = 4, hypotenuse = ?
122. This is a true statement. That is, since an angle (hypotenuse) 2 = 32 + 42 = 25
measured in degrees can be converted to radian hypotenuse = 25 = 5
measure by using the formula
opp 3 hyp 5
180 degrees = π radians , the arc length formula sin θ = = csc θ = =
hyp 5 opp 3
π
can be rewritten as follows: s = rθ = rθ . adj 4 hyp 5
180 cos θ = = sec θ = =
hyp 5 adj 4
123 – 125. Answers will vary. opp 3 adj 4
tan θ = = cot θ = =
adj 4 opp 3
719
13. opposite = 2; adjacent = 3; hypotenuse = ? opp 2 3

(hypotenuse) 2 = 22 + 32 = 13 tan θ = = = 3
adj 2
hypotenuse = 13 hyp 4 4 3 2 3
csc θ = = = ⋅ =
opp 2 2 13 2 13 opp 2 3 2 3 3 3
sin θ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 13 13 13 13 hyp 4
sec θ = = =2
adj 3 3 13 3 13 adj 2
cos θ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 13 13 13 13 adj 2 2 3 3
cot θ = = = ⋅ =
opp 2 opp 2 3 2 3 3 3
tan θ = =
adj 3
16. opposite = 3; hypotenuse = 4; adjacent = ?
hyp 13
csc θ = = 32 + (adjacent) 2 = 42
opp 2
(adjacent) 2 = 16 − 9 = 7
hyp 13
sec θ = = adjacent = 7
adj 3
opp 3
adj 3 sin θ = =
cot θ = = hyp 4
opp 2
adj 7
14. opposite = 3; adjacent = 3; hypotenuse = ? cos θ = =
hyp 4
(hypotenuse) 2 = 32 + 32 = 18
opp 3 3 7 3 7
hypotenuse = 18 = 3 2 tan θ = = = ⋅ =
adj 7 7 7 7
opp 3 3 2 2 hyp 4
sin θ = = = ⋅ = csc θ = =
hyp 3 2 3 2 2 2 opp 3
adj 3 3 2 2 hyp 4 4 7 4 7
cos θ = = = ⋅ = sec θ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 3 2 3 2 2 2 adj 7 7 7 7
opp 3
tan θ = = =1 cot θ =
adj
=
7
adj 3 opp 3
hyp 3 2
csc θ = = = 2
opp 3 17. opposite = 2 ; adjacent = 1; hypotenuse = ?
( 2)
2
hyp 3 2 (hypotenuse) 2 = + 12 = 3
sec θ = = = 2
adj 3 hypotenuse = 3
adj 3
cot θ = = =1 opp 2 2 3 6
opp 3 sin θ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 3 3 3 3
15. adjacent = 2; hypotenuse = 4; opposite = ? adj 1 1 3 3
cosθ = = = ⋅ =
(opposite) 2 + 22 = 42 hyp 3 3 3 3
(opposite) 2 = 16 − 4 = 12 tan θ =
opp
=
2
= 2
opposite = 12 = 2 3 adj 1
hyp 3 3 2 6
opp 2 3 3 cscθ = = = ⋅ =
sin θ = = = opp 2 2 2 2
hyp 4 2
hyp 3
adj 2 1 secθ = = = 3
cos θ = = = adj 1
hyp 4 2
adj 1 1 2 2
cot θ = = = ⋅ =
opp 2 2 2 2
720
18. opposite = 2; adjacent = 3 ; hypotenuse = ? 20. adjacent = 2; hypotenuse = 5 ; opposite = ?
( 3) ( 5)
2 2
(hypotenuse) 2 = 22 + =7 (opposite) + 2 =
2 2
hypotenuse = 7 (opposite) = 5 − 4 = 1
2
opp 2 2 7 2 7 opposite = 1 = 1
sin θ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 7 7 7 7 opp 1 1 5 5
sin θ = = = ⋅ =
adj 3 3 7 21 hyp 5 5 5 5
cosθ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 7 7 7 7 adj 2 2 5 2 5
cos θ = = = ⋅ =
opp 2 2 3 2 3 hyp 5
tan θ = = = ⋅ = 5 5 5
adj 3 3 3 3 opp 1
tan θ = =
hyp 7 adj 2
cscθ = =
opp 2
hyp 5
hyp 7 7 3 21
csc θ = = = 5
secθ = = = ⋅ = opp 1
adj 3 3 3 3
hyp 5
adj 3 sec θ = =
cot θ = = adj 2
opp 2
adj 2
cot θ = = =2
opp 1
19. opposite = 1; hypotenuse = 5 ; adjacent = ?
( 5)
2
12 + (adjacent) 2 = 1 3
21. sin θ = ; cos θ =
(adjacent) 2 = 5 − 1 = 4 2 2
1
adjacent = 4 = 2 sin θ 1 2 1 1 3 3
tan θ = = 2 = ⋅ = = ⋅ =
opp 1 1 5 5 cosθ 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
sin θ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 5 5 5 5 2
1 1
adj 2 2 5 2 5 csc θ = = = 1⋅ 2 = 2
cos θ = = = ⋅ = sin θ 1
hyp 5 5 5 5
2
opp 1
tan θ = = 1 1 2 2 3 2 3
adj 2 sec θ = = = = ⋅ =
cos θ 3 3 3 3 3
hyp 5
csc θ = = = 5 2
opp 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3
cot θ = = = = ⋅ = = 3
sec θ =
hyp
=
5 tan θ 3 3 3 3 3
adj 2 3
adj 2
cot θ = = =2
opp 1
721
3 1 2
22. sin θ = ; cos θ = 25. sin θ = corresponds to the right triangle:
2 2 2
3
sin θ 3 2 c=2
tan θ = = 2 = ⋅ = 3 b= 2
cos θ 1 2 1
2 θ
a
1 1 2 2 3 2 3
csc θ = = = = ⋅ = Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
sin θ 3 3 3 3 3
( 2)
2
2 a2 + = 22
1 1 a2 = 4 − 2 = 2
sec θ = = = 1⋅ 2 = 2
cos θ 1
a= 2
2
So the triangle is:
1 1 1 3 3
cot θ = = = ⋅ =
tan θ 3 3 3 3 c=2
b= 2
2 5 θ
23. sin θ = ; cos θ =
3 3 a= 2
2
sin θ 2 3 2 2 5 2 5 adj 2
tan θ = = 3 = ⋅ = = ⋅ = cos θ = =
cosθ 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 hyp 2
3 opp 2
1 1 3 tan θ = = =1
csc θ = = = adj 2
sin θ 2 2
hyp 2 2 2
3 sec θ = = = ⋅ = 2
adj 2 2 2
1 1 3 5 3 5
sec θ = = = =
cos θ 5 5 5 5 csc θ =
hyp
=
2
=
2
⋅
2
= 2
3 opp 2 2 2
1 1 5 5 5 5 5 adj 2
cot θ = = = = = cot θ = = =1
tan θ 2 5 2 5 5 10 2 opp 2
5
2
26. cos θ = corresponds to the right triangle:
1 2 2 2
24. sin θ = ; cos θ =
3 3
1 c=2
sin θ 1 3 1 2 2 b
tan θ = = 3 = ⋅ = ⋅ =
cosθ 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 4 θ
3 a= 2
1 1
csc θ = = = 1⋅ 3 = 3 Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
sin θ 1
( 2)
2
3 b2 + = 22
secθ =
1
=
1
=
3
=
3
⋅
2 3 2
= b2 = 4 − 2 = 2
cosθ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
b= 2
3 So the triangle is:
1 1 4 4 2 4 2
cot θ = = = = ⋅ = =2 2
tan θ 2 2 2 2 2
4
722
3
c=2 + cos 2 θ = 1
16
b= 2
13
θ cos 2 θ =
16
a= 2
13 13
cosθ = =
opp 2 16 4
sin θ = = (Note: cos θ must be positive since θ is acute.)
hyp 2
sin θ 3
3 3 13 39
opp 2 tan θ = = 4
= = ⋅ =
tan θ = = =1 cos θ 13
13 13 13 13
adj 2 4
1 1 4 4 3 4 3
csc θ =
hyp
=
2
=
2
⋅
2
= 2 csc θ = = 3 = = ⋅ =
opp 2 2 2 sin θ 4
3 3 3 3
hyp 2 2 2 1 1 4 4 13 4 13
sec θ = = = ⋅ = 2 sec θ = = 13 = = ⋅ =
adj 2 2 2 cos θ 4
13 13 13 13
adj 2 cos θ 13
13 13 3 39
cot θ = = =1 cot θ = = 4
= = ⋅ =
opp 2 sin θ 4
3
3 3 3 3
1
27. cos θ = 1
3 29. tan θ = corresponds to the right triangle:
2
Using the Pythagorean Identities:
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
2 c
⎛1⎞ b=1
sin 2 θ + ⎜ ⎟ = 1
⎝3⎠ θ
1 a=2
sin 2 θ + = 1
9 Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
sin 2 θ =
8 c 2 = 12 + 22 = 5
9
c= 5
8 2 2
sin θ = = So, the triangle is:
9 3
(Note: sin θ must be positive since θ is acute.)
c= 5
sin θ 2 2
2 2 3 b=1
tan θ = = 3
= ⋅ =2 2
cos θ 1
3
3 1 θ
a=2
1 1 3 3 2 3 2
csc θ = = = = ⋅ =
sin θ 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 opp 1 1 5 5
sin θ = = = ⋅ =
1 1 hyp 5 5 5 5
sec θ = = = 1⋅ 3 = 3
cos θ 13 adj 2 2 5 2 5
cos θ = = = ⋅ =
1 1 1 2 2 hyp 5 5 5 5
cot θ = = = ⋅ =
tan θ 2 2 2 2 2 4 csc θ =
hyp
=
5
= 5
opp 1
3
28. sin θ = hyp 5
4 sec θ = =
Using the Pythagorean Identities: adj 2
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 cot θ =
adj 2
= =2
2 opp 1
⎛ 3⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + cos θ = 1
2
⎝ 4 ⎠
723
1 32. csc θ = 5
30. cot θ = corresponds to the right triangle: Using the Pythagorean Identities:
2
cot 2 θ + 1 = csc 2 θ
c cot 2 θ + 1 = 52
b=2
cot 2 θ = 52 − 1 = 24
θ
a=1 cot θ = 24 = 2 6
(Note: cot θ must be positive since θ is acute.)
Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
1 1
c 2 = 12 + 22 = 5 sin θ = =
csc θ 5
c= 5 cos θ
So the triangle is: cot θ = , so
sin θ
1 2 6
c= 5 cos θ = ( cot θ )( sin θ ) = 2 6 ⋅ =
b=2 5 5
θ 1 1 1 6 6
tan θ = = = ⋅ =
a=1 cot θ 2 6 2 6 6 12
opp 2 2 5 2 5 1 1 5 5 6 5 6
sin θ = = = ⋅ = sec θ = = = = ⋅ =
hyp 5 5 5 5 cos θ 2 5 6 2 6 2 6 6 12
adj 1 1 5 5
cosθ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 5 5 5 5 33. tan θ = 2
opp 2 Using the Pythagorean Identities:
tan θ = = =2
adj 1 sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1
( 2)
2
cscθ =
hyp
=
5 sec 2 θ = +1 = 3
opp 2
sec θ = 3
hyp 5
secθ = = = 5 (Note: sec θ must be positive since θ is acute.)
adj 1
1 1 1 3 3
cos θ = = = ⋅ =
31. sec θ = 3 sec θ 3 3 3 3
Using the Pythagorean Identities: sin θ
tan θ = , so
tan 2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ cos θ
tan 2 θ + 1 = 32 3 6
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = 2 ⋅ =
tan θ = 3 − 1 = 8
2 2
3 3
tan θ = 8=2 2 csc θ =
1 1
= 6 =
3
=
3
⋅
6 3 6
= =
6
(Note: tan θ must be positive since θ is acute.) sin θ 3
6 6 6 6 2
1 1
cos θ = = cot θ =
1
=
1
=
1
⋅
2
=
2
sec θ 3 tan θ 2
2 2 2
sin θ
tan θ = , so
cos θ 5
34. sec θ =
1 2 2 3
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = 2 2 ⋅ =
3 3 Using the Pythagorean Identities:
1 1 3 3 2 3 2 tan 2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
csc θ = = 2 2 = = ⋅ =
sin θ
2
2 2 2 2 2 4 ⎛5⎞
3 tan 2 θ + 1 = ⎜ ⎟
1 1 1 2 2 ⎝3⎠
cot θ = = = ⋅ =
tan θ 2 2 2 2 2 4
724
⎛5⎞
2
25 16 36. cot θ = 2 corresponds to the right triangle:
tan 2 θ = ⎜ ⎟ − 1 = −1 =
⎝3⎠ 9 9
16 4 c
tan θ = = b=1
9 3
θ
(Note: tan θ must be positive since θ is acute.) a=2
1 1 3
cos θ = =5 = Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
sec θ 3 5 c 2 = 12 + 22 = 1 + 4 = 5
sin θ
tan θ = , so c= 5
cos θ So the triangle is:
4 3 4
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = ⋅ =
3 5 5
c= 5
1 1 5 b=1
csc θ = = 4 =
sin θ 5 4 θ
1 1 3 a=2
cot θ = = 4 =
tan θ 3 4 opp 1 1 5 5
sin θ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 5 5 5 5
35. csc θ = 2 corresponds to the right triangle:
adj 2 2 5 2 5
cos θ = = = ⋅ =
hyp 5 5 5 5
c=2
b=1 tan θ =
opp 1
=
θ adj 2
a
hyp 5
Using the Pythagorean Theorem: csc θ = = = 5
opp 1
a 2 + 12 = 22
hyp 5
a2 + 1 = 4 sec θ = =
adj 2
a2 = 4 −1 = 3
a= 3 37. sin 2 20º + cos 2 20º = 1 , using the identity
So the triangle is: sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
c=2 38. sec 2 28º − tan 2 28º = 1 , using the identity

b=1
tan 2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
θ
a= 3
1
39. sin 80º csc80º = sin 80º ⋅ = 1 , using the
opp 1 sin 80º
sin θ = =
hyp 2 1
identity csc θ =
adj 3 sin θ
cos θ = =
hyp 2
1
opp 1 1 3 3 40. tan10º cot10º = tan10º ⋅ = 1 , using the
tan θ = = = ⋅ = tan10º
adj 3 3 3 3 1
identity cot θ =
hyp 2 2 3 2 3 tan θ
sec θ = = = ⋅ =
adj 3 3 3 3
adj 3
cot θ = = = 3
opp 1
725
sin 50º cos 70º sin(90º − 70º )

41. tan 50º − = tan 50º − tan 50º = 0 , using the 49. tan 20º − = tan 20º −
cos 50º cos 20º cos 20º
sin θ sin 20º
identity tan θ = = tan 20º −
cos θ cos 20º
= tan 20º − tan 20º
42. cot 25º −
cos 25º
= cot 25º − cot 25º = 0 , using the =0
sin 25º using the identities cos θ = sin ( 90° − θ ) and
cos θ sin θ
identity cot θ = tan θ =
sin θ cos θ
.
43. sin 38º − cos 52º = sin 38º − sin(90º − 52º )

sin 50º cos(90º − 50º )
= sin 38º − sin 38º 50. cot 40º − = cot 40º −
sin 40º sin 40º
=0 cos 40º
using the identity cos θ = sin ( 90° − θ ) = cot 40º −
sin 40º
= cot 40º − cot 40º
44. tan12º − cot 78º = tan12º − tan(90º − 78º ) =0
= tan12º − tan12º using the identities sin θ = cos ( 90° − θ ) and
=0 cos θ
using the identity cot θ = tan ( 90° − θ ) cot θ = .
sin θ
cos10º sin(90º − 10º ) sin 80º ⎛ sin 35º ⎞

45. = = =1 51. tan 35º ⋅sec55º ⋅ cos35º = ⎜ ⎟ sec55º ⋅ cos35º
sin 80º sin 80º sin 80º ⎝ cos35º ⎠
using the identity cos θ = sin ( 90° − θ ) = sin 35º ⋅ sec55º
= sin 35º ⋅ csc ( 90º −55º )
cos 40º sin(90º − 40º ) sin 50º
46. = = =1 = sin 35º ⋅ csc35º
sin 50º sin 50º sin 50º
1
using the identity cos θ = sin ( 90° − θ ) = sin 35º ⋅
sin 35º
=1
47. 1 − cos 2 20º − cos 2 70º = 1 − cos 2 20º − sin 2 (90º −70º ) sin θ
using the identities tan θ = ,
= 1 − cos 2 20º − sin 2 (20º ) cos θ
(
= 1 − cos 2 20º + sin 2 (20º ) ) sec θ = csc ( 90° − θ ) , and csc θ =
1
.
= 1−1 sin θ
=0
⎛ cos 25º ⎞
using the identities cos θ = sin ( 90° − θ ) and 52. cot 25º ⋅ csc65º ⋅ sin 25º = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ csc65º ⋅sin 25º
⎝ sin 25º ⎠
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 . = cos 25º ⋅ csc65º
= cos 25º ⋅ sec ( 90º −65º )
48. 1 + tan 2 5º − csc2 85º = sec2 5º − csc2 85º
= cos 25º ⋅ sec 25º
= sec2 5º − sec2 (90º − 85º )
1
= cos 25º ⋅
= sec2 5º − sec2 5º cos 25º
=0 =1
using the identities 1 + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ and cos θ
using the identities cot θ = ,
csc θ = sec ( 90° − θ ) sin θ
1
csc θ = sec ( 90° − θ ) , and sec θ = .
cos θ
726
53. cos 35º ⋅ sin 55º + cos 55º ⋅ sin 35º 57. Given: tan θ = 4
= cos 35º ⋅ cos(90º −55º ) + sin(90º −55º ) ⋅ sin 35º a. sec2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ = 1 + 42 = 1 + 16 = 17
= cos 35º ⋅ cos 35º + sin 35º ⋅ sin 35º 1 1
b. cot θ = =
= cos 35º + sin 35º
2 2
tan θ 4
=1 ⎛π ⎞
using the identities sin θ = cos ( 90° − θ ) , c. cot ⎜ − θ ⎟ = tan θ = 4
⎝2 ⎠
cos θ = sin ( 90° − θ ) , and sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 .
d. csc2 θ = 1 + cot 2 θ
54. sec 35º ⋅ csc 55º − tan 35º ⋅ cot 55º 1 1 1 17
= 1+ = 1+ 2 = 1+ =
= sec 35º ⋅ sec(90º −55º ) − tan 35º ⋅ tan(90º −55º ) tan 2 θ 4 16 16
= sec 35º ⋅ sec 35º − tan 35º ⋅ tan 35º
58. Given: sec θ = 3
= sec2 35º − tan 2 35º 1 1
a. cos θ = =
= (1 + tan 2 35º ) − tan 2 35º sec θ 3
=1 b. tan 2 θ = sec2 θ − 1 = 32 − 1 = 9 − 1 = 8
using the identities csc θ = sec ( 90° − θ ) ,
c. csc ( 90º − θ ) = sec θ = 3
cot θ = tan ( 90° − θ ) , and 1 + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ
d. sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
1 1 1 1 8
55. Given: sin 30o = = 1− = 1− 2 = 1− =
2 sec θ
2
3 9 9
a. (
cos 60o = sin 90o − 60o = sin 30o =) 1
2 59. Given: csc θ = 4
1 1
⎛1⎞ 3
2
a. sin θ = =
b. cos 30 = 1 − sin 30 = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ =
2 o 2 o
csc θ 4
⎝2⎠ 4
b. cot 2 θ = csc2 θ − 1 = 42 − 1 = 16 − 1 = 15
π 1 1
c. csc = csc 30o = o
= =2 c. sec(90º − θ ) = csc θ = 4
6 sin 30 1
2 1 1 16
d. sec2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ = 1 + = 1+ =
π ⎛π π⎞ π cot θ
2
15 15
d. sec = csc ⎜ − ⎟ = csc = csc 30o = 2
3 ⎝2 3⎠ 6
60. Given: cot θ = 2
1 1
3 a. tan θ = =
56. Given: sin 60o = cot θ 2
2
csc 2 θ = cot 2 θ + 1 = 22 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
( ) 3 b.
a. cos 30o = sin 90o − 30o = sin 60o =
2 ⎛π ⎞
c. tan ⎜ − θ ⎟ = cot θ = 2
⎛ 3⎞ 1
2
⎝ 2 ⎠
b. cos 2 60o = 1 − sin 2 60o = 1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 d. sec2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ
1 1 1 5
π 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 = 1+ = 1+ 2 = 1+ =
c. sec = = = = ⋅ = cot θ
2
2 4 4
6 cos π cos30o 3 3 3 3
6 2
π ⎛π π⎞ ⎛π⎞ 2 3
d. csc = sec ⎜ − ⎟ = sec ⎜ ⎟ = sec30o =
3 ⎝2 3⎠ ⎝6⎠ 3
727
61. Given: sin 38o ≈ 0.62 63. Given: sin θ = 0.3

a. cos 38o ≈ ? ⎛π ⎞
sin θ + cos ⎜ − θ ⎟ = sin θ + sin θ = 0.3 + 0.3 = 0.6
sin 2 38o + cos 2 38o = 1 ⎝ 2 ⎠
cos 2 38o = 1 − sin 2 38o 64. Given: tan θ = 4
cos 38 = 1 − sin 38
o 2 o
⎛π ⎞
tan θ + tan ⎜ − θ ⎟ = tan θ + cot θ
≈ 1 − ( 0.62 )
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
1 1 17
≈ 0.78 = tan θ + = 4+ =
tan θ 4 4
sin 38o 0.62
tan 38o = ≈ ≈ 0.79
( )
b.
cos 38o
0.785 65. The equation sin θ = cos 2θ + 30o will be true
c. cot 38o =
cos 38o 0.785
≈ ≈ 1.27
(
when θ = 90 − 2θ + 30
o o
)
sin 38o 0.62 θ = 60 − 2θ
o
d. sec 38o =
1
≈
1
≈ 1.27 3θ = 60o
cos 38o 0.785
θ = 20o
1 1
csc 38o = ≈ ≈ 1.61
e.
sin 38o 0.62 ( )
66. The equation tan θ = cot θ + 45o will be true
f. ( )
sin 52o = cos 90o − 52o = cos 38o ≈ 0.78 when θ = 90 − θ + 45
o
( o
)
θ = 45 − θ
= sin ( 90 − 52 ) = sin 38
o
g. cos 52o o o o
≈ 0.62
2θ = 45o
h. tan 52 o
= cot ( 90 o
− 52 ) = cot 38
o o
≈ 1.27 θ = 22.5o
62. Given: cos 21o ≈ 0.93 1500 500

67. a. T= + = 5 + 5 = 10 minutes
a. sin 21o ≈ ? 300 100
sin 2 21o + cos 2 21o = 1 500 1500
b. T= + = 5 + 15 = 20 minutes
sin 21 = 1 − cos 21
2 o 2 o
100 100
sin 21 = 1 − cos 2 21o
o
500 500
c. tan θ = , so x = .
x tan θ
≈ 1 − ( 0.93)
2
500
≈ 0.37 sin θ = , so
distance in sand
sin 21o 0.368 500
b. tan 21o = ≈ = 0.40 distance in sand = .
cos 21o 0.93 sin θ
cos 21o 1500 − x distance in sand
c. cot 21o = ≈
0.93
≈ 2.53 T (θ ) = +
sin 21o
0.368 300 100
500 500
1 1 1500 −
d. sec 21o = ≈ ≈ 1.08 tan θ + sin θ
cos 21o 0.93 =
300 100
1 1 5 5
e. csc 21o = ≈ ≈ 2.72 = 5− +
3 tan θ sin θ
o
sin 21 0.368
f. ( )
sin 69o = cos 90o − 69o = cos 21o ≈ 0.93 ⎛
= 5 ⎜1 −
1
+
1 ⎞
⎝ 3 tan θ sin θ ⎟⎠
g. cos 69o = sin ( 90 o
− 69 ) = sin 21
o o
≈ 0.37
h. tan 69o = cot ( 90 o

− 69 ) = cot 21
o o
≈ 2.53
728
500 1 The time is least when the angle is

d. tan θ = = , so we can consider the approximately 70.5˚. The value of x for this
1500 3
500
triangle: angle is x = ≈ 177 feet . The
tan 70.53º
least time is approximately 9.7 minutes.
10
1 g. Answers will vary.
θ
3 68. a. Consider the length of the line segment in
two sections, x, the portion across the hall
5 5 that is 3 feet wide and y, the portion across
T = 5− +
3 tan θ sin θ that hall that is 4 feet wide. Then,
3 3 4
= 5−
5
+
5 cos θ = , so x = and sin θ = , so
⎛1⎞ 1 x cos θ y
3⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ 10
y=
4
. Thus, L = x + y =
3
+
4
.
= 5 − 5 + 5 10 sin θ cos θ sin θ
≈ 15.8 minutes b. Answers will vary.
e. 1000 feet along the paved path leaves an
additional 500 feet in the direction of the 69. a. Z 2 = X 2 + R2
path, so the angle of the path across the sand Z= X 2 + R 2 = 4002 + 6002
is 45˚.
5 5 = 520, 000 = 200 13 ≈ 721.1 ohms
T = 5− + The impedance is about 721.1 ohms.
3 tan 45º sin 45º
5 5
= 5− + X 400 2 13
3 ⋅1 2 b. sin φ = = =
Z 200 13 13
2
5 10 R 600 3 13
= 5− + cos φ = = =
3 2 Z 200 13 13
≈ 10.4 minutes X 400 2
tan φ = = =
5 5 R 600 3
f. Let Y1 = 5 − + with the
3 tan x sin x Z 200 13 13
csc φ = = =
calculator in DEGREE mode. X 400 2
20 Z 200 13 13
sec φ = = =
R 600 3
R 600 3
cot φ = = =
X 400 2
0° 90°
0 X
70. a. tan φ =
Use the MINIMUM feature: R
20 5 X
=
12 588
5 ⋅ 588
= X or X = 245 ohms
12
The inductive reactance is 245 ohms.
0° 90°
0 Z = X 2 + R 2 = 2452 + 5882 = 637
The impedance is 637 ohms.
729
X 245 5 h
b. sin φ = = = 73. h = x ⋅ = x tan θ
Z 637 13 x
R 588 12 h
cos φ = = = h = (1 − x) ⋅ = (1 − x) tan ( nθ )
Z 637 13 1− x
Z 637 13 x tan θ = (1 − x ) tan ( nθ )
csc φ = = =
X 245 5 x tan θ = tan ( nθ ) − x tan ( nθ )
Z 637 13
sec φ = = = x tan θ + x tan ( nθ ) = tan ( nθ )
R 588 12
R 588 12 x ( tan θ + tan ( nθ ) ) = tan ( nθ )
cot φ = = =
X 245 5 tan ( nθ )
x=
tan θ + tan ( nθ )
71. a. Since OA = OC = 1 , ΔOAC is isosceles.
Thus, ∠OAC = ∠OCA. . Now 74. Let x be the distance from O to the first circle.
∠OAC + ∠OCA + ∠AOC = 180º a
From the diagram, we have sin θ = and
∠OAC + ∠OCA + (180º − θ ) = 180º x+a
∠OAC + ∠OCA = θ b
sin θ = .
2 ( ∠OAC ) = θ x + 2a + b
θ a
=
b
∠OAC = Therefore,
x + a x + 2a + b
2
xb + ab = xa + 2a 2 + ab
CD CD
b. sin θ = = = CD xb − xa = 2a 2
OC 1
x(b − a ) = 2a 2
OD OD
cos θ = = = OD 2a 2
OC 1 x=
b−a
θ CD CD CD sin θ a
c. tan = = = = Therefore, sin θ =
2 AD AO + OD 1 + OD 1 + cosθ x+a
a a
72. Let h be the height of the triangle and b be the = = 2
2a 2
2a + ab − a 2
base of the triangle. +a
b−a b−a
h
sin θ = , so h = a sin θ a a (b − a ) a(b − a)
a = 2 = =
a + ab a 2 + ab a(b + a )
1
b b−a
cos θ = 2 , so b = 2a cos θ b−a
a =
1 1 b+a
A = bh = (2a cos θ )(a sin θ ) = a 2 sin θ cos θ 2
2 2 ⎛b−a⎞
Thus, cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 − ⎜ ⎟
⎝b+a⎠
b 2 − 2ab + a 2
= 1−
b 2 + 2ab + a 2
b 2 + 2ab + a 2 − b 2 + 2ab − a 2
=
b 2 + 2ab + a 2
4ab 2 ab ab
= = =
( a + b) 2 a+b a+b
2
730
1 1 1
75. a. Area ΔOAC = OC ⋅ AC 76. a. Area of ΔOBC = ⋅1 ⋅ sin θ = sin θ
2 2 2
1 OC AC 1
= ⋅ ⋅ b. Area of ΔOBD = ⋅1 ⋅ tan θ
2 1 1 2
1 1
= cos α sin α = tan θ
2 2
1
= sin α cos α sin θ
=
2 2 cos θ
1 Area ΔOBC < Area OBC q < Area ΔOBD
b. Area ΔOCB = OC ⋅ BC c.
2 1 1 sin θ
OC BC sin θ < θ <
1
= ⋅ OB ⋅
2
⋅ 2 2 2cosθ
2 OB OB sin θ θ sin θ
< <
1 sin θ sin θ sin θ cosθ
= OB cos β sin β
2
θ 1
2 1< <
1 sin θ cosθ
= OB sin β cos β
2
2
sin α
77. sin α = ⋅ cos α
c.
1
Area ΔOAB = BD ⋅ OA cos α
2 = tan α cos α
1 = cos β cos α
= BD ⋅1
2 = cos β tan β
1 BD
= ⋅ OB ⋅ sin β
2 OB = cos β ⋅
cos β
1 = sin β
= OB sin(α + β )
2
sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 1
OC
sin 2 α + tan 2 β = 1
cos α OA OC OB
d. = = ⋅ = OB sin 2 β
cos β OC 1 OC sin 2 α + =1
cos 2 β
OB
sin 2 α
Area ΔOAB = Area ΔOAC + Area ΔOCB sin 2 α + =1
e. 1 − sin 2 α
1 ⎛ sin 2 α ⎞
2
OB sin(α + β ) ( )
1 − sin 2 α ⎜ sin 2 α + (
⎟ = (1) 1 − sin α
1 − sin 2 α ⎠
2
)
⎝
1 1
= sin α cos α + OB sin β cos β
2
sin 2 α − sin 4 α + sin 2 α = 1 − sin 2 α
2 2
cos α sin 4 α − 3sin 2 α + 1 = 0
sin(α + β )
cos β Using the quadratic formula:
cos 2 α 3± 5
= sin α cos α + sin β cos β sin 2 α =
cos 2 β 2
cos β cos α 3± 5
sin(α + β ) = sin α cos α + sin β cos β sin α =
cos α cos β 2
sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
3+ 5 3− 5
But > 1 . So, sin α = .
2 2
731
x 80. Consider the right triangle:

78. Rewrite as tan θ = . Consider a right triangle
1
with acute angle θ . c
b
θ
x a
If θ is an acute angle in this triangle, then
θ b
a > 0, b > 0 and c > 0 . So sin θ = > 0 .
1 c
The hypotenuse is given by c = 1 + x 2 . Also, since a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , we know that:
opposite x x 1 + x2 0 < b2 < c 2
sin θ = = =
hypotenuse 1 + x2 1 + x2 0<b<c
b
adjacent 1 1 + x2 Thus, 0 < < 1
cos θ = = = c
hypotenuse 1 + x2 1 + x2 Therefore, 0 < sin θ < 1 .
adjacent 1
cot θ = = 81. Answers will vary.
opposite x
hypotenuse 1 + x2 82. Answers will vary.
sec θ = = = 1 + x2
adjacent 1
hypotenuse 1 + x2 Section 7.3
csc θ = =
opposite x
π 1 3
1. tan + sin 30° = 1 + =
79. Consider the right triangle: 4 2 2
2. Set the calculator to radian mode: sin 2 ≈ 0.91 .

c
b
θ
a
If θ is an acute angle in this triangle, then:
a 3. True
a > 0, b > 0 and c > 0 . So cos θ = > 0 .
c
4. False
Also, since a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , we know that:
0 < a2 < c2 2
5. sin 45° = csc 45° = 2
0<a<c 2
a 2
Thus, 0 < < 1 . cos 45° = sec 45° = 2
c 2
So we now know that 0 < cos θ < 1 which tan 45° = 1 cot 45° = 1
1 1
implies that: >
cos θ 1
sec θ > 1
732
Section 7.3: Computing the Values of Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles
1 3 2 2
6. sin 30° = sin 60° = 17. 4 cos 45º −2sin 45º = 4 ⋅ − 2⋅
2 2 2 2
3 1 =2 2− 2
cos 30° = cos 60° =
2 2 = 2
3
tan 30° = tan 60° = 3
3 2 4 3
18. 2sin 45º +4 cos 30º = 2 ⋅ + = 2+2 3
2 3 2 2
csc 30° = 2 csc 60° =
3
1
2 3 19. 6 tan 45º −8cos 60º = 6 ⋅1 − 8 ⋅ = 6−4 = 2
sec 30° = sec 60° = 2 2
3
3 1 3
cot 30° = 3 cot 60° = 20. sin 30º ⋅ tan 60º = ⋅ 3=
3 2 2
π π
( ) 3 2 3
7. f 60o = sin 60o = 21. sec + 2 csc = 2 + 2⋅
2 4 3 3
4 3 3 2+4 3
= 2+ =
8. g 60( ) o
= cos 60 =o1
2
3 3
π π
⎛ 60o ⎞ 22. tan + cot = 1+1 = 2
9. f⎜ ( )
⎟ = f 30 = sin 30 =
o o 1
4 4
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
2
π ⎛2 3⎞ 12 4 8
⎛ 60 ⎞ o 23. sec 2 − 4 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 4 = 9 − 4 = 3 − 4 = − 3
10. g ⎜ o
( )
⎟ = g 30 = cos 30 =
o 3 6 ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
π
( 3)
2
2 24. 4 + tan 2 = 4+ = 4+3= 7
⎛ 3⎞
( ) ( )
2 3 3
11. ⎣⎡ f 60 ⎦⎤ = sin 60
o o 2
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 2 2
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ 1 1 1
25. sin 2 30o + cos 2 60o = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = + =
⎛1⎞
2 ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ 4 4 2
( ) ( ) 1
2
12. ⎡ g 60o ⎤ = cos 60o
2
⎣ ⎦ =⎜ ⎟ =
⎝2⎠ 4
26. sec2 60o − tan 2 45o = ( 2 ) − (1) = 4 − 1 = 3
2 2
( )
13. 2 f 60o = 2sin 60o = 2 ⋅
2
3
= 3 ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞2
2
27. 1 − cos 30 − cos 60 = 1 − ⎜⎜

2 o
⎟⎟ − ⎜ ⎟
2 o
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2⎠
( )
14. 2 g 60o = 2 cos 60o = 2 ⋅
1
2
=1
= 1− −
3 1
4 4
3 =0
15.
( ) = sin 60
f 60o o
= 2 =
3 1
⋅ =
3 2
⎛ 3⎞
( 2)
2
2 2 2 2 2 4 28. 1 + tan 30 − csc 45 = 1 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ −
2 o 2 o
⎝ 3 ⎠
1
16.
( ) = cos 60
g 60o o
1 1 1
= 2= ⋅ =
3
= 1+ − 2
2 2 2 2 2 4 9
2
=−
3
733
29. Set the calculator to degree mode: sin 28º ≈ 0.47 . π

36. Set the calculator to radian mode: cos ≈ 0.92 .
8
30. Set the calculator to degree mode: cos14º ≈ 0.97 .

5π
37. Set the calculator to radian mode: tan ≈ 3.73 .
12
31. Set the calculator to degree mode: tan 21º ≈ 0.38 .
38. Set the calculator to radian mode:

π 1
cot = ≈ 5.67.
18 tan π
32. Set the calculator to degree mode: 18
1
cot 70º = ≈ 0.36 .
tan 70º

π 1
sec = ≈ 1.04.
33. Set the calculator to degree mode: 12 cos π
1 12
sec 41º = ≈ 1.33 .
cos 41º

34. Set the calculator to degree mode: 5π 1
csc = ≈ 1.07.
1 13 sin 5π
csc55º = ≈ 1.22 .
sin 55º 13
π 41. Set the calculator to radian mode: sin 1 ≈ 0.84 .

35. Set the calculator to radian mode: sin ≈ 0.31 .
10
734
42. Set the calculator to radian mode: tan 1 ≈ 1.56 . v0 2 sin 2 θ

Use the formula H = with
2g
g = 9.8 m/sec 2 ; θ = 30º ; v0 = 150 m/sec :
1502 sin 2 30º 22,500(0.5) 2
H= = ≈ 286.99 m
2(9.8) 19.6
43. Set the calculator to degree mode: sin1º ≈ 0.02 .
2v0 2 sin θ cos θ
49. Use the formula R = with
g
g = 9.8 m/sec 2 ; θ = 25º ; v0 = 500 m/sec :
2 ( 500 ) sin 25º ⋅ cos 25º
2
44. Set the calculator to degree mode: tan1º ≈ 0.02 . R= ≈ 19,541.95 m
g
v0 2 sin 2 θ
2g
g = 9.8 m/sec 2 ; θ = 25º ; v0 = 500 m/sec :
45. Set the calculator to radian mode: tan 0.3 ≈ 0.31 .
5002 sin 2 25º
H= ≈ 2278.14 m
2(9.8)
2v0 2 sin θ cos θ

g
46. Set the calculator to radian mode: tan 0.1 ≈ 0.10 .
g = 32.2ft/sec 2 ; θ = 50º ; v0 = 200 ft/sec :
2 ( 200 ) sin 50º ⋅ cos 50º
2
R= ≈ 1223.36 ft
g
v0 2 sin 2 θ
2v0 2 sin θ cos θ 2g
g g = 32.2ft/sec 2 ; θ = 50º ; v0 = 200 ft/sec :
g = 32.2ft/sec ; θ = 45º ; v0 = 100 ft/sec :
2
2002 sin 2 50º
H= ≈ 364.49 ft
2 (100 ) sin 45º ⋅ cos 45º
2
2(32.2)
R= ≈ 310.56 feet
32.2
2a
v0 2 sin 2 θ 51. Use the formula t = ± with
Use the formula H = with g sin θ cos θ
2g
g = 32 ft/sec 2 and a = 10 feet :
g = 32.2ft/sec 2 ; θ = 45º ; v0 = 100 ft/sec :
2 (10 )
1002 sin 2 45º a. t=± ≈ 1.20 seconds
H= ≈ 77.64 feet 32sin 30º ⋅ cos 30º
2(32.2)
2 (10 )
2v 2 sin θ cos θ b. t=± ≈ 1.12 seconds
48. Use the formula R = 0 with 32sin 45º ⋅ cos 45º
g
2 (10 )
g = 9.8 m/sec 2 ; θ = 30º ; v0 = 150 m/sec : c. t=± ≈ 1.20 seconds
32sin 60º ⋅ cos 60º
2 (150 ) sin 30º ⋅ cos 30º
2
R= ≈ 1988.32 m
g
735
52. Use the formula 2 1

b. T (30º ) = 1 + −
x = cos θ + 16 + 0.5(2 cos 2 θ − 1) . 3sin 30º 4 tan 30º
2 1
When θ = 30º : = 1+ −
1 1
3⋅ 4⋅
( )
x = cos 30º + 16 + 0.5 2 cos 2 30º −1 ≈ 4.897 in 2 3
When θ = 45º : 4 3
= 1+ − ≈ 1.9 hr
( )
3 4
x = cos 45º + 16 + 0.5 2 cos 2 45º −1 ≈ 4.707 in Sally is on the paved road for
1
53. a. We label the diagram as follows: 1− ≈ 0.57 hr .
4 tan 30º
8 mi
2 1
c. T (45º ) = 1 + −
1 mi s s 1 mi 3sin 45º 4 tan 45º
2 1
θ θ = 1+ −
3⋅
1 4 ⋅1
x 8 − 2x x
2
1 1
Note that tan θ = and sin θ = , so 2 2 1
x s = 1+ − ≈ 1.69 hr
3 4
1 1
x= and s = . Also, note that Sally is on the paved road for
tan θ sin θ 1
distance 1− = 0.75 hr .
distance = rate ⋅ time , so time = . 4 tan 45o
rate
Then, 2 1
d. T (60º ) = 1 + −
distance on sand 3sin 60 4 tan 60o
o
time on sand =
rate on sand 2 1
= 1+ −
⎛ 1 ⎞ 3 4⋅ 3
2⎜ ⎟ 3⋅
sin θ ⎠
= ⎝
2s 2 2
= =
3 3 3sin θ = 1+
4
−
1
≈ 1.63 hr
distance on road 3 3 4 3
and time on road =
rate on road Sally is on the paved road for
8 − 2x x 1−
1
≈ 0.86 hr .
= = 1−
8 4 4 tan 60o
1 2 1
e. T (90º ) = 1 + − .
= 1 − tan θ = 1 −
1
3sin 90º 4 tan 90º
4 4 tan θ But tan 90º is undefined, so we can’t use
So, total time = time on sand + time on road the function formula for this path.
2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ However, the distance would be 2 miles in
T (θ ) = + ⎜1 − ⎟
3sin θ ⎝ 4 tan θ ⎠ the sand and 8 miles on the road. The total
2 5
= 1+
2
−
1 time would be: + 1 = ≈ 1.67 hours. The
3sin θ 4 tan θ 3 3
path would be to leave the first house
walking 1 mile in the sand straight to the
road. Then turn and walk 8 miles on the
road. Finally, turn and walk 1 mile in the
sand to the second house.
736
1 1 1 h h
f. tanθ = , so x = = = 4 . Thus, Note that tan θ = , so r = = h cot θ .
4 tan θ 1/ 4 r tan θ
the Pythagorean Theorem yields: Consider the smaller triangle in the figure.
s 2 = x 2 + 12
(
From this, sin 90o − θ =
R
h−R
) . Since
s = x 2 + 1 = 42 + 1 = 17
Total time = time on sand + time on road ( )
sin 90o − θ = cos θ , we have that:
2 s 8 − 2 x 2 17 8 − 2 ⋅ 4 cos θ =
R
T= + = +
3 8 3 8 h−R
2 17 8 − 8 2 17 R
= + = +0 h−R =
3 8 3 cos θ
R R + R cos θ
2 17 h= +R=
= ≈ 2.75 hrs cos θ cos θ
3
Then r = h cot θ
The path would be to leave the first house
and walk in the sand directly to the bridge. ⎛ R + R cos θ ⎞⎛ cos θ ⎞
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
Then cross the bridge (approximately 0 ⎝ cos θ ⎠⎝ sin θ ⎠
miles on the road), and then walk in the sand R + R cos θ
directly to the second house. =
sin θ
2 1
g. Let Y1 = 1 + − 1
Thus, V = π r 2 h
3sin x 4 tan x 3
4
1 ⎛ R + R cos θ ⎞ ⎛ R + R cos θ ⎞
2
= π⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝ sin θ ⎠ ⎝ cos θ ⎠
π ( R + R cos θ )
3
=
0° 90° 3sin 2 θ cos θ
0
Use the MINIMUM feature: b. When θ = 30º :
π ( 2 + 2 cos 30º )
3
4
V ( 30º ) = ≈ 251.4 cm3
3sin 2 30º ⋅ cos 30º
When θ = 45º :
π ( 2 + 2 cos 45º )
3
0° 90° V ( 45º ) = ≈ 117.9 cm3

0 3sin 2 45º ⋅ cos 45º
The time is least when θ ≈ 67.98º . The least
When θ = 60º :
time is approximately 1.62 hour.
π ( 2 + 2 cos 60º )
3
Sally’s time on the paved road is V ( 60º ) = ≈ 75.4 cm3
1 1 3sin 2 60º ⋅ cos 60º
1− ≈ 1− ≈ 0.90 hour.
4 tan θ 4 tan 67.98o π ( 2 + 2 cos x )
3
c. Let Y1 = .
54. a. We label the diagram as follows: 3(sin x) 2 cos x
500
0° 90°
0
Using a slant angle of approximately 70.53o

will yield the minimum volume 67.02 cm3 .
737
55. c = 8, θ = 35º π
58. Case 1: θ = , a=3
8
8
a
c 3
35º
b _π
8
a b
sin ( 35º ) = cos ( 35º ) = b
8 8 ⎛π⎞ 3
sin ⎜ ⎟ =
a = 8sin ( 35º ) b = 8cos ( 35º ) ⎝8⎠ c
≈ 8(0.5736) ≈ 8(0.8192) c=
3
≈
3
≈ 7.84 m.
≈ 4.59 in. ≈ 6.55 in. ⎛ π ⎞ 0.3827
sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝8⎠
56. c = 10, θ = 40º
π
Case 2: θ = , b=3
8
10
a
40º c a
b _π
a b
sin ( 40º ) = cos ( 40º ) =
8
3
10 10
⎛π⎞ 3
a = 10sin ( 40º ) b = 10 cos ( 40º ) cos ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝8⎠ c
≈ 10(0.6428) ≈ 10(0.7660) 3 3
≈ 6.43 cm. ≈ 7.66 cm. c= ≈ ≈ 3.25 m.
⎛ π ⎞ 0.9239
cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝8⎠
57. Case 1: θ = 25º , a = 5
There are two possible cases because the given
side could be adjacent or opposite the given
c 5 angle.
25º AC
b 59. tan ( 35º ) =
100
5
sin ( 25º ) = AC = 100 tan ( 35º ) ≈ 100(0.7002) ≈ 70.02 feet
c
5 5
c= ≈ ≈ 11.83 in. AC
sin ( 25º ) 0.4226 60. tan ( 40º ) =
100
Case 2: θ = 25º , b = 5 AC = 100 tan ( 40º ) ≈ 100(0.8391) ≈ 83.91 feet
c 61. Let x = the height of the Eiffel Tower.

a
x
25º tan ( 85.361º ) =
80
5
5 x = 80 tan ( 85.361º ) ≈ 80(12.3239) ≈ 985.91 feet
cos ( 25º ) =
c
5 5
c= ≈ ≈ 5.52 in.
cos ( 25º ) 0.9063
There are two possible cases because the given

side could be adjacent or opposite the given
angle.
738
62. Let x = the distance to the shore. 66. Let h = the height of the balloon.
54º 61º
100 feet
25º
x
h h
100
tan ( 25º ) =
x 61º
100 100 54º
x= ≈ ≈ 214.45 feet 100 ft x − 100
tan ( 25º ) 0.4663 x
63. Let x = the distance to the base of the plateau. h

tan ( 54º ) =
x
50 meters x=
h
20º tan ( 54º )
x h
50 tan ( 61º ) =
tan ( 20º ) = x − 100
h = ( x − 100) tan ( 61º )
x
50 50
x= ≈ ≈ 137.37 meters
tan ( 20º ) 0.3640 ⎛ ⎞
− 100 ⎟ tan ( 61º )
h
h=⎜
⎝ tan ( 54º ) ⎠
64. Let x = the distance up the building tan(61°)
h− h = −100 tan ( 61° )
tan(54°)
22 feet ⎛ tan(61°) ⎞
x h ⎜1 − ⎟ = −100 tan ( 61° )
⎝ tan(54°) ⎠
70º −100 tan ( 61° )
h= ≈ 580.61
sin ( 70º ) =
x ⎛ tan ( 61° ) ⎞
−
⎜ tan ( 54° ) ⎟
1
22 ⎝ ⎠
x = 22sin ( 70º ) ≈ 22(0.9397) ≈ 20.67 feet Thus, the height of the balloon is approximately
580.61 feet.
65. We construct the figure below:
67. Let h represent the height of Lincoln's face.
32º 23º
h
500 ft
32º 23º
x y
b
500 500 35º
tan ( 32º ) = tan ( 23º ) = 32º
x y 800 feet
500 500
x= y= tan ( 32º ) =
b
tan ( 32º ) tan ( 23º ) 800
b = 800 tan ( 32º ) ≈ 499.90
Distance = x + y b+h
500 500 tan ( 35º ) =
= + 800
tan ( 32º ) tan ( 23º ) b + h = 800 tan ( 35º ) ≈ 560.17
≈ 1978.09 feet Thus, the height of Lincoln’s face is:
h = (b + h) − b = 560.17 − 499.90 ≈ 60.27 feet
739
68. Let h represent the height of tower above the 71. Let h = the height of the monument.
Sky Pod.
h
h
35.1º
b 789 ft
24.4º h
20.1º tan ( 35.1º ) =
4000 feet 789
b h = 789 tan ( 35.1º ) ≈ 789(0.7028) ≈ 554.52 ft
tan ( 20.1º ) =
4000
72. The elevation change is 11200 − 9000 = 2200 ft .
b = 4000 tan ( 20.1º ) ≈ 1463.79 Let x = the length of the trail.
b+h
tan ( 24.4º ) =
4000 x
b + h = 4000 tan ( 24.4º ) ≈ 1814.48 2200 ft
17º
Thus, the height of tower above the Sky Pod is:
h = (b + h) − b = 1814.48 − 1463.79 ≈ 350.69 feet 2200
sin17º =
x
69. Let x = the length of the guy wire.
2200 2200
x= ≈ ≈ 7524.67 ft.
sin (17º ) 0.2924
10 ft
73. Let x, y, and z = the three segments of the

highway around the bay (see figure).
x 190 ft
y
1 mi
o
z
1 mi
69 x
190
sin ( 69º ) =
140º 40º 50º 130º
x a b
3 mi
x=
190
≈ 203.52 ft. The length of the highway = x + y + z
sin ( 69º ) 1
sin ( 40º ) =
x
70. Let h = the height of the tower.
1
x= ≈ 1.5557 mi
sin ( 40º )
1
sin ( 50º ) =
z
1
z= ≈ 1.3054 mi
sin ( 50º )
80 ft
h
1
tan ( 40º ) =
65 o
a
1
h a= ≈ 1.1918 mi
sin ( 65º ) = tan ( 40º )
80
h = 80sin ( 65º ) ≈ 72.50 ft. tan ( 50º ) =
1
b
1
b= ≈ 0.8391 mi
tan ( 50º )
740
a+ y+b = 3 76. a. The distance between the buildings is the

y = 3− a −b length of the side adjacent to the angle of
elevation in a right triangle.
≈ 3 − 1.1918 − 0.8391 = 0.9691 mi
The length of the highway is about:
1.5557 + 0.9691 + 1.3054 ≈ 3.83 miles .
1776
74. Let x = the distance from George at which the
camera must be set in order to see his head and 34°
x
feet.
opposite
x Since tan θ = and we know the
20º adjacent
4 ft angle measure, we can use the tangent to
find the distance. Let x = the distance
between the buildings. This gives us
4
tan ( 20º ) = tan 34° =
1776
x x
4 1776
x= ≈ 10.99 feet x=
tan ( 20º ) tan 34°
x ≈ 2633
If the camera is set at a distance of 10 feet from
The office building is about 2633 feet from
George, his feet will not be seen by the lens.
the base of the tower.
The camera would need to be moved back about
1 additional foot (11 feet total). b. Let y = the difference in height between
Freedom Tower and the office building.
75. Adding some lines to the diagram and labeling Together with the result from part (a), we
special points, we obtain the following: get the following diagram
5
B C D y
α 20°
α
1.8 2633
opposite
tan θ =
E adjacent
1.2 y
tan 20° =
2633
1.5 A y ≈ 958
The Freedom Tower is about 958 feet taller
1 3 than the office building. Therefore, the
If we let x = length of side BC, we see that, in office building is 1776 − 958 = 818 feet tall.
3
ΔABC , tan α = . Also, in ΔEDC ,
x sin θ
77. θ sin θ
tan α =
1.8
. Therefore, we have
θ
5− x 0.5 0.4794 0.9589
3 1.8 0.4 0.3894 0.9735
=
x 5− x 0.2 0.1987 0.9933
15 − 3 x = 1.8 x
15 = 4.8 x 0.1 0.0998 0.9983
15 0.01 0.0100 1.0000
x= = 3.125 ft
4.8 0.001 0.0010 1.0000
1 + 3.125 = 4.125 ft 0.0001 0.0001 1.0000
The player should hit the top cushion at a point
that is 4.125 feet from upper left corner. 0.00001 0.00001 1.0000
sin θ
approaches 1 as θ approaches 0.
θ
741
Now each set of parentheses contains a pair of

cos θ − 1
78. θ cos θ − 1 complementary angles. For example, using
θ cofunction properties, we have:
0.5 −0.1224 −0.2448
( cot1 o
) (
⋅ cot 89o = cot1o ⋅ cot 90o − 1o ( ))
0.4 −0.0789 −0.1973
0.2 −0.0199 −0.0997 = ( cot1 o
⋅ tan1o )
0.1 −0.0050 −0.0050 =1
0.01 −0.00005 −0.0050 ( cot 2 o
⋅ cot 88
o
) = ( cot 2 o
(
⋅ cot 90o − 2o ))
0.001 0.0000 −0.0005 = ( cot 2 o
⋅ tan 2 o
)
0.0001 0.0000 −0.00005
=1
0.00001 0.0000 −0.000005 and so on.
cos θ − 1 This result holds for each pair in our product.
approaches 0 as θ approaches 0.
θ Since we know that cot 45o = 1 , our product can
be rewritten as: 1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅ ... ⋅1 = 1 . Therefore,
79. We rearrange the order of the terms in this
product as follows: cot1o ⋅ cot 2o ⋅ cot 3o ⋅ ... ⋅ cot 89o = 1 .
tan1o ⋅ tan 2o ⋅ tan 3o ⋅ ... ⋅ tan 89o 81. We can rearrange the order of the terms in this
( )(
= tan1o ⋅ tan 89o ⋅ tan 2o ⋅ tan 88o ⋅ ... ) product as follows:
cos1o ⋅ cos 2o ⋅ ... ⋅ cos 45o ⋅ csc 46o ⋅ ... ⋅ csc89o
(
⋅ tan 44o ⋅ tan 46o ⋅ tan 45o )( )
Now each set of parentheses contains a pair of ( )(
= cos1o ⋅ csc89o ⋅ cos 2o ⋅ csc88o ⋅ ... )
complementary angles. For example, using
cofunction properties, we have:
(
⋅ cos 44 ⋅ csc 46o ⋅ cos 45o
o
)( )
( tan1 o
) ( (
⋅ tan 89o = tan1o ⋅ tan 90o − 1o )) Now each set of parentheses contains a pair of
= ( tan1 o
⋅ cot1o ) cofunction properties, we have:
⎛ 1 ⎞
( cos1 o
) (
⋅ csc89o = cos1o ⋅ csc 90o − 1o ( ))
= ⎜ tan1o ⋅
⎝
⎟
tan1o ⎠ = ( cos1 o
⋅ sec1o )
=1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ cos1o ⋅
( tan 2 o
) (
⋅ tan 88o = tan 2o ⋅ tan 90o − 2o ( )) ⎝
⎟
cos1o ⎠
= ( tan 2 =1
o
⋅ cot 2o )
⎛ 1 ⎞
( cos 2 o
) (
⋅ csc88o = cos 2o ⋅ csc 90o − 2o ( ))
= ⎜ tan 2o ⋅
⎝
⎟
tan 2o ⎠ = ( cos 2 o
⋅ sec 2o )
=1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
and so on. = ⎜ cos 2o ⋅ ⎟
⎝ cos 2o ⎠
This result holds for each pair in our product.
=1
Since we know that tan 45o = 1 , our product can
and so on.
be rewritten as: 1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅ ... ⋅1 = 1 .
This result holds for each pair in our product.
Therefore, tan1o ⋅ tan 2o ⋅ tan 3o ⋅ ... ⋅ tan 89o = 1.
2
Since we know that cos 45o = , our product
80. We can rearrange the order of the terms in this 2
product as follows: 2 2
can be rewritten as 1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅⋅⋅1 ⋅ = . Thus,
cot1o ⋅ cot 2o ⋅ cot 3o ⋅ ... ⋅ cot 89o 2 2
( )(
= cot1o ⋅ cot 89o ⋅ cot 2o ⋅ cot 88o ⋅ ... ) cos1o ⋅ cos 2o ⋅ ... ⋅ cos 45o ⋅ csc 46o ⋅ ... ⋅ csc89o =
2
.
( )( )
2
⋅ cot 44o ⋅ cot 46o ⋅ cot 45o
742
Section 7.4: Trigonometric Functions of General Angles
82. We can rearrange the order of the terms in this 8. quadrant I and quadrant IV
product as follows:
sin1o ⋅ sin 2o ⋅ ... ⋅ sin 45o ⋅ sec 46o ⋅ ... ⋅ sec89o π 3π
9. and
( )(
= sin1o ⋅ sec89o ⋅ sin 2o ⋅ sec88o ⋅ ... ) 2 2
(
⋅ sin 44o ⋅ sec 46o ⋅ sin 45o )( ) 10.
13π 12π π
− =
Now each set of parentheses contains a pair of 3 3 3
cofunction properties, we have: 11. ( −3, 4 ) : a = −3, b = 4
( sin1 o
) (
⋅ sec89o = sin1o ⋅ sec 90o − 1o( )) r = a 2 + b2 = ( −3 )
2
+ 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
= ( sin1 o
⋅ csc1o )
⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ sin1o ⋅ ⎟
⎝ sin1o ⎠
=1
( sin 2 o
) (
⋅ sec88o = sin 2o ⋅ sec 90o − 2o ( ))
= ( sin 2 o
⋅ csc 2o )
⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ sin 2o ⋅ ⎟
⎝ sin 2o ⎠ b 4 a −3 3
sin θ = = cos θ = = =−
=1 r 5 r 5 5
and so on. b 4 4 a −3 3
tan θ = = =− cot θ = = =−
This result holds for each pair in our product. And a −3 3 b 4 4
2 r 5 5 r 5
since we know that sin 45o = , our product can sec θ = = =− csc θ = =
2 a −3 3 b 4
2 2
be rewritten as 1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅ ... ⋅1 ⋅ = . Thus, 12. ( 5, −12 ) : a = 5, b = −12
2 2
2 r = a 2 + b 2 = 52 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13
sin1o ⋅ sin 2o ⋅ ... ⋅ sin 45o ⋅ sec 46o ⋅ ... ⋅ sec89o = .
2
83 – 85. Answers will vary.
Section 7.4
1. tangent, cotangent
2. coterminal
3. 240º −180º = 60º
4. False
b −12 12 a 5
sin θ = = =− cos θ = =
5. True r 13 3 r 13
b −12 12 a 5 5
6. True tan θ = = =− cot θ = = =−
a 5 5 b −12 12
7. 600º −360º = 240º ; 240º −180º = 60º r 13 r 13 13
sec θ = = csc θ = = =−
a 5 b −12 12
743
13. ( 2, −3) : a = 2, b = −3 15. ( −3, −3) : a = −3, b = −3
r = a 2 + b 2 = 22 + ( −3) = 4 + 9 = 13 ( −3) + ( −3) = 18 = 3 2

2 2 2
r = a 2 + b2 =
b −3 13 3 13 −3
sin θ = = =− sin θ =
b
=
2
=−
2
r 13 13 13 r 3 2 2
2
a 2 13 2 13 −3 2
cos θ = = = a
cos θ = = =−
2
r 13 13 13 r 3 2 2 2
b −3 3 a 2 2 b −3 a −3
tan θ = = =− cot θ = = =− tan θ = = =1 cot θ = = =1
a 2 2 b −3 3 a −3 b −3
r 13 r 13 13 r 3 2 r 3 2
sec θ = = csc θ = = =− sec θ = = =− 2 csc θ = = =− 2
a 2 b −3 3 a −3 b −3
14. ( −1, −2 ) : a = −1, b = −2 16. ( 2, −2 ) : a = 2, b = −2
( −1) + ( −2 ) = 1 + 4 = 5
2 2
r = a +b =2 2
r = a 2 + b 2 = 2 2 + ( −2 ) = 8 = 2 2
2
b −2 5 2 5 −2 2 2
sin θ = = =− sin θ =
b
= =−
r 5 5 5 r 2 2 2 2
a −1 5 5 2 2 2
cos θ = = =− a
cos θ = = =
r 5 5 5 r 2 2 2 2
b −2 a −1 1 b −2 a 2
tan θ = = =2 cot θ = = = tan θ = = = −1 cot θ = = = −1
a −1 b −2 2 a 2 b −2
r 5 r 5 5 r 2 2 r 2 2
sec θ = = =− 5 csc θ = = =− sec θ = = = 2 csc θ = = =− 2
a −1 b −2 2 a 2 b −2
744
⎛ 3 1⎞ 3 1 3
17. ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟ : a = , b= b 3
⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 2 sin θ = = 2 =
r 1 2
2
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞2 3 1 1
r = a 2 + b 2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = + = 1 =1 a −2 1
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2⎠ 4 4 cosθ = = =−
r 1 2
3
b 2
tan θ = = =− 3
a −1
2
r 1 2 3 2 3
cscθ = = = =
b 3 3 3 3
2
r 1
secθ = = = −2
a −1
1
2
b 2 1 r 1
sin θ = = = cscθ = = =2 1
r 1 2 b 1 a − 2 −1 3 3
2 cot θ = = = =−
b 3 3 3 3
3
2
a 3
cosθ = = 2 =
r 1 2 ⎛ 2 2⎞ 2 2
1 19. ⎜⎜ ,− ⎟⎟ : a = , b=−
b 1 3 3 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2
tan θ = = 2 = =
a 3 3 3 3 2 2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ 2 2
2 r = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = + = 1 =1
r 1 2 3 2 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 4
secθ = = = =
a 3 3 3 3
2
3
a 2
cot θ = = = 3
b 1
2
⎛ 1 3⎞ 1 3
18. ⎜⎜ − , ⎟⎟ : a = − , b =
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2
2 2
b − 2
2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
2
1 3 2 a 2 = 2
r = a + b = ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜⎜
2 2
⎟⎟ = + = 1 =1 sin θ = = =− cosθ = =
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 4 r 1 2 r 1 2
2 2
b − 2 a 2 = −1
tan θ = = = −1 cot θ = =
a 2 b 2
−
2 2
r 1 2 2
secθ = = = = 2
a 2 2 2
2
r 1 2 2
cscθ = = =− =− 2
b 2 2 2
−
2
745
⎛ 2 2⎞ 2 2 25. csc 450º = csc(360º + 90º ) = csc 90º = 1

20. ⎜⎜ − ,− ⎟⎟ : a = − , b=−
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2
26. sec 540º = sec(360º + 180º ) = sec180º = −1
2 2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ 2 2
r = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = + = 1 =1 27. cot 390º = cot(180º + 180º + 30º ) = cot 30º = 3
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 4
28. sec 420º = sec(360º + 60º ) = sec 60º = 2
33π ⎛ π 32π ⎞
29. cos = cos ⎜ + ⎟
4 ⎝4 4 ⎠
⎛π ⎞
= cos ⎜ + 8π ⎟
⎝4 ⎠
⎛π ⎞
= cos ⎜ + 4 ⋅ 2π ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
2 π
− = cos
b 2 =− 2 4
sin θ = =
r 1 2 2
=
2 2
−
a 2 2
cos θ = = =−
r 1 2 9π ⎛ π 8π ⎞
30. sin = sin ⎜ + ⎟
2 4 ⎝4 4 ⎠
−
b
tan θ = = 2 =1 ⎛π ⎞
= sin ⎜ + 2π ⎟
a 2 ⎝4 ⎠
−
2 π
= sin
r 1 2 2 4
csc θ = = =− =− 2
b 2 2 2 2
− =
2 2
r 1 2 2
sec θ = = =− =− 2 31. tan 21π = tan(0 + 21π) = tan 0 = 0
a 2 2 2
−
2
9π ⎛ π 8π ⎞
2 32. csc = csc ⎜ + ⎟
− 2 ⎝2 2 ⎠
a 2
cot θ = = =1 ⎛π ⎞
b 2 = csc ⎜ + 4π ⎟
− ⎝2 ⎠
2
⎛π ⎞
= csc ⎜ + 2 ⋅ 2π ⎟
2 ⎝2 ⎠
21. sin 405º = sin(360º + 45º ) = sin 45º =
2 π
= csc
2
1
22. cos 420º = cos(360º + 60º ) = cos 60º = =1
2
33. Since sin θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and II,
23. tan 405º = tan(180º + 180º + 45º ) = tan 45º = 1 and cos θ < 0 for points in quadrants II and III,
the angle θ lies in quadrant II.
1
24. sin 390º = sin(360º + 30º ) = sin 30º =
2
746
34. Since sin θ < 0 for points in quadrants III and 43. θ = 120o is in quadrant II, so the reference angle
IV, and cos θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and is α = 180o − 120o = 60o .
IV, the angle θ lies in quadrant IV.
35. Since sin θ < 0 for points in quadrants III and

IV, and tan θ < 0 for points in quadrants II and α θ
IV, the angle θ lies in quadrant IV.
36. Since cos θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and IV,

and tan θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and III,
the angle θ lies in quadrant I.
44. θ = 300o is in quadrant IV, so the reference angle
37. Since cos θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and IV,
is α = 360o − 300o = 60o .
and cot θ < 0 for points in quadrants II and IV,
the angle θ lies in quadrant IV.
38. Since sin θ < 0 for points in quadrants III and θ

IV, and cot θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and α
III, the angle θ lies in quadrant III.
39. Since sec θ < 0 for points in quadrants II and III,

and tan θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and III,
the angle θ lies in quadrant III. 45. θ = 210o is in quadrant III, so the reference angle
is α = 210o − 180o = 30o .
40. Since csc θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and II,
and cot θ < 0 for points in quadrants II and IV,
46. θ = 330o is in quadrant IV, so the reference
the angle θ lies in quadrant II.
angle is α = 360o − 330o = 30o .
41. θ = −30o is in quadrant IV, so the reference
5π
angle is α = 30o . 47. θ = is in quadrant III, so the reference angle
4
5π π
is α = −π = .
4 4
θ α 5π
48. θ = is in quadrant II, so the reference angle
6
5π π
is α = π − = .
6 6
42. θ = 60o is in quadrant I, so the reference angle is
8π
α = 60o . 49. θ = is in quadrant II. Note that
3
8π 2π
− 2π = , so the reference angle is
θ=α 3 3
2π π
α =π − = .
3 3
7π
50. θ = is in quadrant IV, so the reference angle
4
7π π
is α = 2π − = .
4 4
747
51. θ = −135o is in quadrant III. Note that 3

60. cos 210o = − cos 30o = − , since θ = 210o has
−135o + 360o = 225o , so the reference angle is 2
α = 225o − 180o = 45o . reference angle α = 30o in quadrant III.
52. θ = −240o is in quadrant II. Note that 2

61. cos 315o = cos 45o = , since θ = 315o has
−240o + 360o = 120o , so the reference angle is 2
α = 180o − 120o = 60o . reference angle α = 45o in quadrant IV.
2π 3
53. θ = − is in quadrant III. Note that 62. sin120o = sin 60o = , since θ = 120o has
3 2
2π 4π reference angle α = 60o in quadrant II.
− + 2π = , so the reference angle is
3 3 1
63. sin 510o = sin 30o = , since θ = 510o has
4π π 2
α= −π = .
3 3 reference angel α = 30o in quadrant II.
7π 1
54. θ = − is in quadrant II. Note that 64. cos 600o = − cos 60o = − , since θ = 600o has
6 2
7π 5π reference angel α = 60o in quadrant III.
− + 2π = , so the reference angle is
6 6
2
α =π −
5π π
= . ( )
65. cos −45o = sin 45o =
2
, since θ = −45o has
6 6
reference angel α = 45o in quadrant IV.
55. θ = 440o is in quadrant I. Note that
3
440o − 360o = 80o , so the reference angle is ( )
66. sin −240o = sin 60o =
2
, since θ = −240o
α = 80o . has reference angel α = 60o in quadrant II.
56. θ = 490o is in quadrant II. Note that 67. sec 240o = − sec 60o = −2 , since θ = 240o has
490o − 360o = 130o , so the reference angle is reference angle α = 60o in quadrant III.
α = 180o − 130o = 50o .
2 3
68. csc 300o = − csc 60o = − , since θ = 300o
15π 3
57. θ = is in quadrant IV. Note that
4 has reference angle α = 60o in quadrant IV.
15π 7π
− 2π = , so the reference angle is
4 4 69. cot 330o = − cot 30o = − 3 , since θ = 330o has
7π π reference angle α = 30o in quadrant IV.
α = 2π − = .
4 4
70. tan 225o = tan 45o = 1 , since θ = 225o has
19π reference angle α = 45o in quadrant III.
58. θ = is in quadrant III. Note that
6
3π π 2 3π
19π 7π 71. sin = sin = , since θ = has
− 2π = , so the reference angle is 4 4 2 4
6 6
π
7π π reference angle α = in quadrant II.
α= −π = . 4
6 6
2π π 1 2π
1 72. cos = − cos = − , since θ = has
59. sin150 = sin 30 = , since θ = 150o has
o o 3 3 2 3
2 π
reference angle α = 30o in quadrant II. reference angle α = in quadrant II.
3
748
7π π 7π 83. sin ( 8π ) = sin(0 + 8π) = sin ( 0 ) = 0

73. cot = cot = 3 , since θ = has
6 6 6
π 84. cos ( −2π ) = cos(0 − 2π) = cos ( 0 ) = 1
reference angle α = in quadrant III.
6
85. tan ( 7 π ) = tan(π + 6π) = tan (π ) = 0
7π π 7π
74. csc = − csc = − 2 , since θ = has
4 4 4 86. cot ( 5π ) = cot(π + 4π) = cot (π ) , which is
π undefined
reference angle α = in quadrant IV.
4
87. sec ( −3π ) = sec (π − 4π ) = sec (π ) = −1
13π π 2 13π
75. cos = − cos = − , since θ = has
4 4 2 4 ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
88. csc ⎜ − ⎟ = csc ⎜ − 4π ⎟ = −1
π ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
reference angle α = in quadrant III.
4
12
89. sin θ = , θ in quadrant II
8π π 8π 13
76. tan = − tan = − 3 , since θ = has
3 3 3 Since θ is in quadrant II, sin θ > 0 and
π csc θ > 0 , while cos θ < 0 , sec θ < 0 , tan θ < 0 ,
reference angle α = in quadrant II. and cot θ < 0 .
3
If α is the reference angle for θ , then
⎛ 2π ⎞ π 3 2π 12
77. sin ⎜ − , since θ = − sin α = .
⎟ = − sin = − 13
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 2 3
π Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
has reference angle α = in quadrant III. Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
3 other trigonometric functions of α .
⎛ π⎞ π π
78. cot ⎜ − ⎟ = − cot = − 3 , since θ = − has
⎝ 6⎠ 6 6
π
reference angle α = in quadrant IV.
6
14π π 14π
79. tan = − tan = − 3 , since θ = has
3 3 3
π
reference angle α = in quadrant II.
3
11π π 11π
80. sec = − sec = − 2 , since θ = has
4 4 4 5 12 13
cos α = tan α = sec α =
π 13 5 5
reference angle α = in quadrant II.
4 13 5
csc α = cot α =
12 12
( )
81. csc −315o = csc 45o = 2 , since θ = −315o Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values
of the other trigonometric functions of θ .
has reference angle α = 45o in quadrant I.
5 12 13
cos θ = − tan θ = − sec θ = −
( )
82. sec −225o = − sec 45o = − 2 , since θ = −225o 13 5 5
13 5
has reference angle α = 45o in quadrant II. csc θ = cot θ = −
12 12
749
3
90. cos θ = , θ in quadrant IV
5
Since θ is in quadrant IV, cos θ > 0 and
sec θ > 0, while sin θ < 0, csc θ < 0, tan θ < 0
and cot θ < 0.
3
If α is the reference angle for θ , then cos α = .
5
Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
other trigonometric functions of α . sin α =
3
tan α =
3
secα =
5
5 4 4
5 4
csc α = cot α =
3 3
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values
3 3 5
sin θ = − tan θ = secθ = −
5 4 4
5 4
cscθ = − cot θ =
3 3
4 4 5 5
sin α = tan α = sec α = 92. sin θ = − , θ in quadrant III
5 3 3 13
5 3 Since θ is in quadrant III, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0,
csc α = cot α =
4 4 sin θ < 0 and csc θ < 0, while tan θ > 0 and
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values cot θ > 0.
of the other trigonometric functions of θ . 5
4 4 5 If α is the reference angle for θ , then sin α = .
sin θ = − tan θ = − sec θ = 13
5 3 3 Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
5 3 Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
csc θ = − cot θ = − other trigonometric functions of α .
4 4
4
91. cos θ = − , θ in quadrant III
5
Since θ is in quadrant III, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0,
sin θ < 0 and csc θ < 0, while tan θ > 0 and
cot θ > 0.
4
5 12 5 13
cos α = tan α = secα =
Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the 13 12 12
Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the 13 12
other trigonometric functions of α . csc α = cot α =
5 5
12 5 13
cosθ = − tan θ = cscθ = −
13 12 5
13 12
secθ = − cot θ =
12 5
750
5 3 3 5
93. sin θ = , 90º < θ < 180º , so θ in quadrant II sin α = tan α = sec α =
13 5 4 4
Since θ is in quadrant II, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0, 5 4
csc α = cot α =
tan θ < 0 and cot θ < 0, while sin θ > 0 and 3 3
csc θ > 0. Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values
5 of the other trigonometric functions of θ .
If α is the reference angle for θ , then sin α = . 3 3 5
13 sin θ = − tan θ = − sec θ =
Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the 5 4 4
csc θ = − cot θ = −
other trigonometric functions of α . 3 3
1
95. cos θ = − , 180o < θ < 270o (quadrant III)
3
cot θ > 0.
1
3
12 5 13
cos α = tan α = csc α = Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
13 12 5 Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
13 12 other trigonometric functions of α .
sec α = cot α =
12 5
12 5 13
cos θ = − tan θ = − csc θ =
13 12 5
13 12
sec θ = − cot θ = −
12 5
4
94. cos θ = , 270º < θ < 360º (quadrant IV)
5
Since θ is in quadrant IV, sin θ < 0, csc θ < 0,
tan θ < 0 and cot θ < 0, while cos θ > 0 and 2 2 3 2 3 2
sin α = csc α = =
sec θ > 0. 3 2 2 2 4
4 2 2 1 2 2
If α is the reference angle for θ , then cos α = . tan α = =2 2 cot α = =
5 1 2 2 2 4
Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the 3
Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the sec α = = 3
1
other trigonometric functions of α . Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values
2 2 3 2
sin θ = − csc θ = −
3 4
2
tan θ = 2 2 cot θ =
4
sec θ = −3
751
2
96. sin θ = − , 180o < θ < 270o (quadrant III)
3
cot θ > 0.
2
If α is the reference angle for θ , then sin α = .
3
5 3 5 3 5
Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the cos α = sec α = ⋅ =
Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the 3 5 5 5
other trigonometric functions of α . 2 5 2 5 5
tan α = ⋅ = cot α =
5 5 5 2
3
csc α =
2
5 3 5
cos θ = − sec θ = −
3 5
2 5 5
tan θ = − cot θ = −
5 3 5 3 5 5 2
cos α = sec α = ⋅ =
3 5 5 5 3
csc θ =
2 5 2 5 5 2
tan α = ⋅ = cot α =
5 5 5 2 1
3 98. cos θ = − , tan θ > 0 (quadrant III)
csc α = 4
2 Since θ is in quadrant III, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0,
cot θ > 0.
5 3 5
cos θ = − sec θ = − 1
3 5 If α is the reference angle for θ , then cos α = .
4
tan θ = cot θ =
3 other trigonometric functions of α .
csc θ = −
2
2
97. sin θ = , tan θ < 0 (quadrant II)
3
Since θ is in quadrant II, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0,
tan θ < 0 and cot θ < 0, while sin θ > 0 and
csc θ > 0.
2
If α is the reference angle for θ , then sin α = .
3
other trigonometric functions of α .
752
15 4 15 4 15 100. csc θ = 3, cot θ < 0, (quadrant II)

sin α = csc α = ⋅ =
4 15 15 15 Since θ is in quadrant II, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0,
15 1 15 15 tan θ < 0 and cot θ < 0, while sin θ > 0 and
tan α = = 15 cot α = ⋅ = csc θ > 0.
1 15 15 15
If α is the reference angle for θ , then csc α = 3 .
4
sec α = = 4 Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
1 Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values other trigonometric functions of α .
15 4 15
sin θ = − csc θ = −
4 15
15
tan θ = 15 cot θ =
15
sec θ = −4
99. sec θ = 2, sin θ < 0 (quadrant IV)

Since θ is in quadrant IV, sin θ < 0, csc θ < 0, 1 2 2
sin α = cos α =
tan θ < 0 and cot θ < 0, while cos θ > 0 and 3 3
sec θ > 0. 1 2 2 2 2
tan α = ⋅ = cot α = =2 2
If α is the reference angle for θ , then sec α = 2 . 2 2 2 4 1
3 2
sec α = ⋅ =
other trigonometric functions of α . 2 2 2 4
1 2 2
sin θ = cos θ = −
3 3
2
tan θ = − cot θ = −2 2
4
3 2
sec θ = −
4
3
101. tan θ = , sin θ < 0 (quadrant III)
4
3 1 3 Since θ is in quadrant III, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0,
sin α = cos α = tan α =
= 3 sin θ < 0 and csc θ < 0, while tan θ > 0 and
2 2 1
2 3 2 3 1 3 3 cot θ > 0.
csc α = ⋅ = cot α = ⋅ = 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 If α is the reference angle for θ , then tan α = .
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values 4
of the other trigonometric functions of θ . Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
3 1 other trigonometric functions of α .
sin θ = − cos θ = tan θ = − 3
2 2
2 3 3
csc θ = − cot θ = −
3 3
753
3 4 3
sin θ = − cos θ = − tan θ =
5 5 4
5 5
csc θ = − sec θ = −
3 4
1
103. tan θ = − , sin θ > 0 (quadrant II)
3
Since θ is in quadrant II, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0,
tan θ < 0 and cot θ < 0, while sin θ > 0 and
3 4 4 csc θ > 0.
sin α = cos α = cot α =
5 5 3 1
If α is the reference angle for θ , then tan α = .
5 5 3
csc α = sec α =
3 4 Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
of the other trigonometric functions of θ . other trigonometric functions of α .
3 4 4
sin θ = − cos θ = − cot θ =
5 5 3
5 5
csc θ = − sec θ = −
3 4
4
102. cot θ = , cos θ < 0 (quadrant III)
3
1 10 10 10
Since θ is in quadrant III, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0, sin α = ⋅ = csc α = = 10
10 10 10 1
cot θ > 0. 3 10 3 10 10
cos α = ⋅ = sec α =
4 10 10 10 3
If α is the reference angle for θ , then cot α = . 3
3 cot α = = 3
Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values
other trigonometric functions of α . of the other trigonometric functions of θ .
10
sin θ = csc θ = 10
10
3 10 10
cos θ = − sec θ = −
10 3
cot θ = −3
104. sec θ = − 2, tan θ > 0 (quadrant III)

3 4 3 cot θ > 0.
5 5 4 If α is the reference angle for θ , then sec α = 2 .
5 5 Now draw the appropriate triangle and use the
sec α = csc α =
Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values other trigonometric functions of α .
754
1 3
sin θ = − cos θ = −
2 2
3 2 3
tan θ = sec θ = −
3 3
cot θ = 3
106. cot θ = − 2, sec θ > 0 (quadrant IV)

Since θ is in quadrant IV, cos θ > 0 and
sec θ > 0, while sin θ < 0, csc θ < 0, tan θ < 0
and cot θ < 0.
3 1 3
= 3 If α is the reference angle for θ , then cot α = 2 .
2 3 2 3 1 3 3 Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the
csc α = ⋅ = cot α = ⋅ =
3 3 3 3 3 3 other trigonometric functions of α .
3 1
sin θ = − cos θ = − tan θ = 3
2 2
2 3 3
csc θ = − cot θ =
3 3
105. csc θ = − 2, tan θ > 0 ⇒ θ in quadrant III

1 5 5 5
Since θ is in quadrant III, cos θ < 0, sec θ < 0, sin α = ⋅ = csc α = = 5
5 5 5 1
2 5 2 5 5
cot θ > 0. cos α = ⋅ = sec α =
If α is the reference angle for θ , then csc α = 2 . 5 5 5 2
tan α =
Pythagorean Theorem to find the values of the 2
other trigonometric functions of α . Finally, assign the appropriate signs to the values
5
sin θ = − csc θ = − 5
5
2 5 5
cos θ = sec θ =
5 2
1
tan θ = −
2
1 3 107. sin 40º + sin130º + sin 220º + sin 310º

sin α = cos α =
2 2 = sin 40º + sin ( 40º +90º ) + sin ( 40º +180º )
1 3 3 2 2 3 3
tan α = ⋅ = sec α = ⋅ = + sin ( 40º +270º )
3 3 3 3 3 3
= sin 40° + sin 40° − sin 40° − sin 40°
3
cot α = = 3 =0
1
755
108. tan 40º + tan140º = tan 40º + tan (180º −40º ) 115. sin1º + sin 2º + sin 3º +... + sin 357º
= 3− 3 + sin 358º + sin 359º
=0 = sin1º + sin 2º + sin 3º + ⋅⋅⋅ + sin(360º −3º )
+ sin(360º − 2º ) + sin(360º −1º )
109. Since f (θ ) = sin θ = 0.2 is positive, θ must lie = sin1º + sin 2º + sin 3º + ⋅⋅⋅ + sin(−3º )
either in quadrant I or II. Therefore, θ + π must + sin(− 2º ) + sin(−1º )
lie either in quadrant III or IV. Thus, = sin1º + sin 2º + sin 3º + ⋅⋅⋅ − sin 3º − sin 2º − sin1º
f (θ + π ) = sin (θ + π ) = −0.2
= sin (180º )
110. Since g (θ ) = cos θ = 0.4 is positive, θ must lie =0

either in quadrant I or IV. Therefore, θ + π must 116. cos1º + cos 2º + cos 3º + ⋅⋅⋅ + cos 357º
lie either in quadrant II or III. Thus, + cos 358º + cos 359º
g (θ + π ) = cos (θ + π ) = −0.4 . = cos1º + cos 2º + cos 3º +... + cos(360º −3º )
+ cos(360º − 2º ) + cos(360º −1º )
111. Since F (θ ) = tan θ = 3 is positive, θ must lie
= cos1º + cos 2º + cos 3º +... + cos(−3º )
either in quadrant I or III. Therefore, θ + π must
+ cos(− 2º ) + cos(−1º )
also lie either in quadrant I or III. Thus,
F (θ + π ) = tan (θ + π ) = 3 . = cos1º + cos 2º + cos 3º +... + cos 3º
+ cos 2º + cos1º
112. Since G (θ ) = cot θ = −2 is negative, θ must lie = 2 cos1º +2 cos 2º +2 cos 3º +... + 2 cos178º
either in quadrant II or IV. Therefore, θ + π + 2 cos179º + cos180º
must also lie either in quadrant II or IV. Thus, = 2 cos1º +2 cos 2º +2 cos 3º +... + 2 cos(180º − 2º )
G (θ + π ) = cot (θ + π ) = −2 . + 2 cos(180º −1º ) + cos (180º )
= 2 cos1º +2 cos 2º +2 cos 3º +... − 2 cos 2º
1 1 1
113. Given sin θ = , then csc θ = = =5 − 2 cos1º + cos180º
5 sin θ 1
5 = cos180º
Since csc θ > 0 , θ must lie in quadrant I or II. = −1
This means that csc (θ + π ) must lie in quadrant
322 2
III or IV with the same reference angle as θ . 117. a. R= ⎡sin ( 2 ( 60º ) ) − cos ( 2 ( 60º ) ) − 1⎤⎦
Since cosecant is negative in quadrants III and 32 ⎣
IV, we have csc (θ + π ) = −5 . ≈ 32 2 ( 0.866 − (− 0.5) − 1)
≈ 16.6 ft
2 1 1 3
114. Given cos θ = , then sec θ = = = 322 2
3 cos θ 2 2 b. Let Y1 = ⎡sin ( 2 x ) − cos ( 2 x ) − 1⎤⎦
3 32 ⎣
Since sec θ > 0 , θ must lie in quadrant I or IV. 20
This means that csc (θ + π ) must lie in quadrant

II or III with the same reference angle as θ .
Since secant is negative in quadrants II and III,
3 45° 90°
we have sec (θ + π ) = − . 0
2
756
Section 7.5: Unit Circle Approach: Properties of the Trigonometric Functions
c. Using the MAXIMUM feature, we find: ⎛ 3 1⎞ 3 1

20 9. P = ⎜⎜ , − ⎟⎟ ; a = , b=−
⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 2
1 3
sin t = − cos t =
2 2
1
45° 90° −
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 3 3
0 tan t = 2 = ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ ⎟=− =−
R is largest when θ = 67.5º . 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 3 3
2
118 – 119. Answers will vary. 1 ⎛ 2⎞
csc t = = 1 ⎜ − ⎟ = −2
1 ⎝ 1⎠
−
2
1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 3 2 3
Section 7.5 sec t = = 1⎜ ⎟= =
3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3 3 3
1. x 2 + y 2 = 1 2
3
2. { x x ≠ 4} cot t = 2 = ⎜⎜
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
⎟ − =− 3
1 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠
−
3. even 2
4. 2π , π ⎛ 3 1⎞ 3 1
10. P = ⎜⎜ − , − ⎟⎟ ; a = − , b=−
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2
π
5. All real number, except odd multiples of
2 1 3
sin t = − cos t = −
2 2
6. All real numbers between −1 and 1, inclusive. 1
−
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 3 3
7. −0.2, 0.2 tan t = 2 = ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟= =
3 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 3⎠ 3 3 3
−
8. True 2
1 ⎛ 2⎞
csc t = = 1 ⎜ − ⎟ = −2
1 ⎝ 1⎠
−
2
1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 3 2 3
sec t = = 1⎜ − ⎟=− =−
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 3 3
−
2
3
− ⎛
2 3 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
cot t = = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ = 3
1 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 1 ⎠
−
2
757
⎛ 2 2⎞ 2 2 ⎛ 5 2⎞ 5 2
11. P = ⎜⎜ − ,− ⎟⎟ ; a = − , b=− 13. P = ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟ ; a = , b=
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2 ⎝ 3 3⎠ 3 3
2 2 2 5
sin t = − cos t = − sin t = cos t =
2 2 3 3
2 2 2
− − ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ 2 5 2 5
tan t = 2 =1 cot t = 2 =1 tan t = 3 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟= =
2 2 5 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ 5 5 5
− −
2 2 3
1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 2 1 ⎛3⎞ 3
csc t = = 1⎜ − csc t = = 1⎜ ⎟ =
⎟=− =− 2 2 ⎝2⎠ 2
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
− 3
2
1 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 3 5 3 5
1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 2 sec t = = 1⎜ ⎟= =
sec t = = 1⎜ − ⎟=− =− 2 5 ⎝ 5⎠ 5 5 5
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
− 3
2
5
⎛ 2 ⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ 5
2⎞ 2 2 cot t = 3 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =
12. P = ⎜⎜ ,− ⎟⎟ ; a = , b=− 2
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
3
2 2
sin t = − cos t =
2 2 ⎛ 5 2 5⎞ 5 2 5
14. P = ⎜⎜ − , ⎟⎟ ; a = − , b=
2 2 ⎝ 5 5 ⎠ 5 5
−
tan t = 2 = −1 cot t = 2 = −1 2 5 5
2 2 sin t = cos t = −
− 5 5
2 2
2 5
1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 2 ⎛ 2 5 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞
csc t = = 1⎜ − ⎟=− =− 2 tan t = 5 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ − ⎟= − 2
−
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2 5 ⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
2 −
5
1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 2 1 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 5 5
sec t = = 1⎜ ⎟= = 2 csc t = = 1⎜ =
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2 ⎟
2 5 ⎝ 2 5 ⎠ 5 2
2 5
1 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 5
sec t = = 1⎜ − ⎟ =− 5
5 ⎝ 5⎠ 5
−
5
5
− ⎛
5 5 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞ 1
cot t = = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎜ ⎟=−
2 5 ⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 5 ⎠ 2
5
15. For the point (3, −4) , x = 3, y = −4,

r = x 2 + y 2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
4 3 4
sin θ = − cos θ = tan θ = −
5 5 3
5 5 3
csc θ = − sec θ = cot θ = −
4 3 4
758
16. For the point (4, –3), x = 4, y = −3, 2

21. sin 405º = sin(360º + 45º ) = sin 45º =
r = x + y = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
2 2 2
3 4 3
sin θ = − cos θ = tan θ = − 22. cos 420º = cos(360º + 60º ) = cos 60º =
1
5 5 4 2
5 5 4
csc θ = − sec θ = cot θ = −
3 4 3 23. tan 405º = tan(180º + 180º + 45º ) = tan 45º = 1
17. For the point (–2, 3), x = −2, y = 3, 1

24. sin 390º = sin(360º + 30º ) = sin 30º =
r = x 2 + y 2 = 4 + 9 = 13 2
3 13 3 13 13 25. csc 450º = csc(360º + 90º ) = csc 90º = 1

sin θ = = csc θ =
13 13 13 3
26. sec 540º = sec(360º + 180º ) = sec180º = −1
2 13 2 13 13
cos θ = − =− sec θ = −
13 13 13 2 27. cot 390º = cot(180º + 180º + 30º ) = cot 30º = 3
3 2
tan θ = − cot θ = −
2 3 28. sec 420º = sec(360º + 60º ) = sec 60º = 2
18. For the point (2, –4), x = 2, y = − 4, 33π ⎛π ⎞

29. cos = cos ⎜ + 8π ⎟
r = x + y = 4 + 16 = 20 = 2 5
2 2 4 ⎝4 ⎠
−4 5 2 5 2 5 5 ⎛π ⎞
sin θ = =− csc θ = =− = cos ⎜ + 4 ⋅ 2π ⎟
2 5 5 5 −4 2 ⎝4 ⎠
π
2 5 5 5 5 = cos
cos θ = = sec θ = = 5 4
2 5 5 5 5 5
2
−4 2 1 =
tan θ = = −2 cot θ = =− 2
2 −4 2
19. For the point (–1, –1), x = −1, y = − 1, 9π ⎛π ⎞ π 2

30. sin = sin ⎜ + 2π ⎟ = sin =
4 ⎝4 ⎠ 4 2
r = x2 + y2 = 1 + 1 = 2
−1 2 2 2 31. tan ( 21π ) = tan(0 + 21π) = tan ( 0 ) = 0
sin θ = =− csc θ = =− 2
2 2 2 −1
9π ⎛π ⎞
−1 2 2 2 32. csc = csc ⎜ + 4π ⎟
cos θ = =− sec θ = =− 2 2 ⎝2 ⎠
2 2 2 −1
⎛π ⎞
−1 −1 = csc ⎜ + 2 ⋅ 2π ⎟
tan θ = =1 cot θ = =1 ⎝2 ⎠
−1 −1
π
= csc
20. For the point (–3, 1), x = −3, y = 1, 2
=1
r = x 2 + y 2 = 9 + 1 = 10
1 10 10 10 17 π ⎛π ⎞
sin θ = = cscθ = = 10 33. sec = sec ⎜ + 4π ⎟
10 10 10 1 4 ⎝ 4 ⎠
−3 10 3 10 10 10 ⎛π ⎞
cosθ = =− secθ = =− = sec ⎜ + 2 ⋅ 2π ⎟
10 10 10 −3 3 ⎝4 ⎠
1 1 −3 π
tan θ = =− cot θ = = −3 = sec
−3 3 1 4
= 2
759
17 π ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ π 3
34. cot = cot ⎜ + 4π ⎟ 48. sin ⎜ − ⎟ = − sin = −
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 3 2
⎛π ⎞
= cot ⎜ + 2 ⋅ 2π ⎟ 49. tan(−π) = − tan π = 0
⎝4 ⎠
π
= cot ⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π
4 50. sin ⎜ − ⎟ = − sin = −(−1) = 1
=1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
19π ⎛π ⎞ π 3 ⎛ π⎞ π
35. tan = tan ⎜ + 3π ⎟ = tan = 51. csc ⎜ − ⎟ = − csc = − 2
6 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 4
⎝6 ⎠ 6 3
52. sec(−π) = sec π = −1
25π ⎛π ⎞
36. sec = sec ⎜ + 4π ⎟
6 ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ π⎞ π 2 3
⎛π ⎞ 53. sec ⎜ − ⎟ = sec =
= sec ⎜ + 2 ⋅ 2π ⎟ ⎝ 6⎠ 6 3
⎝6 ⎠
π
= sec ⎛ π⎞ π 2 3
6 54. csc ⎜ − ⎟ = − csc = −
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 3
2 3
=
3 55. sin ( −π ) + cos ( 5π ) = − sin ( π ) + cos ( π + 4π )
= 0 + cos π
3
37. sin(− 60º ) = − sin 60º = − = −1
2
⎛ 5π ⎞ 7π 5π ⎛π ⎞
3 56. tan ⎜ − ⎟ − cot = − tan − cot ⎜ + 3π ⎟
38. cos(−30º ) = cos 30º = ⎝ 6 ⎠ 2 6 ⎝2 ⎠
2
5π π
= − tan − cot
3 6 2
39. tan(−30º ) = − tan 30º = − ⎛ 3⎞
3 = − ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ − 0
⎝ 3 ⎠
2 3
40. sin(−135º ) = − sin135º = − =
2 3
41. sec(− 60º ) = sec 60º = 2
⎛ π⎞ π
57. sec ( −π ) + csc ⎜ − ⎟ = sec π − csc
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
42. csc(−30º ) = − csc 30º = − 2
= −1 − 1
43. sin(−90º ) = − sin 90º = −1 = −2
44. cos(− 270º ) = cos 270º = 0 9π ⎛π ⎞

58. tan ( − 6π ) + cos = − tan(0 + 6π) + cos ⎜ + 2π ⎟
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ π⎞ π π
45. tan ⎜ − ⎟ = − tan = −1 = − tan 0 + cos
⎝ 4⎠ 4 4
2
46. sin(−π) = − sin π = 0 = 0+
2
2
⎛ π⎞ π 2 =
47. cos ⎜ − ⎟ = cos = 2
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 2
760
⎛ 9π ⎞ ⎛ 9π ⎞ 68. The range of the cosine function is the set of all

59. sin ⎜ − ⎟ − tan ⎜ − ⎟ real numbers between –1 and 1, inclusive. That
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
9π 9π is, the interval ⎡⎣ −1,1⎤⎦ .
= − sin + tan
4 4
69. The range of the tangent function is the set of all
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
= − sin ⎜ + 2π ⎟ + tan ⎜ + 2π ⎟ real numbers. That is, ( −∞, ∞ ) .
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
π π 70. The range of the cotangent function is the set of
= − sin + tan
4 4 all real numbers. That is, ( −∞, ∞ ) .
2 2− 2
=− + 1, or 71. The range of the secant function is the set of all
2 2
real number greater than or equal to 1 and all
⎛ 17 π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ real numbers less than or equal to –1. That is, the
60. cos ⎜ − ⎟ − sin ⎜ − ⎟ interval ( −∞, −1⎤⎦ or ⎡⎣1,∞ ) .
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
17 π 3π
= cos + sin 72. The range of the cosecant function is the set of
4 2 all real number greater than or equal to 1 and all
⎛π ⎞ 3π real numbers less than or equal to –1. That is, the
= cos ⎜ + 2 ⋅ 2π ⎟ + sin
⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 interval ( −∞, −1⎤⎦ or ⎡⎣1,∞ ) .
π 3π
= cos + sin 73. The sine function is odd because
4 2
sin( −θ ) = − sin θ . Its graph is symmetric with
2
= + (−1) respect to the origin.
2
2 2 −2 74. The cosine function is even because
= − 1, or cos(−θ ) = cos θ . Its graph is symmetric with
2 2
respect to the y-axis.
61. The domain of the sine function is the set of all
real numbers. 75. The tangent function is odd because
tan(−θ ) = − tan θ . Its graph is symmetric with
62. The domain of the cosine function is the set of respect to the origin.
all real numbers.
76. The cotangent function is odd because
63. f (θ ) = tan θ is not defined for numbers that are cot(−θ ) = − cot θ . Its graph is symmetric with
π respect to the origin.
odd multiples of .
2 77. The secant function is even because
sec(−θ ) = sec θ . Its graph is symmetric with
64. f (θ ) = cot θ is not defined for numbers that are
respect to the y-axis.
multiples of π .
78. The cosecant function is odd because
65. f (θ ) = sec θ is not defined for numbers that are csc(−θ ) = − csc θ . Its graph is symmetric with
π respect to the origin.
odd multiples of .
2
79. If sin θ = 0.3 , then
66. f (θ ) = csc θ is not defined for numbers that are sin θ + sin (θ + 2π ) + sin (θ + 4π )
multiples of π . = 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.3 = 0.9
67. The range of the sine function is the set of all 80. If cos θ = 0.2 , then
real numbers between –1 and 1, inclusive. That cos θ + cos (θ + 2π ) + cos (θ + 4π )
is, the interval ⎡⎣ −1,1⎤⎦ . = −0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 = 0.6
761
81. If tan θ = 3 , then 88. a. f (− a ) = − f (a ) = − 2

tan θ + tan (θ + π ) + tan (θ + 2π )
b. f (a) + f (a + 2π) + f (a + 4π)
= 3+3+3
= f (a ) + f (a ) + f (a)
=9
= 2+2+2
82. If cot θ = − 2 , then =6
cot θ + cot (θ − π ) + cot (θ − 2π ) 89. a. When t = 1 , the coordinate on the unit circle
= − 2 + ( −2 ) + ( − 2 ) is approximately (0.5, 0.8) . Thus,
= −6 1
sin1 ≈ 0.8 csc1 ≈
≈ 1.3
0.8
1
83. a. f (−a) = − f (a) = − 1
3 cos1 ≈ 0.5 sec1 ≈ = 2.0
0.5
b. f (a) + f (a + 2π) + f (a + 4π) 0.8 0.5
tan1 ≈ = 1.6 cot1 ≈ ≈ 0.6
= f (a ) + f (a ) + f (a ) 0.5 0.8
1 1 1 Set the calculator on RADIAN mode:
= + +
3 3 3
=1
1
84. a. f (−a) = f (a) =
4 b. When t = 5.1 , the coordinate on the unit circle
is approximately (0.4, −0.9) . Thus,
b. f (a) + f (a + 2π) + f (a − 2π)
= f (a ) + f (a ) + f (a) 1
sin 5.1 ≈ −0.9 csc 5.1 ≈ ≈ −1.1
−0.9
1 1 1
= + + 1
4 4 4 cos 5.1 ≈ 0.4 sec 5.1 ≈ = 2.5
3 0.4
= −0.9 0.4
4 tan 5.1 ≈ ≈ −2.3 cot 5.1 ≈ ≈ −0.4
0.4 −0.9
85. a. f (− a ) = − f (a ) = − 2 Set the calculator on RADIAN mode:
b. f ( a ) + f ( a + π) + f ( a + 2 π )
= f (a) + f (a) + f (a)
= 2+2+2
=6
90. a. When t = 2 , the coordinate on the unit
86. a. f (−a ) = − f (a ) = − (−3) = 3 circle is approximately (−0.4, 0.9) . Thus,
1
b. f ( a ) + f ( a + π) + f ( a + 4 π ) sin 2 ≈ 0.9 csc 2 ≈
≈ 1.1
0.9
= f (a) + f (a) + f (a)
1
= −3 + (−3) + (−3) cos 2 ≈ −0.4 sec 2 ≈ = −2.5
−0.4
= −9 0.9 −0.4
tan 2 ≈ = −2.3 cot 2 ≈ ≈ −0.4
87. a. f (−a) = f (a) = − 4 −0.4 0.9
Set the calculator on RADIAN mode:
b. f (a) + f (a + 2π) + f (a + 4π)
= f (a ) + f (a ) + f (a)
= − 4 + (− 4) + (− 4)
= −12
762
b. When t = 4 , the coordinate on the unit ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛π⎞

But p = π . Thus, sin ⎜ ⎟ = −1 = sin ⎜ ⎟ = 1,
circle is approximately (−0.6, −0.8) . Thus, ⎝ ⎠2 ⎝2⎠
1 or −1 = 1 . This is impossible. The smallest
sin 4 ≈ −0.8 csc 4 ≈
≈ −1.3
−0.8 positive number p for which sin(θ + p ) = sin θ
1 for all θ is therefore p = 2π .
cos 4 ≈ −0.7 sec 4 ≈ ≈ −1.4
−0.7
−0.8 −0.6 94. Suppose there is a number p, 0 < p < 2π , for
tan 4 ≈ ≈ 1.3 cot 4 ≈ ≈ 0.9 π
−0.6 −0.8 which cos(θ + p) = cos θ for all θ . If θ = ,
Set the calculator on RADIAN mode: 2
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π⎞
then cos ⎜ + p ⎟ = cos ⎜ ⎟ = 0 ; so that p = π .
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2⎠
If θ =0 , then cos ( 0 + p ) = cos ( 0 ) . But p = π .
Thus, cos ( π ) = −1 = cos ( 0 ) = 1, or − 1 = 1. This
91. Let P = ( x, y ) be the point on the unit circle that is impossible. The smallest positive number p
corresponds to an angle t. Consider the equation for which cos(θ + p) = cos θ for all θ is
y
tan t = = a . Then y = ax . Now x 2 + y 2 = 1 , therefore p = 2π .
x
1 1
so x 2 + a 2 x 2 = 1 . Thus, x = ± and 95. f (θ ) = sec θ = : since cos θ has period
1 + a2 cos θ
a 2π , so does f (θ ) = sec θ .
y=± ; that is, for any real number a ,
1 + a2
1
there is a point P = ( x, y ) on the unit circle for 96. f (θ ) = csc θ = : since sin θ has period
sin θ
which tan t = a . In other words,
2π , so does f (θ ) = csc θ .
−∞ < tan t < ∞ , and the range of the tangent
function is the set of all real numbers.
97. If P = (a, b) is the point on the unit circle
92. Let P = ( x, y ) be the point on the unit circle that corresponding to θ , then Q = (−a, −b) is the
corresponds to an angle t. Consider the equation point on the unit circle corresponding to θ + π .
x −b b
cot t = = a . Then x = ay . Now x 2 + y 2 = 1 , Thus, tan(θ + π) = = = tan θ . If there
y −a a
1 exists a number p, 0 < p < π , for which
so a 2 y 2 + y 2 = 1 . Thus, y = ± and
1 + a2 tan(θ + p ) = tan θ for all θ , then if θ = 0 ,
a tan ( p ) = tan ( 0 ) = 0. But this means that p is a
x=± ; that is, for any real number a ,
1 + a2 multiple of π . Since no multiple of π exists in
there is a point P = ( x, y ) on the unit circle for the interval ( 0, π ) , this is impossible. Therefore,
which cot t = a . In other words, −∞ < cot t < ∞ , the fundamental period of f (θ ) = tan θ is π .
and the range of the tangent function is the set of
all real numbers. 1
98. f (θ ) = cot θ = : Since tan θ has period
tanθ
93. Suppose there is a number p, 0 < p < 2π, for
π , so does f (θ ) = cot θ .
which sin(θ + p ) = sin θ for all θ . If θ = 0 ,
then sin ( 0 + p ) = sin p = sin 0 = 0 ; so that sin θ − 0 sin θ
99. Slope of M = = = tan θ . Since L
π ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π⎞ cos θ − 0 cos θ
p = π . If θ = then sin ⎜ + p ⎟ = sin ⎜ ⎟ . is parallel to M, the slope of L = tan θ .
2 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2⎠
763
Section 7.6 11. The graph of y = sin x is increasing for

π π
1. y = 3 x 2 − <x< .
2 2
Using the graph of y = x 2 , vertically stretch the
graph by a factor of 3. 12. The graph of y = cos x is decreasing for
0< x<π.
13. The largest value of y = sin x is 1.
14. The smallest value of y = cos x is −1 .
15. sin x = 0 when x = 0, π, 2π .
π 3π
16. cos x = 0 when x = , .
2 2
2. y = − x 2
3π π
Using the graph of y = x 2 , reflect the graph 17. sin x = 1 when x = − , ;
2 2
across the x-axis.
π 3π
sin x = −1 when x = − , .
2 2
18. cos x = 1 when x = − 2π, 0, 2π;

cos x = −1 when x = −π, π.
19. y = 2sin x
This is in the form y = A sin(ω x) where A = 2
and ω = 1 . Thus, the amplitude is A = 2 = 2
2π 2π
π and the period is T = = = 2π .
3. 1; + 2π k , k is any integer ω 1
2
20. y = 3cos x
4. 3; π
This is in the form y = A cos(ω x) where A = 3
2π π and ω = 1 . Thus, the amplitude is A = 3 = 3
5. 3; =
6 3 2π 2π
and the period is T = = = 2π .
ω 1
6. True
21. y = − 4 cos(2 x)
7. False
This is in the form y = A cos(ω x) where
8. True A = − 4 and ω = 2 . Thus, the amplitude is
9. The graph of y = sin x crosses the y-axis at the A = − 4 = 4 and the period is
point (0, 0), so the y-intercept is 0. 2π 2π
T= = = π.
ω 2
10. The graph of y = cos x crosses the y-axis at the
point (0, 1), so the y-intercept is 1.
764
Section 7.6: Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions
⎛1 ⎞ 5 ⎛ 2π ⎞ 5 ⎛ 2π ⎞
22. y = − sin ⎜ x ⎟ 27. y = sin ⎜ − x ⎟ = − sin ⎜ x⎟
⎝2 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
This is in the form y = A sin(ω x) where A = −1 5
This is in the form y = A sin(ω x) where A = −
1 3
and ω = . Thus, the amplitude is A = − 1 = 1
2 2π
and ω = . Thus, the amplitude is
2π 2π 3
and the period is T = = 1 = 4π .
ω 5 5
2
A = − = and the period is
3 3
23. y = 6sin(π x)
2π 2π
This is in the form y = A sin(ω x) where A = 6 T= = = 3.
ω 2π
and ω = π . Thus, the amplitude is A = 6 = 6 3
2π
2π
and the period is T = = =2. 9 ⎛ 3π ⎞ 9 ⎛ 3π ⎞
ω π 28. y = cos ⎜ − x ⎟ = cos ⎜ x⎟
5 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 5 ⎝ 2 ⎠
24. y = − 3cos(3x) 9
This is in the form y = A cos(ω x) where A =
This is in the form y = A cos(ω x) where A = − 3 5
and ω = 3 . Thus, the amplitude is A = − 3 = 3 3π
and ω = . Thus, the amplitude is
2π 2π 2
and the period is T = = . 9 9
ω 3 A = = and the period is
5 5
1 ⎛3 ⎞ 2π 2π 4
25. y = − cos ⎜ x ⎟
2 ⎝2 ⎠ T= = = .
ω 3π 3
This is in the form y = A cos(ω x) where 2
1 3
A = − and ω = . Thus, the amplitude is 29. F
2 2
1 1 30. E
A = − = and the period is
2 2
2π 2π 4π 31. A
T= = 3 = .
ω 2 3 32. I
4 ⎛2 ⎞ 33. H
26. y = sin ⎜ x ⎟
3 ⎝3 ⎠
4 34. B
This is in the form y = A sin(ω x) where A =
3 35. C
2 4 4
and ω = . Thus, the amplitude is A = = 36. G
3 3 3
2π 2π 37. J
and the period is T = = 2 = 3π .
ω 3
38. D
39. A
40. C
41. B
42. D
765
43. Comparing y = 4 cos x to y = A cos (ω x ) , we These values of x determine the x-coordinates of

the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
find A = 4 and ω = 1 . Therefore, the amplitude
coordinates of the five key points for y = 3sin x ,
2π
is 4 = 4 and the period is = 2π . Because we multiply the y-coordinates of the five key
1
points for y = sin x by A = 3 . The five key
the amplitude is 4, the graph of y = 4 cos x will
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
lie between −4 and 4 on the y-axis. Because the points are ( 0, 0 ) , ⎜ ,3 ⎟ , (π , 0 ) , ⎜ , −3 ⎟ ,
period is 2π , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
end at x = 2π . We divide the interval [ 0, 2π ] ( 2π , 0 )
2π π We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
into four subintervals, each of length = by the curve. We then extend the graph in either
4 2
finding the following values: direction to obtain the graph shown below.
π 3π
0, , π , , and 2π
2 2
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
coordinates of the five key points for
y = 4 cos x , we multiply the y-coordinates of the
five key points for y = cos x by A = 4 . The five
key points are
π 3π
( 0, 4 ) , ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ , (π , −4 ) , ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ , ( 2π , 4 )
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
45. Comparing y = −4sin x to y = A sin (ω x ) , we
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
the curve. We then extend the graph in either find A = −4 and ω = 1 . Therefore, the amplitude
direction to obtain the graph shown below. 2π
is −4 = 4 and the period is = 2π . Because
1
the amplitude is 4, the graph of y = −4sin x will
lie between −4 and 4 on the y-axis. Because the
period is 2π , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and
end at x = 2π . We divide the interval [ 0, 2π ]
2π π
into four subintervals, each of length = by
4 2
π 3π
finding the following values: 0, , π , , 2π
2 2
44. Comparing y = 3sin x to y = A sin (ω x ) , we the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
find A = 3 and ω = 1 . Therefore, the amplitude coordinates of the five key points for
2π y = −4sin x , we multiply the y-coordinates of
is 3 = 3 and the period is = 2π . Because
1 the five key points for y = sin x by A = −4 . The
the amplitude is 3, the graph of y = 3sin x will five key points are
lie between −3 and 3 on the y-axis. Because the π 3π
( 0, 0 ) , ⎛⎜ , −4 ⎞⎟ , (π , 0 ) , ⎛⎜ , 4 ⎞⎟ , ( 2π , 0 )
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
end at x = 2π . We divide the interval [ 0, 2π ] We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
2π π the curve. We then extend the graph in either
4 2
finding the following values:
π 3π
0, , π , , and 2π
2 2
766
direction to obtain the graph shown below. 47. Comparing y = cos ( 4 x ) to y = A cos (ω x ) , we
2π π
is 1 = 1 and the period is = . Because the
4 2
amplitude is 1, the graph of y = cos ( 4 x ) will lie
between −1 and 1 on the y-axis. Because the
π
period is , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and
2
π ⎡ π⎤
end at x = . We divide the interval ⎢ 0, ⎥
2 ⎣ 2⎦
π /2 π
46. Comparing y = −3cos x to y = A cos (ω x ) , we into four subintervals, each of length =
4 8
find A = −3 and ω = 1 . Therefore, the amplitude by finding the following values:
2π π π 3π π
is −3 = 3 and the period is = 2π . Because 0, , , , and
1 8 4 8 2
the amplitude is 3, the graph of y = −3cos x will These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
lie between −3 and 3 on the y-axis. Because the the five key points on the graph. The five key
period is 2π , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and points are
end at x = 2π . We divide the interval [ 0, 2π ] π π 3π π
( 0,1) , ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , −1⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ ,1⎞⎟
2π π ⎝8 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
into four subintervals, each of length = by We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
4 2
finding the following values: the curve. We then extend the graph in either
direction to obtain the graph shown below.
π 3π
0, , π , , and 2π
2 2
y = −3cos x , we multiply the y-coordinates of
the five key points for y = cos x by A = −3 . The
five key points are
π 3π
( 0, −3) , ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ , (π ,3) , ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ , ( 2π , −3)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
the curve. We then extend the graph in either 48. Comparing y = sin ( 3x ) to y = A sin (ω x ) , we
y
5 2π
is 1 = 1 and the period is . Because the
(, 3) (, 3) 3
3
( –––
2
, 0) amplitude is 1, the graph of y = sin ( 3x ) will lie
x between −1 and 1 on the y-axis. Because the
2 2 2π
, 0)
( –– period is , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and
(0, 3) 2 3
(2, 3) 2π ⎡ 2π ⎤
5 end at x = . We divide the interval ⎢ 0, ⎥
3 ⎣ 3 ⎦
2π / 3 π
into four subintervals, each of length =
4 6
by finding the following values:
767
π π π 2π direction to obtain the graph shown below.

0, , , , and y
6 3 2 3
2 3
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of (
––– , 1) ( ––– , 1) (, 0)
4
the five key points on the graph. The five key 4
points are
π π π 2π
( 0, 0 ) , ⎛⎜ ,1⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , −1⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ 2 2 x
⎝6 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of (0, 0) , 0)
(––
2
the curve. We then extend the graph in either , 1)
2 (––
direction to obtain the graph shown below. 4
50. Since cosine is an even function, we can plot the

equivalent form y = cos ( 2 x ) .
Comparing y = cos ( 2 x ) to y = A cos (ω x ) , we
2π
is 1 = 1 and the period is = π . Because the
2
amplitude is 1, the graph of y = cos ( 2 x ) will lie
period is π , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and
end at x = π . We divide the interval [ 0, π ] into
49. Since sine is an odd function, we can plot the π
equivalent form y = − sin ( 2 x ) . four subintervals, each of length
4
by finding
Comparing y = − sin ( 2 x ) to y = A sin (ω x ) , we the following values:

find A = −1 and ω = 2 . Therefore, the π π 3π
0, , , , and π
2π 4 2 4
amplitude is −1 = 1 and the period is =π . These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
2 the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
Because the amplitude is 1, the graph of coordinates of the five key points for
y = − sin ( 2 x ) will lie between −1 and 1 on the y = cos ( 2 x ) , we multiply the y-coordinates of
y-axis. Because the period is π , one cycle will the five key points for y = cos x by A = 1 .The
begin at x = 0 and end at x = π . We divide the
five key points are
interval [ 0, π ] into four subintervals, each of
π π 3π
π ( 0,1) , ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , −1⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ , (π ,1)
length by finding the following values: ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
4 We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
π π3π the curve. We then extend the graph in either
0, , , , and π
4 2 4 direction to obtain the graph shown below.
y = − sin ( 2 x ) , we multiply the y-coordinates of
the five key points for y = sin x by A = −1 .The
five key points are
π π 3π
( 0, 0 ) , ⎛⎜ , −1⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ ,1⎞⎟ , (π , 0 )
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
the curve. We then extend the graph in either
768
⎛1 ⎞ will begin at x = 0 and end at x = 8π . We

51. Comparing y = 2sin ⎜ x ⎟ to y = A sin (ω x ) ,
⎝2 ⎠ divide the interval [ 0,8π ] into four subintervals,
1 8π
we find A = 2 and ω = . Therefore, the each of length = 2π by finding the following
2 4
2π values:
amplitude is 2 = 2 and the period is = 4π . 0, 2π , 4π , 6π , and 8π
1/ 2
Because the amplitude is 2, the graph of These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
⎛1 ⎞
y = 2sin ⎜ x ⎟ will lie between −2 and 2 on the coordinates of the five key points for
⎝2 ⎠ ⎛1 ⎞
y-axis. Because the period is 4π , one cycle will y = 2 cos ⎜ x ⎟ , we multiply the y-coordinates
⎝4 ⎠
begin at x = 0 and end at x = 4π . We divide
of the five key points for y = cos x by
the interval [ 0, 4π ] into four subintervals, each
A = 2 .The five key points are
4π ( 0, 2 ) , ( 2π , 0 ) , ( 4π , −2 ) , ( 6π , 0 ) , (8π , 2 )
of length = π by finding the following
4 We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
values: the curve. We then extend the graph in either
0, π , 2π , 3π , and 4π direction to obtain the graph shown below.
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of y
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- (2, 0) (0, 2) (8, 2)
coordinates of the five key points for 2
⎛1 ⎞ (8, 2) (2, 0)
y = 2sin ⎜ x ⎟ , we multiply the y-coordinates of (6, 0)
⎝2 ⎠ x
the five key points for y = sin x by A = 2 . The 8 4 4 8
five key points are
( 0, 0 ) , (π , 2 ) , ( 2π , 0 ) , ( 3π , −2 ) , ( 4π , 0 ) (4, 2)
2
(4, 2)
1
direction to obtain the graph shown below. 53. Comparing y = − cos ( 2 x ) to y = A cos (ω x ) ,
2
1
we find A = − and ω = 2 . Therefore, the
2
1 1 2π
amplitude is − = and the period is =π .
2 2 2
1
Because the amplitude is , the graph of
2
1 1 1
y = − cos ( 2 x ) will lie between − and on
2 2 2
the y-axis. Because the period is π , one cycle
⎛1 ⎞ will begin at x = 0 and end at x = π . We divide
52. Comparing y = 2 cos ⎜ x ⎟ to y = A cos (ω x ) , the interval [ 0, π ] into four subintervals, each of
⎝4 ⎠
1 π
we find A = 2 and ω = . Therefore, the length by finding the following values:
4 4
2π π π
3π
amplitude is 2 = 2 and the period is = 8π . 0, , , and π
,
1/ 4 4 2 4
Because the amplitude is 2, the graph of These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
⎛1 ⎞
y = 2 cos ⎜ x ⎟ will lie between −2 and 2 on coordinates of the five key points for
⎝4 ⎠
the y-axis. Because the period is 8π , one cycle
769
1 direction to obtain the graph shown below.

y = − cos ( 2 x ) , we multiply the y-coordinates y
2
of the five key points for y = cos x by 5 (12, 4)
1 (0, 0)
A = − .The five key points are
2 x
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 16 8 (16, 0)
⎜ 0, − ⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ , ⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ π , − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ (8, 0)
the curve. We then extend the graph in either 5 (4, 4)
55. We begin by considering y = 2sin x . Comparing
y = 2sin x to y = A sin (ω x ) , we find A = 2
and ω = 1 . Therefore, the amplitude is 2 = 2
2π
and the period is = 2π . Because the
1
amplitude is 2, the graph of y = 2sin x will lie
end at x = 2π . We divide the interval [ 0, 2π ]
2π π
⎛1 ⎞ 4 2
54. Comparing y = −4sin ⎜ x ⎟ to y = A sin (ω x ) ,
⎝8 ⎠ finding the following values:
1 π 3π
we find A = −4 and ω = . Therefore, the 0, , π , , and 2π
8 2 2
amplitude is −4 = 4 and the period is
2π coordinates of the five key points for
= 16π . Because the amplitude is 4, the
1/ 8 y = 2sin x + 3 , we multiply the y-coordinates of
⎛1 ⎞ the five key points for y = sin x by A = 2 and
graph of y = −4sin ⎜ x ⎟ will lie between −4
⎝8 ⎠ then add 3 units. Thus, the graph of
and 4 on the y-axis. Because the period is 16π , y = 2sin x + 3 will lie between 1 and 5 on the y-
one cycle will begin at x = 0 and end at axis. The five key points are
x = 16π . We divide the interval [ 0,16π ] into π 3π
( 0, 3) , ⎛⎜ ,5 ⎞⎟ , (π ,3) , ⎛⎜ ,1⎞⎟ , ( 2π ,3)
16π ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
four subintervals, each of length = 4π by We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
4
finding the following values: the curve. We then extend the graph in either
0, 4π , 8π , 12π , and 16π direction to obtain the graph shown below.
⎛1 ⎞
y = −4sin ⎜ x ⎟ , we multiply the y-coordinates
⎝8 ⎠
of the five key points for y = sin x by A = −4 .
The five key points are
( 0, 0 ) , ( 4π , −4 ) , (8π , 0 ) , (12π , 4 ) , (16π , 0 )
770
56. We begin by considering y = 3cos x . Comparing 57. We begin by considering y = 5cos (π x ) .

y = 3cos x to y = A cos (ω x ) , we find A = 3 Comparing y = 5cos (π x ) to y = A cos (ω x ) , we
and ω = 1 . Therefore, the amplitude is 3 = 3 find A = 5 and ω = π . Therefore, the amplitude
2π 2π
and the period is = 2π . Because the is 5 = 5 and the period is = 2 . Because the
1 π
amplitude is 3, the graph of y = 3cos x will lie amplitude is 5, the graph of y = 5cos (π x ) will
between −3 and 3 on the y-axis. Because the lie between −5 and 5 on the y-axis. Because the
period is 2π , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and period is 2 , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and
end at x = 2π . We divide the interval [ 0, 2π ] end at x = 2 . We divide the interval [ 0, 2] into
2π π 2 1
into four subintervals, each of length = by four subintervals, each of length = by
4 2 4 2
finding the following values: finding the following values:
π 3π 1 3
0, , π , , and 2π 0, , 1, , and 2
2 2 2 2
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
coordinates of the five key points for coordinates of the five key points for
y = 3cos x + 2 , we multiply the y-coordinates of
y = 5cos (π x ) − 3 , we multiply the y-coordinates
the five key points for y = cos x by A = 3 and
of the five key points for y = cos x by A = 5
then add 2 units. Thus, the graph of
and then subtract 3 units. Thus, the graph of
y = 3cos x + 2 will lie between −1 and 5 on the
y = 5cos (π x ) − 3 will lie between −8 and 2 on
y-axis. The five key points are
π 3π the y-axis. The five key points are
( 0,5) , ⎛⎜ , 2 ⎞⎟ , (π , −1) , ⎛⎜ , 2 ⎞⎟ , ( 2π ,5)
( 0, 2 ) , ⎛⎜ , −3 ⎞⎟ , (1, −8 ) , ⎛⎜ , −3 ⎞⎟ , ( 2, 2 )
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 3
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
the curve. We then extend the graph in either We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
direction to obtain the graph shown below. the curve. We then extend the graph in either
y
3 (0, 2) (2, 2)
2 2 x
3
( ––
2
, 3) 3
(–– , 3)
2
1
(––
2
, 3)
9 (1, 8)
771
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
58. We begin by considering y = 4sin ⎜ x ⎟ . 59. We begin by considering y = −6sin ⎜ x ⎟ .
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
Comparing y = 4sin ⎜ x ⎟ to y = A sin (ω x ) , Comparing y = −6sin ⎜ x ⎟ to y = A sin (ω x ) ,
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
π π
we find A = 4 and ω = . Therefore, the we find A = −6 and ω = . Therefore, the
2 3
2π 2π
amplitude is 4 = 4 and the period is = 4. amplitude is −6 = 6 and the period is = 6.
π /2 π /3
Because the amplitude is 4, the graph of Because the amplitude is 6, the graph of
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
y = 4sin ⎜ x ⎟ will lie between −4 and 4 on y = 6sin ⎜ x ⎟ will lie between −6 and 6 on the
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
the y-axis. Because the period is 4 , one cycle y-axis. Because the period is 6, one cycle will
will begin at x = 0 and end at x = 4 . We divide begin at x = 0 and end at x = 6 . We divide the
the interval [ 0, 4] into four subintervals, each of interval [ 0, 6] into four subintervals, each of
4 6 3
length = 1 by finding the following values: length = by finding the following values:
4 4 2
0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 3 9
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of 0, , 3, , and 6
2 2
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
coordinates of the five key points for the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
⎛π ⎞ coordinates of the five key points for
y = 4sin ⎜ x ⎟ − 2 , we multiply the y-
⎝2 ⎠ ⎛π ⎞
y = −6sin ⎜ x ⎟ + 4 , we multiply the y-
coordinates of the five key points for y = sin x ⎝3 ⎠
by A = 4 and then subtract 2 units. Thus, the coordinates of the five key points for y = sin x
⎛π ⎞ by A = −6 and then add 4 units. Thus, the graph
graph of y = 4sin ⎜ x ⎟ − 2 will lie between −6
⎝2 ⎠ ⎛π ⎞
and 2 on the y-axis. The five key points are of y = −6sin ⎜ x ⎟ + 4 will lie between −2 and
⎝3 ⎠
( 0, −2 ) , (1, 2 ) , ( 2, −2 ) , ( 3, −6 ) , ( 4, −2 ) 10 on the y-axis. The five key points are
( 0, 4 ) , ⎛⎜ , −2 ⎞⎟ , ( 3, 4 ) , ⎛⎜ ,10 ⎞⎟ , ( 6, 4 )
3 9
the curve. We then extend the graph in either 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
772
⎛π ⎞ 61. y = 5 − 3sin ( 2 x ) = −3sin ( 2 x ) + 5

60. We begin by considering y = −3cos ⎜ x ⎟ .
⎝4 ⎠ We begin by considering y = −3sin ( 2 x ) .
⎛π ⎞
Comparing y = −3cos ⎜ x ⎟ to y = A cos (ω x ) , Comparing y = −3sin ( 2 x ) to y = A sin (ω x ) ,
⎝4 ⎠
we find A = −3 and ω = 2 . Therefore, the
π
we find A = −3 and ω = . Therefore, the 2π
4 amplitude is −3 = 3 and the period is =π .
2
2π
amplitude is −3 = 3 and the period is =8. Because the amplitude is 3, the graph of
π /4
y = −3sin ( 2 x ) will lie between −3 and 3 on the
Because the amplitude is 3, the graph of
⎛π ⎞ y-axis. Because the period is π , one cycle will
y = −3cos ⎜ x ⎟ will lie between −3 and 3 on begin at x = 0 and end at x = π . We divide the
⎝4 ⎠
interval [ 0, π ] into four subintervals, each of
the y-axis. Because the period is 8, one cycle
will begin at x = 0 and end at x = 8 . We divide π
length by finding the following values:
the interval [ 0,8] into four subintervals, each of 4
π π 3π
length
8
= 2 by finding the following values: 0, , , , and π
4 4 2 4
0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- coordinates of the five key points for
coordinates of the five key points for y = −3sin ( 2 x ) + 5 , we multiply the y-
⎛π ⎞ coordinates of the five key points for y = sin x
y = −3cos ⎜ x ⎟ + 2 , we multiply the y-
⎝4 ⎠ by A = −3 and then add 5 units. Thus, the graph
coordinates of the five key points for y = cos x of y = −3sin ( 2 x ) + 5 will lie between 2 and 8
by A = −3 and then add 2 units. Thus, the graph on the y-axis. The five key points are
π π 3π
⎛π ⎞
of y = −3cos ⎜ x ⎟ + 2 will lie between −1 and ( 0,5) , ⎛⎜ , 2 ⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ ,5 ⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ ,8 ⎞⎟ , (π ,5)
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
5 on the y-axis. The five key points are We plot these five points and fill in the graph of
( 0, −1) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 4,5) , ( 6, 2 ) , (8, −1) direction to obtain the graph shown below.
y
direction to obtain the graph shown below. 10 ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜ 4 ,8 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛π ⎞
⎜ ,5 ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
(0,5) (π ,5 )
⎛π ⎞
⎜ ,2⎟
⎝4 ⎠
−π π
773
62. y = 2 − 4 cos ( 3x ) = −4 cos ( 3x ) + 2 63. Since sine is an odd function, we can plot the
5 ⎛ 2π ⎞
We begin by considering y = −4 cos ( 3 x ) . equivalent form y = − sin ⎜ x⎟ .
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
Comparing y = −4 cos ( 3 x ) to y = A cos (ω x ) , 5 ⎛ 2π ⎞
Comparing y = − sin ⎜ x ⎟ to
we find A = −4 and ω = 3 . Therefore, the 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
2π 5 2π
amplitude is −4 = 4 and the period is . y = A sin (ω x ) , we find A = − and ω = .
3 3 3
Because the amplitude is 4, the graph of
5 5
y = −4 cos ( 3 x ) will lie between −4 and 4 on Therefore, the amplitude is − = and the
3 3
2π 2π
the y-axis. Because the period is , one cycle period is = 3 . Because the amplitude is
3 2π / 3
2π 5 5 ⎛ 2π ⎞
will begin at x = 0 and end at x = . We , the graph of y = − sin ⎜ x ⎟ will lie
3 3 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎡ 2π ⎤ 5 5
divide the interval ⎢ 0, ⎥ into four
⎣ 3 ⎦ between − and on the y-axis. Because the
3 3
2π / 3 π period is 3 , one cycle will begin at x = 0 and
subintervals, each of length = by
4 6 end at x = 3 . We divide the interval [ 0,3] into
finding the following values:
3
π π π 2π four subintervals, each of length by finding
0, , , , and 4
6 3 2 3
the following values:
3 3 9
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- 0, , , , and 3
coordinates of the five key points for 4 2 4
y = −4 cos ( 3x ) + 2 , we multiply the y-
coordinates of the five key points for y = cos x coordinates of the five key points for
by A = −4 and then adding 2 units. Thus, the 5 ⎛ 2π ⎞
y = − sin ⎜ x ⎟ , we multiply the y-
graph of y = −4 cos ( 3x ) + 2 will lie between −2 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
and 6 on the y-axis. The five key points are coordinates of the five key points for y = sin x
π π π 2π
( 0, −2 ) , ⎛⎜ , 2 ⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , 6 ⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , 2 ⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , −2 ⎞⎟ 5
by A = − .The five key points are
⎝6 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
( 0, 0 ) , ⎛⎜ , − ⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ , ⎛⎜ , ⎞⎟ , ( 3, 0 )
3 5 3 9 5
⎝ 4 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 3⎠
3 3
774
64. Since cosine is an even function, we consider the direction to obtain the graph shown below.
9 ⎛ 3π ⎞
equivalent form y = cos ⎜ x ⎟ . Comparing
5 ⎝ 2 ⎠
9 ⎛ 3π ⎞
y = cos ⎜ x ⎟ to y = A cos (ω x ) , we find
5 ⎝ 2 ⎠
9 3π
A = and ω = . Therefore, the amplitude is
5 2
9 9 2π 4
= and the period is = . Because
5 5 3π / 2 3
9
the amplitude is , the graph of
5
3 ⎛π ⎞
9 ⎛ 3π ⎞ 9 9 65. We begin by considering y = − cos ⎜ x ⎟ .
y = cos ⎜ x ⎟ will lie between − and 2 ⎝4 ⎠
5 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 5 5
3 ⎛π ⎞
on the y-axis. Because the period is
4
, one Comparing y = − cos ⎜ x ⎟ to y = A cos (ω x ) ,
3 2 ⎝4 ⎠
4 3 π
cycle will begin at x = 0 and end at x = . We we find A = − and ω = . Therefore, the
3 2 4
⎡ 4⎤ 3 3
divide the interval ⎢ 0, ⎥ into four subintervals, amplitude is − = and the period is
⎣ 3⎦ 2 2
4/3 1 2π 3
each of length = by finding the following = 8 . Because the amplitude is , the graph
4 3 π /4 2
values: 3 ⎛π ⎞ 3
of y = − cos ⎜ x ⎟ will lie between − and
1 2 4 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2
0, , , 1 , and
3 3 3 3
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of on the y-axis. Because the period is 8, one
2
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- cycle will begin at x = 0 and end at x = 8 . We
divide the interval [ 0,8] into four subintervals,
9 ⎛ 3π ⎞
y = cos ⎜ x ⎟ , we multiply the y-coordinates 8
5 ⎝ 2 ⎠ each of length = 2 by finding the following
4
9 values:
of the five key points for y = cos x by A = .
5 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8
9 ⎛ 3π ⎞ These values of x determine the x-coordinates of
Thus, the graph of y = cos ⎜ − x ⎟ will lie the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y-
5 ⎝ 2 ⎠
9 9
between − and on the y-axis. The five key 3 ⎛π ⎞ 1
5 5 y = − cos ⎜ x ⎟ + , we multiply the y-
2 ⎝4 ⎠ 2
points are
coordinates of the five key points for y = cos x
⎛ 9⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛2 9⎞ ⎛4 9⎞
⎜ 0, ⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ , − ⎟ , (1, 0 ) , ⎜ , ⎟ 3 1
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3 5⎠ ⎝ 3 5⎠ by A = − and then add unit. Thus, the
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of 2 2
the curve. We then extend the graph in either 3 ⎛π ⎞ 1
graph of y = − cos ⎜ x ⎟ + will lie between
2 ⎝4 ⎠ 2
−1 and 2 on the y-axis. The five key points are
( 0, −1) , ⎛⎜ 2, ⎞⎟ , ( 4, 2 ) , ⎛⎜ 6, ⎞⎟ , (8, −1)

1 1
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
775
the curve. We then extend the graph in either direction to obtain the graph shown below.
direction to obtain the graph shown below. y
y 1 2.5
(2, ––
2
) (12, 2)
(4, 2) (4, 2)
2 (4, 2) 3
(0, ––)
2
1 3
(6, –– ) (8, ––
2
)
2 3
x (4, 1) (16, ––
2
)
8 4 4 8
x
(8, 1) (0, 1) (8, 1) 1612 8 4 4 8 12 16
2 0.5
2π 2π
1 ⎛π ⎞ 67. A = 3; T = π; ω = = =2
66. We begin by considering y = − sin ⎜ x⎟ . T π
2 ⎝8 ⎠ y = ±3sin(2 x)
1 ⎛π ⎞
Comparing y = − sin ⎜ x ⎟ to y = A sin (ω x ) ,
2 ⎝8 ⎠ 2π 2π 1
68. A = 2; T = 4π; ω = = =
1 π T 4π 2
we find A = − and ω = . Therefore, the
2 8 ⎛1 ⎞
y = ±2sin ⎜ x ⎟
1 1 ⎝2 ⎠
amplitude is − = and the period is
2 2
2π 2π
2π 1 69. A = 3; T = 2; ω = = =π
= 16 . Because the amplitude is , the T 2
π /8 2
y = ±3sin(πx)
1 ⎛π ⎞ 1
graph of y = − sin ⎜ x ⎟ will lie between −
2 ⎝8 ⎠ 2 2π 2π
70. A = 4; T = 1; ω = = = 2π
1 T 1
and on the y-axis. Because the period is 16,
2 y = ±4sin(2π x)
one cycle will begin at x = 0 and end at x = 16 .
We divide the interval [ 0,16 ] into four 71. The graph is a cosine graph with amplitude 5 and
period 8.
16
subintervals, each of length = 4 by finding 2π
4 Find ω : 8 =
ω
the following values:
0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 8ω = 2π
These values of x determine the x-coordinates of 2π π
ω= =
the five key points on the graph. To obtain the y- 8 4
coordinates of the five key points for ⎛π ⎞
1 ⎛π ⎞ 3 The equation is: y = 5cos ⎜ x ⎟ .
y = − sin ⎜ x ⎟ + , we multiply the y- ⎝4 ⎠
2 ⎝8 ⎠ 2
coordinates of the five key points for y = sin x 72. The graph is a sine graph with amplitude 4 and
period 8π.
1 3
by A = − and then add units. Thus, the 2π
2 2 Find ω : 8π =
ω
1 ⎛π ⎞ 3
graph of y = − sin ⎜ x ⎟ + will lie between 8πω = 2π
2 ⎝8 ⎠ 2
2π 1
1 and 2 on the y-axis. The five key points are ω= =
8π 4
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
⎜ 0, ⎟ , ( 4,1) , ⎜ 8, ⎟ , (12, 2 ) , ⎜16, ⎟ ⎛1 ⎞
The equation is: y = 4sin ⎜ x ⎟ .
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎝4 ⎠
776
73. The graph is a reflected cosine graph with 77. The graph is a reflected sine graph with
amplitude 3 and period 4π. 4π
amplitude 1 and period .
2π 3
Find ω : 4π =
ω 4π 2π
4πω = 2π Find ω : =
3 ω
2π 1 4πω = 6π
ω= =
4π 2 6π 3
ω= =
⎛1 ⎞ 4π 2
The equation is: y = −3cos ⎜ x ⎟ .
⎝2 ⎠ ⎛3 ⎞
The equation is: y = − sin ⎜ x ⎟ .
74. The graph is a reflected sine graph with ⎝2 ⎠
amplitude 2 and period 4.
78. The graph is a reflected cosine graph with
2π amplitude π and period 2π.
Find ω : 4 =
ω 2π
4ω = 2π Find ω : 2π =
ω
2π π 2πω = 2π
ω= =
4 2 2π
⎛π ⎞ ω= =1
The equation is: y = − 2sin ⎜ x ⎟ . 2π
⎝2 ⎠ The equation is: y = −π cos x .
3 79. The graph is a reflected cosine graph, shifted up

75. The graph is a sine graph with amplitude and
4 3
period 1. 1 unit, with amplitude 1 and period .
2
2π 3 2π
Find ω : 1 = Find ω : =
ω 2 ω
ω = 2π 3ω = 4π
3
The equation is: y = sin ( 2π x ) . 4π
4 ω=
3
76. The graph is a reflected cosine graph with ⎛ 4π ⎞
The equation is: y = − cos ⎜ x ⎟ +1 .
5 ⎝ 3 ⎠
amplitude and period 2.
2
2π 80. The graph is a reflected sine graph, shifted down
Find ω : 2 = 1 4π
ω 1 unit, with amplitude and period .
2ω = 2π 2 3
2π 4π 2π
ω= =π Find ω : =
2 3 ω
5 4πω = 6π
The equation is: y = − cos ( πx ) . 6π 3
2 ω= =
4π 2
1 ⎛3 ⎞
The equation is: y = − sin ⎜ x ⎟ − 1 .
2 ⎝2 ⎠
777
81. The graph is a sine graph with amplitude 3 and f (π / 2 ) − f ( 0 ) cos (π / 2 ) − cos ( 0 )
period 4. 86. =
π /2−0 π /2
2π 0 −1 2
Find ω : 4 = = =−
ω π /2 π
4ω = 2π 2
2π π The average rate of change is − .
ω= = π
4 2
⎛π ⎞ ⎛1 π ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
The equation is: y = 3sin ⎜ x ⎟ . sin ⎜ ⋅ ⎟ − sin ⎜ ⋅ 0 ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ f (π / 2 ) − f ( 0 ) ⎝2 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
87. =
π /2−0 π /2
82. The graph is a reflected cosine graph with sin (π / 4 ) − sin ( 0 )
amplitude 2 and period 2. =
2π π /2
Find ω : 2 = 2
ω
2 2 2
2ω = 2π = 2 = ⋅ =
π /2 2 π π
2π
ω= =π 2
2 The average rate of change is .
The equation is: y = − 2 cos(π x) . π
⎛ π⎞
83. The graph is a reflected cosine graph with cos ⎜ 2 ⋅ ⎟ − cos ( 2 ⋅ 0 )
2π f (π / 2 ) − f ( 0 ) ⎝ 2⎠
amplitude 4 and period . 88. =
3 π /2−0 π /2
2π 2π cos (π ) − cos ( 0 ) −1 − 1
Find ω : = = =
3 ω π /2 π /2
2πω = 6π 2 4
= −2 ⋅ = −
π π
6π
ω= =3 4
2π The average rate of change is − .
π
The equation is: y = − 4 cos ( 3 x ) .
89. ( f D g )( x ) = sin ( 4 x )
84. The graph is a sine graph with amplitude 4 and
period π.
2π
Find ω : π =
ω
πω = 2π
2π
ω= =2
π
The equation is: y = 4sin ( 2 x ) .
f (π / 2 ) − f ( 0 ) sin (π / 2 ) − sin ( 0 ) ( g D f )( x ) = 4 ( sin x ) = 4sin x

85. =
π /2−0 π /2
1− 0 2
= =
π /2 π
2
The average rate of change is .
π
778
90. ( f D g )( x ) = cos ⎛⎜
1 ⎞
x⎟
92. ( f D g )( x ) = −3 ( sin x ) = −3sin x
⎝2 ⎠
( g D f )( x ) = sin ( −3x )
1 1
( g D f )( x ) = ( cos x ) = cos x
2 2
93. I ( t ) = 220sin(60π t ), t ≥ 0
2π 2π 1
Period: T= = =
91. ( f D g )( x ) = −2 ( cos x ) = −2 cos x ω 60π 30
Amplitude: A = 220 = 220
( g D f )( x ) = cos ( −2 x )
94. I ( t ) = 120sin(30π t ), t ≥ 0
2π 2π 1
Period: T= ==
ω 30π 15
Amplitude: A = 120 = 120
779
95. V ( t ) = 220sin (120π t ) ⎡V ( t ) ⎤⎦

2
97. a. P (t ) = ⎣
a. Amplitude: A = 220 = 220 R
2π 2π (V0 sin ( 2πf ) t )
2
Period: T= = =
1 V0 2 sin 2 ( 2πf ) t
ω 120π 60 = =
R R
b, e. V0 2
= sin 2 ( 2πft )
R
b. The graph is the reflected cosine graph
translated up a distance equivalent to the
1
amplitude. The period is , so ω = 4π f .
2f
1 V0 2 V0 2
The amplitude is ⋅ = .
2 R 2R
The equation is:
c. V = IR
V2 V2
220sin(120π t ) = 10 I P ( t ) = − 0 cos ( 4πf ) t + 0
2R 2R
22sin(120π t ) = I → I ( t ) = 22sin (120π t )
V0 2
d. Amplitude: A = 22 = 22
=
2R
(1 − cos ( 4πf ) t )
2π 2π 1 c. Comparing the formulas:
Period: T= = =
ω 120π 60 1
sin 2 ( 2πft ) = (1 − cos ( 4πft ) )
2
96. V ( t ) = 120sin (120π t )
98. a. Since the tunnel is in the shape of one-half a
a. Amplitude: A = 120 = 120 sine cycle, the width of the tunnel at its base
2π 2π 1 is one-half the period. Thus,
Period: T= = = 2π π
ω 120π 60 T= = 2 ( 28 ) = 56 or ω = .
ω 28
b, e.
The tunnel has a maximum height of 15 feet
so we have A = 15 . Using the form
y = A sin (ω x ) , the equation for the sine
curve that fits the opening is
⎛πx⎞
y = 15sin ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ 28 ⎠
b. Since the shoulders are 7 feet wide and the
road is 14 feet wide, the edges of the road
correspond to x = 7 and x = 21 .
c. V = IR ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ 15 2
120sin(120π t ) = 20 I 15sin ⎜ ⎟ = 15sin ⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 10.6
⎝ 28 ⎠ ⎝4⎠ 2
6sin(120π t ) = I → I ( t ) = 6sin (120π t )
⎛ 21π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ 15 2
Amplitude: A = 6 =6
15sin ⎜ ⎟ = 15sin ⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 10.6
d. ⎝ 28 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2
2π 2π 1 The tunnel is approximately 10.6 feet high at
Period: T= = = the edge of the road.
ω 120π 60
780
2π 100. y = cos x , − 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π
99. a. Physical potential: ω = ; y
23
2π π 1
Emotional potential: ω = = ;
28 14
2π
Intellectual potential: ω = x
33
–2π –π 0 π 2π
b. Graphing:
110
–1
101. y = sin x , − 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π
0 33 y
0 #1, #2, #3 1
⎛ 2π ⎞
#1: P ( t ) = 50sin ⎜ t ⎟ + 50
⎝ 23 ⎠
x
⎛π ⎞
# 2 : P ( t ) = 50sin ⎜ t ⎟ + 50 –2π –π 0 π 2π
⎝ 14 ⎠
⎛ 2π ⎞
#3 : P ( t ) = 50sin ⎜ t ⎟ + 50
⎝ 33 ⎠
–1
c. No.
d. 110 102 – 105. Answers will vary.
#2 #1
#3
7305 7335
0
Physical potential peaks at 15 days after the
20th birthday, with minimums at the 3rd and
26th days. Emotional potential is 50% at the
17th day, with a maximum at the 10th day
and a minimum at the 24th day. Intellectual
potential starts fairly high, drops to a
minimum at the 13th day, and rises to a
maximum at the 29th day.
781
Section 7.7 17. y = 3 tan x ; The graph of y = tan x is stretched

vertically by a factor of 3.
1. x = 4 souveniers y
2. False; depending on the function, there can be 6

any number of vertical asymptotes.
( ––4 , 3)
x
π
3. origin; x = odd multiples of
2 ( ––4 , 3)
6
π
4. y-axis; x = odd multiples of
2
18. y = −2 tan x ; The graph of y = tan x is stretched
5. y = cos x
vertically by a factor of 2 and reflected about the
x-axis.
6. True
y
7. The y-intercept of y = tan x is 0.
4
(––4 , 2)
8. y = cot x has no y-intercept.
x
9. The y-intercept of y = sec x is 1.

10. y = csc x has no y-intercept.
( ––4 , 2)
4
11. sec x = 1 when x = − 2π, 0, 2π;
sec x = −1 when x = −π, π
19. y = 4 cot x ; The graph of y = cot x is stretched
3π π vertically by a factor of 4.
12. csc x = 1 when x = − , ; y
2 2
π 3π
( ––4 , 4 )
16
csc x = −1 when x = − ,
2 2
x
13. y = sec x has vertical asymptotes when

3π π π 3π
x=− ,− , , . ( ––4 , 4 )
2 2 2 2 16
14. y = csc x has vertical asymptotes when
x = − 2π, − π, 0, π, 2π . 20. y = −3cot x ; The graph of y = cot x is stretched
vertically by a factor of 3 and reflected about the
15. y = tan x has vertical asymptotes when x-axis.
3π π π 3π y
x=− ,− , , .
2 2 2 2
( ––4 , 3)
15
16. y = cot x has vertical asymptotes when
x = − 2π, − π, 0, π, 2π . x

( ––4 , 3 )
15
782
Section 7.7: Graphs of the Tangent, Cotangent, Cosecant, and Secant Functions
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
21. y = tan ⎜ x ⎟ ; The graph of y = tan x is 24. y = cot ⎜ x ⎟ ; The graph of y = cot x is
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
2 4
horizontally compressed by a factor of . horizontally stretched by a factor of .
π π
y y
4 5
( ––12 , 1 )
x (1, 1)
4 2 2 4
x
3 3
( ––12 , 1) 4
(1, 1)
5
⎛1 ⎞
22. y = tan ⎜ x ⎟ ; The graph of y = tan x is 25. y = 2sec x ; The graph of y = sec x is stretched
⎝2 ⎠
horizontally stretched by a factor of 2. vertically by a factor of 2.
y (0, 2) y
4
8 ( ––2 , 1) (2, 2)
x
x
(, 2) (, 2)
3 3
2 2 4
( ––2 , 1) 8
1
26. y = csc x ; The graph of y = csc x is vertically
2
⎛1 ⎞
23. y = cot ⎜ x ⎟ ; The graph of y = cot x is 1
⎝4 ⎠ compressed by a factor of .
2
horizontally stretched by a factor of 4. y
2
1
3 1 ( ––
2 , 2)
––
( –––
2 , 2)
––
x
3 3
–– 1
2 , 2)
( –––
2 ––
1
( 2 ,
–– ––
2)
2
783
27. y = −3csc x ; The graph of y = csc x is 1

30. y = csc ( 2 x ) ; The graph of y = csc x is
vertically stretched by a factor of 3 and reflected 2
about the x-axis. 1
y horizontally compressed by a factor of and
2
14
10 1
vertically compressed by a factor of .
6 3 2
( ––
2 , 3) ( –––
2 , 3)
2 y
x
3 2 1.0
2 , 3)
( ––– 2 , 3)
( ––
6
10 (––– , )
3 ––1
14
4 2 (––4 , ––12 )
x
––
2
––
2
28. y = −4sec x ; The graph of y = sec x is
( ––4 , ––12 ) (–––
3
4
1
, ––
2
)
vertically stretched by a factor of 4 and reflected 1.0
about the x-axis.
31. y = −2 csc (π x ) ; The graph of y = csc x is

1
horizontally compressed by a factor of ,
π
vertically stretched by a factor of 2, and reflected
about the x-axis.
y
6
⎛1 ⎞ (––12 , 2) (––32 , 2)
29. y = 4sec ⎜ x ⎟ ; The graph of y = sec x is
⎝2 ⎠ 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 x
horizontally stretched by a factor of 2 and ( ––12 , 2)
( 3
––
2
, 2 )
vertically stretched by a factor of 4.
y
36 6
⎛π ⎞
(0, 4) 32. y = −3sec ⎜ x ⎟ ; The graph of y = sec x is
⎝2 ⎠
4 2 2 3 x 2
horizontally compressed by a factor of ,
(2, 4) (2, 4) π
vertically stretched by a factor of 3, and reflected
about the x-axis.
36 y
8
(2, 3) (2, 3)
4 2 2 4 x
(0, 3)
8
784
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
33. y = tan ⎜ x ⎟ + 1 ; The graph of y = tan x is 36. y = csc ⎜ x ⎟ ; The graph of y = csc x is
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
horizontally stretched by a factor of 4 and shifted 2
up 1 unit. horizontally compressed by a factor of .
3π
y
8
(3, 2) (, 2)
(0, 1) (3, 0) x
4 4
8
34. y = 2 cot x − 1 ; The graph of y = cot x is

vertically stretched by a factor of 2 and shifted
down 1 unit.
1 ⎛1 ⎞
y 37. y = tan ⎜ x ⎟ − 2 ; The graph of y = tan x is
10 2 ⎝4 ⎠
horizontally stretched by a factor of 4, vertically
(–––
3
, 1)
4 1
(––4 , 1) compressed by a factor of , and shifted down 2
2
2 x units.
––
2 y
(––2 , 1)
( ––2 , 1) 8
10
(, ––32 (
⎛ 2π ⎞ 3
35. y = sec ⎜ x ⎟ + 2 ; The graph of y = sec x is 3 x
⎝ 3 ⎠ (0, 2)
3 (,––32 (
horizontally compressed by a factor of and
2π
8
shifted up 2 units.
y
⎛1 ⎞
8 38. y = 3cot ⎜ x ⎟ − 2 ; The graph of y = cot x is
⎝2 ⎠
(0, 3)
stretched by a factor of 3, and shifted down 2
( 3
––
2
,1 ) ( ––32 , 1) units.
y
2 2 x 6
3
4 (–––
2 1(
, ( ––2 , 1(
x
(, 2) (, 2)
(––4 , 6(
10
785
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
39. y = 2 csc ⎜ x ⎟ − 1 ; The graph of y = csc x is f ⎜ ⎟ − f ( 0)
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝6⎠ tan ( 2 ⋅ π / 6 ) − tan ( 2 ⋅ 0 )
43. =
horizontally stretched by a factor of 3, vertically π π /6
−0
stretched by a factor of 2, and shifted down 1 unit. 6
y 3 −0 6 3
6 = =
π /6 π
6 3
( 3
––, 1) The average rate of change is .
( 9
–– , 1)
2
2 π
4 2 2 4 x
⎛π ⎞
( 3
–– , 3) (9
–– , 3) f ⎜ ⎟ − f ( 0)
2 2
⎝6⎠ sec ( 2 ⋅ π / 6 ) − sec ( 2 ⋅ 0 )
44. =
π π /6
−0
8 6
2 −1 6
= =
π /6 π
⎛1 ⎞
40. y = 3sec ⎜ x ⎟ + 1 ; The graph of y = sec x is 6
⎝4 ⎠ The average rate of change is .
π
stretched by a factor of 3, and shifted up 1 unit.
y
45. ( f D g )( x ) = tan ( 4 x )
8
(8, 5) (0, 5) (8, 5)
8 8 x
(4, 1) (4, 1)
8
( g D f )( x ) = 4 ( tan x ) = 4 tan x
⎛π ⎞ 3
f ⎜ ⎟ − f ( 0) −0
⎝ ⎠
6 tan ( π / 6 ) − tan ( 0 )
41. = = 3
π π /6 π /6
−0
6
3 6 2 3
= ⋅ =
3 π π
2 3
The average rate of change is .
π
⎛π ⎞ 2 3
f ⎜ ⎟ − f ( 0) −1
⎝6⎠ sec (π / 6 ) − sec ( 0 )
42. = = 3
π π /6 π /6
−0
6
=
2 3 −3 6 2 3 2− 3
⋅ =
( )
3 π π
The average rate of change is

(
2 3 2− 3 ).
π
786
( f D g )( x ) = 2sec ⎛⎜
1 ⎞ 1
46. x⎟ 48. ( f D g )( x ) = ( 2 csc x ) = csc x
⎝2 ⎠ 2
( g D f )( x ) = 2 csc ⎛⎜
1 ⎞
x⎟
1 ⎝2 ⎠
( g D f )( x ) = ( 2sec x ) = sec x
2
49. a. Consider the length of the line segment in

two sections, x, the portion across the hall
47. ( f D g )( x ) = −2 ( cot x ) = −2 cot x that is 3 feet wide and y, the portion across
that hall that is 4 feet wide. Then,
3 4
cos θ = and sin θ =
x y
3 4
x= y=
cos θ sin θ
Thus,
3 4
L = x+ y = + = 3sec θ + 4 csc θ .
cos θ sin θ
3 4
b. Let Y1 = + .
( g D f )( x ) = cot ( −2 x ) cos x sin x
25
0
_π
0 2
787
c. Use MINIMUM to find the least value: d (0.1) − d (0) 3.2492 − 0

d. = ≈ 32.492
25 0.1 − 0 0.1 − 0
d (0.2) − d (0.1) 7.2654 − 3.2492
= ≈ 40.162
0.2 − 0.1 0.2 − 0.1
d (0.3) − d (0.2) 13.764 − 7.2654
= ≈ 64.986
0
_π 0.3 − 0.2 0.3 − 0.2
0 2
d (0.4) − d (0.3) 30.777 − 13.764
= ≈ 170.13
L is least when θ ≈ 0.83 . 0.4 − 0.3 0.4 − 0.3
3 4
d. L≈ + ≈ 9.86 feet . e. The first differences represent the average
cos ( 0.83) sin ( 0.83) rate of change of the beam of light against
Note that rounding up will result in a ladder the wall, measured in feet per second. For
that won’t fit around the corner. Answers example, between t = 0 seconds and t = 0.1
will vary. seconds, the average rate of change of the
beam of light against the wall is 32.492 feet
50. a. d ( t ) = 10 tan(π t ) per second.
y
51.
5
x
– π π 3π
2 2
–5
y = tan x
y
π
b. d ( t ) = 10 tan(π t ) is undefined at t = 5
2
3π
and t = , or in general at
2
x
⎧k ⎫ π
⎨ k is an odd integer ⎬ . At these – π 3π
2 2
⎩2 ⎭
instances, the length of the beam of light
approaches infinity. It is at these instances –5
in the rotation of the beacon when the beam
of light being cast on the wall changes from y = –cot x + π
2
one side of the beacon to the other. Yes, the two functions are equivalent.
c. t d ( t ) = 10 tan(π t )
0 0
0.1 3.2492
0.2 7.2654
0.3 13.764
0.4 30.777
788
Section 7.8: Phase Shift; Sinusoidal Curve Fitting
Section 7.8 ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ ,3 ⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ , −3 ⎟ , (π , 0 )
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
1. phase shift
2. False
3. y = 4sin(2 x − π)
Amplitude: A = 4 =4
2π 2π
Period: T= = =π
ω 2
φ π
Phase Shift: =
ω 2
Interval defining one cycle:
⎡φ φ ⎤ ⎡ π 3π ⎤ ⎛ π⎞
⎢ω , ω + T ⎥ = ⎢ 2 , 2 ⎥ 5. y = 2 cos ⎜ 3 x + ⎟
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎝ 2⎠
Subinterval width: Amplitude: A = 2 = 2
T π
= 2π 2π
4 4 Period: T= =
Key points: ω 3
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
−
⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ , 4 ⎟ , (π , 0 ) , ⎜ , −4 ⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ φ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ π
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ Phase Shift: = =−
ω 3 6
⎡φ φ ⎤ ⎡ π π⎤
⎢ω , ω + T ⎥ = ⎢− 6 , 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Subinterval width:
T 2π / 3 π
= =
4 4 6
Key points:
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
⎜ − , 2 ⎟ , ( 0, 0 ) , ⎜ , −2 ⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ , 2 ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
4. y = 3sin(3 x − π)
Amplitude: A = 3 =3
2π 2π
Period: T= =
ω 3
φ π
Phase Shift: =
ω 3
⎡φ φ ⎤ ⎡π ⎤
⎢ω , ω + T ⎥ = ⎢ 3 ,π ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Subinterval width:
T 2π / 3 π
= =
4 4 6
Key points:
789
6. y = 3cos ( 2 x + π )
Amplitude: A = 3 =3
2π 2π
Period: T= = =π
ω 2
φ −π π
Phase Shift: = =−
ω 2 2
⎡φ φ ⎤ ⎡ π π⎤
⎢ω , ω + T ⎥ = ⎢− 2 , 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎛ π⎞
Subinterval width: 8. y = − 2 cos ⎜ 2 x − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
T π
= Amplitude: A = − 2 = 2
4 4
Key points: 2π 2π
Period: T= = =π
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ω 2
⎜ − ,3 ⎟ , ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ , ( 0, −3) , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ ,3 ⎟ π
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
φ 2 π
Phase Shift: = =
ω 2 4
⎡φ φ ⎤ ⎡ π 5π ⎤
⎢ω , ω + T ⎥ = ⎢ 4 , 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Subinterval width:
T π
=
4 4
Key points:
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
⎜ , −2 ⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ , 2 ⎟ , (π , 0 ) , ⎜ , −2 ⎟
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ π⎞
7. y = −3sin ⎜ 2 x + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
Amplitude: A = − 3 = 3
2π 2π
Period: T= = =π
ω 2
π
−
φ π
Phase Shift: = 2 =−
ω 2 4
⎡φ φ ⎤ ⎡ π 3π ⎤
⎢ ω , ω + T ⎥ = ⎢− 4 , 4 ⎥ 9. y = 4sin(πx + 2) − 5
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Subinterval width: Amplitude: A = 4 =4
T π 2π 2π
= Period: T= = =2
4 4 ω π
Key points: φ −2 2
Phase Shift: = =−
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ω
⎜ − , 0 ⎟ , ( 0, −3) , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ ,3 ⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟
π π
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ Interval defining one cycle:
⎡φ φ ⎤ ⎡ 2 2⎤
⎢ ω , ω + T ⎥ = ⎢− π , 2 − π ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Subinterval width:
790
T 2 1
= =
4 4 2
Key points:
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ − , −5 ⎟ , ⎜ − , −1⎟ , ⎜1 − , −5 ⎟ ,
⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ 2 π ⎠ ⎝ π ⎠
⎛3 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ − , −9 ⎟ , ⎜ 2 − , −5 ⎟
⎝2 π ⎠ ⎝ π ⎠
11. y = 3cos(πx − 2) + 5
Amplitude: A = 3 =3
2π 2π
Period: T= = =2
ω π
φ 2
Phase Shift: =
ω π
10. y = 2 cos(2πx + 4) + 4
⎡φ φ ⎤ ⎡2 2⎤
Amplitude: A = 2 =2 ⎢ω , ω + T ⎥ = ⎢π , 2 + π ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2π 2π Subinterval width:
Period: T= = =1
ω 2π T 2 1
φ −4 2 = =
Phase Shift: = =− 4 4 2
ω 2π π Key points:
Interval defining one cycle: ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛3 2 ⎞
⎡φ φ ⎤ ⎡ 2 2⎤ ⎜ ,8 ⎟ , ⎜ + ,5 ⎟ , ⎜1 + , 2 ⎟ , ⎜ + ,5 ⎟ ,
⎝π ⎠ ⎝ 2 π ⎠ ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ 2 π ⎠
⎢ ω , ω + T ⎥ = ⎢ − π ,1 − π ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Subinterval width: ⎜ 2 + ,8 ⎟
⎝ π ⎠
T 1
=
4 4
Key points:
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛3 2 ⎞
⎜ − ,6⎟ , ⎜ − , 4⎟ , ⎜ − , 2⎟ , ⎜ − , 4⎟ ,
⎝ π ⎠ ⎝4 π ⎠ ⎝2 π ⎠ ⎝4 π ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜1 − , 6 ⎟
⎝ π ⎠
791
12. y = 2 cos(2πx − 4) − 1 ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
Amplitude: A = 2 =2 ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ ,3 ⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , (π , −3) , ⎜ , 0 ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
2π 2π
Period: T= = =1
ω 2π
φ 4 2
Phase Shift: = =
ω 2π π
⎡φ φ ⎤ ⎡2 2⎤
⎢ ω , ω + T ⎥ = ⎢ π ,1 + π ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Subinterval width:
T 1
=
4 4
Key points:
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ ⎛ π ⎞⎞
⎜ ,1⎟ , ⎜ + , −1⎟ , ⎜ + , −3 ⎟ , 14. y = −3cos ⎜ − 2 x + ⎟ = −3cos ⎜ − ⎜ 2 x − ⎟ ⎟
⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ 4 π ⎠ ⎝ 2 π ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
⎛3 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎜ + , −1 ⎟ , ⎜1 + ,1⎟ = −3cos ⎜ 2 x − ⎟
⎝4 π ⎠ ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
Amplitude: A = −3 = 3
2π 2π
Period: T= = =π
ω 2
π
φ 2 π
Phase Shift: = =
ω 2 4
⎡φ φ ⎤ ⎡ π 5π ⎤
⎢ω , ω + T ⎥ = ⎢ 4 , 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Subinterval width:
T π
=
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ ⎛ π ⎞⎞ 4 4
13. y = −3sin ⎜ − 2 x + ⎟ = −3sin ⎜ − ⎜ 2 x − ⎟ ⎟ Key points:
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
⎛ π⎞
= 3sin ⎜ 2 x − ⎟ ⎜ , −3 ⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ ,3 ⎟ , (π , 0 ) , ⎜ , −3 ⎟
2⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎝
Amplitude: A = 3 =3
2π 2π
Period: T= = =π
ω 2
π
φ 2 π
Phase Shift: = =
ω 2 4
⎡φ φ ⎤ ⎡ π 5π ⎤
⎢ω , ω + T ⎥ = ⎢ 4 , 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Subinterval width:
T π
=
4 4
Key points:
792
φ 1 19. y = 2 tan ( 4 x − π )
15. A = 2; T = π;
=
ω 2 Begin with the graph of y = tan x and apply the
2π 2π φ φ 1 following transformations:
ω= = =2 = =
T π ω 2 2
1) Shift right π units ⎡⎣ y = tan ( x − π ) ⎤⎦
φ =1
Assuming A is positive, we have that 1
y = A sin(ω x − φ ) = 2sin(2 x − 1) 2) Horizontally compress by a factor of
4
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ y = tan ( 4 x − π ) ⎤
= 2sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
3) Vertically stretch by a factor of 2
π φ ⎡ y = 2 tan ( 4 x − π ) ⎤
16. A = 3; T = ; =2 ⎣ ⎦
2 ω
2π 2π φ φ
ω= = =4 = =2
T π ω 4
2 φ =8
Assuming A is positive, we have that
y = A sin(ω x − φ ) = 3sin(4 x − 8)
= 3sin ⎡⎣ 4 ( x − 2 ) ⎤⎦
φ 1 1
17. A = 3; T = 3π;
=− 20. y = cot ( 2 x − π )
ω 3 2
2π 2π 2 φ φ 1 Begin with the graph of y = cot x and apply the
ω= = = = =−
T 3π 3 ω 2 3 following transformations:
3
1) Shift right π units ⎡⎣ y = cot ( x − π ) ⎤⎦
1 2 2
φ =− ⋅ =−
3 3 9 1
Assuming A is positive, we have that 2) Horizontally compress by a factor of
2
⎛2 2⎞ ⎡ y = cot ( 2 x − π ) ⎤
y = A sin(ω x − φ ) = 3sin ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎣ ⎦
⎝ 3 9 ⎠
⎡2 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ 1
= 3sin ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ 3) Vertically compress by a factor of
2
⎣3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤
φ ⎢ y = 2 cot ( 2 x − π ) ⎥
18. A = 2; T = π; = −2 ⎣ ⎦
ω
2π 2π φ φ
ω= = =2 = = −2
T π ω 2
φ = −4
Assuming A is positive, we have that
y = A sin(ω x − φ ) = 2sin(2 x + 4)
= 2sin ⎡⎣ 2 ( x + 2 ) ⎤⎦
793
⎛ π⎞
21. y = 3csc ⎜ 2 x − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
Begin with the graph of y = csc x and apply the
following transformations:
π ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
1) Shift right units ⎢ y = csc ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥
4 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎥⎦
1
2) Horizontally compress by a factor of
2
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
⎢ y = csc ⎜ 2 x − ⎟ ⎥ ⎛ π⎞
⎢⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 23. y = − cot ⎜ 2 x + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
3) Vertically stretch by a factor of 3
Begin with the graph of y = cot x and apply the
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
⎢ y = 3csc ⎜ 2 x − ⎟ ⎥ following transformations:
⎢⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎥⎦
π ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
1) Shift left units ⎢ y = cot ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
1
2
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
⎢ y = cot ⎜ 2 x + ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
3) Reflect about the x-axis
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
⎢ y = − cot ⎜ 2 x + ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥
1
22. y = sec ( 3x − π )
2
Begin with the graph of y = sec x and apply the
1) Shift right π units ⎡⎣ y = sec ( x − π ) ⎤⎦
1
3
⎡ y = sec ( 3 x − π ) ⎤
⎣ ⎦
1
3) Vertically compress by a factor of
2
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ y = 2 sec ( 3 x − π ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
794
⎛ π⎞
24. y = − tan ⎜ 3 x + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
Begin with the graph of y = tan x and apply the
π ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
1) Shift left units ⎢ y = tan ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
1
3
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
⎢ y = tan ⎜ 3x + ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎛ 1 π⎞
3) Reflect about the x-axis 26. y = − csc ⎜ − π x + ⎟
⎝ 2 4⎠
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
⎢ y = − tan ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ Begin with the graph of y = csc x and apply the
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
π ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
1) Shift left units ⎢ y = csc ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
4 ⎣⎢ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎦⎥
⎛π ⎞
⎜ ,1⎟ ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
⎝ 12 ⎠ 2) Reflect about the y-axis ⎢ y = csc ⎜ − x + ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎥⎦
2
π
⎛π ⎞
⎜ , −1 ⎟ ⎡ ⎛ 1 π ⎞⎤
⎝4 ⎠
⎢ y = csc ⎜ − π x + ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 4 ⎠ ⎦⎥
25. y = − sec ( 2π x + π ) ⎡ ⎛ 1 π ⎞⎤
⎢ y = − csc ⎜ − π x + ⎟ ⎥
Begin with the graph of y = sec x and apply the ⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 4 ⎠ ⎦⎥
1) Shift left π units ⎡⎣ y = sec ( x + π ) ⎤⎦
1
2π
⎡ y = sec ( 2π x + π ) ⎤
⎣ ⎦
⎡ y = − sec ( 2π x + π ) ⎤
⎣ ⎦
795
⎛ π⎞ 56.0 − 24.2 31.8

27. I ( t ) = 120sin ⎜ 30π t − ⎟ , t ≥ 0 b. Amplitude: A = = = 15.9
⎝ 3⎠ 2 2
2π 2π 1 56.0+24.2 80.2
Period: T= = = Vertical Shift: = = 40.1
ω 30π 15 2 2
Amplitude: A = 120 = 120 2π π
ω= =
12 6
π
φ 1 Phase shift (use y = 24.2, x = 1):
Phase Shift: = 3 =
ω 30π 90 ⎛π ⎞
24.2 = 15.9sin ⎜ ⋅1 − φ ⎟ + 40.1
⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛π ⎞
−15.9 = 15.9sin ⎜ − φ ⎟
⎝6 ⎠
⎛π ⎞
−1 = sin ⎜ − φ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠
π π
− = −φ
2 6
2π
⎛ π⎞ φ=
28. I ( t ) = 220sin ⎜ 60π t − ⎟ , t ≥ 0 3
⎝ 6⎠ ⎛π 2π ⎞
2π 2π 1 Thus, y = 15.9sin ⎜ x − ⎟ + 40.1 or
Period: T= = = ⎝6 3 ⎠
ω 60π 30 ⎡π ⎤
Amplitude: A = 220 = 220 y = 15.9sin ⎢ ( x − 4 ) ⎥ + 40.1 .
⎣ 6 ⎦
π
c.
φ 1
Phase Shift: = 6 =
ω 60π 360
d. y = 15.62sin ( 0.517 x − 2.096 ) + 40.377
29. a.
e. 60
0 13
20
796
30. a. 31. a.
80.0 − 34.6 45.4 75.4 − 25.5 49.9

b. Amplitude: A = = = 22.7 b. Amplitude: A = = = 24.95
2 2 2 2
80.0+34.6 114.6 75.4+25.5 100.9
Vertical Shift: = = 57.3 Vertical Shift: = = 50.45
2 2 2 2
2π π 2π π
ω= = ω= =
12 6 12 6
Phase shift (use y = 34.6, x = 1): Phase shift (use y = 25.5, x = 1):
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
34.6 = 22.7 sin ⎜ ⋅1 − φ ⎟ + 57.3 25.5 = 24.95sin ⎜ ⋅1 − φ ⎟ + 50.45
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
− 22.7 = 22.7 sin ⎜ − φ ⎟ − 24.95 = 24.95sin ⎜ − φ ⎟
⎝6 ⎠ ⎝6 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
−1 = sin ⎜ − φ ⎟ −1 = sin ⎜ − φ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝6 ⎠
π π π π
− = −φ − = −φ
2 6 2 6
2π 2π
φ= φ=
3 3
⎛π 2π ⎞ ⎛π 2π ⎞
Thus, y = 22.7 sin ⎜ x − ⎟ + 57.3 or Thus, y = 24.95sin ⎜ x − ⎟ + 50.45 or
⎝6 3 ⎠ ⎝6 3 ⎠
⎡π ⎤ ⎡π ⎤
y = 22.7 sin ⎢ ( x − 4 ) ⎥ + 57.3 . y = 24.95sin ⎢ ( x − 4 ) ⎥ + 50.45 .
⎣ 6 ⎦ ⎣6 ⎦
c. c.
d. y = 22.61sin ( 0.503 x − 2.038 ) + 57.17 d. y = 25.693sin(0.476 x − 1.814) + 49.854
e. 90 e. 80
0 13 0 13
20 20
797
32. a. e. 80
0 13
20
33. a. 3.6333 + 12.5 = 16.1333 hours which is at
4:08 PM.
8.2 − (− 0.6) 8.8
77.0 − 31.8 45.2 b. Amplitude: A = = = 4.4
b. Amplitude: A = = = 22.6 2 2
2 2 8.2 + ( − 0.6) 7.6
77.0+31.8 108.8 Vertical Shift: = = 3.8
Vertical Shift: = = 54.4 2 2
2 2 2π π 4π
2π π ω= = =
ω= = 12.5 6.25 25
12 6 Phase shift (use y = 8.2, x = 3.6333):
Phase shift (use y = 31.8, x = 1):
⎛ 4π ⎞
⎛π ⎞ 8.2 = 4.4sin ⎜ ⋅ 3.6333 − φ ⎟ + 3.8
31.8 = 22.6sin ⎜ ⋅1 − φ ⎟ + 54.4 ⎝ 25 ⎠
⎝6 ⎠ ⎛ 4π ⎞
⎛π ⎞ 4.4 = 4.4sin ⎜ ⋅ 3.6333 − φ ⎟
− 22.6 = 22.6sin ⎜ − φ ⎟ ⎝ 25 ⎠
⎝6 ⎠ ⎛ 14.5332π ⎞
⎛π ⎞ 1 = sin ⎜ −φ ⎟
−1 = sin ⎜ − φ ⎟ ⎝ 25 ⎠
⎝6 ⎠ π 40.5332π
π π = −φ
− = −φ 2 25
2 6 φ ≈ 0.2555
2π
φ= ⎛ 4π ⎞
3 Thus, y = 4.4sin ⎜ x − 0.2555 ⎟ + 3.8 or
⎝ 25 ⎠
⎛π 2π ⎞
Thus, y = 22.6sin ⎜ x − ⎟ + 54.4 or ⎡ 4 π ⎤
⎝ 6 3 ⎠ y = 4.4sin ⎢ ( x − 0.5083) ⎥ + 3.8 .
⎣ 25 ⎦
⎡π ⎤
y = 22.6sin ⎢ ( x − 4 ) ⎥ + 54.4 . c. y
⎣6 ⎦
9
c. y
7
80
70 5
60
3
50
40 1 x
30 2 4 6 8 12
x
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112
⎛ 4π ⎞
d. y = 4.4sin ⎜ (16.1333) − 0.2555 ⎟ + 3.8
d. y = 22.46sin(0.506 x − 2.060) + 54.35 ⎝ 25 ⎠
≈ 8.2 feet
798
34. a. 8.1833 + 12.5 = 20.6833 hours which is at ⎛ 2π ⎞

8:41 PM. 13.75 = 1.61sin ⎜ ⋅172 − φ ⎟ + 12.14
⎝ 365 ⎠
13.2 − 2.2 11 ⎛ 2π ⎞
b. Amplitude: A = = = 5.5 1.61 = 1.61sin ⎜ ⋅172 − φ ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 365 ⎠
13.2 + 2.2 15.4
Vertical Shift: = = 7.7 ⎛ 344π ⎞
2 2 1 = sin ⎜ −φ ⎟
⎝ 365 ⎠
2π π 4π
ω= = = π 344π
12.5 6.25 25 = −φ
Phase shift (use y = 13.2, x = 8.1833): 2 365
φ ≈ 1.3900
⎛ 4π ⎞
13.2 = 5.5sin ⎜ ⋅ 8.1833 − φ ⎟ + 7.7 ⎛ 2π ⎞
⎝ 25 ⎠ Thus, y = 1.61sin ⎜ x − 1.39 ⎟ + 12.14 or
⎝ 365 ⎠
⎛ 4π ⎞
5.5 = 5.5sin ⎜ ⋅ 8.1833 − φ ⎟ ⎡ 2π
⎝ 25 ⎠ y = 1.61sin ⎢ ( x − 80.75 )⎤⎥ + 12.14 .
⎣ 365 ⎦
⎛ 32.7332π ⎞
1 = sin ⎜ −φ ⎟ ⎡ 2π
⎝ 25 ⎠ b. y = 1.61sin ⎢ ( 91 − 80.75 )⎤⎥ + 12.14
π 32.7332π ⎣ 365 ⎦
= −φ ≈ 12.42 hours
2 25
φ ≈ 2.5426 c. y
⎛ 4π ⎞
Thus, y = 5.5sin ⎜ x − 2.5426 ⎟ + 7.7 or
⎝ 25 ⎠ 20
⎡ 4π ⎤
y = 5.5sin ⎢ ( x − 5.0583) ⎥ + 7.7 .
⎣ 25 ⎦
c. y
10
14
12
10
8
6
0
4 140 280 420 x
2
x d. The actual hours of sunlight on April 1,
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 2005 was 12.43 hours. This is very close to
the predicted amount of 12.42 hours.
⎛ 4π ⎞
d. y = 5.5sin ⎜ ( 20.6833) − 2.5426 ⎟ + 7.7
⎝ 25 ⎠
≈ 13.2 feet
13.75 − 10.53
35. a. Amplitude: A = = 1.61
2
13.75 + 10.53
Vertical Shift: = 12.14
2
2π
ω=
365
799
15.30 − 9.08 ⎛ 2π ⎞
36. a. Amplitude: A = = 3.11 19.42 = 6.975sin ⎜ ⋅172 − φ ⎟ + 12.445
2 ⎝ 365 ⎠
15.30 + 9.08
Vertical Shift: = 12.19 ⎛ 2π ⎞
2 6.975 = 6.975sin ⎜ ⋅172 − φ ⎟
⎝ 365 ⎠
2π
ω= ⎛ 344π ⎞
365 1 = sin ⎜ −φ ⎟
⎝ 365 ⎠
π 344π
⎛ 2π ⎞ = −φ
15.30 = 3.11sin ⎜ ⋅172 − φ ⎟ + 12.19 2 365
⎝ 365 ⎠ φ ≈ 1.39
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
3.11 = 3.11sin ⎜ ⋅172 − φ ⎟ Thus, y = 6.975sin ⎜ x − 1.39 ⎟ + 12.445 or
⎝ 365 ⎠ ⎝ 365 ⎠
⎛ 344π ⎞ ⎡ 2π
1 = sin ⎜
⎝ 365
−φ ⎟
⎠
y = 6.975sin ⎢ ( x − 80.75)⎤⎥ + 12.445 .
⎣ 365 ⎦
π 344π
= −φ ⎛ 2π
2 365 b. y = 6.975sin ⎜ ( 91) − 1.39 ⎞⎟ + 12.445
φ ≈ 1.39 ⎝ 365 ⎠
⎛ 2π ⎞ ≈ 13.67 hours
Thus, y = 3.11sin ⎜ x − 1.39 ⎟ + 12.19 or
⎝ 365 ⎠ c. y
⎡ 2π
y = 3.11sin ⎢ ( x − 80.75)⎤⎥ + 12.19 .
⎣ 365 ⎦ 20
⎛ 2π
b. y = 3.11sin ⎜ ( 91) − 1.3900 ⎞⎟ + 12.19
⎝ 365 ⎠
≈ 12.74 hours 10
c. y
20 0
140 280 420 x
d. The actual hours of sunlight on April 1,
2005 was 13.43 hours. This is close to the
10 predicted amount of 13.67 hours.
0
140 280 420 x
2005 was 12.75 hours. This is very close to
the predicted amount of 12.74 hours.
19.42 − 5.47
37. a. Amplitude: A = = 6.975
2
19.42 + 5.47
2
2π
ω=
365
800
Chapter 7 Review Exercises
13.43 − 10.85 π 7π
38. a. Amplitude: A = = 1.29 2. 210° = 210 ⋅ radian = radians
2 180 6
13.43 + 10.85
2 π π
2π 180 10
ω=
365
Phase shift (use y = 13.43, x = 172): π π
180 12
⎛ 2π ⎞
13.43 = 1.29sin ⎜ ⋅172 − φ ⎟ + 12.14
⎝ 365 ⎠ 3π 3π 180
5. = ⋅ degrees = 135°
⎛ 2π ⎞ 4 4 π
1.29 = 1.29sin ⎜ ⋅172 − φ ⎟
⎝ 365 ⎠
⎛ 344π ⎞ 2π 2π 180
1 = sin ⎜ −φ ⎟ 6. = ⋅ degrees = 120°
365 3 3 π
⎝ ⎠
π 344π
= −φ 5π 5π 180
2 365 7. − =− ⋅ degrees = − 450°
2 2 π
φ ≈ 1.39
⎛ 2π ⎞ 3π 3π 180
Thus, y = 1.29sin ⎜ x − 1.39 ⎟ + 12.14 . 8. − =− ⋅ degrees = − 270°
⎝ 365 ⎠ 2 2 π
⎛ 2π
b. y = 1.29sin ⎜ ( 91) − 1.39 ⎞⎟ + 12.14 9. tan
π π 1 1
− sin = 1 − =
⎝ 365 ⎠ 4 6 2 2
≈ 12.37 hours
c. π π 1 3
y 10. cos + sin = + 1 =
3 2 2 2
20 π 2 3 3 2 4 3
11. 3sin 45º − 4 tan = 3⋅ − 4⋅ = −
6 2 3 2 3
π 1
10 12. 4 cos 60º +3 tan = 4 ⋅ + 3⋅ 3 = 2 + 3 3
3 2
3π ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
13. 6 cos
4
+ 2 tan ⎜ − ⎟ = 6 ⎜⎜ −
⎝ 3⎠
⎟⎟ + 2 − 3 ( )
0
140 280 420 x ⎝ 2 ⎠
d. The actual hours of sunlight on April 1, = −3 2 − 2 3
2005 was 12.38 hours. This is very close to
the predicted amount of 12.37 hours. 2π 5π ⎛ 3⎞ 3 3
14. 3sin − 4 cos = 3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 4 ( 0 ) =
3 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ π 5π
15. sec ⎜ − ⎟ − cot ⎜ − ⎟ = sec + cot = 2 +1 = 3
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 3 4
3π ⎛ π⎞ 3π π
π 3π 16. 4 csc − cot ⎜ − ⎟ = 4 csc + cot = 4 2 + 1
1. 135° = 135 ⋅ radian = radians 4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 4
180 4
17. tan π + sin π = 0 + 0 = 0
801
π ⎛ π⎞ π π 4
18. cos − csc ⎜ − ⎟ = cos + csc = 0 + 1 = 1 31. θ is acute, so θ lies in quadrant I and sin θ =
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2 5
corresponds to the right triangle:
19. cos 540º − tan(− 405º ) = −1 − (−1) = −1 + 1 = 0
20. sin 270º + cos(−180º ) = −1 + (−1) = −2 c=5

b=4
1 θ
21. sin 2 20º + 2
= sin 2 20º + cos 2 20º = 1 a
sec 20º
Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
1 1 a 2 + 4 2 = 52
22. − = sec 40º − tan 40º
2 2
cos 2 40º cot 2 40º

a 2 = 25 − 16 = 9
( 2
)
= 1 + tan 40º − tan 40º 2
a= 9 =3
=1 So the triangle is:
1
23. sec50º ⋅ cos 50º = ⋅ cos 50º = 1 c=5
cos 50º b=4
1 θ
24. tan10º ⋅ cot10º = tan10º ⋅ =1
tan10º a=3
adj 3 hyp 5
sin 50º sin 50º sin 50º cos θ = = sec θ = =
25. = = =1 hyp 5 adj 3
cos 40° sin ( 90° − 40° ) sin 50º
opp 4 adj 3
tan 20º tan 20º tan 20º adj 3 opp 4
26. = = =1
cot 70° tan ( 90° − 70° ) tan 20º csc θ =
hyp 5
=
opp 4
sin ( −40º ) − sin 40º − sin 40º
27. = = = −1
cos 50º sin ( 90° − 50° ) sin 40º 32. θ is acute, so θ lies in quadrant I and tan θ =
1
4
1 corresponds to the right triangle:
28. tan ( −20º ) cot 20º = − tan 20º ⋅ = −1
tan 20º
c
29. sin 400º ⋅ sec ( −50º ) = sin ( 40º +360º ) ⋅ sec 50º b=1
1 θ
= sin 40º ⋅ a=4
cos 50º
1 Using the Pythagorean Theorem:
= sin 40º ⋅
sin ( 90º −50º ) c 2 = 12 + 42 = 1 + 16 = 17
1 c = 17
= sin 40º ⋅
sin 40° So the triangle is:
=1
c = 17
30. cot 200º ⋅ cot ( −70º ) = cot ( 20º +180º ) ⋅ ( − cot 70º ) b=1
= − cot 20º ⋅ cot 70° θ
= − cot 20º ⋅ tan ( 90° − 70º ) a=4
−1
= ⋅ tan ( 20° )
tan 20º
= −1
802
opp 1 17 17 12
sin θ = = ⋅ = 34. cot θ = and cos θ < 0 , so θ lies in quadrant III.
hyp 17 17 17 5
adj 4 17 4 17
cos θ = = ⋅ = csc2 θ = 1 + cot 2 θ
hyp 17 17 17
2
⎛ 12 ⎞ 144 169
hyp 17 csc 2 θ = 1 + ⎜ ⎟ = 1 + =
csc θ = = = 17 ⎝ 5⎠ 25 25
opp 1
169 13
hyp 17 csc θ = ± =±
sec θ = = 25 5
adj 4
Note that csc θ must be negative because θ lies in
adj 4
cot θ = = =4 13
opp 1 quadrant III. Thus, csc θ = − .
5
1 1 5
12 sin θ = = =−
33. tan θ = and sin θ < 0 , so θ lies in quadrant III. csc θ − 135 13
5
Using the Pythagorean Identities: cos θ
cot θ = , so
sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1 sin θ
12 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 12
cos θ = ( cot θ )( sin θ ) =
2
⎛ 12 ⎞
sec 2 θ = ⎜ ⎟ + 1 =
144
+1 =
169 ⎜− ⎟ = −
5 ⎝ 13 ⎠ 13
⎝ 5⎠ 25 25
1 1 5
169 13 tan θ = = 12 =
sec θ = ± =± cot θ 5 12
25 5
1 1 13
Note that sec θ must be negative since θ lies in sec θ = = =−
13 cos θ − 12
13 12
quadrant III. Thus, sec θ = − .
5
5
1 1 5 35. sec θ = − and tan θ < 0 , so θ lies in quadrant II.
cos θ = = =− 4
sec θ − 135 13 Using the Pythagorean Identities:
sin θ tan 2 θ = sec2 θ − 1
tan θ = , so
cos θ 2
⎛ 5⎞ 25 9
12 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 12 tan 2 θ = ⎜ − ⎟ − 1 = −1 =
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = ⎜ − ⎟ = − ⎝ 4⎠ 16 16
5 ⎝ 13 ⎠ 13
9 3
1 1 13 tan θ = ± =±
csc θ = = 12 = − 16 4
sin θ − 13 12
3
1 1 5 Note that tan θ < 0 , so tan θ = − .
cot θ = = = 4
tan θ 125 12
1 1 4
cos θ = = =−
sec θ − 54 5
sin θ
tan θ = , so
cos θ
3⎛ 4⎞ 3
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = − ⎜ − ⎟ = .
4⎝ 5⎠ 5
1 1 5
csc θ = = =
sin θ 35 3
1 1 4
cot θ = = 3 =−
tan θ − 4 3
803
5 3
36. csc θ = − and cot θ < 0 , so θ lies in quadrant 38. cos θ = − and θ lies in quadrant III.
3 5
IV. Using the Pythagorean Identities:
Using the Pythagorean Identities: sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
cot 2 θ = csc2 θ − 1 2
⎛ 3⎞ 9 16
2 sin 2 θ = 1 − ⎜ − ⎟ = 1 − =
⎛ 5⎞ 25 16 ⎝ 5⎠ 25 25
cot 2 θ = ⎜ − ⎟ − 1 = −1 =
⎝ 3⎠ 9 9
16 4
sin θ = ± =±
16 4 25 5
cot θ = ± =±
9 3 Note that sin θ must be negative because θ lies
4 4
Note that cot θ < 0 , so cot θ = − . in quadrant III. Thus, sin θ = − .
3 5
1 1 3 sin θ − 45 4⎛ 5⎞ 4
sin θ = = =− tan θ = = = − ⎜− ⎟ =
csc θ − 53 5 cos θ − 35 5⎝ 3⎠ 3
cos θ 1 1 5
cot θ = , so csc θ = = 4 =−
sin θ sin θ − 5 4
4⎛ 3⎞ 4
cos θ = ( cot θ )( sin θ ) = − ⎜ − ⎟ = sec θ =
1
=
1
=−
5
3⎝ 5⎠ 5 cos θ − 53 3
1 1 3
tan θ = = =− 1 1 3
cot θ − 43 4 cot θ = = 4 =
tan θ 3 4
1 1 5
sec θ = = 4 =
cos θ 5 4 5 3π
39. sin θ = − and < θ < 2π (quadrant IV)
13 2
12 Using the Pythagorean Identities:
37. sin θ = and θ lies in quadrant II.
13 cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
Using the Pythagorean Identities: 2
⎛ 5⎞ 25 144
cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ cos θ = 1 − ⎜ − ⎟ = 1 −
2
=
2
⎝ 13 ⎠ 169 169
⎛ 12 ⎞ 144 25
cos 2 θ = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = 1 − = 144 12
⎝ 13 ⎠ 169 169 cos θ = ± =±
169 13
25 5 Note that cos θ must be positive because θ lies
cos θ = ± =±
169 13 12
Note that cos θ must be negative because θ lies in quadrant IV. Thus, cos θ = .
13
5 sin θ − 135 5 ⎛ 13 ⎞ 5
in quadrant II. Thus, cos θ = − . tan θ = = 12 = − ⎜ ⎟ = −
13 cos θ 13 ⎝ 12 ⎠ 12
13
sin θ 12
12 ⎛ 13 ⎞ 12
tan θ = = 135 = ⎜ − ⎟ = − 1 1 13
cos θ − 13 13 ⎝ 5 ⎠ 5 csc θ = = =−
sin θ − 135 5
1 1 13
csc θ = = = 1 1 13
sin θ 12 12 sec θ = = 12 =
13 cos θ 13 12
1 1 13
sec θ = = 5 =− 1 1 12
cos θ − 13 5 cot θ = = =−
tan θ − 125 5
1 1 5
cot θ = = =−
tan θ − 125 12
804
12 3π 2
40. cos θ = and < θ < 2π (quadrant IV) 42. tan θ = − and 90º < θ < 180º (quadrant II)
13 2 3
Using the Pythagorean Identities: Using the Pythagorean Identities:
sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1
2 2
⎛ 12 ⎞ 144 25 ⎛ 2⎞ 4 13
sin 2 θ = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = 1 − = sec 2 θ = ⎜ − ⎟ + 1 = + 1 =
⎝ 13 ⎠ 169 169 ⎝ 3⎠ 9 9
25 5 13 13
sin θ = ± =± sec θ = ± =±
169 13 9 3
Note that sin θ must be negative because θ lies Note that sec θ must be negative since θ lies in
5 13
in quadrant IV. Thus, sin θ = − . quadrant II. Thus, sec θ = − .
13 3
sin θ − 135 5 ⎛ 13 ⎞ 5 1 1 3 13 3 13
tan θ = = 12 = − ⎜ ⎟ = − cos θ = = =− ⋅ =−
cos θ 13
13 12
⎝ ⎠ 12 sec θ 13 13 13 13
−
1 1 13 3
csc θ = = 5 =−
sin θ − 13 5 sin θ
tan θ = , so
1 1 13 cos θ
sec θ = = =
cos θ 12 12 2 ⎛ 3 13 ⎞ 2 13
13
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = − ⎜⎜ − ⎟=
1 1 12 3 ⎝ 13 ⎟⎠ 13
cot θ = = 5 =−
tan θ − 12 5 1 1 13 13
csc θ = = = =
sin θ 2 13 2 13 2
1
41. tan θ = and 180º < θ < 270º (quadrant III) 13
3
1 1 3
Using the Pythagorean Identities: cot θ = = 2 =−
tan θ − 3 2
sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1
2 3π
⎛1⎞ 1 10 43. sec θ = 3 and < θ < 2π (quadrant IV)
sec θ = ⎜ ⎟ + 1 = + 1 =
2
2
⎝3⎠ 9 9
10 10 tan 2 θ = sec2 θ − 1
sec θ = ± =±
9 3
tan 2 θ = 32 − 1 = 9 − 1 = 8
Note that sec θ must be negative since θ lies in
10 tan θ = ± 8 = ±2 2
quadrant III. Thus, sec θ = − . Note that tan θ must be negative since θ lies in
3
quadrant IV. Thus,. tan θ = −2 2 .
1 1 3 10 3 10
cos θ = = =− ⋅ =− 1 1
sec θ 10 10 10 10 cos θ = =
− sec θ 3
3
sin θ
sin θ tan θ = , so
tan θ = , so cos θ
cos θ
⎛1⎞ 2 2
1 ⎛ 3 10 ⎞ 10 sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = −2 2 ⎜ ⎟ = − .
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = − ⎝3⎠ 3
3 ⎝ 10 ⎠ 10
1 1 3 2 3 2
1 1 10 csc θ = = =− ⋅ =−
csc θ = = =− = − 10 sin θ − 2 3 2 2 2 2 4
sin θ 10 10
− 1 1 2 2
10 cot θ = = ⋅ =−
1 1 tan θ −2 2 2 4
cot θ = = 1 =3
tan θ 3
805
3π 3π
44. csc θ = − 4 and π < θ < (quadrant III) 46. tan θ = − 2 and < θ < 2π (quadrant IV)
2 2
Using the Pythagorean Identities: Using the Pythagorean Identities:
cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ − 1 sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1
cot 2 θ = ( −4 ) − 1 = 16 − 1 = 15 sec 2 θ = ( −2 ) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
2 2
cot θ = ± 15 sec θ = ± 5
Note that cot θ must be positive since θ lies in Note that sec θ must be positive since θ lies in
quadrant III. Thus, cot θ = 15 . quadrant IV. Thus, sec θ = 5 .
1 1 1 1 1 5 5
sin θ = = =− cos θ = = ⋅ =
csc θ −4 4 sec θ 5 5 5
cos θ sin θ
cot θ = , so tan θ = , so
sin θ cos θ
⎛ 1⎞ 15 ⎛ 5⎞
cos θ = ( cot θ )( sin θ ) = 15 ⎜ − ⎟ = − sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = −2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −
2 5
.
⎝ 4⎠ 4
⎝ 5 ⎠ 5
1 1 15 15
tan θ = = ⋅ = 1 1 5 5
cot θ 15 15 15 csc θ = = =− =−
sin θ 2 5 2 5 2
1 1 4 15 4 15 −
sec θ = = =− ⋅ =− 5
cos θ − 15 15 15 15 1 1 1
4
cot θ = = =−
tan θ −2 2
π
45. cot θ = − 2 and < θ < π (quadrant II)
2 47. y = 2sin(4 x)
Using the Pythagorean Identities: The graph of y = sin x is stretched vertically by
csc 2 θ = 1 + cot 2 θ a factor of 2 and compressed horizontally by a
csc 2 θ = 1 + ( −2 ) = 1 + 4 = 5 1
2
factor of .
4
csc θ = ± 5
Note that csc θ must be positive because θ lies
in quadrant II. Thus, csc θ = 5 .
1 1 5 5
sin θ = = ⋅ =
csc θ 5 5 5
cos θ
cot θ = , so
sin θ
⎛ 5⎞ 2 5
cos θ = ( cot θ )( sin θ ) = −2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = − .
⎝ 5 ⎠ 5
1 1 1
tan θ = = =−
cot θ −2 2
1 1 5 5
sec θ = = =− =−
cos θ − 2 5 5 2 5 2
806
48. y = −3cos(2 x) 51. y = tan( x + π)

The graph of y = cos x is stretched vertically by The graph of y = tan x is shifted π units to the
a factor of 3, reflected across the x-axis, and left.
1
compressed horizontally by a factor of .
2
⎛ π⎞
52. y = − tan ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞ π
49. y = − 2 cos ⎜ x + ⎟ The graph of y = tan x is shifted units to the
⎝ 2⎠ 2
π right and reflected across the x-axis.
The graph of y = cos x is shifted units to the
2
left, stretched vertically by a factor of 2, and
reflected across the x-axis.
53. y = − 2 tan(3x)
The graph of y = tan x is stretched vertically by
a factor of 2, reflected across the x-axis, and
50. y = 3sin( x − π)
1
The graph of y = sin x is shifted π units to the compressed horizontally by a factor of .
3
right, and stretched vertically by a factor of 3.
807
54. y = 4 tan(2 x) 57. y = 4sec ( 2 x )

The graph of y = tan x is stretched vertically by The graph of y = sec x is stretched vertically by
a factor of 4 and compressed horizontally by a a factor of 4 and compressed horizontally by a
1 1
factor of . factor of .
2 2
y
(, 4) 4 (, 4)
(0, 4)
3
2
1
–––
3
––

––
3
–––
x
4 4 4 4
2
3
(
––
2
, 4 ) 4 (––2 , 4)
5
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
55. y = cot ⎜ x + ⎟ 58. y = csc ⎜ x + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
π π
The graph of y = cot x is shifted units to the The graph of y = csc x is shifted units to the
4 4
left. left.
56. y = − 4 cot(2 x)
59. y = 4sin ( 2 x + 4 ) − 2
The graph of y = cot x is stretched vertically by
a factor of 4, reflected across the x-axis and The graph of y = sin x is shifted left 4 units,
1 1
compressed horizontally by a factor of . compressed horizontally by a factor of ,
2 2
stretched vertically by a factor of 4, and shifted
down 2 units.
808
60. y = 3cos ( 4 x + 2 ) + 1 63. y = 4 cos x

The graph of y = cos x is shifted left 2 units, Amplitude = 4 = 4 ; Period = 2π
1
compressed horizontally by a factor of , 64. y = sin(2 x)
4
stretched vertically by a factor of 3, and shifted 2π
Amplitude = 1 = 1 ; Period = =π
up 1 unit. 2
⎛π ⎞
65. y = − 8sin ⎜ x ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
2π
Amplitude = −8 = 8 ; Period = =4
π
2
66. y = − 2 cos(3π x)
2π 2
Amplitude = −2 = 2 ; Period = =
3π 3
⎛x π⎞ 67. y = 4sin(3 x)
61. y = 4 tan ⎜ + ⎟
⎝2 4⎠ Amplitude: A = 4 =4
The graph of y = tan x is stretched horizontally
2π 2π
by a factor of 2, shifted left π4 units, and Period: T= =
ω 3
stretched vertically by a factor of 4. φ 0
Phase Shift: = =0
ω 3
⎛x π⎞
62. y = 5cot ⎜ − ⎟
⎝3 4⎠
The graph of y = cot x is shifted right π4 units,
stretched horizontally by a factor of 3, and
stretched vertically by a factor of 5.
809
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 π⎞
68. y = 2 cos ⎜ x ⎟ 70. y = − cos ⎜ x + ⎟
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
Amplitude: A = 2 = 2 Amplitude: A = − 1 = 1
2π 2π 2π 2π
Period: T= = = 6π Period: T= = = 4π
ω 1 ω 1
3 2
φ 0 π
Phase Shift: = =0 −
ω 1 φ
Phase Shift: = 2 = −π
3 ω 1
2
69. y = 2sin ( 2 x − π ) 1 ⎛3 ⎞
71. y = sin ⎜ x − π ⎟
Amplitude: A = 2 =2 2 ⎝2 ⎠
2π 2π 1 1
Period: T= = =π Amplitude: A ==
ω 2 2 2
φ ππ 2π 2π 4π
Phase Shift: = = Period: T= = =
ω 2 2 ω 3 3
2
φ π 2π
Phase Shift: = =
ω 3 3
2
810
3
72. y = cos ( 6 x + 3π )
2
3 3
Amplitude: A = =
2 2
2π 2π π
Period: T= = =
ω 6 3
φ −3π π
Phase Shift: = =−
ω 6 2
75. The graph is a cosine graph with amplitude 5 and

period 8π.
2π
Find ω : 8π =
ω
8πω = 2π
2π 1
ω= =
8π 4
⎛1 ⎞
The equation is: y = 5cos ⎜ x ⎟ .
2 ⎝4 ⎠
73. y = − cos ( πx − 6 )
3
2 2 76. The graph is a sine graph with amplitude 4 and
Amplitude: A = − = period 8π.
3 3
2π
2π 2π Find ω : 8π =
Period: T= = =2 ω
ω π 8πω = 2π
φ 6
Phase Shift: = 2π 1
ω π ω= =
8π 4
⎛1 ⎞
The equation is: y = 4sin ⎜ x ⎟ .
⎝4 ⎠
77. The graph is a reflected cosine graph with

2π
Find ω : 8 =
ω
8ω = 2π
2π π
ω= =
⎛π 4⎞ 8 4
74. y = −7 sin ⎜ x + ⎟
⎝3 3⎠ ⎛π ⎞
The equation is: y = − 6 cos ⎜ x ⎟ .
Amplitude: A = − 7 = 7 ⎝4 ⎠
2π 2π
Period: T= = =6
ω π
3
4
−
φ 4
Phase Shift: = 3 =−
ω π π
3
811
78. The graph is a reflected sine graph with 82. cos θ > 0, tan θ < 0 ; θ lies in quadrant IV.
2π 4π 6π
Find ω : 8 = 83. θ = − + 2π = , so θ lies in quadrant III.
ω 5 5
8ω = 2π
2π π α
ω= = θ
8 4
⎛π ⎞ 6π π
The equation is: y = −7 sin ⎜ x ⎟ . Reference angle: α = −π =
⎝4 ⎠ 5 5
79. hypotenuse = 13; adjacent = 12 ⎛ 3 4⎞

84. P = ⎜ − , ⎟
Find the opposite side: ⎝ 5 5⎠
122 + ( opposite ) = 132
2
4
4 3 5 4
( opposite ) sin t = cos t = − tan t = =−
2
= 169 − 144 = 25
5 5 3 3
−
opposite = 25 = 5 5
opp 5 hyp 13
sin θ = = csc θ = = 85. The domain of y = sec x is
hyp 13 opp 5
⎧ π⎫
adj 12 hyp 13 ⎨ x x is any real number except odd multiples of ⎬ .
cos θ = = sec θ = = ⎩ 2⎭
hyp 13 adj 12
opp 5 adj 12 The range of y = sec x is { y y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1} .
adj 12 opp 5
20 35
86. a. 32o 20 '35" = 32 + + ≈ 32.34o
80. Set the calculator to degree mode: 60 3600
sec10o ≈ 1.02 . b. 63.18o
0.18o = ( 0.18 )( 60 ' ) = 10.8'
0.8' = ( 0.8 )( 60") = 48"
Thus, 63.18o = 63o10 '48"
81. ( 3, −4 ) ; a = 3, b = −4 ;
π
87. r = 2 feet, θ = 30º or θ =
r = a + b = 3 + ( −4 ) = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
2
2 2 2 6
y π π
s = rθ = 2 ⋅= ≈ 1.047 feet
5 6 3
1 1 2 π π
A = ⋅ r 2θ = ⋅ ( 2 ) ⋅ = ≈ 1.047 square feet
3 2 2 6 3
−5 5 x
r 4 88. r = 8 inches, θ = 180º or θ = π
−5 (3,−4) s = rθ = 8 ⋅ π = 8π ≈ 25.13 inches in 30 minutes
b 4 r 5 2π
sin θ = =− csc θ = =− r = 8 inches, θ = 120º or θ =
r 5 b 4 3
a 3 r 5 2π 16π
cos θ = = sec θ = = s = rθ = 8 ⋅ = ≈ 16.76 inches in 20
r 5 a 3 3 3
b 4 a 3 minutes
tan θ = = − cot θ = = −
a 3 b 4
812
1 93. Let x = the length of the lake, and let y = the

89. v = 180 mi/hr ; d= mile distance from the edge of the lake to the point on
2
the ground beneath the balloon (see figure).
1
r = = 0.25 mile
4
v 180 mi/hr 500 ft
ω= =
r 0.25 mi 25º 65º
= 720 rad/hr x y
720 rad 1 rev 500
= ⋅ tan ( 65º ) =
hr 2π rad x
360 rev 500
= x=
π hr tan ( 65º )
≈ 114.59 rev/hr
500
tan ( 25º ) =
90. r = 25 feet ; x+ y
1 rev 1 rev 2π radians π 500
ω= = ⋅ = rad/sec x+ y =
30 sec 30 sec 1 rev 15 tan ( 25º )
π 5π 500
v = rω = 25 ⋅ = ft/sec ≈ 5.24 ft/sec. x= −y
15 3 tan ( 25º )
The linear speed is approximately 5.24 feet per
500 500
1 = −
second; the angular speed is revolutions per tan ( 25º ) tan ( 65º )
30
≈ 1072.25 − 233.15 = 839.10
π
second, or radians per second. Thus, the length of the lake is approximately
15 839.10 feet.
91. Since there are two lights on opposite sides and 94. Let x = the distance traveled by the glider
the light is seen every 5 seconds, the beacon between the two sightings, and let y = the
makes 1 revolution every 10 seconds: distance from the stationary object to a point on
1 rev 2π radians π the ground beneath the glider at the time of the
ω= ⋅ = radians/second
10 sec 1 rev 5 second sighting (see figure).
92. r = 16 inches; v = 90 mi/hr 40º
v 10º
ω= 200 ft
r
90 mi/hr 12 in 5280 ft 1 hr 1 rev
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
16 in 1 ft 1 mi 60 min 2π rad
≈ 945.38 rev/min y x
Yes, the setting will be different for a wheel of y
tan(10°) =
radius 14 inches: 200
r = 14 inches; v = 90 mi/hr y = 200 tan(10°)
ω=
v x+ y
tan(40°) =
r 200
90 mi/hr 12 in 5280 ft 1 hr 1 rev x + y = 200 tan(40°)
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
14 in 1 ft 1 mi 60 min 2π rad x = 200 tan(40°) − y
≈ 1080.43 rev/min = 200 tan(40°) − 200 tan(10°)
≈ 167.82 − 35.27 = 132.55
The glider traveled 132.55 feet in 1 minute, so
the speed of the glider is 132.55 ft/min.
813
95. Let x = the distance across the river. c. The phase shift is:
x π
tan(25°) = −
φ π 1 1
50 = 6 =− ⋅ =−
x = 50 tan(25°) ≈ 23.32 ω 30π 6 30π 180
Thus, the distance across the river is 23.32 feet. d.
96. Let h = the height of the building.
h
tan(25°) =
80
h = 80 tan(25°) ≈ 37.30
Thus, the height of the building is 37.30 feet.
97. Let x = the distance the boat is from shore (see

figure). Note that 1 mile = 5280 feet.
100. a. y
100
1454 ft 90
80
5º
5280 ft x 70
1454 60
tan(5°) = x
x + 5280 50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1454
x + 5280 = 90 − 51 39
tan(5°) b. Amplitude: A = = = 19.5
2 2
1454
x= − 5280 90+51 141
tan(5°) Vertical Shift: = = 70.5
2 2
≈ 16, 619.30 − 5280 = 11,339.30 2π π
Thus, the boat is approximately 11,339.30 feet, ω= =
12 6
11,339.30 Phase shift (use y = 51, x = 1):
or ≈ 2.15 miles, from shore.
5280
⎛π ⎞
51 = 19.5sin ⎜ ⋅1 − φ ⎟ + 70.5
98. E (t ) = 120sin (120πt ) , t≥0 ⎝6 ⎠
The maximum value of E is the amplitude, ⎛ π ⎞
a. −19.5 = 19.5sin ⎜ − φ ⎟
which is 120. ⎝6 ⎠
2π 1 ⎛π ⎞
b. Period = = second −1 = sin ⎜ − φ ⎟
120π 60 ⎝ 6 ⎠
π π
c. − = −φ
2 6
2π
φ=
3
⎛π 2π ⎞
Thus, y = 19.5sin ⎜ x − ⎟ + 70.5 , or
⎝6 3 ⎠
⎡π ⎤
y = 19.5sin ⎢ ( x − 4 ) ⎥ + 70.5 .
⎛ π⎞ ⎣ 6 ⎦
99. I (t ) = 220sin ⎜ 30πt + ⎟ , t≥0
⎝ 6⎠
2π 1
a. Period = =
30π 15
b. The amplitude is 220.
814
Chapter 7 Test
c. y c. y
100
90
80 20
70
60
x
50 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
d. y = 19.52sin ( 0.54 x − 2.28 ) + 71.01
0
140 280 420 x
95 2005 was 12.62 hours. This is close to the
e.
predicted amount of 12.61 hours.
0 13 Chapter 7 Test
45
1. 260° = 260 ⋅1 degree
14.63 − 9.72 π
101. a. Amplitude: A = = 2.455 = 260 ⋅ radian
2 180
14.63 + 9.72 260π 13π
Vertical Shift: = 12.175 = radian = radian
2 180 9
2π
ω= 2. −400° = −400 ⋅1 degree
365 π
Phase shift (use y = 14.63, x = 172): = −400 ⋅ radian
180
⎛ 2π ⎞ 400π 20π
14.63 = 2.455sin ⎜ ⋅172 − φ ⎟ + 12.175 =− radian = − radian
⎝ 365 ⎠ 180 9
⎛ 2π ⎞ π 13π
2.455 = 2.455sin ⎜ ⋅172 − φ ⎟ 3. 13° = 13 ⋅1 degree = 13 ⋅ radian = radian
⎝ 365 ⎠ 180 180
⎛ 344π ⎞
1 = sin ⎜ −φ ⎟ π π
⎝ 365 ⎠ 4. − radian = − ⋅1 radian
8 8
π 344π π 180
= −φ =− ⋅ degrees = −22.5°
2 365 8 π
φ ≈ 1.39
⎛ 2π ⎞ 9π 9π
Thus, y = 2.455sin ⎜ x − 1.39 ⎟ + 12.175 , 5. radian = ⋅1 radian
⎝ 365 ⎠ 2 2
9π 180
⎡ 2π ⎤ = ⋅ degrees = 810°
or y = 2.455sin ⎢ ( x − 80.75 )⎥ + 12.175 . 2 π
⎣ 365 ⎦
3π 3π
⎛ 2π ⎞ 6. radian = ⋅1 radian
b. y = 2.455sin ⎜ (91) − 1.39 ⎟ + 12.175 4 4
⎝ 365 ⎠ 3π 180
= ⋅ degrees = 135°
≈ 12.61 hours 4 π
π 1
7. sin =
6 2
815
5π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎛ 3π ⎞ 17. To remember the sign of each trig function, we

8. cos ⎛⎜ − ⎞
⎟ − cos ⎜ ⎟ = cos ⎜ − + 2π ⎟ − cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ primarily need to remember that sin θ is positive
3π 3π in quadrants I and II, while cos θ is positive in
= cos ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ − cos ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = 0 quadrants I and IV. The sign of the other four trig
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
functions can be determined directly from sine and
1 sin θ 1
9. cos ( −120° ) = cos (120° ) = − cosine by knowing tan θ = , sec θ = ,
2 cos θ cos θ
1 cos θ
3 csc θ = , and cot θ = .
10. tan 330° = tan (150° + 180° ) = tan (150° ) = − sin θ sin θ
3
sin θ cos θ tan θ sec θ csc θ cot θ
π 19π π ⎛ 3π ⎞ θ in QI + + + + + +
11. sin − tan = sin − tan ⎜ + 4π ⎟ θ in QII + − − − + −
2 4 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠
θ in QIII − − + − − +
π ⎛ 3π ⎞
= sin − tan ⎜ ⎟ = 1 − ( −1) = 2 θ in QIV − + − + − −
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
2 18. Because f ( x) = sin x is an odd function and
12. 2sin 2 60° − 3cos 45° = 2 ⎜ ⎟ − 3⎜ ⎟ 3
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ since f (a) = sin a = , then
⎛ 3 ⎞ 3 2 3 3 2 3 1− 2
= 2⎜ ⎟ − = − =
( ) 5
3
⎝4⎠ 2 2 2 2 f (−a ) = sin(−a ) = − sin a = − .
5
13. Set the calculator to degree mode: sin17° ≈ 0.292 5
19. sin θ = and θ in quadrant II.
7
2
⎛5⎞ 25 24
cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = 1 − =
⎝7⎠ 49 49
2π 24 2 6
14. Set the calculator to radian mode: cos ≈ 0.309 cos θ = ± =±
5
49 7
Note that cos θ must be negative because θ lies
2 6
in quadrant II. Thus, cos θ = − .
7
sin θ 5
5⎛ 7 ⎞ 6 5 6
15. Set the calculator to degree mode: tan θ = = 27 6 = ⎜ − ⎟⋅ =−
cos θ − 7 7⎝ 2 6 ⎠ 6 12
1
sec 229° = ≈ −1.524 1 1 7
cos 229° csc θ = = =
sin θ 75 5
1 1 7 6 7 6
sec θ = = =− ⋅ =−
cos θ − 2 7 6 2 6 6 12
1 1 12 6 2 6
16. Set the calculator to radian mode: cot θ = = 5 6 =− ⋅ =−
tan θ − 12 5 6 6 5
28π 1
cot = ≈ 2.747
9 28π
tan
9
816
Chapter 7 Test
2 3π 22. The point ( 2, 7 ) lies in quadrant I with x = 2

20. cos θ = and < θ < 2π (in quadrant IV).
3 2
and y = 7 . Since x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , we have
⎛2⎞
2
4 5 r = 22 + 7 2 = 53 . So,
sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = 1 − = y 7 7 53 7 53
⎝3⎠ 9 9 sin θ = = = ⋅ = .
r 53 53 53 53
5 5
sin θ = ± =±
9 3 23. The point ( −5,11) lies in quadrant II with
Note that sin θ must be negative because θ lies
x = −5 and y = 11 . Since x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , we
5
in quadrant IV. Thus, sin θ = − .
3 have r = ( −5 )2 + 112 = 146 . So,
sin θ − 35 5 3 5 −5 −5 146 5 146
tan θ = = 2 =− ⋅ =− cos θ =
x
= = ⋅ =− .
cos θ 3
3 2 2 r 146 146 146 146
1 1 3 5 3 5
csc θ = = 5 =− ⋅ =− 24. The point ( 6, −3) lies in quadrant IV with x = 6
sin θ − 3 5 5 5
1 1 3 and y = −3 . Since x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , we have
sec θ = = =
cos θ 23 2 r = 62 + ( −3) = 45 = 3 5 . So,
2
1 1 2 5 2 5 y −3 1
cot θ = = =− ⋅ =− tan θ = = =−
tan θ − 25 5 5 5 x 6 2
12 π ⎛x π⎞
21. tan θ = − and < θ < π (in quadrant II) 25. Comparing y = 2sin ⎜ − ⎟ to
5 2 ⎝3 6⎠
2
y = A sin (ω x − φ ) we see that
⎛ 12 ⎞ 144 169
sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1 = ⎜ − ⎟ + 1 = +1 = 1 π
⎝ 5⎠ 25 25 A=2, ω = , and φ = . The graph is a sine
3 6
169 13
sec θ = ± =± curve with amplitude A = 2 , period
25 5
Note that sec θ must be negative since θ lies in 2π 2π
T= = = 6π , and phase shift
13 ω 1/ 3
quadrant II. Thus, sec θ = − . π
5 φ π ⎛x π⎞
= = 6 = . The graph of y = 2sin ⎜ − ⎟
1 1 5 ω 1/ 3 2 ⎝3 6⎠
cos θ = = =−
sec θ − 135 13 will lie between −2 and 2 on the y-axis. One
sin θ φ π
tan θ = , so period will begin at x = = and end at
cos θ ω 2
12 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 12 2π φ π 13π
sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = − x= + = 6π + = . We divide the
⎜− ⎟ = ω ω 2 2
5 ⎝ 13 ⎠ 13
1 1 13 ⎡ π 13π ⎤
csc θ = = 12 = interval ⎢ , ⎥ into four subintervals, each of
sin θ 13 12 ⎣2 2 ⎦
1 1 5 6π 3π
cot θ = = 12 = − length = .
tan θ − 5 12 4 2
⎡π ⎤ ⎡ 7π ⎤ ⎡ 7π ⎤ ⎡ 13π ⎤
⎢ 2 , 2π ⎥ , ⎢ 2π , 2 ⎥ , ⎢ 2 ,5π ⎥ , ⎢5π , 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
The five key points on the graph are
817
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 13π ⎞ Lastly, we shift the graph up 2 units to obtain the

⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ( 2π , 2 ) , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ( 5π , −2 ) , ⎜ ,0⎟
⎛ π⎞
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ graph of y = tan ⎜ − x + ⎟ + 2 .
We plot these five points and fill in the graph of ⎝ 4⎠
the sine function. The graph can then be ⎛ π⎞
y = tan ⎜ − x + ⎟ + 2 y
⎝ 4⎠
extended in both directions.
y 4
(⫺4␲, 2) 3 (2␲, 2)
2
1 2
x
11␲
(⫺ –––– 5␲
( ––␲2 , 0(
2 0(
, (⫺ ––– π x
2 0(
, (5␲, ⫺2) −2π −π
7␲
( –––
2 0(
,
(⫺␲, ⫺2) 27. For a sinusoidal graph of the form
⎛ π⎞ y = A sin (ω x − φ ) , the amplitude is given by
26. To graph y = tan ⎜ − x + ⎟ + 2 we will start with
⎝ 4⎠ 2π
A , the period is given by , and the phase
the graph of y = tan x and use transformations ω
to obtain the desired graph. φ
shift is given by . Therefore, we have A = −3 ,
y
ω
y = tan x ⎛ π⎞ 3π
ω = 3 , and φ = 3 ⎜ − ⎟ = − . The equation
2 ⎝ 4⎠ 4
⎛ 3π ⎞
for the graph is y = −3sin ⎜ 3 x + .
x ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
−π π 2π
−2 28. The area of the walk is the difference between

the area of the larger sector and the area of the
smaller shaded sector.
π
Next we shift the graph units to the left to
4
W
⎛ π⎞ a
obtain the graph of y = tan ⎜ x + ⎟ .
⎝ 4⎠ l
y k
⎛ π⎞ 50°
y = tan ⎜ x + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
2
3 ft
The area of the walk is given by
1 1
−π π 2π x A = R 2θ − r 2θ ,
2 2
θ
−2 =
2
(
R2 − r 2 )
Now we reflect the graph about the y-axis to where R is the radius of the larger sector and r is
π⎞ the radius of the smaller sector. The larger radius
⎛
obtain the graph of y = tan ⎜ − x + ⎟ . is 3 feet longer than the smaller radius because
⎝ 4⎠
y the walk is to be 3 feet wide. Therefore,
⎛ π⎞
y = tan ⎜ − x + ⎟
R = r + 3 , and
θ
( ( r + 3) )
⎝ 4⎠
2 2
A= − r2
2
θ
−2π −π π x
=
2
(r 2
+ 6r + 9 − r 2 )
θ
−2
=
2
( 6r + 9 )
The shaded sector has an arc length of 25 feet
818
Chapter 7 Test
5π 31. Let h = the height of the building and let x = the

and a central angle of 50° = radians . The distance from the building to the first sighting.
18
s 25 90
radius of this sector is r = = 5π = feet .
θ 18
π
h
Thus, the area of the walk is given by
5π
18 ⎛ ⎛ 90 ⎞ ⎞ 32º 40º
A= 6 +9
2 ⎜⎝ ⎜⎝ π ⎟⎠ ⎟⎠ 50 feet x
tan ( 40º ) =
5π ⎛ 540 h
⎞
= + 9⎟
36 ⎜⎝ π ⎠ x
5π 2 h
= 75 + ft ≈ 78.93 ft 2 x=
4 tan ( 40º )
29. To throw the hammer 83.19 meters, we need

tan ( 32º ) =
h
v2
s= 0 x + 50
g
h = ( x + 50) tan ( 32º )
v0 2
83.19 m =
9.8 m/s 2 ⎛ ⎞
+ 50 ⎟ tan ( 32º )
h
v0 = 815.262 m 2 / s 2
2 h=⎜
⎜ tan ( 40º ) ⎟
v0 = 28.553 m/s ⎝ ⎠
Linear speed and angular speed are related ⎛ h ⎞
h=⎜ + 50 ⎟ 0.6249
according to the formula v = r ⋅ ω . The radius is ⎝ 0.8391 ⎠
r = 190 cm = 1.9 m . Thus, we have h = 0.7447 h + 31.245
28.553 = r ⋅ ω
0.2553h = 31.245
28.553 = (1.9 ) ω
h ≈ 122.39 feet
ω = 15.028 radians per second
The building is roughly 122.4 feet tall.
radians 60 sec 1 revolution
ω = 15.028 ⋅ ⋅
sec 1 min 2π radians
≈ 143.5 revolutions per minute (rpm)
To throw the hammer 83.19 meters, Adrian must
have been swinging it at a rate of 143.5 rpm
upon release.
30. Let x = the distance to the base of the statue.
305 feet
20º
x
305
tan ( 20º ) =
x
305 305
x= ≈ ≈ 837.98 feet
tan ( 20º ) 0.3640
The ship is about 838 feet from the base of the

Statue of Liberty.
819
Chapter 7 Cumulative Review 5. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 4 y − 4 = 0

x2 − 2 x + 1 + y 2 + 4 y + 4 = 4 + 1 + 4
1. 2 x2 + x − 1 = 0
( x − 1) + ( y + 2 ) = 9
2 2
( 2 x − 1)( x + 1) = 0
( x − 1) + ( y + 2 ) = 32
2 2
1
x= or x = −1
2 This equation yields a circle with radius 3 and
⎧ 1⎫ center (1,–2).
⎨−1, ⎬ y
⎩ 2⎭ 2
2. Slope = −3 , containing (–2,5) x
Using y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) ⫺3 5
y − 5 = −3 ( x − ( −2 ) ) (1, ⫺2)
y − 5 = −3 ( x + 2 )
y − 5 = −3x − 6
y = −3x − 1 ⫺6
3. radius = 4, center (0,–2) 6. y = ( x − 3) + 2

2
Using ( x − h ) + ( y − k ) = r
2 2 2
Using the graph of y = x 2 , horizontally shift to
( x − 0) + ( y − ( −2 ) ) = 4
2 2 2
the right 3 units, and vertically shift up 2 units.
x 2 + ( y + 2 ) = 16
2
4. 2 x − 3 y = 12
This equation yields a line.
2 x − 3 y = 12
−3 y = −2 x + 12
2
y = x−4
3
2
The slope is m = and the y-intercept is −4 .
3
Let y = 0 : 2 x − 3(0) = 12
2 x = 12
7. a. y = x2
x=6
The x-intercept is 6.
y
4
x
⫺6 6
⫺4
820
Chapter 7 Cumulative Review
b. y = x3 f. y = tan x
8. f ( x) = 3x − 2
y = 3x − 2
c. y = ex
x = 3 y − 2 Inverse
y
5 x + 2 = 3y
x+2
=y
3
(1, e) x+2 1
f −1 ( x) = = ( x + 2)
(⫺1, ) 1
–e
(0, 1)
3 3
x
⫺2
⫺1
2 9. ( sin14 ) + ( cos14 )
o 2 o 2
− 3 = 1 − 3 = −2
10. y = 3sin(2 x)
d. y = ln x
Amplitude: A = 3 =3
y
3 2π
Period: T=
=π
2
(e, 1) φ 0
Phase Shift: = =0
ω 2
x
⫺1 (1, 0) 5
⫺2
( 1–e , ⫺1)
e. y = sin x
π π π ⎛ 3⎞
11. tan − 3cos + csc = 1 − 3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 2
4 6 6 ⎝ 2 ⎠
3 3
= 3−
2
6−3 3
=
2
821
12. We need a function of the form y = A ⋅ b x , with b. Given that the graph of f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
b > 0, b ≠ 1 . The graph contains the points has vertex (1, –6) and passes through the
( 0, 2 ) and (1, 6 ) . Therefore, 2 = A ⋅ b . 0
point (–2,3), we can conclude −
b
= 1,
2 = A ⋅1 2a
A=2 f ( −2 ) = 3 , and f (1) = −6 .
And y = 2b x Notice that −
b
=1
6 = 2b1 2a
b = −2a
b=3 Also note that
So we have the function y = 2 ⋅ 3x . f ( −2 ) = 3
a ( −2 ) + b ( −2 ) + c = 3
2
13. The graph is a cosine graph with amplitude 3 and
period 12.
4a − 2b + c = 3
2π
Find ω : 12 =
ω f (1) = −6
12ω = 2π
a (1) + b (1) + c = −6
2
2π π
ω= = a + b + c = −6
12 6
Replacing b with −2a in these equations
⎛π ⎞
The equation is: y = 3cos ⎜ x⎟ . yields: 4a − 2 ( −2a ) + c = 3
⎝6 ⎠
c = 3 − 8a
14. a. Given points (−2, 3) and (1, −6) , we and a − 2a + c = −6
compute the slope as follows: c = −6 + a
y −y −6 − 3 −9 So 3 − 8a = −6 + a
slope = 2 1 = = = −3
x2 − x1 1 − ( −2 ) 3 9 = 9a
Using y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) : a =1
y − 3 = −3 ( x − ( − 2 ) ) Thus, b = −2a
y − 3 = −3 ( x + 2 ) b = −2 (1) = −2
y = −3 x − 6 + 3 and c = 3 − 8a
y = −3 x − 3 c = 3 − 8 (1) = −5
The linear function is f ( x ) = −3 x − 3 . Therefore, we have the function
Slope: m = −3 ; f ( x ) = x2 − 2 x − 5 .
y-intercept: f ( 0 ) = −3 ( 0 ) − 3 = −3 y-intercept: f ( 0 ) = 02 − 2 ( 0 ) − 5 = −5
x-intercept: 0 = −3 x − 3 x-intercepts: 0 = x 2 − 2 x − 5
3x = −3
− ( −2 ) ± ( −2 ) − 4 (1)( −5 )
2
x = −1 x=
2 (1)
Intercepts: ( −1, 0 ) , ( 0, −3)
2 ± 4 + 20 2 ± 24 2 ± 2 6
= = =
2 2 2
= 1 ± 6 ≈ −1.45 or 3.45
Intercepts: ( 0, −5) , (1 − ) (
6, 0 , 1 + 6, 0 )
822
Chapter 7 Cumulative Review
b. A rational function whose x-intercepts are

−2 , 3, and 5 and that has the line x = 2 as a
vertical asymptote will have the form
a ( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 5 )
f ( x) = , since the x-
x−2
intercepts correspond to the zeros of the
numerator, and the vertical asymptote
corresponds to the zero of the denominator.
Given a y-intercept of 5, we have
f ( 0) = 5
c. If f ( x ) = ae x contains the points (–2,3) and a ( 0 + 2 )( 0 − 3)( 0 − 5 )
=5
(1,–6), we would have the equations 0−2
f ( −2 ) = ae−2 = 3 and f (1) = ae1 = −6 . 30a = −10
Note that ae−2 = 3 1
a=−
3 3
a = −2 = 3e 2 Therefore, we have the function
e
1
But ae = −6
1 − ( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 5 )
6 f ( x) = 3
a=− x−2
1
( )
e
− ( x + 2 ) x 2 − 8 x + 15
6
Since 3e2 ≠ − , there is no exponential = 3
e ( x − 2)
function of the form f ( x ) = ae x that 1 3
contains the points (–2,3) and (1,–6).
−
3
(x − 6 x 2 − x + 30 )
=
( x − 2)
15. a. A polynomial function of degree 3 whose x-
intercepts are –2, 3, and 5 will have the form x3 − 6 x 2 − x + 30 x3 − 6 x 2 − x + 30
= =
f ( x ) = a ( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 5 ) , since the x- −3 x + 6 6 − 3x
intercepts correspond to the zeros of the
function. Given a y-intercept of 5, we have
f (0) = 5
a ( 0 + 2 )( 0 − 3)( 0 − 5 ) = 5
30a = 5
5 1
a= =
30 6
Therefore, we have the function
1
f ( x ) = ( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 5 ) .
6
823
Chapter 7 Projects
Project I
1. November 15: High tide: 11:18 am and 11:15 pm

November 19: low tide: 7:17 am and 8:38 pm
2. The low tide was below sea level. It is measured against calm water at sea level.
3. Nov Low Tide Low Tide High Tide High Tide

Time Ht (ft) t Time Ht (ft) t Time Ht (ft) t Time Ht (ft) t
14
6:26a 2.0 6.43 4:38p 1.4 16.63 9:29a 2.2 9.48 11:14p 2.8 23.23
0-24
15
6:22a 1.6 30.37 5:34p 1.8 41.57 11:18a 2.4 35.3 11:15p 2.6 47.25
24-48
16
6:28a 1.2 54.47 6:25p 2.0 66.42 12:37p 2.6 60.62 11:16p 2.6 71.27
48-72
17
6:40a 0.8 78.67 7:12p 2.4 91.2 1:38p 2.8 85.63 11:16p 2.6 95.27
72-96
18
6:56a 0.4 102.93 7:57p 2.6 115.95 2:27p 3.0 110.45 11:14p 2.8 119.23
96-120
19
7:17a 0.0 127.28 8:38p 2.6 140.63 3:10p 3.2 135.17 11:05p 2.8 143.08
120-144
20
7:43a -0.2 151.72 3:52p 3.4 159.87
144-168
2π
A = 0.66 12 = D = 2.15
B
π
B= ≈ 0.52
6
Thus, y = 0.66sin ( 0.52 x ) + 2.15
4. The data seems to take on a sinusoidal shape
(Answers may vary)
(oscillates). The period is approximately 12
hours. The amplitude varies each day:
Nov 14: 0.1, 0.7 6. y = 0.848sin ( 0.52 x + 1.25 ) + 2.23
Nov 15: 0.4, 0.4 The two functions are not the same, but they are
Nov 16: 0.7, 0.3 similar.
Nov 17: 1.0, 0.1
Nov 18: 1.3, 0.1
Nov 19: 1.6, 0.1
Nov 20: 1.8
5. Average of the amplitudes: 0.66

Period : 12
Average of vertical shifts: 2.15 (approximately)
There is no phase shift. However, keeping in
mind the vertical shift, the amplitude
y = A sin ( Bx ) + D
824
Chapter 7 Projects
7. Find the high and low tides on November 21

which are the min and max that lie between
t = 168 and t = 192 . Looking at the graph of
the equation for part (5) and using MAX/MIN
for values between t = 168 and t = 192 :
A high tide of 3.08 feet occurs when t = 169.8

and t = 181.9 .
Low tides of 1.49 feet when t = 178.2 and

t = 190.3.
8. The low and high tides vary because of the moon

phase. The moon has a gravitational pull on the
High tides of 2.81 feet occur when t = 172.2 and water on Earth.
t = 184.3.
Project II
1. s (t ) = 1sin ( 2π f 0 t )
2π 1
2. T0 = =
2π f 0 f0
1 1 3 1
t 0
3. 4 f0 2 f0 4 f0 f0
s (t ) 0 1 0 −1 0
Looking at the graph for the equation in part (6)
and using MAX/MIN for values between t = 168
and t = 192: 4. Let f 0 = 1 =1. Let 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 , with Δx = 0.5 .
Label the graph as 0 ≤ x ≤ 12T0 , and each tick
A low tide of 1.38 feet occurs when t = 175.7 1
and t = 187.8 . mark is at Δx = .
2 f0
2
0 12
12T0 = __
12
f0
−2
825
1 5 9 45 s 110
5. t = , t= , t= ,…, t= θ= = = 0.0278
4 f0 4 f0 4 f0 4 f0 r 3960
3960
= cos(0.278)
6. M = 0 1 0 → P = 0 π 0 3960 + h
3960 = 0.9996(3960 + h)
7. S0 (t ) = 1sin(2π f 0 t + 0) , S1 (t ) = 1sin(2π f 0 t + π )
h = 1.584 miles
8. [0, 4 T0 ] S0 h = 1.584 × 5280 = 8364 feet
[4 T0 , 8 T0 ] S1 Hawaii:
Oahu Oahu
Peak of
[ 8 T0 , 12 T0 ] S0 Mauna Kea
2
i
s
s=
60
θ
19
39
0m
Hawaii
mi
60
}
i
13,796 ft
39
0 12 θ
0 mi
396 Hawaii
−2 s 190
θ= = = 0.0480
r 3960
3960
= cos(0.480)
Project III 3960 + h
3960 = 0.9988(3960 + h)
1. Lanai:
Oahu Oahu h = 4.752 miles
Peak of
Lanaihale h = 4.752 × 5280 = 25, 091 feet
i
s
m
Molokai:
s=
60
θ
39
65
Lanai Oahu
mi
Oahu
m
Peak of
60
}
i
3,370 ft Kamakou
39
θ i
0m
i
s
m
396 Lanai
s=
60
θ
39
40
Molokai
i
m
mi
2. s = rθ
60
}
4,961 ft
39 θ i
s 65 0m
θ= = = 0.0164 396 Molokai
r 3960
s 40
3.
3960
= cos(0.164) θ= = = 0.0101
3960 + h r 3960
3960 = 0.9999(3960 + h) 3960
= cos(0.0101)
3960 + h
h = 0.396 miles
3960 = 0.9999(3960 + h)
0.396 × 5280 = 2090 feet
h = 0.346 miles
h = 0.346 x5280 = 2090 feet
4. Maui: e. Kamakou, Haleakala, and Lanaihale are all
Oahu Oahu
Peak of visible from Oahu.
Haleakala
i
s
m
Project IV
s=
60
11
θ
39
0m
Maui
i
m
Answers will vary.

60
}
i
10,023 ft
39
θ i
0m
396 Maui
826

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Chapter 7

⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞º 32. 29.411º = 29º + 0.411º

30. 61.24º = 61º + 0.24º π 2π

99. d = 26 inches; r = 13 inches; v = 35 mi/hr 105. r = 2.39 × 105 miles

101. r = 3960 miles 107. r1 = 2 inches; r2 = 8 inches;

117. r1 rotates at ω1 rev/min , so v1 = r1ω1 . Section 7.2

⎛ π radians ⎞ 10. False

13. opposite = 2; adjacent = 3; hypotenuse = ? opp 2 3

18. opposite = 2; adjacent = 3 ; hypotenuse = ? 20. adjacent = 2; hypotenuse = 5 ; opposite = ?

c=2 38. sec 2 28º − tan 2 28º = 1 , using the identity

sin 50º cos 70º sin(90º − 70º )

43. sin 38º − cos 52º = sin 38º − sin(90º − 52º )

cos10º sin(90º − 10º ) sin 80º ⎛ sin 35º ⎞

61. Given: sin 38o ≈ 0.62 63. Given: sin θ = 0.3

62. Given: cos 21o ≈ 0.93 1500 500

h. tan 69o = cot ( 90 o

500 1 The time is least when the angle is

x 80. Consider the right triangle:

2. Set the calculator to radian mode: sin 2 ≈ 0.91 .

27. 1 − cos 30 − cos 60 = 1 − ⎜⎜

29. Set the calculator to degree mode: sin 28º ≈ 0.47 . π

30. Set the calculator to degree mode: cos14º ≈ 0.97 .

31. Set the calculator to degree mode: tan 21º ≈ 0.38 .

38. Set the calculator to radian mode:

39. Set the calculator to radian mode:

40. Set the calculator to radian mode:

π 41. Set the calculator to radian mode: sin 1 ≈ 0.84 .

42. Set the calculator to radian mode: tan 1 ≈ 1.56 . v0 2 sin 2 θ

2v0 2 sin θ cos θ

52. Use the formula 2 1

0° 90° V ( 45º ) = ≈ 117.9 cm3

Using a slant angle of approximately 70.53o

c 61. Let x = the height of the Eiffel Tower.

There are two possible cases because the given

63. Let x = the distance to the base of the plateau. h

73. Let x, y, and z = the three segments of the

a+ y+b = 3 76. a. The distance between the buildings is the

Now each set of parentheses contains a pair of

83 – 85. Answers will vary.

3. 240º −180º = 60º

13. ( 2, −3) : a = 2, b = −3 15. ( −3, −3) : a = −3, b = −3

r = a 2 + b 2 = 22 + ( −3) = 4 + 9 = 13 ( −3) + ( −3) = 18 = 3 2

⎛ 2 2⎞ 2 2 25. csc 450º = csc(360º + 90º ) = csc 90º = 1

28. sec 420º = sec(360º + 60º ) = sec 60º = 2

35. Since sin θ < 0 for points in quadrants III and

36. Since cos θ > 0 for points in quadrants I and IV,

38. Since sin θ < 0 for points in quadrants III and θ

39. Since sec θ < 0 for points in quadrants II and III,

51. θ = −135o is in quadrant III. Note that 3

52. θ = −240o is in quadrant II. Note that 2

7π π 7π 83. sin ( 8π ) = sin(0 + 8π) = sin ( 0 ) = 0

15 4 15 4 15 100. csc θ = 3, cot θ < 0, (quadrant II)

99. sec θ = 2, sin θ < 0 (quadrant IV)

104. sec θ = − 2, tan θ > 0 (quadrant III)

106. cot θ = − 2, sec θ > 0 (quadrant IV)

105. csc θ = − 2, tan θ > 0 ⇒ θ in quadrant III

1 3 107. sin 40º + sin130º + sin 220º + sin 310º

110. Since g (θ ) = cos θ = 0.4 is positive, θ must lie =0

This means that csc (θ + π ) must lie in quadrant

c. Using the MAXIMUM feature, we find: ⎛ 3 1⎞ 3 1

15. For the point (3, −4) , x = 3, y = −4,

16. For the point (4, –3), x = 4, y = −3, 2

17. For the point (–2, 3), x = −2, y = 3, 1